fies Pa HgP Ss SKYSCRAPEI VOLUME 1A ANATOMY...Be ne Eee eR there is deight in making technology and materials work as hard as possible simply because we can - something that dates back to so- called ages of pre-civisation and has been unstoppable ever since. However, at the beginning ofthe twenty-stst century there are far more eR ae ie Ree nen ee Lee et ee Ld De at eee mer Rea accommodate more and more at greater densities than before while seeking to create a higher quality of urban life. While the tall building A Re AA CAN ee LE Jand on which to build i isa vital component ofthe future city. Energy consumption and atmospheric pollution are also key issues. In ea eee em em Se) The remainder is divided between transport and industy and these factors are linked in a complex chain. By building to greater densities and to higher levels of energy efétiency in urban centers that have established public transport systems we can reduce reliance on the car with alts attendant problems. We can also improve the quality of urban Te ee een er ee spend their leisure time in close proximity. a ee a ee CT eee nigel eg Sa = Norman Foster, from the Foreword for Sky High by Chris AbelESAS) ol emo a emcee cc) SSPE Perel sn-eul NASA Aor oaaa=as cles viel cy Nee te Use) eolasansces aren Dee ne ede ee ei eet De Leer ney to understand the skyscraper contextually by evaluating its role and impact in dense urban conditions and its formal evolutions as it became an iconic cultural object. The course also aims to understand the skyScraper pragmatically by tracking its rise due to innovations in building and construction technologies, analyzing its formulaic anatomy and detailing, and considering the way in which Ree ue Eas Course content is delivered primariy through lectures, discussions, and De Re cates skyscraper using three-dimensional modeling aol Ros The Heights: Anatomy of a Skyscraper by Kate AscherVOLUME ONE This document exhibits the full scope of skyscraper case studies executed by 16 individual students in the Spring 2018 session of tis, course. Students selected built skyscrapers and analyzed them through the aspects listed below. Analysis was conducted via research, re- constructing that aspect ofthe tower digitally, diagramming, and graphic Sees PCa eso esa] Desa rec esas eae me neo Saka eres en ae ZUre) ASPECT 4 SKIN PCa eo ie ea cer Oke eeu CTI oer gae Original diagrams were generated for each case study via a uniform studio graphic, which allowed for a coherent comparative critique and physical exhibit at the conclusion ofthe course. The diagram types are ee etc tee ces Each case study was concluded with a subjective reftction that permitted ST teen eae one readings, and discussions that carried the course throughout the Bou Sa‘STACKING CHARTS & LIFT COORDINATION DIAGRAMS ‘Stacking charts are atypical drawing type for towers, demonstrating programmatic organization. Different programs are often grouped in Pee Ee clon Rue em ae Be eh ecm cet cen) eee re Ihe ava) sy ia c=. HOTEL MECHANICAL cacy Fee eee ee Segoe cin ces lifts. Lift coordination is integral to tower safely, efficiency, and occupant satisfaction and comfort. Lifts are typically coordinated to serve ‘zones’ Seen cee i the tower. The diagrams in each case study ofthis volume schematically Cee oe ial PUSS OMSUS Wen eta OPN UU ORD CCAS} RS TR ee USE uC RUE Sere Nc esl nek om ‘Structural strategies are highly speci to height and cost and to for Reece ‘Aerodynamic optimization diagrams demonstrate the behavior of prevailing winds on the tower. Tower massing and form play heavily into Eee ee meee plays heavily into occupant comfort. All towers are wind tunnel-tested. Each case study was concluded with a subjective refection that permitted students to assess the success of the tower relative to the lectures, readings, and discussions that carried the course throughout the Red Leer NetaseL se RUL SNE ACA ESS cn DIAGRAMS MEP diagrams demonstrate the allocated spaces and continuous vertical shafts for electrical, HVAC, plumbing, bathrooms, telecommunications, tre safety, and other systems within the core ata typical level of each tower. Tower facade assembly diagrams demonstrate the typical component Dee eae ee MeL ec performance, experience, and aesthetic.----+ VOLUME 1A LIGNWN NIG AG AGNLS ISVO WOGONIM GALINA 'NOGNOT ese TAZLIN SSOH ‘AB AGNLS 3S¥O Cae Oe] = Tora Oe ALE LO AERC EO ET 2} CAC Pe orm Demo Ae TRL) Ieee RA ERC A) Pip OME ENen: OE I EINEM Tat AGINNI 39VH9 ‘AG AGNLS ISO Cem MEE meee ETE EERE A) PIB OMEN ENen oA LE I EE Coe Meee] PCP eC EOP EN) Selo Teale cy RE Omen Ere teny CT OL ARC TRC ECE A} YNIHO ‘IVHONVHS Peeve roeVOLUME 1B PERE RE OC EEE A) FRESE EDN RCE RELY A) WOGONIM GALINA ‘NOGNOT BoC Lana PAPULAR ARC EAC 2) PIP om Eh bNeb oe] Pelee Ve] AVGITIOH NILSNW ‘AG AGNLS 3S¥O Reon es eas eee NS] JLLWIGN3SOY WSOP ‘AB AGNLS 3S¥9 Eero} SUN CRCR SL BLLINOUYW MIYONY AG AGNLS 3S¥O DN EI SUSLYVNOGVSH ALIO GNVTAH Y3NNUL AB AGNLS 3S VO M0R1¢) ENR) 0144) Ua ero PEM Ta eel)SHANGHAI SNeSTC MIO lL aiag cosas Svea oN == aeRO MO Saal eae ettees uN Pomsomo aoe snare Cue eal mee ce g Te) fess meena elena Neu hee uate ten ouaceo) Ar arose aa aaneliseuie misery eRe geen Sta (RJA) area Micogeaes ens PAO aaa tenellg Tes ena ncnead LIGHTING: PHA LIGHTING DESIGN; SHANGHAI ACADEMY OF ENVIRON- MENTAL SCIENCES ENERGY CONCEPT: KOOPX; VIDARIS, INC. WIND: ROWAN WILLIAMS DAVIES & IRWIN (RWDI) ‘SHANGHAI, CHINA PPAR ies TT CaO ars HEIGHT: ARCHITECTURAL: 2,073° HEIGHT: OCCUPIED :1,927° COA ES as Cesmeaoga(ed Pea a ey Exile Teme Sea Nes me ee) (esi ele (1.2)CONTEXT LOCATION : 501 Yincheng Middle Road, Lujazui, Pudong, Shanghai Located within the heart ofthe city's riverside financial district, Shanghai Tower joins the Jim Mao Tower and the Shanghai World Financial Center as the city’s three tallest buildings. These “supertal" towers were part of the Lujiazui financial district plan cf 1993 that aimed to convert “mix ‘of warehouses and open fields, even home to a dairy farm (3) into a dense urban center. This rapid development and construction of the Shanghai Tower fits the cultural narrative of skyscrapers in America as it highlights China's aspirations cof becoming a major economical center. As Jason Barr, an economics professor at Rutgers University, stat- 4: “Implicit in the tower is that Chi- na's economic and political system is just as strong as Western-style capitalism.” [4] As the second tallest building in the world, it towers over the surrounding skyline as a symbol for economical success for both city ‘and country.HISTORY + DESIGN AMBITIONS FOR THE FUTURE Currently China burns 47% of the world’s coal and its highly polluted air kills 4,000 people a day. [5] The rise in environmental issues surrounding the country’s economical growth has lead to new demands in green, high efficiency architecture that could mitigate cities’ carbon footprints. ‘Shanghai tower is a product of China's renewables market, which is the largest market in the world. It is the first “supertall” building to receive LEED Platinum status and claims to be the world’s greenest skyscraper. [6] Funded by the Shanghai Tower Construction and Development Co., a state-owned enterprise, the towers early design aimed to erect a high ef- ficiency building that aspired to have everything someone would need in the attempt to keep people in during lunch hours, minimizing elevator usage and energy consumption. The building also has 200 wind turbines that produces 10% of its total energy consumption. In addition to its en- ergy savings, “developers claim cut 34,000 metric tons from its annual ccarbon footprint’ [7] through savings in water consumption and energy ssaving heating/cooling systems that were incorporated into the design. To lend a better visualization of 34,000 metric tons, one metric ton would be the equivalent of consuming 115 gallons of gasoline. ‘What stands out ofthe elements incorporated in Shanghai Tower's ‘green practices are its 21 sky lobbies dedicated to public use and unrentable. Daniel Winey, Gensler's managing principal for the Asia-Pa- cific region, stated that “its taking the ideas of Shanghai, where you have all these litle parks and neigh- borhoods, and (turing it) from a horizontal plane to a vertical plane.” {B] The atrium on the eighth floor includes palm trees that stretch into the open 12 story space, providing ‘a grand park environment in the sky. ‘These spaces are investments made by the state to keep them dedicated to public use something that Winey highlights as a unique economical decision that would not happen in America,20000008 |Fy (‘GaN FORM ACOMPLEX “SUPERTALL” BUILDING The form of the SI i Tower per cent . [9] The spiraling deign also saves construc- tion costs by cutting down on the need for steel by 1/4. [10] The floor lates are shaped like rounded trian- fy gles and the image above ilustrales the spiral in plan,PROGRAM OFFICE +HOTEL As the second tallest building in the world, Shanghai Tower has a lot of square footage available. Most of the 4 milion square feet is divided between office space and the J Hotel. The lobby leases most of its space to shops and restraunts but also has a boutique lobby located ‘on the second floor that takes you Lp to two more floors of shopping. The second floor also contains the ‘Shanghai Centre Grand Ballroom. The tower also includes amenities like luxry wine cellars, obersavation decks and a VIP buisness centre located at the upper floors. 6)A — . r° y » - ee | " (anTOWER BASE PUBLIC AMENITIES The base of Shanghai Tower was core is not overly emphasized. A mall designed to greet both locals and takes up the first 4 floors of the tower tourists with a warm welcome from and reinforces the design concept any direction. Aside from the office of a vertical city. The idea provides and hotel lobby, the ground floor acts _visitors wth everything they need as the lobby for an entire city. The within the tower, encouraging flor to tubular extension form the building floor movement. [1] ‘opens up the ground floor so that theOFFICE SPACES Offices take up a bulk ofthe towers programming with over 50 floors. As part ofthe Lujazui Financial and Trade zone, the new addition ofthe tower in Shanghai aims to target the growing economy. Floor plans are open and flexible, maximizing the natural daylighting and views of the «ity. Currently the tower faces tenant ‘woes as 60 percent of the available space is unoccupied, costing the ‘owners $2 milion a week. Spaces now offeres flexible leasing ‘options for companies on an as needed basis. Fit wth flexible ‘meeting spaces. [1]mi t eeHOTEL UNITS The J Hotel has had delays ahead of their opening and has yet to debut butis set to open in 2019.t claims to be the worlds highest ultra luxry hotel The floorplan above shows the seperation ofthe flor plate into 4 hotel rooms. As forthe styling of the interior, little is known since the hotel is stil preparing for its grand opening. 3,6]ee \\ r ; N) ip VSection[V East-West SectionParking ETE Office Hote! [258 rooms} Office Stacking Diagram Terrace Lobby + RetailExpress Lift Diagram6) STRUCTURE Located on clay soil and fearing typhoon winds, Shanghai Tower's structure is a simple design that addresses these issues. If you look at the picture on the lef, you will ee the public spaces found inthe sky lobbies, formed by the double skin facade that wraps the tower. Gensler’s design won the competition because it kept the buildings structure fairly basic, but with a twistRl Me Me nae ae Tae aay)STRUCTURAL CORE The main core of the tower is made of concrete and further supported by super-columns and double belt ring trusses, forming a “simplfied mega frame’. These rings support the sky lobbies which extend past the main general floor plates ofthe tower and speed up the construction process by dividing the building into sections, or ‘neighborhoods’, making it easier to build up to these larger floor plates (as seen in the last photo). The tower's structure is praised for its innovation by saving 32% ofits material consumption while also minimizing the total wind-load through the gradual twist nits form (1)y/ Yj iy| YY Yf Yf Hf} HH IIS y Hf HESS ISS if Y Hf} Yf{ISSSS [KS HIRSRSS y] IRS ISSI ! | i go C= ig WIND ANALYSIS To address the issue of the typhoons, Gensler approached the project with three design strategies: asymetry, tapering core, and rounded edges. By testing different rotations and tappering approaches, Gensler and the Thornton Tomasetti (structural engineers on the project) were able to reduce the total wind load on the building by 24%. These tests were carried out in wind tunnels where the firms tested several scaled models in search of the right proportions. Utimaty, the most effiecent model had a 55% scaling factor and a 120° rotation. |)=! a y ‘ : . — i iSKIN ACLOSER LOOK AT THE FACADE The Shanghai Tower's fagade is a double curtain wall system comprised of a complex system of varying panel sizes that come together to form its curvilinear exterior. Between the exterior wall (curtain wall A) and the interior wall (curtain wall B) exists a tapering atrium. With twists and tapering, Gensler used Revit and 3ds Max to help with orchestrating the design for construction, ensuring that each panel size was being fited in the correct location.Th aT)py ee _d Wes Exploded Facade The Shanghai towers design aimed _perimeter framing that defines the to minimize the obstruction of views. geometry of the tower. This structure This lead to the 144 panels per transferred the exterior facades load floor that form the exterior fagade. to the center of the building with The number of panels is due to the assists of high strength rods the different sizes that allow for connected to mechanical rooms. the glass to i the building with During construction, the panels were minimum mulion depth, Each of arranged around the *V" cut as the these panels are hung from the point of origin. [12]5 | Ce = —r, §f | | , ; ast 7 — — = p= ft = L im [ . ae we The vertical gardens and atrium play exterior skin design accounts for 7% “Gensler team decided that a a large part of the buildings energy of that efficiency. single piece of glass should not performance ast creates a passive be larger than 7-6" in width to climate system between the two Curtain Wall A: 26 mm laminated accommodate Chinese floating, skins, reducing the thermal stress glass assembly. Upper 25% of the coating and thermal glass and energy use of the tower. All panel will have dissolving frit pattern. processing capabilities.” together, the alums use of captured Curtain Wall B: 30 mm insulated air and almost ‘greenhouse’ effect glass assembly. Frit exists between creates 221% energy efficiency. The floors. [T]© Ble or ote Curtain Wall Panel Types Facade Panel SizesMEP AND SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES The design for the Shanghai tower aimed to be China's best preforming tall buildings from the beginning. With 47 different sustainable technologies, the tower was able toa secure both an a American LEED Gold certification and China's three-star Green Building award ‘Some of these technologies are imbedded into the main design of the building, ike the shape which ccuts down on wind resistance. Other techniques include the sky lobbies and atriums, which provide a passive heating and cooling system. “More than 50 per cant of the building's energy consumption comes from the heating, ventilation and ai-conditioning system.” Danish engineering company Danfoss installed 6,700 water control valves. that assist the conditioning systems. Combined with the double facade, Shanghai tower reduces its need for indoor air conditioning, which uses geothermal energy sources. This technique relies on heat absorptionfrom ground sourced heat pump powered from the earth's natural heat. Other sustainable technology includes rain water collectors that support the air conditioning system, wind turbines that power ‘all ofthe external lighting’. The building also uses 25 percent of greywater to flush “lower-area tolets and irigate greenery’. These sustainable approaches are also working along side the tower's “smart” system that utlizes BIM and IBMS technology to ‘manage the buildings conditions and track its 31 sub-inteligent systems. ‘Shanghai tower achieves an energy saving rate of 54 percent over Chinese efficiency standard and 22 percent over the American efficiency standard. Overall these sustainable practices cut the buildings carbon footprint by an estimated 37,000 metric tons yeary.eT ak acca akREFLECTION During the Fall semester of my into this project alone. When the Sth year, | participated in a co-op. ‘opportunity came around to select program with the Gensler Chicago a building to study, | chose the office. Everyday, | would walk past ‘Shanghai tower because | wanted a scaled model that towered over 7 to understand the magnitude of Jun feet tal of the Shanghai Tower, which _Xia’s 15,000 hours. Gensler had recently completed. The What | found was a tower that impressive model sat in the lobby wraps a sense of simplicity around because the Chicago office played ‘a complex set of design techniques. a key role in the development of this ‘For now, Shanghai Tower stands tower, sending several employees 2nd tallest building in the world, based in Chicago to Shanghai. At but reaches to be the ‘st in its the time I found the whole project sustainable practices. Shanghai interesting and looked up some of tower makes a statement about the architects involved within the the potential in green towers and Gensler database and found that continues to make statements at the leader ofthe design team, Jun each level ofits design. | found the Xia, had logged over 15,000 hours conceptual approach to the building 6) to be thought provoking, The design focuses on the relationship the building shares with the people who inhabit it. t provides people with amenities, sky lobbies, and 15 story atriums. Shanghai tower becomes an extension to the downtown as a vertical city. Uncovering the hidden facts behind how this building came to fruition has been a fun exercise of exploring my curiosity and sharing my findings with the class has been a pleasure. its been interesting to see how each of these towers strives to innovate this architectural typology.REFERENCES INFORMATION [1] “Shanghai Tower / Gensler.” ArchDaily, 6 Mar. 2016, www.archdaily com/7832116/shanghai-tower-gensler. [2] “Shanghai Tower.” The Skyscraper Center, www.skyscrapercenter.com/buildinglshanghai-toweri5. [3,8] _Langfit, Frank. “Shanghai Tower: A Crown For The Citys Futuristic Skyline.” NPR, NPR, 11 May 2015, www.npr.org/ sections/parallels/2015/05/11/405875493/shanghai-tower-a-crown-for-the-citys-futuristc-skyline. [4] News, Bloomberg, and Gregory Turk. National Post, 13 Dec. 2017, nationalpost.com/news/world/shanghai-tower- the-worlds-second-tallest-building-opens-with-a-whimper-after-delays. {5,6,7] Roxburgh, Helen. “Inside Shanghai Tower: Chinas tallest skyscraper claims to be worlds greenest.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 23 Aug. 2016, www.theguardian.com/ciies/20 16/aug/23/inside-shanghai-tower-chi na-tallest-building-green-skyscrapers. [8] Frearson, Amy. “World's second-Tallest building completed in Shanghai.” Dezeen, Dezeen, 19 Feb. 2016, www. cdezeen.com/2016/01/11/shanghai-tower-gensler-world-second-tallest-bulding) [10] “Shanghai Tower Facts and Introduction.” The Tower Info, thetowerinfo.com/buildings-list/shanghai-tower/. (11) https://wnw.gensler.com/uploads/documents/Shanghai_Tower_12_22_2010.pdfIMAGES, (A, FI E.G,H] 10) wu K iM IN (o] PI Q "Shanghai Tower / Gensler.” ArchDaily, 6 Mar. 2018, www.archdaily.com/783216/shanghai-tower-gensler. “Shanghai Tower Facts and Introduction.’ The Tower Info, thetowerinfo.com/buildings-\ist/shanghai-tower “Shanghai Tower by Gensler - Tuvie.” Tuvie - Modern Industrial Design Ideas and News, www. tuvie.com'shanghai-tower-by-genslel Zhou, Connie. “SHANGHAI TOWER.” Conniezhou, conniezhou.com/portfolio/2016/shanghai-tower. ARX Architects. “Olive Garden, Shanghai Tower, Shanghai, China.” Behance, www.behance.netigal lery/24383399/Olive-Garden-Shanghai-Tower-Shanghai-China Lo, Andrea. “Shanghai Tower Unveils World's Highest Art SpaceAfterhours Presentation." WeS RCH, 12 Feb. 2017, www.wesrch.com/afterhours/paper-details/paper-AF 1KY527LURKU-shang hai-lower-unveils-world-s-highest-at-space. hittpsfforum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread php2t=116595 http:/www.gensleron.com/cities‘2012/11/27 /shanghai-tower-the-curtan-wall. html hitp:lconniezhou.com/portfoio/2016/shanghai-tower https:/www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/Shanghai_Tower_Facade Design Process 11_10_2011 pdfMeyic: World Towereee mors ALSO KNOWN BY: Lotte Jamsil Super Tower, Lotte World Premium Tower eT 0a ea se cd ENGINEER: Leslie E. Robertson Associates Misael saeco) CITY: Seoul CAC echo) oN Seale rE) neuron ae elie ced TO TOP OF SPIRE: 1,823" (555.7m) 3,273,101SQFT ed Sen mS eRe oy 1)LOCATION» Street within Seoul in the early ‘SEOUL, KOREA twentieth century when Korea ‘was under Japanese occupation. Located on the southem bank of the Han River inthe city of Seoul, Republic of Korea, stands the Jamsil Lotte World Tower. Ranking as not only the tallest in the country, but ‘one of the tallest the world, the Lotte World Tower's awe inspiring stature dwarfs the rest of the city's skyline, ‘Though not centrally located within Ic] the capital city, Lotte World Tower's Iluminated at night by its own presence along the Han River is stil lights, as well as those of the city, easily felt. Built as a monument and the Lotte World Tower stands tall icon to the economic and cultural over Seceil Korea: ccenter of South Korea, the tower ‘embodies all the finest qualities and characteristics that the city has to offer. (D] Crowded with shoppers and neon signs, modern Seoul is the beating heart of South Koreas economy.DESIGN INCORPORATING THE CULTURE In designing the Lotte World Tower, KPF turned to the place and culture for the primary inspiration. With ‘Seoul being a cultural center, it only seemed appropriate to find a way to model the tower so that it could stand as a testament to the culture, and thus, the sleek, tapered curvature ofthe tower was designed toresemble two traditional Korean forms. a The first of these forms was that of Korean pottery. Though simplistic, the styl illustrates a fluid form that draws the eye ever higher towards the tower's spire. The other form, being the traditional and sturdy house found in Korea and throughout East Asia, adds to not only the aesthetic appeal, but also incorporates the tradition of fm structure.Lotte World Tower is extremely sturdy, almost tothe point of redundancy, but this isnt without purpose. With the Korean Peninsula stretching out into the East China ‘Sea, the location of Seoul is primed for typhoons and earthquakes. The tower itself was designed to withstand strong forces, inctuding that of a Richter9 magnitude earthquake. In comparison to other la] This image of Korean pottery shows the similarity in design to the tower's sleek tapering and heavy vertical presence. super structures in the world, the foundation ofthe Lotte World Tower is neary three times more rigid than that of the Burj Khalifa, the tallest tower in the world. 45]Left: A simple parti displaying the large, sturdy base with soft curves and the tapering of the tower towards its spire. Right: The location of the Lotte World Tower within the Gangnum-gu district of Seoul. To the Northwest lies the Han River, and across it, the older city center of Seoul[AA] SectionElevationShuttle At the time of its completion, Lotte World Tower possessed the world’s tallest and fastest double-decker elevator Local Lifts Lift Coordination123 Total Floors Observation Deck 15 23 Hotel 80-110 Hotel Amenity Residential 52-76 Residential Amenity Office 1-48 Office Amenity Lobby and Retail 1-9 Stacking Chart[BB] sae coor ee rea aE Y x of we a a as Soot JOTEL + OFFICE L BASE CONDITION HOTEL LOBBY AND RETAIL, The entrance of the Lotte World Tower welcomes both visitors and residents with a large, towering encircling space. Serving as both a lobby for the hotel and the offices above, the intricate design and shapes compliment that of the exterior design. Complete with retail spaces, the base introduces Right: The 8 story atrium Visitors of the landmark tower to lei of Lotte Waria Tower I the vast luxuries and amenities houses retall spa0e,.a8 well as serving as the main lobby that it offers. for the hotelon-01-04-——= ors-01-03 LEVEL 042 OFFICETEL LOBBY/AMENITY OFFICE SPACE WORKING IN THE SKY Though mostly a residential What's more impressive is that tower, office spaces still occupy Penson was able to create the roughly a third of the building. design for these interior floors Designed by Penson, the in just four weeks. interior office spaces were meant to incorporate and (@) compliment the design of the rest of the building, as well as bring both Eastern and Western styles together in a way that would create a vibrant and welcoming atmosphere. Top Right: A typical lounge or lobby area for an office floor inside Lotte World Tower. Bottom Right: Office space in a standard office floor.x1-01.03— Lol \ 5-01.04 LEVEL 079 HOTEL EVENT HALL SIGNIEL SEOUL LUXURY HOTEL Asuper luxurious hotel, the To top things off, the hotel Top Right: The lounge of the Signiel Seoul boasts an im- features the highest ballroom Signie! Seoul Hotel, the finest pressive rating. With 235 guest —_in the city of Seoul, a Parisian inal ot Korea, ooms ranging in size from banquet style menu by a Mi- 44sqm to 3800sqm, there’s a chelin-starred chef, and the room for every occasion and largest champagne bar in all of visitor. The hotel offers compli- Korea. mentary shoe-shining services, as well as access to the Sa- i} iotiom fRight"The A 7 jottom Right: The luxury o ton de Signiel Lounge that all the hotel goes beyond just the guests are given. lobby and the lounge, but into every inch of the extravagant space.STRUCTURE BUILT TO LAST In every high rise tower, the The two most prominent concern for the structural vertical supports are the integrity of the building to tower's core made with 2 remain sturdy in changing meter-thick reinforced concrete conditions is paramount. For accompanied by 8 square the Lotte World Tower, being mega-columns made of 3.5 situated in Korea means meter-thick reinforced concrete that in addition to standard at the base of the tower. In concerns for super-tall towers, addition to this, outrigger the structure is within close trusses are utilized both from distance to fault lines and the 39th-44th floors and 72nd- active seismic zones as well 76th floors. Near the top of the as experiencing gale winds tower, belt trusses are utilized from typhoons. Therefore, on the 72nd-76th floors, and in constructing the structural 104th-107th floors. elements of the tower, the engineers took care to ensure (8) the tower would be able to withstand all forces it could experience.Belt Trusses Outrigger Trusses Mega-columnWIND ANALYSIS In addition to its strong vertical structural systems, Lotte World ‘Tower's shape and design allows it to perform well against wind loads. The soft curves and sudden break at two corners help wind to easily divert in two directions around the tower. ‘As the tower ascends, the slight taper towards its peak keeps the tower performing well aerodynamically even with increased wind speeds. With the Korean Peninsula experiencing typhoons on an annual basis, the concern for wind loads was very integral to the design. The Tower is rated strong enough to sustain winds of up to 80m/sec all the way to its peak at 555m above the ground. 4)/ /TOWER SKIN CURTAIN WALL DESIGN The skin of the Lotte World ‘Tower plays an integral role in communicating the image and feeling of the building. Harkening back to the original design concept centered on traditional Korean pottery and calligraphy, the outer skin is characterized by its shining glass and strong vertical movement from the mullions. Though seemingly uniform and monolithic, the tower utilizes twenty different types of glass covering everything from the base, following the soft tapering of the tower and towards the upper sky deck and diagrid structure at the tower's peak. For the majority of the glass covering the tower's office and hotel facilities, a silver insulated coating helps to highlight the building during the day, yet the white lacquered mullions help to characterize the Korean artistry and keep the reflectivity from becoming too intense. [9,10] Right: In the light of the day, the white mullions are highly expressed, adding a feeling of texture and movement.The basic makeup of the curtain wall system includes the incorporation of unitized, insulated glass panels supported and held in place by small mullions on the interior of the wall. From the outside, larger, white lacquered metal mullions help in additional support of the curtain wall and give the tower its characteristic vertical brushwork-look. The glass panels provide a large area for viewers on the interior to look out from while the spandrels cover the edges of the floor plates. This A-B pattern of viewing glass and spandrel follow the vertical movement and tapering of the tower all the way to its crown.(9) ES ty} SSS See tee eee SSS Samar TeeTOWER MECHANICS WHAT KEEPS THE TOWER STANDING In any building, the mechanical systems and makeup can be a complicated and complex task, especially if the added goal of LEED certification in some capacity is desired. For super- tall buildings like the Lotte World Tower, the complexity and difficulty of efficient, effective, and comfortable mechanical systems is daunting Left: A worker stands high above Seoul on top of a beam of the Lotte World Tower under construction. However, though complex as it is, the architects and engineers of the Lotte World Tower were able to achieve an effective mechanical efficiency through innovation. Not only does the tower meet the standard, but exceeds it when compared to similar super-tall structures.TOWER HEALTH EMERGENCY SYSTEMS For the Lotte World Tower, Nineteen total evacuation the building core serves elevators can transport 15,000 as the beating heart of the residents to five safety zones tower's mechanical systems. ‘on mechanical floors in just In addition to the groupings cover an hour. In comparison, a of elevators for movement similar evacuation plan for the throughout, the core houses Burj Khalifa would take nearly service shafts for mechanical, half an hour longer. electric, and plumbing. In case of emergency, the service and circulation elevators convert to evacuation elevators. Fire protection for the tower is exceptional. The tower boasts more than 30,000 fire sensors with fire suppression systems coming from five ‘sources able to provide water continually for five hours. The tower also incorporates a real- time monitoring system with over 600 sensors designed to give insight into the building's health in case of weather, earthquake, and terror attack. 4INNOVATION EXCEEDING THE STANDARD In addition to being a cultural icon, the designers of Lotte World Tower wanted the tower to serve as an icon to innovation and setting the bar higher. With climate change a an ever growing concem, environmentally friendly design is a must For Lotte World Tower, a LEED certification of gold was awarded. Many of the systems that contributed to this include a displacement air and radiant heating and cooling system for the ground floor lobby. With an 8 story atrium at the base level, this system is much more efficient than a conventional air conditioning system. The Tower also incorporates geothermal, photo-vottac, and wind turbine systems that provide renewable energy for consumption throughout the tower. All outside air units con the tower contain energy recovery wheels that capture exhaust air. Water usage is significantly efficient, with a greywater recycling system and low-flow fixtures that contribute to.up to 30% savings on water usage. The glass curtain wall ulizes low insulation glass providing for reduced heat loss in winter, and preventing additional heat in the summer. Other systems including solar energy panels on the top of the tower, greening of the roof, and collection of waste heat from sewage contribute to the complex web of mechanics in the Lotte World Tower. In total, the tower produces over 51,000 megawatt hours annually, equaling about 14.5% of energy use annually. This equates to a reduction of over 23,000 tons of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere each year. 4REFLECTION PUTTING THINGS IN PERSPECTIVE Standing currently as the fifth tallest tower in the world, Lotte World Tower stands as a beacon to the economic and social prosperity of the southern half of the Korean Peninsula. Characterizing the culture and history of South Korea, Lotte World ‘Tower is more than just an economic symbol. It's an icon and testament to a rich and vibrant nation within the world community. Beyond its appearances, Lotte World Tower offers a look inside where Korea is and is looking to be for the future. The tower is a wonder of innovation, and considering the amount of resources that go into conception, creation, and maintaince of such a structure, the tower, and complex it resides in, is a small marvel to behold. Lotte World Tower has a lot to offer to not only Korea, but the future of supertall construction as a whole. Achieving a LEED certification of Gold, the tower is a model to follow for the future, but it is also a benchmark that future architects and developers should aim to exceed. With the concern for the effect of climate change ever growing, the need for sustainable architecture has never been higher. In addition, with the amount of resources and energy required to erect ‘such a structure as Lotte World Tower, we must work to achieve a building model that allows for the greater benefit for not only poeple, but also the planet.REFERENCES INFORMATION {t] 2 8} 4) 5] 6) m1 6 9 {10} “Lotte World Tower” The Skyscraper Center, www. skyscrapercenter.convbuildinglott-world-tower/88 Lotte World Tower - KPF, www. kpf.com/projectslotte-world-tower. Yu, Woovik, and Chan Lee. “Seoul” Encyclopaedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, in., 3 Jan. 2018, www. britannica.com/place/Seoulfref24014 “LOTTE WORLD TOWER.” Engineering & Technology J LOTTE WORLD TOWER, www.wt.co.kr/tower/enitower Storyitechnology.do. LERA - Leslie E. Robertson Associates, www.lera.com/copy-of-lottejamsil-super-tower-. “Office Tour: Lote Tower Offices ~ Seoul” Office Snapshots, 21 Sept. 2017, officesnapshots.com/201 7/09/21 lotte-ower-ofices-seoul. “Signiel Seoul to open in Api.” Business Traveller - The leading magazine for frequent flyers, 27 Feb. 2017, www. businesstraveller.com/accommodation/201 7/02/27/signiel-seoul-to-open-in-aprill. Kim, Gyu Dong, and Joo Hoo Lee. “Key Technologies for Super Tall Building Construction: Lotte World Tower.” Http://Global.ctbuh.org, Intemational Journal of High Rise Buildings, 2016, global.ctbuh.org/resourcesipa pers/download/2856-key-technologies-for-super-tal-bullding-constructiondotte-world-tower pa. “Seout’s Lotte Skyscraper Utiizes 20 Different Types of Glass." Archpaper.com, 29 Sept. 2017, archpaper. con/2017/09Vitte-world-lowerfigallery-0-slide-. “Lotte World Tower, Seoul.” Verdict Designbuild, www. designbuild-network.comiprojects/otte-worldtower-seoulIMAGES: a @) 9) (0) fl FA (G] {H) ul u IK i M) IN f Pl (Q) R) ‘| (AA) (BB) Grifith, Tim . ‘Lotte World Tower." Perspective, Seoul, 17 Oct. 2017, www.perspectiveglobal.com/architecturellotte world-tower-marks-the-tallest-building-in-south-korea/. “The Korea Times.” The Korea Times, Seoul, 14 July 2014, www.koreatimes.co kriwww/news! culture/2016/09/317_160991. htm “Dare awards.” Dare awards, Seoul, 14 Sept. 2017, darcawards.com/architectural/lotte-world-tower-mall-south-ko real. “Best Hotels in South Korea.” Online Deal and Buy, Seoul, 1 Dec. 2016, onlinedealandbuy.comitop-30-best-hotels- seoul-korea-50-ciscount-booking-coml. “Lotte World Tower in the Evening,” The Skyscraper Center, www.skyscrapercenter.comibuilding/lotte-world- toweri88 “Korean Pottery.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cela/hd_cela.htm. “Lotte World Tower.” Kohn Pederson Fox, www.kpf.com/projectslotte-world-tower “Lotte World Tower Office Space.” Office Snapshots, officesnapshots,com/201 7/0912 1otte-tower-offices-seoul/ “Office Space of Lotte World Tower.” Vietdecor, vietdecoration.com/homelindex.php/thong-tin-can-thiet/tin-tuc-thiet- ke-noi-that/507-tham-khao-noi-that-van-phong-lotte-cua-thu-do-seoul-han-quoc “Lounge of Signiel Seoul,” Business Traveller, ww.businesstraveller.com/accommodation/2017/02/27/signiel- seoui-to-open-in-aprill “Signiel Hotel, Seoul.” What the Hell News, www.whatthehelinews.com/6-eye-catching-asias-luxury-hotels/signiel- residences-at-lotte-world-tower! “Lotte World Tower.” Kohn Pederson Fox, www. kpf.com/projectslotte-world-tower “Lotte World Tower under Construction.” Arch Daily, www.archdaily.com/425730!vanity-height-how- much-of-a- skyscraper s-usable-space/5228f3e2e8e44e526 1000004_vanity-height-how-much-of- a-skyscraper-is- usable-space-_6-_lotte_world_tower_-_doka-jpg/ “Lotte World Super Tower 123.” CDC , www.cdc-usa.com/portfoiolotte-super-tower-123 “Lotte World Tower from the Base.” WatchProSite, www.watchprosite.comimeoutllotte-world- tower-/686,1116798.8457108/ “Diagrid of Lotte World Tower." Architizer, architizer.com/projects/lotte-world-tower! “South Korean Workers Are Seen from a Crane.” Tom Clark Beyond the Pale, tomclarkblog blogspot.com/2015/12 Jjoseph-ceravolo-piece-of glass-stephen html “Fireworks at the Lotte World Tower.” Steem KR Beta, steemkr.com/kr/(@munhwan/korea-travel-pic-lotte-world- tower-in-seoul “Lotte World Tower in the Morning.” Demax Group, www.demax.geiblog-single. php?act=5&post_id=29 “Lotte World Tower.” Kohn Pederson Fox, www.kpf.com/projectsilotte-world-lower “Floor Plans of Lotte World Tower.” Pinterest, www-pinterest.com/pin/102386591499502703/visual- search/?x=338y=08w=5308N=530ONE WORLD TRADE NaNa omen sey EUS) NoMa =e Rely ol} TOUS CLg RN Sah agg See eS Aaa eee) eek ULES BOLLER,INC CONSTRUCTION MANAGER: TISHMAN CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION ES We ee ON sesame Leesa Wao OMe US eeu Mage gE SSO LS} Toe ecm NUE Lassie) LSC) (eee ems el aoa ssa Ue neltee Om cy ENGINEERS Noor tae OLM UL Sth sess sera aE BUSOU gases dea eae ete cd NEW YORK, NEW YORK USA Pa ies =n] Re TO TOP OF SPIRE 3,500,000 SOFT OFFICE oN eaves aaa Sisal MOS (1.2)CONTEXT LOCATION The Freedom Tower Site is very important being as it is the site of ground zero. It is where the proud Twin Towers once stood and fell. ‘Where thousands of civilians died and hundreds of rreighters followed. tis where the people of New York stood to together against any nation that meant to do us harm and it is where we mourn our loss as humanity. Now the ground zero site works to contain and project all those emotions through its design. The actual site is located in Downtown Manhattan. Near Battery Park. Itis bounded by Vesey Street to the north, West Side Highway to the west, Liberty Street to the South, and Church Street to the East.HISTORY AND DESIGN LIBESKIND'S VISION TO CHILDS COMPLETION The Twin Towers are the obvious predecessor to the Freedom Tower, retecting American economic strength and power. They were an iconic landmark for New York City and ‘America. The attacks on September ‘Mth gave the Twin Towns an entirely new signiicance. The attacks manifested into a rallying together of the American people and the and new construction needed to refiect Americas resiiency and strength as a united people. Libeskind Grew up in New York City and moved to Berlin do design his iconic Jewish Museum. The opening day of that museum was September ‘1, 2001. He thought there because of that a connection was addressed of the darkness and evil in Europe during the Holocaust with the new murderous ideology that led to the attack on the Twin Towers and the Pentagon, against the United States. His goal was to embed the site of ground zero with the values of America - freedom, liberty, tolerance, and participatory society. He started designing the Freedom Tower and the master plan by retracing his own, immigrant path, to New York and exploring his connection with the city. He wanted the site to be a site of memory, left to remember those who perished and celebrate those who aided. This led to devoting most of the site to a memorial and using waterfalls to mask the sounds of the busy streets. The memorial should reach to the bedrock of New York and the rise to the top of the skyline. Daniel Libeskind ftst proposed a master plan for the World Trade Center at ground Zero in New York and was chosen from 2,000 other proposals. It was a holistic design that addresses the site as more than just a piece of real estate but respects the history and tragedy that go hand in hand with the location. In this proposal the Freedom Tower resembled a ragged crystal that tapered to a sharp, off-center spire. He envisioned a romantic skyscraper as asymbolc Vertical World Garden’ with the buildings height of 1,776 feet to represent the year America gained its independence. The tited spire was designed to imitate the statue of Liberty from the New York Harbor. Libeskind wrote that the Freedom tower would restore the “spiritual peak to the city.” His early sketches feature energy and connectivity.“We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, Politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again.” [5] Because of a need for more office space, Libeskind’s plans were and the Vertical Garden never came to fruition. David Childs from Skidmore Owings & Merill (SOM) began work to rethink the Freedom Tower. The new Design retained some of Libeskind’s Ideas. The tower stl rises to 1,776 feet and the spire would be off center. A large change would take place in the upper Portion of the tower, which would contain a 400 foot high open air shaft that would contain power turbines and windmills caged in my cords reminiscent of the Brooklyn Bridge. Below, the Tower would twist to form a 1,100 foot spiral that Crilds believed would aid in channeling the wind upward toward the power generators in the exposed shaft. When this revised edition of the Freedom Tower was presented in 2003 to the public, there were mixed reviews. Some thought that is captured the essence of Libeskind’s Design while others thought that the open air shaft gave the project an uninished look. The main issue with Childs frst revision was the security concems. Because of these concems Childs developed another revision that went back to square one and excluded Lieskind and did litle to represent his ideas. Childs wanted this new ‘tower to evoke “Classic New York Skyscrapers in Elegance and Symmetry’ and ended up being the Freedom tower as we know it today. His design incorporated a cubic base rather than a parallelogram. The design is geometric transforming from a square base to from a prefect octagon at the spire. Even with these changes the design was aware of the twin towers that came before it, measuring the same as the original twin towers (200 feet by 200 feet). The height did remain the same from Libeskind’s original design at 1,778 feet. Because ofthe safety and security concems Libeskind's master plan was also revised to that the ‘tower would be several feet further from the street. The Freedom Tower opened in November 2014. It is off limits to the general public, except the World Observatory on the 100th sor. 3.4)FREEDOM TOWER EVOLUTION To the right is 2 set of diagrams elevations describing the different pivot moments in the evolution of the Freedom Tower by Daniel Libeskind to the One World Trade Center by David Childs. [D]- Reference image DECEMBER 2002 STUDIO DANIEL LIBESKIND'S ORIGINAL PROPOSAL FALL 2003 STUDIO DANIEL LIBESKIND'S ADAPTION OF THE PROPOSAL4 ] AUGUST 2003 DAVID CHILDS ADAPTION OF DANIEL LIBESKIND'S ORIGINAL PROPOSAL DECEMBER 2003 LIBESKIND- CHILDS COLLABORATION JUNE 2005, RADICALLY CHANGED CHILDS REDESIGN IN RESPONSE TO. SECURITY CONCERNSAlFORM AXONOMETRIC In this veiw you can see the unique geometry of this structure. The base is a square shape with sight- ly shaved comers and the form transforms on each for, utiately creating a parallelogram. The spire is what makes this tower the goal height of 1,776 feet6 ROOF MECHANICAL ONE WORLD OBSERVATORY UPPER MECHANICAL OFFICE SPACE SKY LOBBY OFFICE SPACE LOWER MECHANICAL LOBBYSTACKING CHART 1/2000 The tower is comprised of mostly oftbe space. The lobby is a large double height space. Up until spor 20 is mechanical foors since the exterior walls are thick concrete for security and terror threats. Floors 20 through 90 are all office space only broken up by a sky lobby on foors 65 and 66. There is then an upper ‘mechanical 2oors from for 90 to 100. On bor 100 there is the One World Trade Center Observatory which is the only space inthe tower ‘open to the public for an entry fee.fe 90 80 70 60 50 4 3 2LIFT DIAGRAM 112000 There are a total of 45 elevators elevators for fbors 65 to 75 that in the tower. They are split up to originate on bor 65. 5 elevators for 3 banks of 10 for the use of the -ip0rs 75 to 90 that also originate ofite sors. There are 3 freight from the sky lobby. Lastly there are 2 elevators and then 2 dedicated elevators that go to the observation for the One World Trade Center deck and the 3 freight elevators that Observatory. Each one of the lift go to every foor. lines in the diagram to the left represent 5 elevators give or take depending on the por. There are 10 elevators dedicated to fbors 20 to 37. 5 elevators for sbors 37 to 45.5 elevators for 42 to 50. 5 elevators for 50 to 65 which. There are 5 express elevators to the express lobby. 5INTERACTION WITH ‘BASE 11000 ® 9/11 MEMORIALRFORMING ARTS CENTER TOWER 3 VISITOR ORIENTATION + EDUCATION CENTER TOWER 4baa cee Beek “| einai me eePLANS fe Each plan of the One World Trade Center is unique. Because of the continuously tapering form, the for plan changes from a perfect square (on the frst fbor to an octagonal shape where the north and south sides gradually get shorter while the east and west sides gradually got larger ultimately forming a perfect square once again on the top mechanical spor and root. The ground bor plan in dimension is 200 ftx 200 ft in order to pay homage tothe fallen Twin Towers. There are entry points on all 4 sides with a dedicated access to tourists ‘on the westside. There is an open lobby surrounding the core on the north, east, and south sides.[E]-Lettimage / South Elevation {E]-Rightimage / South-East ElevationSTRUCTURE The Freedom Tower utilizes a hybrid structure that includes a concrete sheer wall core that is shown above withthe red box. A Steel frame around the perimeter of the building where you see the grid of tin the diagram above. These added mem- bors add rigiity tothe building and are actualy structurally redundant.AERODYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION Because the tower tis Tapered, there are smaller surface areas and therefore reduces the wind load on the structureYWBASE FACADE The Freedom Tower facade is broken up into 2 sections. The ttst is at the base, which includes the sist 20 stories. This base act as a bunker with thick, windowless, fortited concrete for safety. The gal was to disguise these thick uninviting, bunker ight elements as light, re- fective and welcoming. The original plan was to use prismatic glass that would be highly reftzctive. However the panels that were designed were diffu to make and shattered easily. New new design forthe base facade includes glass ths that are approxi- mately 13 feet by 2 feet positioned at varying angles and are held together by a stee! frame that would pebble rather than shatter. The pattem at the base accommodates ventilation for mechanical levels and refracts light to create a dynamic shimmering surface to mask the heavy concrete walls within. (6)CURTAIN WALL The second section ofthe facade is made up of 3 foot by 5 foot modular platforms. These we assembled using mega frames of trapezoidal shape which each incorporate a custom mecho-shape track guide into the back ofthe mullions and tapers off at 3.72 degrees. Because of the need for maximum security, the anchorage was designed for blast resistance by using a system of high strength anchors and reinforces glass. Considering wind loads, the curtain wall contains a variety of thicknesses ranging from 1-74 to 1 -27/82". There are 3 mechanical plenum’s which are faced with fully louvered walls. There are also win- dow washing components on every vertical mullion to allow a swing stage to be redirected when covering the slopes of the building (71.8)Ue Dene ees) eet Seater Re SES ey design that incorperates an insulated Ee CR eee) ere Ie ee) tof offve space which greatly diminishes the electricity needed to Pee tue irs Dean ene nen) cers cy y heat gain from Roc NT Cen tec RST aU ben ieee cee) technology. This sustainable design with the skin conserves the energy Deere neon eins it) 1S}J OlooIoo) (eee MECHANICAL There are 2 primary HVAC systems in the One World Trade Center. The ‘tstis for al the tenant spaces and the second is for all the shared and public spaces. Each tenant spor is conditioned using 2 water cooled DX units. These units function by receiving cool water from a plant located undemeath the 9/11 memori- al, The common areas including the lobby, circulation, and retail spaces are cooled using Air Handling Units located in the basement In order to achieve high safety standards, natural gas powered fuel cells are used to generate electricity and heat for the tower. There is also a high level ar tration and pressur- ized emergent exit stairwells. The tower also utilized rain harvesting to use in watering the plantings in and around the site The tower utlized sustainable equip- ment which aided in the LEED Gold certication including variable-speed fans and pumps that adapt to varying levels of occupancy to maximize ficiency. There is a high-tech building management system to ‘optimize indoor air quality based on data collected by sensors throughout the building. There is a gray water harvesting system that collects 100 percent of rain water that works to water the surrounding vegetation ), (10)REFLECTION Originally, | was drawn to the One Looking at the design process of the Because of ths I found many of the World Trade center because it was ‘Tower from the Freedom Tower by security features more as tbute one ofthe fist building | followed Danie! Libeskind to the One World rather than productive to the building the news about. Since | grew up in Trade Center by David Childs, |am design or function and therefore a New Jersey, 40 minutes from New frustrated by the lack of a midalle waste of money. Same holds true of York City, | remember the events ground in between the Design that the almost 2x redundant structure. of September 1th. | remember Libeskind and Childs were working The security measures also make originally hearing about the tower, ‘on together to the Tower we now sure that employees are the only that it was going to be anew and recognize as the One World Trade ‘ones who enter the lobby. Yes, taller tower than the twin towers, and Center. Its feels disingenuous to tourists are allowed in to goto the my fst thought was “that is stupid” the design process because there One World Observatory for an entry I thought when | was younger that is a dear progression ofthe design fee, Because of these particular itwas unwise to test fate. That as ‘up until this point. | went into this security features, the tower lack ‘a country, we should cut ourlosses analysis thinking that Libeskind had _-—_permeabiity atthe ground level and move on. I leamed over time an integral rol in the design of the and does a poor job of providing that my orginal notions ofthe tower ‘Tower. After this research Inow see amenities to the people who work in were wrong. The One World Trade that even though Libeskind won the the tower. center is the manifestation of a competition and was commissioned omantic notion — America is resilient fortis project t was David Childs The fagade | found very interesting, and strong despite the horible and SOM who were in control of Atte lower levels the glass had to attacks of 9/11. The 9/11 museum the fl outcome ofthe project. be designed to be shatterproof and stands to remember the tragedy Despite my misgivings withthe the ths of glass that were ultimately of that day. The Memorial cuts into design process. The design is very used | think refs the light and the foundation to remember those successful with a simple modem surrounding in an interesting and who were lost and celebrate their form while being innovative and new way. The rest of the tower is lives. The Tower symbolizes us, as @ iconic which is a very hard balance covered in a very reftctive glass nation, moving forward. to thd. which works well and adds to the sleek look ofthe tower and how it Because of the Twin Towers history, _refacts the sky that surrounds it securily was a very important aspect Overall, think the One World Trade to the design process of the One Center isa simple and strong design World Trade Center. However, that does a lotto contribute to the | found that a lot ofthe security New York Skyline and culture. For features, such as the 10ft thick many people, including myselfit ‘concrete walls around the core, is an icon of the American reliant were specitt to the 9/11 attack and nature and strength as an untied preventing the exact same attack. nation,REFERENCES INFORMATION {) 2 8} 8) 8} {10} “One World Trade Center / SOM. ArchDaiiy, 14 Sept. 2016, www.archdaily com/795277lone-world-trade-center som, Rahimian, Ahmad, and Yoram Eilon. “One World Trade Center.” STRUCTURE magazine, www structuremag org/2p=1885 Vinnitskaya, Irina. “Ground Zero Master Plan / Studio Daniel Libeskind,” ArchDaily, 23 Sept. 2012, www.archdaily com/272280/ground-zero-master-plan-studio-daniel-libeskind Craven, Jackie. “The Evolving Design of 1WTC - Freedom Tower.” ThoughtCo, 8 Mar. 2017, wwwthoughtco.com cone-world-trade-design-4065225. “Let Us Never Forget 9-11: One World Trade Center Building Almost Complete." Gould Design, Inc.'s Blog, 10 Sept. 2013, goulddesigninc. wordpress. com/2013/09/10iet-us-never-forget-9-11-one-world-trade-center-building almost-copletel. ‘Agovino, T. (2011, November 04). 1 World Trade gets its glass pedestal. Retrieved April 06, 2018, from http:/www crainsnewyork,comiarticle/20111104/REAL, ESTATE/111109949/1-world-trade-gets-is-glass-pedestal Cladding an Icon. (n.d.). Retrieved April 06, 2018, from https: /iglassmagazine.comv/article/commercialcla- ding-icon-1311598 (nud). Retrieved April 06, 2018, from http:/mww.bensonglobal.comiprojects/one-world-trade-center html “HVAC Information - One WTC A2." Google Sites, sites.google.convsite/onewtcaIhvac-information. “One World Trade Center Becomes Tallest LEED Building in the Western Hemisphere.” SOM, www.som.com/news ‘one_world_trade_center_becomes_tallest_leed_building_in_the_westem_hemisphere.IMAGES: Al 8) ( (0) 6 FF (G] {H) u “One World Observatory” National Elevator Cab & Door Corp, nacd. com/one-world-observatory. Mitchell, John N. “Mitchell: Economic inequity didn't fall with the Twin Towers.” The Philadelphia Tribune, 12 Sept. 2017, wwrw.philytrib. com/commentary/mitchell-economic-inequity-dcn-fall-with-the-twin-towers/art cle_5b 1fd510-980b-5ef-2a4e-d60cea35cb67.htm Craven, Jackie. “The Evolving Design of 1WTC - Freedom Tower.” ThoughtCo, 8 Mar. 2017, www.thoughtco.com one-world-trade-design-4065225. “Let Us Never Forget 9-11: One World Trade Center Building Almost Complete.” Gould Design, Inc's Blog, 10 Sept 20113, goulddesigninc.wordpress.com/2013/09/10/et-us-never-forget-9-1-one-world-trade-center-bulding almost-completel. “One World Trade Center / SOM." ArchDaily, 14 Sept. 2016, www.archdaily.com/7952777/one-world-trade-center som. “Editorial and Creative Photos.” AP Images, www apimages.con. “One World Trade Center.” SOM, www.som.com/projects/one_world_trade_center. Primeiro Observatorio Do Mundo (Nova York).” BLOG RCI TRAVEL. 20 Sept. 2017, blog rcitravel.com.br/o-pr meiro-observatorio-do-mundo/. POHL ventilated curtain walls. (n.¢.). Retrieved April 06, 2048, from https:/Amww.pohl-facades.com/enffacade-sy temsiventilated-curtain-walls/TAIPE! LkTaipei 101 ESO ECR Me aie kee rene aaa Ey Ne ae ey CONSULTANT TYPE: Continental Engineering Consultants, Inc. ONAL) COUNTRY: Republic of China( Taiwan) CONSTRUCTION DATE [1999-2004] Seat cM TO TOP OF SPIRE RPh SRS es) DURGA} Wen Nessa ec Coe Ce eee)Taipei 101 dissappearing into the douds. Climate Teipei 101 stands in the Xinyi District of Taipei - the capital of Taiwan. Taipei has a sub-tropical climate which means hot, humid summers and mild winters. Rainfall throughout the year is consistent and averages about 48 inches a year. Demographics Taipei has four primary ethnic groups that include the aborigines, Hoklos, Mainlanders, and Hakkas. Culture and Symbolism The number eight is correlated with luck, abundance and prosperity in Chinese-speaking cultures. This is why Taipei 101 has eight modules with eight fors in each module. The number 101 represents January ‘st, the ftst day of the New Year. This is the reason Taipe! 101 traditionally has been an icon for the New Year in Teiwan. There is no 44th for in Taipei 101 because the number four is considered unlucky in Chinese speaking cultures. Population Growth 4950 = 503,000 people 1975 = 2,028,000 people 2000 = 2,630,000 people 2018 = 2,691,000 people Sustainability In 2011, Taipei 101 received a LEED Platinum certizcation for Operations and Maintenance. Height 8th tallest tower in the world 5th tallest in Asia Tallest in Taiwan Tallest in TaipeiTYPICAL PLAN 1-26 1A] some plans vary within The number four is considered unlucky in the Chinese culture, and because of this, there is no 44th ‘for in Taipei 101. Rather, for 43 is labeled 424, and sbor 44 is labled 43. There is an observatory that spans over four fbors - 87th to 9tst Floor 101 shome toa VIP club named ‘Summit 101. Hollywood movie stars, important foreign relations and some Taiwanese doctors are the few that have been invited to this exclusive VIP dub. ‘As said earlier, number eight is considered lucky in the Chinese culture, so there are eight modules in Taipei 101 with eight thors in each, ‘At the top of each module, there ‘are mechanical fbors with garbage systems, ventilation equipment, MEP services and water storage. Every new year, steworks are launched from Taipei 101 from muttiple stories. The actual opening day ofthe building took place on New Year's Eve 2004be bettas rt . oi in Xs, TYPICAL PLAN 27-91 {Al some plans vary within{D] Entrance to Taipei 101PA Rei TLL : © [E] Shopping MallPROGRAM DIAGRAM TAIPEI 101EB orice [By commercia Bo PARKING. fy vecranica IB ceservarion _—Floor 81 (outdoor observatory) Floor 89 (indoor observatory)TOWER LIFT DIAGRAM TAIPE! 101[D] tame oon Dh Baten 9 were Sree Floors 69 & 60 Floors 34 & 35,IF] Observatory Deck There is an indoor observatory on the 89th ‘bor of Taipei 101. The indoor observatory provides 2 360 view ofthe city of Taipei. There is an ‘outdoor observatory deck on the 9tst ‘bor where visitors can see the city. ‘Sometime, concerts are held on this terrace area. Teipei 101's exterior skin is different shades of blue and green. The exterior skin actually changes colors seven different times - a different color for every day of the week. Taipei 101 housed the two fastest elevators in the world (at the time it was built traveling at 55.2 feet per second. This meant that it would take about 44 seconds to reach the 89th for.[G] View from Observatory DeckMaterials ~ GOksi Steel -10,000 psi Concrete Structural System -braced core with belt trusses belt truses at every 8 fbors -stee! frame -Hshaped steel beams concrete slabs and metal decks Lateral Load Resisitance -braced moment frames in building's core perimeter moment frames -sheat walls -basement ‘st 8 fbors Foundation Information foundation slab -380 piles that are almost 5 feet diameter CHALLENGES Taipei is a coastal city that experiences alot of ground movement -weak soil conditions typhhon winds -earthquakes(iq MASS TUNED DAMPER Counterweight Taipei 101 was ranked the world's toughest building by Popular Mechanics in 2015. Not only is this massive skyscraper located in the typhoon-prone city of Taipei, it is also only @ few hundred feet from a major fault ine. There is a 730 ton Ccounter-weight (mass damper) on top of the structure that counteracts the movement ofthe earth. Thomton: Tomasetti Engineering designed this mass damper. It is an 18 foot diameter sphere made up of circular steel plates. The mass damper is held within the core ofthe building The core of Taipei 101 consists of sixteen columns in a square - four on each side. These stee! columns are ‘filed with concrete for added strength. The combination of steel and concrete make the columns extremely heavy, sturdy and fexible, The concrete ‘filed portion of the columns only occur until the 62nd ‘or, where the weight would be too much to bare. Between fbors 1 and 26, the four individual building faces have multiple rows of columns that are labeled ‘super columns’, ‘sub- super columns’ and comer columns.The structural system of Taipei 101 is extremely impressive for its size. The skin of the building - double paned blue-green curtain walls - block external heat by 50 percent. At the top of each eight modules, there is a one-story tall truss system. The truss system paired with the mega- columns allows for the building to withstand up to 96 milimeters of seismic lateral displacements. 95 millimeters is equivalent to roughly 3.75 inches. Some call Taipei 101 “earthquake proo?. There have been reports of tourists in Taipei 101 taking pictures with their phones while an earthquake was occurring. The massive counterweight offset the Violent horizontal displacement ofthe earth. The occupants of Taipei 101 were “unfazed” by the 6.3 magnitude earthquake.LATERAL LOAD STUDIES *) The diagram above represents the power sprectral densities ofthe accelerations at the basement of the tower. ‘As you can see, when the earth moves, the tower moves a lotat frst but then levels out becasue of the mass damper.Opaque ——_——-@—— Transparent Reflective —@—_—__—Y Non-reflectiveEEE As CASTICK SYSTEMGreen/Blue Skin Counterweight Material Supplier HVAC - Carrier, York Cladding - Permasteelisa Group Sealants - Dow ComingCorporation Construction Hoists -Alimak Hek Steel - China Stee! Corporation; Nippon Steel & Sumitono Metal Facade Maintenance - CoxGomyl Corporation Fire Prootng - Grace Construction Products Flooring - CS Group Construction Specialties CompanyThe facade consists of highly refective double-paned glass curtain walls which block solar heat gain by 50 percent. There are many other sustainable features within Taipei 4101 such as custom lighting controls, energy efitient luminaries and a smart Energy Management and Control System.tT in 1 ; = it na |Thin Light Thin Light Mullions —@— Thick —@—______ Dark Columns — @ Thick —@—_—__—__ DarkRape Le @ Jj a, Sha = 5 mL la ms 1 Plan (Level 37) 1R2= 1MEP Diagram 4182 = 1LEED CERTIFICATIONS US Green Building Council LEED v4 (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, Version 4) = highest level of Platinum in the category of Operation and Maintenance of Exisiting Buildings According to TAIPE! 101 Green Building, Taipei 101 is the “ast ‘supertall building outside of the USS. to have achieved this feat, and the only building in Taiwan to be recognized.” Taipei 101 received this award in 2011, and has continued to challenge this sustainabilty tite every year since. The Chief Operating Oftoer of the US. Green Building Council, Mahest Ramanujam, presented the LEED v4 Platinum Plaque to one of the Chairmen of Taipei 101 in 2011 According fo the energy efttient company, Siemens, EMCS is ‘an energy management system which employs computer technology to ‘monitor and control equipment scattered throughout a facility’. There are sensors and control devices that are placed throughout the building, These sensors and control panels connect to the central ‘computer that then analyzes the information and begins control actions. The EMCS provides reports for the human operator, who can override the system manually, Almost 3,000 t reduction in annual CO2 emissions -Annual reduction of water consumption by 28,000 tons Annual reduction of waste by 1,261 tons Annual reduction of electrical power by 4.8 million kWh Annual savings of $700,000 due to reduced power consumption 3]Certified Silver Gold Platinun 9 points earned 50-59 points earned 60-79 points earned 80+ points eaEMERGENCY SYSTEMS Taipei 101 lf there's a power failure, the building ‘automatically tums on the emergency generators. These generators provide about 70 percent of the overall power. There's an uninterruptible power supply, also known as a UPS, thet makes sure the crucial systems like control and security are running before the emergency generators turn on. HVAC Systems Centrifugal chillers -Glycol chiller -Ioe storage tank 40-52 Variable Air Volume (VAV) boxes on each for There are lightening rods placed at the top of the tower and at each mechanical for to avoid lightening strikes. Fire Protection System - Taipei 101 is divided into separate ‘fe zones with stewalls, shutters and wall slings - air conditioning will automatically shut off where smoke is detected = non-fammable materials for the building base - there are two freproof refuge fbors ‘on each mechanical for -the refuge rooms are connected to a refuge balconyPressurized corridors and Staircases Oise ’ eS x refuge balcony chanical FL} Refuge roomsREFERENCES [PAGES 152-161] INFORMATION [1] Taipei 101 The Skyscraper Center: The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH December 2017 < hitp:/Awww.skyscrapercenter com/buildingltaipei-101/117> {2] Taipei 101 - A Case Study Archinomy Bridging the Gap July 2016 < htp:/iwww.archinomy.comlcase-stud ies/67 ttaipei-101-2-case-study> [3] Day, Morgan. Taipei 101. The Journal ofthe American Insitute of Architects July 25, 2016 [4] Evans, Jonathan. Popular Mechanics The World's 10 Toughest Buildings. October 20, 2015 < https:/www. popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/g2237hworlds-10-toughest-buildings/> [5] Pickles, Kate and Chan, Olivia. SkySHAKER: Taiwanese Skyscraper During Eerthqueke; April 22, 2015 < http:/Awww.dailymail.co.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-3050770/SkySHAKER-Watch-astonishing-video-tour ists-wobbling--6771-Taiwanese-skyscraper-earthquake-unfazed-carry-taking-pictures.himi> [6] Khgjuria, Abheek. Seminar Report on Teipei 101: A Building with a Diference ‘Taipei 101’ March 30, 2015 < https:/iwww slideshare.netlabheekkhajuria/a-building-with-a-difference-taipei-101> IMAGES [A] Taipei 101 High Resolution Wallpaper World Travel Wallpapers August, 2015 < hitp:/travelhdwallpapers, com/aipei-10'-high-resolution!> [B] uhawar, Krishna. SlideShare: Taipei 101 August 18, 2012 < hitps:/mwwslideshare.nel/KrishnaJhawarltai pei-101-14004855> [C] Taipei 101; SkyscraperPage.com < hitps/Iskyscraperpage.comicities/?bulldinglD=18>REFERENCES [PAGES 162-173] INFORMATION [1] Taipei 101 The Skyscraper Center: The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH December 2017 < hitp:/Awww.skyscrapercenter com/buildingltaipei-101/117> [2] Taipei 101 - A Case Study Archinomy Bridging the Gap July 2016 [3] Day, Morgan. Taipei 101. The Journal ofthe American Insitute of Architects July 25, 2016 [4] Evans, Jonathan. Popular Mechanics The World's 10 Toughest Buildings. October 20, 2015 < https:/www. popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/g2237hworlds-10-toughest-buildings/> [5] Pickles, Kate and Chan, Olivia. SkySHAKER: Taiwanese Skyscraper During Eerthqueke; April 22, 2015 < http:/Awww.dailymail.co.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-3050770/SkySHAKER-Watch-astonishing-video-tour ists-wobbling--6771-Taiwanese-skyscraper-earthquake-unfazed-carry-taking-pictures.himi> [6] Khgjuria, Abheek. Seminar Report on Teipei 101: A Building with a Diference ‘Taipei 101’ March 30, 2015 < https:/iwww slideshare.netlabheekkhajuria/a-building-with-a-difference-taipei-101> IMAGES {Al Taipei 101 High Resolution Wallpaper World Travel Wallpapers August, 2015 < http/travelhdwallpapers.. com/aipei-10'-high-resolution’> [B] Jhawar, Krishna. SlideShare: Taipei 101 August 18, 2012 < https:/wmw slideshare.net/KrishnaJhawar/tai pei-101-14004855> [C| Taipei 101; SkyscraperPage.com < https/Iskyscraperpage.comicities/buldinglD=18> [D] Entrance to Taipei 101, December 23, 2016 Askideas < https:/Awww.askideas.com/25-most-beautifu-tai pei-10'-tower-pictures-and-images/> [E] Teipei 101 Shopping mall, Hotels.com Taiwan < http:/iwww.taiwan-hotels.nettaipei/taipe’-101-shopping-mall htm> IF] Taipei 101, July 13, 2015 Walking Through Wonderland < http:/walkingthroughwonderland,comitai pei-101> [G] Brockett, Charles Cites, Mounts, Ice Ships Pinterest < htps:/)www.pinterest.com/ pin/574983077401281422/>REFERENCES [PAGES 174-183] INFORMATION [1] Taipei 101 The Skyscraper Center: The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH December 2017 < http:/mww_skyscrapercenter.comibuilding/taipei-101/117> [2] Taipei 101 - A Case Study Archinomy Bridging the Gap July 2016 < htp:/Amww.archinomy.comlcase-stud ies/67 tNaipei-101-2-case-study> [3] Day, Morgan. Taipei 101. The Journal ofthe American Institute of Architects July 25, 2016 [4] Evans, Jonathan. Popular Mechanics The World's 10 Toughest Buildings. October 20, 2015 < https://www. ‘popularmechanics.comtechnologyrinfrastructure/g2237/worlds-10-toughest-buildings/> {6] Pickles, Kate and Chan, Olivia. SkySHAKER: Taiwanese Skyscraper During Earthquake; April 22, 2015 [6] Khgjuria, Abheek. Seminar Report on Taipei 101: A Building with a Difference ‘Taipei 101’ March 30, 2015 < https/iwww slideshare.netvabheekkhajuria/a-building-with-a-ciference-taipei-101> {7] Qs. Li, MASCE; Lun-Hei Zhi; Alex Y. Tuan; Chin-Sheng Kao; Sheng-Chung Su; Chien-Fu Wu; January 2011: Dynamic Behavior of Taipei 101 Tower: Field Measurement and Numerical Analysis Journal of Structural Engineering < htp:/www.hnutest. com/uploadsie/2015/1012/20151012123150968,pat>IMAGES. [A] Taipei 101 High Resolution Wallpaper World Travel Wallpapers August, 2015 < http:/travelhdwallpapers. com/taipei-101 -high-resolution/> [B] Jhawar, Krishna, SlideShare: Taipei 101 August 18, 2012 < https://mww.sideshare.net/KrishnaJhawaritai pel-101-14004855> {C] Taipei 101; SkyscraperPage.com < https:/iskyscraperpage.comlcities/?bulding!D=18> [D) Patel, Deep, LEED GA, August 2014 Project Taipei 101 Slideshare < htips:/www.slideshare.net/Deep patel18t/projecttaipae-101> [E} https: /jetsettimes.com/2012/09/25iinterview-taipei-101/ IF] Hung, Wendy; September 25, 2012 Interview With Taipei 101: Newsweek's “One of the Seven New Wond ers of the World" Jetset Times < https://jetsettimes.com/201w2/09/25/interview-taipei-101/> [G] iNux, September 4, 2008 sickr < https://mwwfickr com/photosirinux/2685419140> {H] Amusing Planet < http:/www.amusingplanet.com/2014/08\the-728-ton-tuned-mass-damper-oftaipei htmI> {i The High-Speed Elevator Taipei 101 < htps://ww.taipei-101.com.twien/observatory-damper.aspx>REFERENCES [PAGES 184-193] INFORMATION [1] Taipei 101 The Skyscraper Center: The Global Tall Building Database of the CTBUH December 2017 < hitp:/Awww.skyscrapercenter com/buildingltaipei-101/117> [2] Taipei 101 - A Case Study Archinomy Bridging the Gap July 2016 [3] Day, Morgan. Taipei 101. The Journal ofthe American Insitute of Architects July 25, 2016 [4] Evans, Jonathan. Popular Mechanics The World's 10 Toughest Buildings. October 20, 2015 < https:/www. popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/g2237hworlds-10-toughest-buildings/> [5] Pickles, Kate and Chan, Olivia. SkySHAKER: Taiwanese Skyscraper During Eerthqueke; April 22, 2015 < http:/Awww.dailymail.co.uk/news/peoplesdaily/article-3050770/SkySHAKER-Watch-astonishing-video-tour ists-wobbling--6771-Taiwanese-skyscraper-earthquake-unfazed-carry-taking-pictures.himi> [6] Khgjuria, Abheek. Seminar Report on Teipei 101: A Building with a Diference ‘Taipei 101’ March 30, 2015 < https:/iwww slideshare.netlabheekkhajuria/a-building-with-a-difference-taipei-101> [7] Cox Gomy! < htip:/iww.coxgomyl.comlproducts!> IMAGES, [A] Taipei 101 High Resolution Wallpaper World Travel Wallpapers August, 2015 < http:/travelhdwallpapers. comaipei-10'-high-resolution!> [B] Jhawar, Krishna, SlideShare: Taipei 101 August 18, 2012 < https:/imww siideshare.net/KrishnaJhawaritai pei-101-14004855> [C] Taipei 101; SkyscraperPage.com < https:/skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildinglD=18> [D] Malcolm Lu, 2012 The Awesome Taipei 101 Tower, Deviant Art < https://galen82.deviantart com/art/The- Awesome-Taipei-101-Tower-312064381> {E] Teipei, Taivan 23 June 2015 Taipei 101 to Replace External Lighting With LEDs CTBUH Global News < http:/Awww.ctbuh org/News/GlobalTalNews/tabid/48 10/languagelen-US/Default aspy> [F] Taipei 101 The SkyScraper Center < htp:/mww.skyscrapercenter.com/building/taipe-101/117>REFERENCES [PAGES 194-199] INFORMATION [1] Cheng, Sidney, July 07, 2017: TAIPE! 101 Receives LEED v4 Certittation From U.S. Green Building Counc ils All-Time Top Scorer TAIPEI 101 Green Building, Market Wired [2] https:foooks. google. com/books?id=95S502Xn3NKC&pg=PA97 &lpg=PA97&dq=whatstype+ofsh vacesystem-does Haipei+101 shave source=bl&ots=0RY 4a9q2Qu8sig=UcHUmpcYo8niziwL¥dlz KluYRUo8hi=en8sa=X8ved=0ahUKEwithpzzyr_aAhVwpkkHYDOBXQQ6AEImQEwDwitv=onepage&q=what%420 type%200f%420hvac%20system420does %20taipe!"420101%20havee=false [3] Building Information “Taipei 101, 2014 < https:/Awww.taipei-101.com.tw/en/building,aspx> [4] LEED O+M: Existing Building v3 - LEED 2009 < https:/imww.usgbe. org/projects/taipe’-101-tower-0> IMAGES, [A] W, Szukaj The Executive Centre LEVEL 37 TAIPEI 101 TOWER < https:/www.google.com/search bi w=9558bin=6128tbm=isch8&sa=1&ei=mQ|VWpLtHKeq_QaQ0rTADg&q=taipei+101+plan+&og=ta- pei+101+plan+&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0130k 1j0i8i30k1. 10096724, 10099802.0. 10100010. 16.15.0.0.0.0.309.1976.0j9)2)1.12.0. 0...1¢.1.64.psy-ab. 4.12. 1974...0j0167k1j0i24k1 0, VooHH4lJUEE#imgre=HtEEnOXSMNJuZM:> {B] https://www. google. com/searchq=leed+v44>platinum staipei+101 «award presentation &source=Inms&ib- m=isch&sa=X&ved=ahUKEwjb2ca8gcDaAhVJ20MKHU-vCugQ_AUICigB&biw=9558bin=6 12#imgdii=8Sx50Qvf0- (Q07 ylt:Bimgrc=qJROrys3 TUWCEM {C] The Taipei 101 lluminated at Night; December 23, 2016 “Ask Ideas" < https:/iwmw.askideas.convthe-tai- pei-101-iluminated-atnight’> {D] Building Info “Taipei 101° ERY NAA AVENUECeCe NS ESO RA. Reso OL) PS Went mee sae NLS Og eae aaa eee BUILDING MONITORING: VIDARIS, INC. Pa CMIAR SN ENERGY CONCEPT: VIDARIS, INC. Pen ae ke Lees a Ae Neola SOR ea} Eonar ena Tea nase) EScee lias) ae Mere Roa NAO OLU SMe eRe) MARKETING: DIALOG BOX DIGITAL ROOFING: VIDARIS, INC. Ppa DNA AUcLn UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Pe) MODERN CSCO ome Teena SOLS SAR Celene a =a PPOs cau SECU NLS ST Went MSs Nee) (Oa 1owesee iOHISTORY AND CONTEXT Site Plan Situated between East 56th and 57th ‘Streets, just west of Park Avenue sits 432 Park Avenue. Taking up a Portion of the site once occupied by the former Drake Hotel. Harry Macklowe, a private developer, acquired the hotel and its land in 2006 and proceeded with its demolition in 2007 in order to make way for new development. The site of 432 Park Avenue is sandwiched between other structures in New York’ dense grid of buildings, but despite its cramped conditions it is actually one of the world's most valuable piaces of land. Macklowe paid $440M for the deed and as ‘such wanted to go tall in order to ‘maximize his investment. Though many look up atthe tower in awe ofits achievements in height and design, the tower has not escaped scrutiny. Because of tits impressive stature many feel as if the building casts a shadow (on Cetera Park, and that the great tower only caters to the mega-tich, representing a greater wealth divide from those found within and those found of the tower, forcing lower and middle income workers to commute in 432 Park Avenue is one ofthe latest ina long heritage of towers to be built in the city and it won't be the last. Following in its predecessors footsteps 432 has contributed to this City’s skyline, ad helped start a new chapter forthe future sky srapers to come. [2,3] [B] 432 Park Av. Site plan.THE DRAKE HOTEL WHERE ONE HOTEL GOES, A HIGH-RISE FOLLOWS. The Drake hotel constructed in the 1920s, New York's “Golden Age’, was 21 stories tall and contained 2 once unimaginable 495 rooms. Continuing its grounder in the 1960s it had one of the city's most popular disco halls, Shepheard’s at the Drake. By the 80s it had been rebranded the Swissotel The Drake. ‘Once located at 440 Park Avenue, the hotel existed as a luxury hotel for its entire existence. Having been renovated several times, most recently in 1999, the hotel retailed its Art Deco Appeal Over the last decades it became more business friendly, adapting to the Modem Age the suites were equipped with everything from a fax machine to black out shades, to a boardroom. But yet ike many of the buildings erected in his age the historic walls came down. [4] [C] Historic Drake HotelINSPIRATION AND DEVELOPMENT Rafael Viioly when conceiving of his design for the tower drew from an unlikely source for his inspiration A Josef Hoffmann-designed wastebasket released in 1905. Vitoly stated that “Ifyou look atit very carefully you see a rhythm, you see a pattem, you ‘see what we call push-pull between negative and positive.” The basket though not of the same proportion to the super slim tower has the square rectangular pattern the tower has been recognized for. Placing that structural lattice of on the exterior of the buildings shell, like the basket allowed it to go up and create one of the world’s more extreme width to height ratio at 1:15. Demonstrating just how much for ‘space can be acquired on such a small site. The Tower has done as ‘much as it can with its small plot of land, taking advantage of New York's desire for premium Manhattan real estate the prices for apartments have been astronomical, with reports that the penthouse suite being sold for $95M. [3] [D] Josef Hoffmann WastebasketMASSING Now completed 432 Perk Avenue {Al View from Penthouse Appertment soars above its neighbors, and is [E] Massing isometric ‘one of the tallest residential towers in the world. Its apartments range from £2355 square foot studio to pent- houses between the 91st and 96th ‘bors. Residents also bene from such amenities as a got training facility, a private dining restaurant, and cinema screening rooms. Aside from its address, one thing is clear, what these rooms truly offer is an unparalleled view. [2]9Mechanical - Mass Dampers ‘Mechanical Residential Oftoes ‘Amenities - Pool, Spa Amenities - Gym Amenities - Restaurant Lounge Commercial Loby, Lounge PROGRAM 432 Park Avenue is an exclusively Residential Tower, with extensive amenities within the tower to attract residents. The Building has over 30,000 square feet of amenities, including a restaurant overseen by a Michelin starred chef, Fitness Center designed and serviced by The Wright Fit, 75 foot lap pool, sauna, steam and massage therapy rooms, ‘screening room, billiards room and library. ‘The fbor plate of the building is approximately 9050 sf, wth apartments ranging from a studio to.@ 8255 sf Penthouse. Most apartments however occupy half a for plate. Mechanical doors are place periodically though the building to service the floors above and bellow. 8) IF] Staking Chart diagram 1:160Service Elevator 2 Residential Elevators ELEVATORS The Tower has 10 elevators on its premise. The ftst of these elevators is actualy for cars. To the west of the main tower a platform ‘there is a platform where a Valet brings down the cars forthe resident To accompany that there is a separate elevator for the people to tise from below the tower. The Commercial area though not associated with the Tower, does have a couple of elevators to service itself. The main bulk of the towers elevators however are found in the ‘central core. There is a main Crevice elevator that services all fbors. Apart from the maintenance elevator, there are 4 elevators to serve the residents, two of which serve up to the penthouse apartments, while the ‘other two fal just short of that. [5] 2 Residential Elevators [G] Tower Lift Diagram 1:160 ——— 2Commercial Elevator Car Elevator 2 Elevators for Garage‘Amenities Floor - Gymnasium 4:15 {l] Amenity Floor planBt eeres cee IK] West Elevation 1:160 {U] South Elevation 1:160[L] West Section 1:160 [Mj South Section 1:160EET QUO000000IN] Structural Isometric Core 1:160 eweeeee = Neuueh uuu Uuuu vu wun uuu eunueuan eset Suu [0] Structural isometric Frame 1:160STRUCTURE Inspired by the modernist waste a climber rg that was then later basket, 432 Park Avenue uses the dissembled exterior form as a structural element. In order to prevent the necessity of The building as well as an extensive shear wals, the engineers located reinforced concrete structure has the core at the center ofthe plan and deep foundations to Manhattans reallocated the reinforced concrete bedrock. [2] structure to the buildings perimeter. This allows for the most amount of {P] 432 Under Construction sexibilty for each sor The buildings reinforced concrete structure was built in-situ usingAERODYNAMICS Aerodynamic Isometric 1:160 One would expect a tower of these dimensions to suffer under tremendous wind loads. To reduce this two out of every 12 sbors were left open to allow wind currents to pass though. In order to allow for a more comfortable experience the tower has several opposed pendulum tuned mass dampers. On both the West and East side ofthe building ‘The tower has two large ones on the top ofthe building both weighing 680 tons. However smaller ones can be found on some of the maintenance bors. [2.6] [0] Tuned Mass Damper [R] Aerodynamic Sketch (Q) ob —? i fr 24 [RISKIN 432 Park Av. Skin is predominately Uniform throughout the building. Viol decided to leave the structural concrete visible. He used control joins at all the intersections to further reinforce his squared pastem. Window units were then placed inside the openings. Though they largely look similar there are differences between the different window units. ‘Most ofthe building has the skin expressed in the model, however there are a few exceptions. At the entrance the window condition is obliviously different as there are operable doors. But other than that they do not have the same exterior expression of ventilation. However they do express the slightly inset rmullion and fush windows. The bottom also has a more opaque WRAWAay WW m windows to the rest ofthe building, The building, as previously mentioned has ‘bors open at set intervals to allow air to pass though, however at the #tst of these intervals they don't need tot his and instead inset the windows in order to express a ‘hidden’ effect. The top ofthe building despite being ‘open at the very top stil uses glassIGF aL pann ee a | we a windows for continuity. {T] Exploded Skin Isometric [A] Top of Building Window Condition {U] inset Window Condition {A] Standard Window Condition [U] Bottom of Building Window ConditionSUSTAINABILITY & TECHNOLOGY 432 Park Avenue is not designed or constructed to follow any USGBC (United States Green Building Council) sustainability guidelines, however, many modem sustainable features were implemented during its construction. (One area where they payed special attention was the windows. The building is covered in dual glazed windows, but more importantly the engineers implemented differing ‘ter czpabilties to account for the sun at diferent heights and seasons to minimize for heat loss or ingress. During construction the team were required to comply with city and state regulations regarding sustainable practices. The building is also retrotited with eneray eftciency appliances. Low-fow dxtures and individually controllable spaces are also being incorporated 5) [A] High eftciency appliancesSYSTEMSREFLECTION The frst time | saw this building was during my trip to New York with a group of fiends. We were walking inthe street and happened upon the building and were simply amazed atts proportions. | believe we ‘stood there for twenty minutes or so asking ourselves how it was that the building could even stand. How was itthatitwas so tall and so skinny? To this day | still find it difficult to ‘comprehend and that is why i chose this building | personally love this building. Not because of its record breaking proportions, but fo the proportion of its walls and windows. | am personally a sucker for grid and the gid that Vinol developed is especially beautiul. From the detailing of the concrete relief paster, to the 10x10’ window ‘openings f£ush to the wall and how it manages to make the vents of a building which | generally dislike fal int the background. | do however believe that it does deserve its fair share of citicism. The main thing that t gets criticism forisits height and its proximity to central park. can understand this iticism as it does stand out around its neighboring buildings. Though i do believe that the building would be Just as beautiful ifit were shorter itis the height that makes it stand out. Though | doubt! will ever be able to ‘occupy the building i hope one day i might be given the opportunity. This buildings view is ike no there in the world and despite its enormous price tag i can actually imagine why. [AJA room with a ViewREFERENCES INFORMATION {1 2 B} (4 6] (6) “432 Park Avenue.” The Skyscraper Center, Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Mills, Fred. “Room With a View: 432 Park Avenue.” The B1M, 14 Sept. 2016. Pham, Diane. “A Trashcan Inspired the Design of Rafael Vifioly’s 432 Park Avenue.” ésqft, 31 May 2015. Gunderman, Dan. “A Look at the Drake Hotel and Its Sky-High Replacement.” NY Daily News, NEW YORK DAILY NEWS, 24 Sept 2016. “432 Park Avenue Condominiums.” 432 PARK AVENUE, www.432parkavenue. conv ‘Trevor Haskett, and Andy Smith. “Feeling at Home in the Clouds." STRUCTURE Magazine, Dec. 2017.IMAGES: Al (Cc (0) IN) Pl (Q) R} U Bannister, Matthew, and Keith Bomely. 432pa South View at Dusk. N.d. 432pa, Cim Group & Macklowe Properties, New York City. Web. Gunderman, Dan. “A Look at the Drake Hotel and Its Sky-High Replacement.” NY Daily News, NEW YORK DAILY NEWS, 24 Sept. 2016. Josef Hoffman Waste-Paper Basket. 1905. © DOB. “432 Park Avenue Floor Plan © DOB.” Www.worldofarchi.com. Karmin, Craig. “Park Avenue Condo Tower Approaches $1 Bilion in Sales.” The Wall Street Journal, Dow Jones & Company, New York, 8 Oct. 2013, "432 Mass Dampex.” STRUCTURE Magazine. Vitioly, Rafael. “432 Park Ave: Sketch with Wind, 2011.” 432 Park Ave: Sketch with Wind - Rafael Vinoly, Paddle 8, 7 ‘Apr. 2015, NYC. “432 24 October 2016." Field Condition, 24 Oct. 2016.CMA TOWERCaS ULL eRe) ae CLA Morea ESS eee ae OS ene INTERIORS : OMRANIA/ GOETTSCH PARTNERS / DAVID WRENN Si Went me essa Cacao URE CeO ALN ages heii =sn ree en N A scua= Sn enn LA LOCC eee sae CONTRACTOR : SAUDI BINLADIN GROUP (ABCD) BUILDING FUNCTION: OFFICE Went m Nusa ekee) ees ENERGY LABEL: LEED GOLD PROPOSED: 2009 ‘START OF CONSTRUCTION: 2010 COMPLETION: 2018 HEIGHT: ARCHITECTURAL: 385.0 METER / 1263 FEET Sega A serie eer one Pa Lite) Sykes eg e Se) alee Ne SS aS) es Reza. a Pe Lae ae GUS reese) eo MNU ep U eo) NTR ten en Og =p RPA Gee Ieee eee eae TS)RIYADH THE CAPTIAL OF SAUDI ARABIA Riyadh is the capital end most populous city of Saudi Arabia Iti also the capital of Riyadh Prov- ince and belongs to the historical regions of Najd and Al-Yamama. itis situated in the centre of the ‘Arabian Peninsula on a large plateau and home to more than six milion people The city is divided into 15 municipal districts, man- aged by the Municipality of Riyadh headed by the mayor of Riyadh, and the Development Authority of Riyadh which is chaired by the governor of the Province, Faisal bin Bandar Al Saud. The current mayor is Ibrahim Mohammed Al-Sultan, Riyadh has been designated a global city Riyadh, Saudi Arabia's capital and main financial hub, is on a desert plateau in the country’s center. Business district landmarks include the 302m-high Kingdom Centre, with a sky bridge connecting 2 towers, and 267m-high Al Faisaiah Centre, with a glass-globe summit. In the historical Deira district, Masmak Fort marks the site of the 1902 raid that gave the Al Sauds control of Riyadh ‘Area: 694 mi? Elevation: 2,008" Local ime: +3 GMT Population: 6 million (2015) 4RIYADH CLIMATE & DEMOGRAPHICS Classified as having a hot desert cl- mate, temperatures during the sum- mer months are extremely hot. The average high temperature in August is 436 °C (110 f), Winters are warm with cool, windy nights. The overall imate is arid, and the city experi- ences very litle rainfall, especially in ‘summer, but receives a fair amount of rain in March and Apri. It is also known to have dust storms during which the dust can be so thick that Visibility s under 10m (334). [5] The city had a population of 40,000 in- habitants in 1935 and 83,000 in 1949. Then, the city has experienced very high rates of population growth, from 150,000 inhabitants in the 1960s to over 6 milion, according to the most recent sources. According to 2015 census, the population of Riyadh was composed of 65% Saudi families while non-Saudi families accounted for 35% of the population felCAPITAL MARKET AUTHORITYThe Capital Market Authority of Saudi ‘Arabia (CMA) is the Saudi govem- ments financial regulatory authority responsible for capital markets in Saudi Arabia. The CMA is a gov- emment organization applying full financial, legal, and administrative independence, and has direct links with the Prime Minister. Its respon- sibilities include setting and policing financial rules and regulations and developing the capital markets, this includes regulating the Tadawul, ‘Saudi Arabia's stock exchange. [7] CMA is part of The King Abdullah Financial District (KAFD), which is a new development under construc- tion near King Fahad Road in the Al ‘Ageeg area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. consisting of 59 towers in an area of 4.6 milion square meters. It will pro- Vide more than 3 million square me- ters of space for various uses, 62,000 parking spaces and accommodation for 12,000 residents. In 20, it was the largest project in the world seek- ing green building accreditation. (8)CONTEXT LOCATION ‘Soaring 386 meters (12631 above the surrounding cityscape, the CMA Tow- er is the centerpiece of the financial plaza of the King Abdullah Financial District. The iconic 80-story crystal- line office tower, which was the result of a successful joint venture between Omrania & Associates and HOK , is currently the tallest building in Ri- yadh. It symbolizes the beginning of a new era of global financial lead- ership within the Saudi capital. [9]THE DESIGN Representing timeless architecture, the tower's transparency reflects the cultur- al significance of the crystals found along the valleys of Saudi Arabia. This transpar- ency creates openness and provides valu- able natural lighting for the office spaces The design solution is a subtle blend of con- ventional and well understood techniques com- bined with international best practice and cutting edge technologies, merged with local expertise of construction techniques and methods for dealing with the harsh natural environment. The high-performance envelope design and integrated facade-access system of the CMA tower represents a unique and inte- gral solution to the challenges associated with facade design for super-tall structures in Riyadh and elsewhere in the region. [10]\ \\\\ \ NW" \\\\\ r E - K a p 2 \ \\\e SS Ww \ 4 \ KX A AX AY, NS ,CONCEPTUAL SKETCHESSTACKING CHART [] “ [| LOBBY & AMENITY MECHANICAL| | at ee ee || | =H asec space eS =a Ces ——) — ——F Building Services Levels ro)LIFT DIAGRAMlocal ts (53-76):GROUND FLOORA level 1 floor plan 1 lobbyPay A typical low-rise floor plan & level 2 floor planA typical high-rise floor plan 1 tenant space(Q]CUT DOWN DIAGRAMwe CT aL yeATRIUM/LOBBYSTRUCTURE The design concept of the main tower is that all the gravity loads shall be cartied by floor framing system and transfer to core wall & concrete filled Steel Tubular Columns (CFT). The lateral loads (wind + seismic) are transfer to central core wall system through Transfer Tie beams, Out Riggers. and diaphragm action of composite flooring The building's main structural skeleton comprises a central core, perimeter columns, composite floors, roof crown, and a continuous raft founda- tion, The core is made of cast in-site reinforced concrete walls interlinked in a hexagonal-shaped pattern by coupling shear beams. The form tapers inward and outward as it rises, providing floor plates that reach 28,000 square feet of gross area. Clear-span floor plans maintain their flexibility and adaptability across every level of the structure, producing an efficient interior envi- ronment. Combining public circulation and private amenity space, the podium structure at the base of the tower includes an auditorium, cafeteria, and two-story atrium. [11]HYBRID STRUCTURE The system utiized a composite blend of re- inforced concrete and structural steel. In the structural system, a central Y-shaped concrete core works with a composite perimeter braced ‘frame. No columns are vertical, as they sweep in and out withthe faceted curtain wall. To maxi- mize usable floor area and minimize the cost and quantity of structural materials, they integrated the sloping braces and columns with the facade systems. (12]RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE Dotted around the core wall are six columns sep- arate to the main structure, built from the bottom ofthe foundations up to ground level. These concrete columns will stop at ground level and be the platform for further columns rising from them. Three of the six emerging columns will split into two ata 45° angle up the first four levels. These steel columns wil all feed into the allimportant fifth floor, which is a horizontal matrix of steel bars to hold the weight of every flor above it. [13]STRUCTURE The heart ofthe tower's structural support is in the horizontal web of steel. The co- lossal structure core serves as the bearing element for a gigantic steel construction to which the exterior facade and floor-slabs are to be attached. [14]Cog o iad SRAERODYNAMICS Most of the winds are northem, and they get scattered by the sharp edges of the building Wind Rose O=5BUILDING SKIN DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE The tower isa slender, faceted glass volume ‘emerging from a compact site. The cross-section Undulates to create a faceted surface and to reduce impact of wind loading at higher altitudes. series of concrete super columns offers vertical support atthe perimeter and, in conjunction with diagonal framing members, creates a rigid structural cage while providing formal definition, The building envelope extends 30 meters beyond the top floor to house a large photovoltaic array. ‘Asystem of operable diagonal fins is used to shade the building under a variety of exposure conditions. The building form and it high-performance en- closure provide an integrated design solution that addresses the region's climatic and environmental challenges. The tower's crystalline facade refer- ences the crystals found in wadis—dry ravines located in the Saudi Arabian desert. This transpar- ency creates an open grid and provides access to natural ight within the office tower. [15]FACADE DETAILS The first signature building at King Abdullah Financial District, the CMA tower will offer innovative facade lighting and access systems. The building's geometry will contribute toa highly functional, original structure in Riyadh’s skyiie. The skyscraper's crystalline facade will semble the crystals found in wacis in the Saudi Arabian desert. Its diamond shape will also allow natural light into the building, High-performance, trple-glazed glass will cover the building’s exterior, which is further shaded by a shroud. The integrated solar control system moderates. the intense Saudi ght and heat. This high-per- formance solution reinforces the overall building design as well as its geometry and identity. An extemal layer provides shade, amplifying the thermal efciency of the triple-pane, untized glazing system. The system includes a horizon- tal gantry on each floor with an array of angled glass fins featuring an offset frit pattern. Opti- mized to reduce solar heat gain, the system stil allows natural light to enter the building. [16]MECHANICAL The HVAC system in the CMA Tower serves all the spaces inside the building. Each floor is conditioned by the typical outlet vent that directly connected to central ventiletion duct which goes all the way to the HVAC units in the mechanical floors. The building form and its high-pertor- mance enclosure provide an integrated design solution that addresses the region's climatic and environmental challenges. High-performance, triple-glazed glass will cover the building's ex- terior, which is further shaded by a shroud. The integrated solar control system moderates the intense light and heat. The fin shading elements are used to reduce the amount of heat reached to the building in order to minimize the electricity consumption. [17] Aniigh-performance enclosure incorporates solar shading, photovoltaic solar collection, facade lighting and an innovative facade access system This integrated solution reinforces the overall building design and geometry while minimizing solar gain and internal cooling loads and reduc- ing HVAC requirements. Energy is reclaimed through a photovoltaic array installation on the tower's root. All of these factors played a major role in winning the LEED Gold certification. [18]REFLECTION From the beginning ofthe current decade, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been going through a remarkable development in several parts. Despite the fact that the most

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