CHAPTER 1

REFRIGERATION
INTRODUCTION -DEFINITIONS

By
Ir Razali Bin Muda
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

TOPICS

1. Refrigeration 7. Latent Heat

2. Temperature 8. Change of State
3. Heat Transfer 9. Ton of Refrigeration
4. BTU 10. Pressure
5. Specific Heat 11. Refrigerant
6. Sensible Heat
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

REFRIGERATION
Definition
“Refrigeration is the transfer of heat from a
place where it is not wanted to a place
where it is unobjectionable”

The transfer of heat is usually

accompanied by a lowering of
temperature in the refrigerated space
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

REFRIGERATION
Heat & Cold
z “Heat is a form of energy”. It can be made to do
work.
z Cold is a term denoting the relative absence of heat.

Heat may be produced by:

1.Light ……………..…....from sun
2.Electricity………..........from heater
3.Magnetism…………….hysteresis of iron
4.Chemical means.........combustion
5.Mechanical means…..compression, friction
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

TEMPERATURE

z “Temperature is the measure of the intensity of heat”

z Three (3) scales – Fahrenheit, Centigrade, Absolute
Rankine Kelvin
( ºR ) ( ºK )
Fahrenheit 100 Centigrade
212 212+459.7 100+273
( ºF ) ( ºC )
32 0

Centigrade
Fahrenheit
0

scales
scales
- 40 - 40

- 459.7 - 273 Absolute zero

 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

HEAT TRANSFER

z Heat always flows from the warmer to cooler body. Steel rod
z Three (3) method of heat transfer
1. Conduction – the transfer of heat from particle to particle of
substance without movement of the particles themselves.
2. Convection – the transfer of heat by a flowing medium.
3. Radiation – a wave form of heat movement through a medium
similar to light except that it can’t be seen. fire
Conduction

heater

Radiation Convection
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

BTU
BTU (British Thermal Unit)
z A BTU is the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of
water 1 degree Fahrenheit. This is not true for water in the form
of ice and vapor, and also other sustances.
z Specific Heat is the number of BTU,s it takes to raise the
temperature of 1 lb. of a substance 1 degree Fahrenheit.
1 lb. Water
80ºF SP Heat = 1
1 BTU = 1º raise
Q= 5 lbs. x 30ºF = 150 BTU
1 lb. Iron
SP Heat = 0.118
50ºF 1 BTU = 8.5º raise
5 lbs. Water
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

SPECIFIC HEAT (S.P)

z Definition – S.P is the number of BTU’s required to

raise the temperature of a pound of a substance
through one degree Fahrenheit.
1 lb. WATER 1 lb. IRON 1 lb. ALUMINIUM

S.P = 1.000 S.P = 0.118 S.P = 0.215

1 BTU = 1º RAISE 1 BTU = 8.5º RAISE 1 BTU = 4.6º RAISE
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

SENSIBLE HEAT

z Heat that changes the temperature of a

substance – can be detected by a
thermometer, or by sense of touch.
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

LATENT HEAT

z Latent heat - heat that changes a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a

vapor without changing its temperature
z Removal of latent heat changes the vapour to a liquid or the
liquid to a solid.
z Latent heat of vaporization – heat necessary to change 1 lb. of
a liquid to a vapor without a change in temperature, at standard
atmospheric pressure
z Latent heat of fusion – heat necessary to change 1 lb. of a solid
to a liquid without a change in temperature, at standard
atmospheric pressure
z Change of state – the change from a solid to a liquid or a liquid
to a vapor/gas, or vice versa.
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

LATENT HEAT
Latent Heat of
Latent Heat of
Vaporization
fusion

Boiling Melting
Water Ice
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

CHANGE OF STATE
Water change to steam at
300 212ºF by addition of 970
(ºF) Temp. of water is
BTU’s QLH of vaporization
Steam is superheated by
raised from 32ºF further additional QSH
to 212ºF by
250 addition of 180
BTU’s QSH

200 STEAM
Ice at 32ºF is melted to water
at 32ºF by addition of 144
150 BTU’s QLH of fusion
Boiling Point or

100
Temp. of 1 lb. of ice WATER Saturation
is raised from 0ºF Temperature
to 32ºF by addition
of 16 BTU’s QSH
50

0
ICE
0 16 160 340 1310
BTU 1350
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

TON OF REFRIGERATION
TR (Ton of Refrigeration)
z A TR is the refrigeration produced by melting 1
ton of ice at a temperature of 32ºF in 24 hours.
z IME or Ice Melting Equivalent is an older
measurement of refrigeration. One IME is
equivalent to melting 1 lb. of ice in 1 hour.
z 1 TR = 2000 lbs ice x 144 BTU (LH) = 288,000
BTU/day(24 hr.) = 12,000 BTU/hr = 831/3 IME
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

PRESSURE

z Pressure is defined as force per unit area

z It is measured on two scales, PSIA & PSIG
z PSIA is pressured measured on the absolute scale. The
zero point is at zero atmospheric pressure
z PSIG is pressured measured on the gauge scale. The
zero point is 14.7 psi or atmospheric pressure
z In refrigeration, pressures are measured in
• psi – for pressure above atmospheric ,
• inch of water or mercury – for pressure below atmospheric
• inch of water normally used for very low pressure
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

PRESSURE

PSIA & PSIG

44.7 psia 30 psig

ABSOLUTE SCALE GAUGE SCALE

( PSIA ) 24.7 10 ( PSIG )

14.7 0
Atmospheric pressure
VACUUM
0 - 30 inch
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

PRESSURE
Simple Barometer Under normal sea level
conditions, mercury height 30”.
30 inch

Gauge scale
14.7 psi

Air pressure in
at 14.7 psi.

mercury
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

REFRIGERANT

A refrigerant is a fluid that picks up heat

by evaporating at a low temperature &
pressure, and gives up heat by
condensing at higher temperature &
pressure.
 REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNIT (SI)

Quantity Name of unit Symbol

Mass kilogram kg

Thermodynamic Temperature Degree Kelvin K

Force Newton N or kg m / s 2

Work, Energy, Quantity of Joule J or N m or kg m 2 / s 2

Heat
Power Watt W or J / s or kg m 2 / s 3

Pressure Pascal Pa or N / m 2
REFRIGERATION INTRODUCTION-DEFINITIONS

To be continued