https://en.m.wikipedia.

org/wiki/Product_design

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_design_process

FEED
The FEE is basic engineering which comes after the Conceptual design or Feasibility study. The FEE
design focuses the technical requirements as well as rough investment cost for the project. The FEE
can be divided into separate packages covering different portions of the project. The FEE package is
used as the basis for bidding the Execution Phase Contracts (EPC, EPCI, etc) and is used as the design
basis.

A good FEE will reflect all of the client's project-specific requirements and avoid significant changes
during the execution phase. FEE contracts usually take around 1 year to complete for larger-sized
projects. During the FEE phase there is close communication between Project Owners and Operators
and the Engineering Contractor to work up the project-specific requirements.

Front-End Engineering focuses on technical requirements and identifying main costs for a proposed
project.[2] It is used to establish a price for the execution phase of the project and evaluate potential
risks. It is typically followed by Detailed Design (or Detailed Engineering). The amount of time
invested in Front-End Engineering is higher than a traditional quote, because project specifications
are thoroughly extracted and the following typically developed in detail:

Project Organization Chart

Project Scope

Defined civil, mechanical and chemical engineering

HAZOP, safety and ergonomic studies

2D & 3D preliminary models

Equipment layout and installation plan

Engineering design package development

Major equipment list

Automation strategy

Process Flow Diagrams

Project timeline

Fixed-bid quote

Traditionally, all of these documents would be developed in detail during a design review after a
quote has been agreed to. A company using FEE will develop these materials before submitting a
quote.
Front-end engineering is typically used by design/build engineering firms. These firms may operate
in various industries including:

Automation

Chemical processing

Construction

EPC

Equipment design

Manufacturing

Pharmaceuticals

Petrochemicals

Process system design

Production line design

Refining

Machine Vision

FEE Methodology Edit

FEE Methodology:[3] FEE is a way of looking at a project before completing detailed design. There is
no set way to conduct a Front-End Engineering study. Generally, FEE requires an engineer or a group
of engineers to thoroughly and logically consider a proposed project. Example considerations may
include:

Degree of automation – depending on the application being considered, automation may or may not
be appropriate. Determining the amount of automation in the project will help determine
equipment, labor costs, layout, and design.

Rates and levels – to hit a certain rate or level of, for example, production, a certain amount of
equipment, materials, and automation may be required. Determining key rates and parameters will
have great effect on overall project costs and timeline

Material specifications – Not all materials work well together, or can withstand the physical
application. A basic engineering discipline is determining materials of construction, material
compatibility etc.

Standards and guidelines – every industry has standards and guidelines, and many industries are
regulated. Any equipment, production facilities, manufacturing lines etc. developed for these
industries must meet these standards and regulations and can have major impact on costs/time to
project completion
Assumptions, Exclusions, and potential problems: FEE seeks to identify potential problems,
assumptions or exclusions that could affect the project during execution. Identifying these during
the front-end planning stage so they can be accounted for is the goal of FEE.

Feed also includes the outline and stages of Expansions to happen in future, although the timeline is
not specifically stated for such expansions. In such cases, the plot area allocated for expansion at
certain stage is usually not transgressed.

Conceptualization
A concept study (conceptualization, conceptual design) is often a phase of project planning that
includes producing ideas and taking into account the pros and cons of implementing those ideas.
This stage of a project is done to minimize the likelihood of error, manage costs, assess risks, and
evaluate the potential success of the intended project. In any event, once an engineering issue or
problem is defined, potential solutions must be identified. These solutions can be found by using
ideation, the mental process by which ideas are generated. In fact, this step is often termed Ideation
or "Concept Generation." The following are widely used techniques:[2]

trigger word - a word or phrase associated with the issue at hand is stated, and subsequent words
and phrases are evoked.

morphological analysis - independent design characteristics are listed in a chart, and different
engineering solutions are proposed for each solution. Normally, a preliminary sketch and short
report accompany the morphological chart.

synectics - the engineer imagines him or herself as the item and asks, "What would I do if I were the
system?" This unconventional method of thinking may find a solution to the problem at hand. The
vital aspects of the conceptualization step is synthesis. Synthesis is the process of taking the element
of the concept and arranging them in the proper way. Synthesis creative process is present in every
design.

brainstorming - this popular method involves thinking of different ideas, typically as part of a small
group, and adopting these ideas in some form as a solution to the problem

Various generated ideas must then undergo a concept evaluation step, which utilizes various tools to
compare and contrast the relative strengths and weakness of possible alternatives.

Preliminary design
The preliminary design, or high-level design includes (also called FEED or Basic design), often bridges
a gap between design conception and detailed design, particularly in cases where the level of
conceptualization achieved during ideation is not sufficient for full evaluation. So in this task, the
overall system configuration is defined, and schematics, diagrams, and layouts of the project may
provide early project configuration. (This notably varies a lot by field, industry, and product.) During
detailed design and optimization, the parameters of the part being created will change, but the
preliminary design focuses on creating the general framework to build the project on.[2]

S. Blanchard and J. Fabrycky describe it as: “The ‘whats’ initiating conceptual design produce ‘hows’
from the conceptual design evaluation effort applied to feasible conceptual design concepts. Next,
the ‘hows’ are taken into preliminary design through the means of allocated requirements. There
they become ‘whats’ and drive preliminary design to address ‘hows’ at this lower level.”
Design for manufacturability
Design for manufacturability (DFM) is the general engineering art of designing products in such a
way that they are easy to manufacture.

Operating parameters

Operating and nonoperating environmental stimuli

Test requirements

External dimensions

Maintenance and testability provisions

Materials requirements

Reliability requirements

External surface treatment

Design life

Packaging requirements

External marking

Computer-aided design (CAD)

A very broad coefficient and effective generation and development of ideas through a process that
leads to new products.[2] Thus, it is a major aspect of new product development.

Production planning
The production planning and tool design consists of planning how to mass-produce the product and
which tools should be used in the manufacturing process. Tasks to complete in this step include
selecting materials, selection of the production processes, determination of the sequence of
operations, and selection of tools such as jigs, fixtures, metal cutting and metal or plastics forming
tools. This task also involves additional prototype testing iterations to ensure the mass-produced
version meets qualification testing standards.

Product designers create manufactured products that are often sold worldwide. They are typically
required to have a bachelor's degree in industrial design or a similar field. Students in these
programs build design portfolios to help them secure employment after graduation.

Product designers may also be known as commercial or industrial designers. Using their knowledge
of art, engineering and business, product designers create innovative, safe, functional, stylish
products for consumers. Most specialize in designing a specific type of product, such as appliances,
medical equipment, automobiles, toys, furniture or housewares. They need at least a bachelor's
degree in a field such as industrial design or engineering, and the program should include some art
and design courses.

When taking on a new project, a product designer will generally first research the target customer
and purpose of the product. Research may be done through market studies, meetings, attending
trade shows or reading industry publications. From the information gathered, product designers can
determine the specifications needed for their product. They can then create concept sketches, either
by hand or on a computer, to present to their creative director and other team members for
approval. Product designers usually use computer-aided design (CAD) programs to create their final
product renderings.

Throughout the design process, product designers must present drawings or prototypes to clients,
creative directors, engineers, accountants and cost estimators for feedback. Consumers may also
evaluate prototypes for usability and safety. Changes may need to be made to improve the design or
quality, reduce the cost or increase the safety of the product, as well as to increase efficiency of
production. Once the final design is complete, product designers may work with marketing teams to
plan marketing campaigns for the product.