PRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS IN A NUTSHELL ALGEBRA, ‘TRIGONOMETRYCope © 187 yc Paton, Ie Thnpmen wih veya Lnming Cran ig eet No put thik mb nde enn 197 Barnes Nee ke Ise oer. Moers PREFACE ‘ther two. Chapter 3 contains several repetitions {ot eaer material which Ihave lef in pce 0 Satan mo wht gman ‘an cai Go 30, Each chaple has many exer ses, and answers are provided along ith 8 umber of fly worked aut solatons Precalculus” mathematics is nOt an infiite hapless mass that no one ca hope to master in rae domain ve crated ‘ost ofthe repent and nese mal fen Included iq peeaculus mathematics text books. ave ssp tried to achtere the utmost brevity that ‘wil st permit students who are dling o work ato undrsand the nue I Toverste the bounds here and thee, snd pro ‘ide explanations that are foo conceited for ‘lanty I weleome suggestion from texches and Studenis or improvements that ean be included {tore editions “Even thouph ew students enjoy studying nath- ‘ematcs, many find it pecessary to oso aks book can ocesionaly ease hepa and smth © eaming process for these sens, i will ave don sobAopen A. The ina formals of ay, ‘Appendix 8. Knute af crises, ste ei ‘nd some bard nde C. The answers tthe sxe, even eal cots fora ‘lcd few ‘Apyeodix D. Taner pranis wih ial tes and bases. Appendix E. Gens thor ‘Appendix FBrakmagops' forma (CHAPTER 2, ALGEBRA Introduction 1 ase LI The real ine 112 Notation rd the sist ules of 1.2 teal expoeni 4 Root and ails 13) Poona exponen 16 Polynomial 13 Raconng 5B Cina and quai gatos 19, negates and stole values. 2." Functions and Crag. 21° The concep of a function 22 Comins in «plane 23 Seat ns. 24 Crees 23 Parbol. 216 More about functions and hei gigs 3. Special Tope 31" eras 2 Bisson of polynomial. 3.3 Determinant and systems of iear cenations 1s , Bus ¥ anesesnebbssocasek eee ae i i ‘| i & ® i & # ‘ran special angles nace ‘he raps of sit 6, cor @, adam @... 108 Ee el oiae i inves tigonontiefetions 1 The law of connes and the law of snes. 108 Appendix A. ‘The barebones of the subject 110 ‘Avpenix B. Complete prot of ents (ita yee ‘Appendix C. sho able of ves 000.0113 ‘Appenit D, A few exerces fortis who feet the ned of them 116 ‘Appendix E. The answers to the ence, vith al solutions forme 117INTRODUCTION ‘Geometry is very beat subject whose qualtcs of elegance, onder and cerainty have ‘Rene omer sirsction on he human mind {armany Comunes, The discoveries of Demet fs and Archimedes about the vames of cones ‘Sn aphers (Sections «andi this chapter re Sour ibe moat wondrfl achievements of Sisal ation, Ak, he Pee ct of cometry ae absolutly esse for unders fie many of the pure and applied sciences ia spt of al thi, mos igh schoo! students emer from their seometry courses with mixed {ecingsof confi and rebel Wh}? “One ofthe reasons tha hey have been ground gown compat tiles and afered ile ‘ompentsting inset ito the geomatie eas ‘hat relly mater They ‘wth innumerable iting deitons, and also Wh elaborate, boringstepeaton, step reson profs of stsements that in most cases are ‘Seious to egin sth (At that stage, Who can ‘Sout the tra of sucha statementasthis "Given ‘ny thee pots a ine, one fs between the ‘ther wo"? When asked fo examines roo he ‘stra reaction ofa inteligent stent it fon and impaence. and he sight) Thee text books after seem fo be writen by the kind person= we all now such people—who talks 50 ‘uch nd'says soli that we soon stp lstening. Ail this tend fo ill heir siren fe Beometey ong before they reach the meat of the subject “The root of the problem i slavish adherence to the doctrine of Deduetive Ressning. This {he notion that Knowledge is somehow na eit mate or genuine ont hasbeen ogazed ito Sn elaborate formal system of theorems that a DBeavetve Reasoning san intresting idea that ‘elated people ugh to know something about, Jost as thy shoud now something about repre” Sentative government the intral combustion tui, an other human inventions. was very popular among philosophers and cients ofthe Trih century. and was applied by them to physics, ics and rnc ates Scent {arin 200 years a,b inaed a be segled yi ened pe ‘Silden the pee ay. this chapter Boome) considered for is com sake an forthe ak of i nea nde Demat tol in slnce and engineering ad nt ES vehice or tevchng deste eavning FOr 3s the purpose af poo so remane out and ‘convey ish. no to bor te vious Ts pa of mew poe la ten) ‘ne ad soi geomety ea be nn sou doen pcs, wih fll exponaons and iThve ted to cle all he never ete and tc omit everything ie, however intresting oF {enpting might be. (Sections It 5 conform 0 th standard ‘st forthe fin oi) Te should be added that no etintions are provided for soc tama 0. ‘meric objects a angles, parallel lines, ices, ones, spheres and the lke. This chapter fot Intended to teech geometry 10 someone, Who ows absolutely nathing about but rater to feview and lay the main ese of the sues hdl definitions are needed, they can be fund Imalmest any dinar. Tote this tof advice to the student. My explanations ate deliberately very concise, with few words wasted. Also, much of the burden of the exposiion Is carded bythe fires Passive reading therefore wil not do: Ifyou wish to Understand cs necessary to read atively and refills thinking al the ne, constantly aking ‘ohy?and constant struggling ond an answer. Siena eng renee ected ‘Ste may obec tom rea atte Rome, ‘Seiten ier ary merger ‘ibs tones tors ene nay deed vale ‘hcl menring can psy Deaaches othe Somer Pot iat spr depen sb and when yor aePRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS 1. TRIANGLES. (@ SUM OF ANGLES. “The costar unt of esse for anes ang dee One dee 0) amet a ‘elm era sros Pato paral nes ‘eins conrewpnding nls a egal 30d Sate or wer ae ena shown The sum of the anges any triangle equals 180° (ie. 3) This eae be pred once by nspectng thevdingram shown ip Fg. 4 Asa dee conse ‘duences we see that the Sum ofthe acute angles ina right tangle equals 90 (Fig), Also, in ony tangle a extenor angle equals the sum of he ‘opposite interior angles (Fg 8. a Ze (®) AREA, ‘All ieas about ares begin inthis way: selet ‘unit of length, draw a square whose sides his Unis snd deine the area othe square tobe one cromerey square nit Fa. 7 The rectangle shownin Fie § iS eight 2 and base 9. The tera ronal ander ns divide te rectangle iw 6 ‘Shurereah of wreath tes ae stn ‘bay gure inne Tet ange ‘ogger tat iad ofan atrey rena at ig han a col eel ye feted Fg 9) By Fe these ofa "oh tate thei Se sve by ‘4 =i, Since ayia can be vewed asthe suo te deren of tt nana iii ach oh ot ae rps a eal gs a tiv onihelt ag Hekate es ofthe two i ans and a= + y= $ho+ 6) =Hho nF 12 he wo orion lines are understood to be pall, 50 al thet angles shown have the same helgh ad the same tis, and therefore the same area We can express {his in iferet way by saying thatthe Base of {he uianle shed fied on the Loerie a the Lper vertex is moved back snd fort slong the phe line then he 68 fhe age dst change —— Faw an FG.fe (@ SIMILARITY, ously speaking, two triangles re sir if ney have te same shape but diferent sizes, ta RSF nc sn magsted version ofthe ater The Feige meaning sary for ingles f that fer corespending angles must be egal, end {hice ta the at of tee corresponding ‘lcs mst alsa be equals shownin Fp 13. The cesta

oe = Hho = he = , zpac=42400+ 42 p0c=4c4oc=he; Oieca: eene (AN Mts eatin cbc ons irra ae Searibe em equa he eto ofthe ner Jesoo—eco=tesoc~he ‘Eped ate sto the complete civeamfrece: A rather surprising conclusion can be drawn am from this ascusion® if the pots 4 and © ae now a ‘i ted, and Bt moved fo various postions “This fc sey 10 remember, since the area of nthe cies own in Fig 33. then sh ofthe age te sectors excl what would be the sector responding inserted anges ae equal 9 One eres tani with Heat rand base 5. Soe 3. CYLINDERS (©) INSCRIBED ANGLES ‘Allies bout volume begin this way: select "ie 19 lustrates the important fact that an 4 nit of Tenth, conser ace Whose edge is AE sere Sele pce ihivunit ad defn the volume of hi eae tobe no taht angle This is os sal understood a3 & ne cubic" (Fig 2) The rectangular box ‘foc ease of the moe gener ft (Fig. 2) ‘town in Fig. 21 has height 3 and rectangular thot an angle insrbed in an ae ABC of aoe te wih sin 2 and 4 is box can be died * lay equals onc half of he corresponding cen by horizantaland verte planes ito 3 ayers anche. To se why this trv, we beain BY Uh ies whch eh yer coma = nsigring the simplest special ase in which Eales (in the fre we indeste the horzotal Spe side ofthe meribed angle passes though Siviing planes). There are seary 8°3 = 2¢ uit the cre (ip 1 Here we see ht Cubes altogether, 90 the volume of he box i 2 z Ce sis an exc angle of the atic units The fact tha the weume ofthis box aaa Indicted isosceles ange this central angle isthe area ofthe base tines the eight soeets therefore equals he sum ofthe base angles Othe that the volume V ofan atirary rectangular boxirs with neigh handaren of base B shouldbe dts SRE Bile = Bh 20. Sirs, the a E a ‘volume of any soli with verti walls and hoi ‘ntl tase and top (Fig. 27) defined be the rea of the base fies the het. In particular fhe volume of » elinder understood to be 8 pe tour epines) wih eight and adi SPbase'r hie 28) is P= wth since the aren of the base iw Soot faith tp and oto are removed rnc nda er sea toed eel at and woe ‘Tige Fe) cao fo see ta he Trica he cr the aren of ths ‘eStart ba tol ens Serht GOES} = =) 4, CONES ‘Consider cone (understod tobe right ci calar cone) wih hetoht frags of base rand Slant heights, as shown in Fig. 30. The fond tena fits about cones are the formulas sated in Fig. 30, Thevalume formula (he volume equals ‘ovometey ‘one third the ares ofthe bas ties the height, sr eauivalenty. onehrd the volume of the ircumscrbing Cylinders difieal. ad we de ‘Ss itn part (below Te tera aren frei (®) LATERAL AREA, “The formula forthe Inter are i proved in Fig 31 by cutting the lateral slace ofthe Sone own a generator and urolin ths surface ito ‘sector of circle This formula i tary To femember by thinking of the lateral sutace as {ep out by fevlving a generator abowt te ‘sus the lateral area equals the length f is ‘enerator multiplies by the distance traveled by ft ipo, 4-2) =r, ap suet in rm ofa cone (Pig. 32) exuae fe fength of generator ralph! bythe datance teed ye mgt. Tha 8 poe a (®) VOLUME. In Fig. 33 we consider the cone shown in Fig 30.‘Our prose isto establish the volume " formula V = 4Bh, in particular to understand ies te eo | ere this cone we inscribe regular polygon wih» Sides, where ms Some large amber inthe fire, = 8). Using this polygon as base, We construe ig Sooners pom ove teenie ttre roswah? s pyramid whose vere the vertex the cone Wrote je sme eng ae Tpmecuched by the volume ofthe Pyam " wma hee he vole formula forthe Soe iherare mics osiaw tne vlome he pea ones the area a ts SRE ba Sac he pyramid canbe ded is» count pam te ype so ie 32urmcest show tat the volume rm. tate for these api Pyrames Tit we ow 8 “Qe the lft in Fig. 35 we sow she pyramid in ASS Rane oa ere eeeee Seperate eects Sepeeeaenineeerae Siena armen ermmera nacycaitaae Sieger eee ES macumacemenn ras Bearer cea oes ener eee ee ear fave the same volume, so the volume of each i epee ae eee Fig 30." The wes ane tere key fhe ft i 0 rt efi ba a EXD by mesos of Coals Pencil a sae he ‘cuowerny 5. SPHERES ‘Our purpose so extaninh he formas stated ‘in Fag. forthe vue Vand surface aca At (@) CAVALIERI'S PRINCIPLE, Cone cecal sel (Fig 37 ef) om siting of stack of tin rectangular ce srinthesame dimensions The shape ct ack an cau beaeed watout cana wou: SF sendy posting at hora ig 37 apt The Vote before Clery he se ‘Se volume afer since each cand he stack changed excep ns gotion rae tomeaty Sande, Net coder two soar wh dierent shapes butte me hei P38) made op ‘Seal numbers ft ard f we sume at ‘Sch card none suck has the sae ce en Ihe comesponding cr he ster acs ep ita the dieret shapes ofthese carte teens reasonable to concn ta the wo sade ‘Sse the same yume. These reat tow ‘netting cad, Scns very power principe in Solumes Th pail wat fest ori OY {he tlan matbematican whove mame bear {Cavaliers "pnt sates that two sls fave the property that every Bate parle 19 2 ited plane intents thers i cone seems faving egal aren then the fo sods have he ‘ve sttme Fi 39) (6) THE VOLUME FORMULA. We fi the volume ox sere of radu r by comparing the sphere with the folowing slid (ig. 40) vonsierw cylinder wih base eas co}2, the comparison slide what ‘a of th opine afr the eval of te Teaveanc Shown ine fare ati he ‘nae ih ey comcalllowsomi e Tr Salt te stesso someting co Sesleri inthe re, {Siu tr they are eu By Cava’ Pr Splines have en aes. The vole oth sphere being atl othe vue ofthe Svlndr Sinan the sume’ fhe oo Fone ‘Beretore wives byte formula v= man wt) (©) THE SURFACE AREA FORMULA. We inde ice eA phere oftas roving he apes age mamber ‘inal rfide* tae at thereof etme de os ge moro ty Shane rset Pl #0 These pot atl angi ane trees rat En ‘Some onthe src eHow Sg rey pet on oetly neat feeb ste “Tandle he vcd the Ose of mama we veers te ce ae ste ial the re he base footy syn ands ehh then vim Y iscventy yor we thee equtons or {ech “pyramid” ig the osha, we et oe me Fat suice weet ‘Shae ae comet by ie cation Yar bast Since we know that V= ar we hive exoerey APPENDIX A. THE MAIN FORMULAS OF GEOMETRY The formu stated here expr we sentof Seton 03 oes ‘TRIANGLES (Figs, 42, 43) Pythagorean theorem: abt = CIRCLES (Fig. 44) chcunerenge c= 2nr CYLINDERS (Fig. 45) fees ao wae l CONES (Fig. 46) (aera area = mos nicer volume ¥= berth SPHERES (Fig. 47) c surface area 4 = volume Y= $72 APPENDIX B. A NUMBER OF EXERCISES, SOME EASY AND SOME HARD a ‘The hatier (and therefore more iepesting SSaocs soe aoe ‘are marked with two anterisks (*") Sree1 See se ane Ain ech fe foi fares i 2 nah cae fd he eid anh 7 Wieswmacser bat aan 7 eA Laren Datwncnd / : mG cos kato ala wk hae cms \ Bratere a BC {the symbol & tt Bre, AB Iams Se" yoignscle to. Find ie Be angles x. 7, ZW. Te man ota mone wie Pea Sd pales inches? & sre eS square inches, what sits Peak? 6. I the base of triangle is 9 inches and its ‘orowerny 7. To theo tm of eng Sinica ir ceun eater iota st Inte ene 40, Band Ewe hemi tat dele hates Soincmaut tor aaron sheen tes 9. Agate a5) inchin ante, sei when pont 7 fet ft the fara Shee aes eee Boer ofthe enc ke iGreen teen 10, Aan 6 tte fat ofa tag fot dow te Seiten oe night apt 1 eh tee te dtd ae peo Sorat ange Co's 12, Phan itesdpiig nara 1B Tae ame of fren age 3 i ie pine oes id te pel ae eee 4 Top equate sande hele of 4 ths tnd tat let er pein? Of ct tat OF ak Sat 15. Fis ineach fhe following ight triangles @ o © 16. 20-foot ladder leans aging a wall with its fot 6 feet rom the wall A man stands ‘on a rang which is 12 fet rom the baton: ofthe ladder. How fare the man fom te Wall and rom the ground? 17. Whats the agonal of square whose side 18, Whats te side ofa squre whos diagonal ZA iePRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS 19, Findthe ate ofan eqilateraltranle whove Nein 120, Heron's formula sates thatthe aren of 8 tissu bes pen by A = BESO See =o). where the ou pers= flav bs0 ead he erg ‘ete. Prove this formula by veya the folowing ses wa 7 Weve —Bedi ot b—eyanbe 122420) 24 = 20) (28— 20 Pore eee tte = n= VTE TT TT=BIIS ()a-Vie “These ses requ changes or tangle aie tage nse at he ete Provise She caages and nt a sow a tReet wot any resee toe a 21, Une Herons formula nd one oer method tbe ares ofa ig ange wih ies es 22, Apply Heron's formula 0 vey the result Ener. 2 Fred te hygoemise of «rahe wane Aros Tes are) 34,0) 3612; 9 6,85 ee ccs set ‘The nypotense of aight wane i 15 cles 12 What ste ote x? IPE is any itevor point of the nated ‘canis show ht r= Ba 26. Inthe aii fre, fd, 64 "2. Show tht in any paralelgram the sum of the squares of the agonal quae the om our se 28. A sie of one square equals» diagonal of Second Square. Fld the roof the ae of the farger sare to that of the mallee 23, Asie of ne eauiatra range egal the ‘eit of second equilateral tangle Find the rato ofthe perimeter of the target ‘ng to that of he ama 30. Show that na 30-40" igh rnae the i= ‘de onthe hypoteause divides the hypoten Sse il segments whos lets ve te SECTION 2 |. The dameter of oe circle equals the ris oft second ce, ind the ai oftheir 2. The ratio ofthe areas of wo circles of rai ‘and ris 21 What ithe tao Rr et 3. Find the area of sector of circle of aus 10 whose central angle (2) 6 0) 5 ow 4 Tyo concentric cia haeccumfrences 50w and 40m" Find the area of the Shaped region betweet thems 5. Show that the ares of the ring shaped regis ietween two concenuis cles equals he bes of acrcle whose diameter isn chord theouter cele mich anno the ner "6, Find the area of te stated part ofeachPRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS pacneaee gta pret nese pa re aes Secret rer eee eae ee ee ced sie wo icles wih he eon intern Gitano the tats pantt and 0 aaaceoroup he cetera Show arity Shord ofthe ace which har se cee bse byte second If ABCD is 3 quadrilateral inscribed ina ‘re, show thatthe opposite anges ant iar supplementary (4 = C= 180. (AB and CD ae wo tts gael, a ‘ies mcsess'2 point Sbow tet te frodr athe semensofone horde We'produs of he segments of te ober Goat tay tht aE" BE = CE*DE. focse sar tanges If AB and CD are wo chords ofa circle that hve been extended to intersect a anexer- fil point E, show that AE" BE™~ CE DE. cromerey SECTION 3 Fn the volume andthe otal surface oft rectanglar box With edges 4,3 Stee Find the length of the diagonal joining ‘pposte veces of the box nthe reed, ‘What isthe volume ofa cube whose tral Surface ares i 150 square inches? ‘A cslinder is 7 inches high andthe rads ‘obit hase inches, Use the approxima tion # = 2 and calcite a) ts vole, (2) slater ars; () te total aes. I the radius ofthe base of a eylnder i outed and is height tp by what tiled? | a bd ‘umber i the volume mu Find the volume ofa eying the rd ‘oft tase one he eight Ina certain ctnder theater aeni ale the ttt aes, How isthe height related ihe mdivn ofthe bate? SECTION 4 1 a Find the volume of a cone 28 feet high whose base has ameter T2 feet Use the ieee approximation 9 = 2 Fu noel Sete cee inches. Use the approximation = 22. Tietiauca cep ele Diet ener iy tea Pee oe laa ‘Reto ce wap pl Deli tice eee not fer re eer ce Tacrcennear ange fon one oe SocaPRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS cio of a ones hand he ans of Tiamat ee tatved: how must be {SEES foliey te voame vchanged? inn ral oth base ofa cone iets ‘Azahar teat fhe yume of Me ensialtone oe volume of the fa thn formed inthis way? ia Gren yen of ayo tial Tigaue bine 155 fet on' sie and was {eee Came ven radi ube const of ent ‘Rind ad te vohome of oe of these isin two erent ma om Rca ten made by wig sem acne pce of cane of rads 8 fet Fd he hei ofthe tent and the number SFG at tw ie SECTION 5 2 Find he ome of sphere whos danetr es Find the rads of sptere whose volume Stowe eat nthe aca of a sphere if he ccunfer Err fame crcen tr (Aeatere isc etaton of the sce oa sphere Silane hog omer) Fin the radius of spete whos ares 3or The rads ofthe earth is approximately 100) es une ate of te cone ime Stats iv appronmatly 3 0.000 Susre ies: What prcmage of theft SENG tar does is wee represen? 3 Use the aproinaon x= 2 ‘cdr cirumeried toa sober. fiat othe ome of heer Ieibe tame o te spere ‘Reyne screumscibed about a spite South res othe bere nal iB ie of te eyiner ras of crn spre incense Me ears aie by 9. Find the Mas the where crowerey 0 on, ‘A onder with height 6 and radius 4 is iMscribed a's apere. Find the ate snd ‘olume ofthe sphere ‘A cylinders circumseibedsbou sphere. ‘A cone has the same ae snd heh the ‘ylinder Find the rao of he tot! sen of the eylindr to that othe sphere ad ofthe ‘An equilateral angle and 2 square are ine ince with 8 tthe Shae being paral oa side of the square ‘The emire gre is revaved aboot tht alte ofthe tangle which perpendicn: [arto sie of the square: Find the rato of the area of the aphere tthe ttl ses of the tinder andthe rato ofthe total area of te einer fo the total aren of the cone, 1A sphere is inscribed in » cone. The slant belt ofthe cone equal the diameter of ts bs. Ifthe height ofthe cone 9 ng he ses ofthe sphere ‘The ratio ofthe volumes of two spheres is 2733 and te sum of thera i 1, What isthe radius ofthe smaller epee? ‘A sphere is circumscribed about a cube. Find the ratio of the volume ofthe cube 10 the volume of the sphere ‘A.cylinder is circumscribed about sphere. ‘Show thatthe ratio of their volumes equals the ratio of ther ttl areas, “Two spheres of adi 3 nches and inches {est on «table and touch ope another How far apart are the points at which they touch the be? Use Cava Principle to ithe volume ‘of 4 spherical sepment of one tare and thickness i the radius ofthe sphere is Inthe preceding exercise, nd the volume (ofthe Spherical sector (he soil shown on there resembling ied icecream one) se this result and » compar of sens land volumes, fo show that the ares of the ‘curved surface ontop ofthe sectors 27h.eae ey) Soins ‘PRECALCULAS MATHEMATICS fceieenres 19, phere slid tha semaine Te ‘crt eso shee oadhis 920 es, Ofek ine igen st ney oR oe. ona cemer of te spbere IC MB yw wa 23. 4.208 IESRP ig ae ne remo Exerc ae Pe tie voume of the Hin 15. @2V: © 46) 4V5. 2B oa how remarkable is ha this 14.2 tet tom he wal $V fet fro he 8 2 Sime depends ony on had oto he peat. Vie) vin a SIS oe here) ea Via, vive. aa radeal wedge te st cat om 2 26 23.05; 0) 18569 10 i ie ie neal ES Benn cies an metiatai tte aottoe tere re rem ae the se Apply Cavalier’ Past i nd the volume of sch wedge and + d"— 9G" + GE + DP+ FEY Bat these expresions ae ual, becauie AG = DE reese yearar wheres ihe ado ts und the beg f the cyide > 2. andor ESS Comparnon soi a retangular Sen vies nie (CsSsaving fen 2 with two SE aan : Sox eticmened, where the pyramids iv Pram aqore end of the box 3s beset eee a tg ae Sopecccgees | ten mcsennaat eeea : APPENDIX C. THE ANSWERS TO Seafete2; Jere): ‘THE EXERCISES, WITH FU a TUE TTIONS FOR A Coles o. frame SeLECTED FEW Approsiatty 8 ies The angles ACD ABD ee SECTION | feacit he Sore SECTION tat 4103: Stee Toirvgan eos ‘ison The anes ABC and DED ae edt ‘cual The uimbes ACE tad DBE sete Paras 10 0 C= wr: Cm mr Si) Baa, Doo" E aes or 6 Shor eA = 2", ar, and consequently 4 = CE or Fos AE-BE=CE- DE. c Since the sum ofthe anges of trianle Siete we have (39) L024 37 SECTION 3 Bete aa 9 63 1 Vine = 0 cube fe, area = 3 Scena ane eae feat. V7 fet 3S cae inches tne ys cae ce) 1 ces {he sum ofthe acate angles in aright wiangle bad (2764 square inches. fhe original radios eat a Seen iy Se ig, oe set fea ut he en STR CT iolackes th b 8 inches Malta 2raci3h The coped whee‘PRECALCULAS MATHEMATICS ‘rth and the new volume Toyrth a the new volume criginl volume. 658. Th SECTION 4 “mse cabic fet 2.9} hes 13 Since r= h, A= ar VER = VT Ym be mut by. 6 Tansedot etic fee. 836 4: eh = V5 fet voame = SECTION 5 hen 2B 3 Non 43 63283. 9.4= 100m = an. GV wcaie 5 About 159% 12. Draw a good picture ofthe station, ‘Shown Iti the ads ofthe sphere an ‘he rads ofthe base of he one, then By Using ° nie tangles we ste that Fainat 4g9 = 36. The sii ana 3,73, and therefore A= art les mentioned treo tangles wih a acute an onmon a teat frien mas {hea ofthe hypotente to the shore le Meahe 15, Wk2vilin. a av Biches teva ak(r—4) my aes rh. 20.80 ‘croweney APpesx p-ruacLaR Prana Wn fat scans Ap BAS Cn penn tes a ep ee a ee (eer wan ae AoC hcl ane Nea tbe pemeritaSee oet s thetpne of 480. ate pn be ys ‘Spd hereon pine oe Uae ‘Se whee Sr an eee prin in 5 St Sth rsimiarw4Be wena these tangs te ni oy rare" = (het are a'c= (H4) ana ae. (Prov By sin ange, voatgchet oe kero Te“T RG and SE BE 3 “Ha “RERE (48) C347] nai ea a sh ite ane aa irccareeerenete Saeones satis By the above paragrap horizontal eos sections Paco Siete ck ar ble arse Sane APPENDIX E, CEVA'S THEOREM ies de tt aa be Oey thats ee ace plotting serge as eile ee See eee Syiate Snare a‘PRECALCULS MaTaESIATICS In order 10 formulate this theorem i com semen trace te flowing. Ae SSE afoot pe led sce, Tn ach lange 0 Fig 31 we show tre cevians AX, [BYE om he eh ese covans ae concurent a apt bt on the ight hy are nt concur teat Cen's theorem gives a ceerion fr On rene inte of the lens ofthe St Se Sats whic tor ich cevans die he ‘Sitar the worl CEVA'S THEOREM. ecevians AX, BY and CZ of ane bein conven and only AZ BRC, ww consent st Fs shows on he fin Fi 3 FStcurenect we ent themes of an ‘ABC by the sya (4B). Sve the areas ‘Parle wis cqal Nl are propor 0 terhsen we fave P Be cd) caPz) _(Acz) = (402) $2 (aeB~ tars tach t802) are) tare) tne sane may mi BE APB) ang CY (8 ex" arc) 4 AY 1Aee hat‘ otto sens th Be eqn "hry event by cro-maition ichomini a ceomerey By multiplying these three equations together, ‘86 obtain our concason, a epee ease ee SHZ- Laat ttf Bice ur ue ate Se a er ea Snatomeaas SRG Thenine algae &-B. ae = 2usaran ge See at ae fee oes TT tena et ee any eet area scat ere! es ena ee a oo nee cae Serene aden eaten oteelateed Sener aera AZ.BX CY beosd cos B acos BZ CK AY ~ Geos 8 bese Ceara ~ 3, In the 19th century a Fresch mathematician famed Joseph Gergonne proved the following {Ca cies mcribed in rangle ABC (Fa $9), wd if. ¥, Z ae the points where the ele tangent fo the des of the angle, then A, BY and CZ are concurven. Why is this ue?PRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS APPENDIX F. BRAHMAGUPDYS FORMULA In Exercise 20 of Section 1 we ask the reader to prove Hero's frat forthe are 4 of at Ande with nde a bre (P33) An Vi a= OTRO hae 7 e+ 0c) hh temps the tamale The presence of the factor» under the rial suggests tha this formula might be ‘ec case oft more genera! mate A=VG=ME-G-TE-) {ving the aes of uadrilaterl wih ies a,b, eA where sa Hea 6+ e+ a) 6 the semi perimeter ofthe quarter! (Fi. $6). After al. {ene sided stinks wo ero, then the guadeateral comes tangle and formula I) solloses to Hero's fomulas which we Know i comet Un Fortunately thie compectre le false (ean YOu see once why Reunnot be ue?) However mode fed erin s tue the gud is imenibod iva Gicle (Pig. 57). then formula (*) ali Under these circumstances () 5 called Bra Incas formula, after te 70 century Taian Iathematcian who discovered it “the prof we ive makes use of rigoaomey We bein by inseting the nga en the ata GosN=—co8 Mand. a N By the law of cosines, 2 Dab cos = Yab+edjeos M= at Aa.) Since the aea-4 of the guar! is given by 4 +edhsia A= hab sin M+ fed sin N = 4(0b-+ed)sin M, we also have Hab + cd}sin M = 44 is ‘By squaring and adsing equations (**) and(**"), coowerny aed ann the identity sin ante + oom = 1, we Mabel Ce4 teat 4 14h, Neth ab acs tear {heel coring diterencrofewo unas fs aSortce wiht Wemyss) Moa (bab Ded 4 eta XToab 420d 2= oe cr a] mtarbmtecany x Ue +e — Geo) lat bre dar bmeray Xe4dvandes anes b) = Br adias aes 20) bas— 20) (= ae- Heh ah, hich Proves Brahmagupt’ formulaALGEBRA 1 ing he rn of al nec or, SeNinced proses, and in ect increases the tena power ofthe race. By the aldo sybol Emon mata: oe mecha trite eye, which ater woul ell ny the he faults ofthe brain is profoundly ‘Groves trum, fat we should cleats the fabio ihn of what we are doing. There SBE oppose ihe case. Civization advances ‘tending the number of porta eats heh we tan perform thou thinking aD, hom ~Alfred Noh Whitehead “The more | work and practice the ki seem - Gary Player (proessional ifr aucene INTRODUCTION Most American school are now in fll partiat retreat frm the ated edacaonal expenment Known as "the New Math"The purpose ofthe "New Math ‘as fo revitalize Amerian mathe: Sesto capa frm over wsanceoe e inthe ield tals to more an or sndens fame along vito hed hear of me commute {aw bat di not know ‘he outncaton tale The result was two decades of steal deine fa the teaching (and Teaming) o alsa, But hing EE,so~ Changing sa sttnee fone ny ‘Algebra, ike grammar, bas very litle pizzazz. ‘Te hatdy soul nd parma itresting bet frmort people Kf dll and cannot be made ctherwie. And ois wih algebra. Eventhough {here are sme teachers and studeni who do nd ‘ramus intersting and ican be expected that Into aeving that sizer useful or exciting or everyone in every ie tis Ts importance lis nthe studen’sfture~and even then only for sme ste event para {he serous ud) of science, engineering e00- ‘omic or some more advanced type of mathe: ‘atc Since the aim of is book tobe expe lal elpal to these groups of students, 1 have ‘made a parca effort to tim othe fat o mak it you must be dull, tote bet”1. BASICS 1. THE REAL LINE “The asic numbers used in algebra are the eal sunberss ‘The system of ll ral umber Is ‘gute ical to define ina satsfactory Tosca Slay, We co not stempt his task From he pat ‘fri’ ofthe student a desertion leading 102 Sold inutuve grasp beter than a definton, find we buld tis descpion a flows. "The real aumber system contains several types of numbers of particular importance: he rsh gers onal members) (by the integers. .—3,-2,—1,0,1,2,3, (Gh rronalnahber, whieh are thoes rel ‘ines tht on be wrens isons or tents fies eh 8 3.—$. 5.0, 3,264, 72 ‘Areal number tha is nt rational sald 10 be ‘rational For example. the numbers VEVI,V5. and are ron: huh hens et ar ot easy 0 prove (We remind the student that for any post the'mumber the yb Ve nays meat ts postive square root Accordingly." i equal 16 find not 2, even though (-2}"— 4). “The mimbers described in) (6) and (€)above form ineesningy inclusive subrstem of the fystem of al feal numbers as suggested om the Jenin Fig. We can ls Separate the Fal Aum svcenes ers imo the rts and the inatonly as Sfownon he gh nthe Rue Example. Give specie cescton ofeach tthe owing nara faa $e, andra stats sales ofthe ah ‘inate to wich ih none ong VS, aaray eee ff nc.§. 1, Solution. The numbers V3 and Tae i= tonal: Yand—"E ar ronal -$=2and—17 ar ines: abd (-2)6-4)~ Bea postive ions However, he most wef pcre of tera somber yum ted pening st humbers‘raphically by poins en © hoon Staite flows “This representation (Fig 2) begins with the 2 4 ee ‘choice of an arbitrary point a he origin or 280 point, and another array pola othe right of ias the point The distance betwen these two ‘Poin (he unit distance) then serves a3 mea. Suring Scale by means of which we ean sign 8 point‘ the ine to every poniive and negative Integer and also te every rational number nd ted in the figure. We have opted the tres roa manor Vi Vand whose deck "al expansions are ified nonrepestng: Vim Liss, VESETR, a3. We an now describe the real numbers sal hose sumers that correspood to all points On the line, as shown in Fig 2 This ie el calle the real ie sometines the number ine in essence, the real numbers ae he numbers, used fn counting and messurng, which ar the basic quantitative activites ofthe human ind. “The system of rea! umber Is evidently an nek lectal oo of very pest mporance and sch, fs the language we tse In working With is tolEXERCISE It Oe a och dafeaion of ech fhe {elowne noobs V8.4... MY -vind ne 1.2 NOTATION AND THE SIMPLEST RULES (OF PROCEDURE fre beginning ur brief survey of sgeba wwe touch hy 088 few mascellancous pci: "Gh Anthmetic deals wit aleuatiosivelvng partial umber algebra with calulatons fnvoing general nmbers. Ths GrDSe N= 1-3~21~35— 4a 8 fea particular fc fo speci interes, bat enener ers isauniveralfactofconsideabie value Oneotthe Adsinctve features of algebra thai achieves the penerltysreocatd wih universal facts By the notational device of wing letes to represent Unspeciied sumer. Further, its customary represent constants by Teter a the begining of the siphabet ay b,c et) and to represent “ihsown or varie ganies by letere athe dof the alphabet vy. ee). However this {Sota ard and fast rl, and he statements (et Den bym a and (r+ 9)(2—9) “¥ ave exactly the same meaning 12) Division by zero isnot permited, because no definite meaning ean be atached this oper tion. To wnerstand this, aaic that f= b must {Gf meanssnyhing) mean the same aso = 0b However ita Othen #0: ls pot tre for any bvand ifa=0 then o> bisteue for every This tellsus that cannot be asigned a definite value—and therefore has no meaning (3) Parentheses () and brackets {] and braces ()'ate symbols of erouping that mean the quar Acemea iy bewoen them i o be rete a «sage Ba~ (e+ 6)) =a Ba ~22~ 6) = a-3a420+b=d, ‘This claaton stows that sch ys can be Femoved fom ihe iside out, chaning ans roughout when the roaping symbol Is pre: ceded by a minus sign. Grouping symbols are tbo used to prevent ambiguity and msunde Standing fellows 1A (a+b) isnot the mime as 1 a+b: Yas) bento nmen fork eb means (4) The commutative and associative laws for sditon are Shon bte and at (b4e)m(etbhte: fd for muipication re ab= be and o(b)= (abe. “These ar snot automat for mot people tom intreapenene wth thet and we sy m0 Inore shou them Its diferent with oe vous {Sims ofthe dite ta ab+e=ab+ac, (a bem ae be ab e)mabnoc, (adem ae be “These ate uel for erin types of ck eae ior P= BOs) =9-we-1 0+ B20, '9=BG0~1) =20—2=aM, ‘Also, the frst form ofthe dvi aw is ‘tren reverse onder at ah-tce abc), then ihe two tenn onthe et haya So Ion acon which ctrl ut onthe ih ‘The same comment apis to the other forms. ‘This an important techni for simp Sigebnie exponen ae[PRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS ALceDRA abe + fae ~ ad = at 2he +e~384); (Ret ~ ney — ates s2(0~b)a—12a=b=210—b) (Pubes sabe x [iea=71¢e~ 8) 5. Combine and spi =212~)) x (i6e— Ta +705) =20—0) x [b— S80}, (5) Fraction are added nd subtracted bythe following rule. ogee trek Baie ite eees ane Ofte ‘The neo map nd hn ie 1.3 INTEGRAL EXPONENTS ‘We have alteady used the exponent notation for quires andcubesand fourth powers. =a foe ag.andeine.o-4a;andmihe me “This vision rule soften expressed in words 8 way i 7 le aa ee foloms: to ve iver the denoenstor and fram posting meer The er oerponen "uate "Ree Atusrain and explanation fe_90— bee o EO“ (a a)e-e-e)e-a-ararand pear 2 Stators ia -b+ (a+b) fat bian oy FB @ ©) (anymore 8) (aby = abe © Gy EXERCISES xoe one mentee 2 enve ate sily oie ah eae Grater 3 lies an) altos Rett eo (a~(2e- [b~ Ga~2)p. therefore dee by =, Smy we wan 3, Mulliply by using suitable form ofthe th eatin wat tobetve,so bu vs) 19-195 () SID“) 302 ST GODT Be he reir and we dine i a by 2 =, With these defitions, the ales 4. Simpy by removing common factors: Geen a aoe (a) De y+ 30; ‘ents postive, negative and Ze,PRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS Avera sample: Write each of he following with os ber aha wo square roots, numerically equ but sive sxponents: ‘ign andthe pontive one ofthese ‘Similars posive thas 1 Single postive th root denoted by aan i ‘is negatve and nso thas f : 3 oh ‘As this example nies any fir ot aa ci m3 nn VT sett ante cantemered feniae sss = SUE dees ok ex Tak amp orto the denominstororce vera we change ies the following bane fas: fP0 postive ignite sponene nd ever niu psis Palace EXERCISES cial ce va tae crea ©. Simlly by removing mative ed na Mee) Sepone See) ay Ie aL I aT gmail ules fr the maniulsion fails wale Mutation () (arma (ane 2 Hb) th) @ ve YB vFes Bey) BE: aa + ©) ap Vii = VE ~ VE-VE= sv fw ateteyn Me. ey (ay) 8-4-4 ce) \Bet) Nat) ) °Ve=Va a= Wa ee A ROO AND OES a computational work kis fen coment Ae cad ae a ee Seog see es eae of ga mento sch namers an V2 Emons wo ways Ong SIV sete st ene are! po i'm is x postive integer and s* ~ o, then xis Vivir oom call n nh ore Ye parca calcd 2 2 mete berets Vari" Wat vs Enample 2"~ and (-2)4=4,,02and~2are =2YFD v5 both square roots of 4:28, 50 21s cube rot OF (2)! =, $0 -2 is acube root of 8: “These procedures ae called rationalizing the ‘3 = BI and (—3)' = 81, so_3 and ~3 are both: mnie: Soa SE, Bb etuce ne ‘number is positive, negative numbers have no & Simplify: () VB: (0) VI: (@) VFI, ‘real square roots, However, each positive num- (@) VI6F64: (@) YH: (Cf) VHT; (@) VE;PREcALeCUs MATHEMATICS 9 Vc vB Hse Ve 0 eo Re 0 VO oVEBeea PO 9 VELVE Pino et ots Vik co tak wo vam eae 1.5 FRACTIONAL EXPONENTS Fracinal exponents are agreat convenience — simoat yneceniy in many pan of mathe: ‘mais. Our purpose heres eset eg riots fo sod th tes daeste ponerse Sat cots Sete Pasta Sh Etre poue ample t= V5 = 3. ts = YE = nS et See We net sme hay tin wad a apn tes nis soeced owe nih on ne whee nin pve oe amine enh wale o ah ‘Soo Kte Scone ce pane in nto ac at ots thee bani ioe o's We eos ne Pied Tape eV = VEE 8,9 YF VO a (a ann OP (ay Aceon ‘This is ot diicuh vo prove, bat we omit the sea Enample 8 is easy to evalte both ways, for ve noted shove) 8° = SH BEL sedihe = (y= 4 Howerer, S°YA i nar to evanmie bat $e = CDE ay, irae 0 (Se) Ys (aes) \6roLysomuats fs a er ites Lees ts cet eame cen eee iors caravan aL eee sere See eS 2on oes Suhre ee ee a hicieron Sere aereraeea Sho sse eels Salaries LS ee Ee Sc nee Ever a errmsg er : erasePRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS degre, Cenainpotynomials hae special names Sccordig tothe depres constant polromil (degre 0: @ (a 0). inca oil ape 2) eta pohmanl ewe 3 a's Be ‘an cubic pobmomial degree 3): a + beter td (aro) ‘The Constant polynomial 0 is ot assiened & degre Polynomials are added and ebtracte by the simple device of using inspection to combine {ers involving the same powers af: (GPa Te + 1e=2) + at + e+ 1) n3e4204 e+ (Se 428-3) = 622+ 4+ 6) wet 6+ ae 4r—9, Polynomials are muted ike any other sums Ie there are two plynomal factors, we multiply the Second factor by each term ofthe ist, tne lily by using the exponent re sca" = land collet ters invalving the same power of Qe 43) G8 ae ar~3) = 6h 2+ 168 — 10 et ae e420 +98 ~ de Beis et — et 298 — 450+ He 5, tis clear thatthe degre of the product of two nonzero pelynomils equa the sum of thelr Inglvidval degrees. EXERCISES 12. Add or subract: @ (38+ 48-9) f= S82 eat e+; (0) G8 46204 Set — Ihe +2) eet se 42) 1. Mut (@) (2 + 3084) 3584-9) 0) (82043) 28 ar 8 @@—narexen; @G—neseeee ys @U-DweeteteeD, 1.7 FACTORING “To factor a polynomial isto express i a a product of pelynomal of lower depress We wil en the next section tha facionng ta use Inethod for solving certain Kinds of eatin “The simplest (ype of factoring i removing common polynemal actor and ths shoulda ‘e'done rat sample Hartt, Be 390+ 15e8= 38 e+ 5); 229) —6(2 9)" =262— Spe 3) —3) =20-31G—8). Most factoring depends om recognising the ‘expanded forms of certain speci product ) G+ e)e~a) =a Get eye a) = (et alma + dart at @) = a)(e~a) = ea) =28— dar tet ) GH e)(e+ 8) =H Coe dire () (art b)(er+d) = ace (od bebe bd but when they are read from Bh 1 let they ae Jacioring formulas, and ths 1s thelr teal importance ames Te following iste (2) and oF = (2+ 5)r= 8); 48-92 (nF Ge +3) 2-3); BH 6+9= (43) Pole +25= 75) Jn using (4) to factor a polynomial of he form 4 pray the ik st think of various pars of ‘umbers cand 6 whose products and hope (0 find one such pair whose sum isp.PRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS Baap one 6 (e432); B bioet atm (e43)(e+ 7 Poort B= Gro), “The uses of (8) are sim but more dict, because in most care several posts must ‘evened before the ight sombsatio found ‘Examples pase 3 = Qr— DE + 3) bes x—2- G+ Ge 2), ng + 2x= = Ox-2)(4 +5); Rey Or 12 er —3)Qe 44), ‘The succesful application of his fatoring meted i clearly a mater of tral and vor an 000 spply of palace is necess) EXERCISES 14 Factor) x= 26 (0) 28+ 94420; (0 8 Beh. Bae hae) Be I, (8+ Rein @) x ik 2 Be Sho, at r— 38 dates as) Me kes Gh ae Be Bem) et ine 15. Verity the formula bx~ a) ae a) = PP and ure two factor 327.0) 8° 1 Yesity the formula (x #0) (2a +a) Pe alnd une h to fete (+ 64 nets 1.8 LINEAR AND QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Linear equation are easton like be-ReO and. 24 =O, and the general frm i artb=0.ar0, ‘The method of slain i very e257: move the constant tam to he eh ara, fad then move the soeficient ato the denomi- ‘ator onthe ht, auoeaRa In effect, we islate the unknown x (soe for) by fst saractngb fom bah sides and then ae: @) ita , tetween each of the folowing pis of mom: temas = 3 m2 Gretisienr teen SSDS TH Sunes 2, Ske heat 2: = 6: olbl-a@n-a-se bie 22. Solve the quadratic inequality xix ~1) >0 by moieng tat both factors must be pos {hve or both factors must be natn 23, Solve the inequality a# + 2 —15 > 0 by Using the idee sugested in the preceding uceans 2, FUNCTIONS AND GRAPHS 2. THE CONCEPT OF ‘4 FUNCTION Everyone knows about the use of graphs 1 somata dia and convey ideas (Fg) THE ‘itres of function; ad fetions sete basis Itazetients of quantasive knowledge. "ats aston? I andy afew variables that are felted in sch a way tat whenever Bermisible momercal valve i assigned 10 < there is determined on ad oly one ing numeral valve fr J then) sale ane fon of Examples If rook s dropped from the edge oa lif then i fal fet in seconds and 38 5 fetion of. It has been fund by experiment that appro} = Hr (©) The area 4 of circle is fonction of radius rand it Koon fom geomety tha A (@ itthe manager of bookstore buys m books fiom 2 publaher at 88 each and the sipping hares are $13, then is total com Cirafuncton ‘of given by the formula C= Bn + B. Ty is function of «a8 explained above itis customary 1o expres thi in symbols by wring y= fa). “Tas is read “y equals fof." andthe letter represets the formula of le of eorespondenseeter fo) StL en aye Perf) aad CH eae) Roae i fa ncton 2) de ye maa Pe Lier pis erie Bea o) VETS tr cei oy sei Sake Sera hee orcs °o it oan Ha) enc y te fra ea) = poten A) eB A) = ass Ai dei ata Tr caine division by Zero soot lloed, Thus = 3 the only value ofthat ot permis Factions are often dened by formulas, as in the above examples, However he most con ‘hier way of acing frcon by means raph s shown ing 4 The independent Sarl” can be tout sm po moving Som te sats rom eh to gh ach dl inc valve of We dependent parable 7 ‘ich the eof the pom ep above te ‘in: and the geph of te function sms epi he pet =) amor sero and varies height ccordimg tthe rate Ef te parca fancton under Gcunion WE ‘homing raph im more deta inthe net Fe ‘Zee eetnte Si ane ibe Sr expan Prolene et neton ewer eh at ade ete re hone ewe rene vcemes EXERCISES We) =4e—3.8040 fond. 2 tee) BS gh edande(-f) 3. Wha) = tet Sr id A 4 Fe) = tnd LEU. s Seen ee gaming amas a Date cietdatoaun aay Speci ont oleh chee 2 asa iow paciemane pitt 2.2 COORDINATES IN A PLANE ‘Sine geometric Dacron that wl cay the mature of sme ofthe mle Futons and ter paps ‘Section LT weused the real amber system to usgn coordinates to points on aline: Hore we ‘extend this procedure and assign coordinates fo points int plane as shown in Fy. a point ale the orn i chosen the lane, sad to peependiule ins. are draw trough I one Aertaomtal andthe other vetcal Those ines are Called theron and jrais rexpeci@y We oss both Each point P in the plane is assigned two Coordinates at follows, Perpendicular ines are raw fom P othe two ane. these ines inter Sect the axis and pans a pols having coord Sentara, ume ae ono sort nah siamces eters pints the plane °PRECALCULES MATHEMATICS nates and y, the «i ald the coordinate nd 9 scaled te coordinate of (Oscrve it Pieson he sash“. es ‘the yas thon =O) Ia way aoneto-ne Sevesionence heated wean pt Piva plan nd al ordered pay Ce) fuer nd re comiler pons and ordered falta be ect Weta “This sytem of sein coors to pone in uplaneeubensn Sy pom ath the SASF act hn wat ne Fy ere a sou We emphnae Pr {Celt tat he same ito gt ted om totmasen Thi mae pone to express he {Stine between fo pom terme of tet Seordistes Let P= (9) and P= eth point. ae shown in Fie. 6. Then Fyeegoran tare apo tthe ict Fah angle shows that the dstance between Ba Vina Vea GHP, “Ths the distance formal, which is one of the os alae tn mutha. a wor Stys the dtance betucen two pois egvals the Setare root of the num of the squares of the Sperenes of te coodnaes. EXERCISES: 9. Draw the tangle navng the Glowing pointe a verices: (a) (hl), (2), Casyst) G.—2). (2.8), (4) 10, Find the length ofthe sides and the hypo fnuse Of the ob angle whove werces Bret (12), (3.2) (3,3): 00) 3), 0.3.0. 1, Find tne area of the rectangle whose vert: Ser areal 4D, (2,3). (2. 3): ORI 3.3.9.7) 12. Find the coordinates ofthe mipoit ofthe feamentjnnng (0,0) 1 (6,8): 00 (1.2) ton8) 13, Sketch ona suitable diagram lpoints 2.9) Sich thara) #3: (0) 94s (@= 3 and > 2: (8) xo (or both is zero; (e) x= 0 tnd 8S 23 STRAIGHT LINES ‘ta cuve is thought of the path of moving point then straight ins ae the simplest eure i'n analyte geome. and they have te Silex eens a tt tei vi emotes ftom ee ad fr) ae my dite pols ihe, tc the Septet Sed oy td dene ote 8 os “The value of depends ony on the ine ale tnd ot on he partcur poms of Pand Pe fn tthe ure he ao the kg of he indicated rani oe bse Py taken fo Be 1 point on the ine ome unit io the rh P90 hat 2.25 Bethan m= 22 = yy, THs shows that if we move one it dest othe Tigt fom any point onthe in, the Hope mean ‘thous a athe dance up ordownne mat ‘ove in over to get tack on the ie Tus he Sten ofthe slope in seiated a follows the direc Sn ote tne m0, lin ice tthe gt <0, ie fils to the Fat m=O, ine reat ‘Aso. the america magritude (absolute valve) ‘tthe slope e's measreof the espns be tne i, "Wer next discuss equations of straight lines. A vera in ts charsecrize by the ft at ‘ots onthe the some coordinates shown In Fig.9, and the y-coondiae is ireevane In Fig. 10 we conader omer ine tha “Bernese wetnow a paint 7) nian also i sloe m. The boxed eqn the equation ofthe tie fo the reason supgsted fn the fre: sates an algebra snd that i site bythe indicted vale plat 29)‘PRECALCULLS waraeMATiCs the tin, These ate to of he thee geiary {rms Yor the equnson os stigh ie: “The this sipy te pail case of he Second that we at when the given points a po. the yan ae howe In Fi intr cos dl Sone be Caled thet’ ofthe insane {he equation called the sapere eau lon: tfhe second euston ie called the pon Hope equation “wo tines with slopes m, and ae clearly ‘pret and only fk slopes ar egal m= “The cnteron Tor perpeculety 1 the ‘This sot clear at all. tut can be understood ute easy by wing sa rangle, as fellows (Fie 2), Assume the lines are perpen ar Shown inthe ge, Dr segment of enh {athe rg from tel point of mesectin. ahd fom ts rat endpoint dea vertical seamen up ‘nd down tt two lies. The meatirs tte Hope els thatthe two righ trans formed hs way have ses ofthe incest length Since the lines are perpendicular the indicted ‘tales are equa, and therefore the angles ae iar andthe following ratios of covresponding = ohh eae me “The resconing ven here i easily reversible, so {his condition aso ples perpendculai. EXERCISES 4s, Eid the slope of the line determined by (a) (1.2) and 3,83: (-2- 4) and (3,4), 2 Dand (2.3), Find the equation of the ine chou (a) (i, “Band (1 0): () (04) ad (1,7 (0 ts, 2) and (4 8). ‘Show thatthe lines x+y =2and 29 =1— rare parle Aucemn 7. Write te eauton of the tine shou oS whith pari fo BeBe (perpen tor 39 = 2.4 CIRCLES “The cle with center C and rad ris defined to be the set of a point whose tance fom € {Sr tte cotates of € are he Bante Soordnates ofa warble pit on te te ae Gorhthen he dane forma ection 22 (he ued conan Varn o= iF =, snd squaring fo reve the radical ‘Sttndatd equa 9 the ce: Peres es Tn parca, Biyer isthe equation ofthe circle with rai rand cem terat ie ona Example (a) The cice with centr (9. 2) and adn Shas 2-3)" Ga) 35a 7) The equation (x= 48 + 42) is ‘immed tecnable he Squion of the ‘hte withcente (4,2) and rate V2 = 25 the equation (2 3)-+ 2) 256 "sine piled by squaring and coectg terms, the Fes is he cs formative and thereto less ‘ele egntin Biya 2-0, In order to rem to the standard for, andthe Intra caves shpaye te frm, ve woud have fo complete te sare onthe ‘aviabies any? Example To discover the nature of the equation sey loet 6s =O, ve erang ito prepare the way for complet the square pp . Art )+ +64 =m th roca cope sao ‘ce nat ot et paeobl e anPRECALCUALS MATHEMATICS ‘Thenumbrs that must be added ise he paren: Aheses To rake tese Guanis perfect sqrt se 2 and 9 9 our equation becomes (ened 2) + (P4649) =I +2549, or equivalent Gos 043 = 16 “his is the equation of the ciclo with center G5} and raion i abould be noted tha if the constant tem 18 inthe ire equation a ths exsnele ts elaced by 34, then the final equation has 0.09 the hte Andis therefore the equation ofthe snl plat {50-"3)"This poin canbe thought ofa the Cle win center (3.3) and Fads P= 0. EXERCISES 18, Write the equation of the circle (a) with center (0,0) and radius 2; () with center (22%0) a rads 7: (2) with canter 8) and radius 4; (with (5,8) and (~3,—1) ‘asthe ends of diameter. 19, Find the center ant rade of he cle whose equation is) (e+ 3+ O — 6 Soi) ates 84 O42 Ronee Seed eure) 20. On a single set of coordinate axes, sketch the lige #16 7p and he circle 9 0°55 © 30 and find ee pols of ater. fection. Hint eliminate «algebraically and foive the resulting quadratic equation in. 25 PARABOLAS ‘A parabola is «pane curve withthe property that each oft pits equidistant from agen fxed pont and & given Reed ine. The ited point Fe called the focas and the xed lin ale the dlvecrs To tod the simplest equation for this ‘vere the focus be the point F= (0, p) where ‘pis pone number, and et the iecirxbe the Sse yp. an shown io Fig. 1 I P= (2,9) 8 fny pat onthe parabola then by the deiniton ‘we Nave PF = PD. Using the distance form fs Conon becomes uceana VEFO=FE= 72, Dy ott tig weet Baty oe rape sie eto hip The ne oa iat perenne ance peated the aro panto, te pa See ‘egal ne ene “hep n Fi em op Hower ingens decree eee wip pore ae ie inte Wi 1 hen he pr nd sim clelaon shows tht Wego, smo Theewatin sweep with tpl soph bere ees he pant wh veer te ain chops p tear fs (0a re = We tara foes pit sou aa ty ong heen vere I writen efor yee oee fod we cole the sqne on he ems ‘hing ten be eis pret 3h Tee ww nroe nw varies # an by {hes out equation becomes pa“The graph of his eatin is eat parabola ‘nts Nenes athe ong oe 9 cote ‘yen, a ta origi sede pot SSP the xy sytem ses nee tity these Way, nese thal ay ein Ste orm aetbete (eno) Tepests prsbols wi veri ai which yee up's O and don Fo 20. The venen ie poral nly Toate by completing ihe square on 2 and he onion co be res intector Ge ~ AP = 4p(y — Bor (x ~ b= ~4py =), ‘ere the point (ht) he vee EXERCISES 21. Find the foes and rec of ach ofthe fotowing pubs 7 = 9S dewoy= s09-— be 5 bas vertical ais and vertex at {he rigin" Wee its equation iis fo Fa, 31) 6), Ge ooh) ne Ca eens rn se SS ei i n. 2.6 MORE ABOUT FUNCTIONS ‘AND THEIR GRAPHS In this section we sketch the graphs ofa few lay ofthe simeler fonctions and comment bre on HOP the main Tetures ofthese graphs ‘Linear fonctions, These are fictions ofthe foro afte) =art b —] We recopnine this asthe equation ofa straight lip with lope aan sitersept 817. ke. Ha ~0, as onthe right, we speak of 8 constant Sanction aces Any fenton y= a). 9 va for wich JO) a i ote fn Trezrs or foncon re abe megs iste orca bent ea thegsen of sting ear sus i fied in Seton ir sy he eho nding the ero of nonconstant, Sintoaad ne As Gare nner Thewe arefnctos of aceon yafimettbebe (a4) {ra 0, weg ae ht his ton pain it apne othe pp ow fou he he ncn ayo i eo, ‘fon, ashown mh Thee are tre seco coe at brten of #4 bet Sno, ‘and can always be found bythe quadratic formal. Bap baet nee 0 “Accordingly, the su aad product ofthe rots srephen by ntna—b and nna 8 “The cates of two equal ral oot and of two di {int imaginary root as mentioned i Section U8 fre show i fp 15: In terme ofthe quadratic Forma these cases correspond tothe conditions b= 4a Vand 6 tae = 0 Polynomial functions of higher degree can be duit to sketch, However Fig 20 we raph ofthe poser function yf) ven ms even and > 2 (on the left) and when ‘Bodaand = 3 (onthe ight), Ferg values ofthese curves ar fatter near x~0 and steeper for = Radical functions. The graph of the vquare rot suneton ave is sketched in Fig. 2. This curve isthe op halt ‘ofthe graph of the equation "= x, which I Parbols opening tothe nah "The gah of gavin is shown io Fig. 22; itis the top half ofthe circle Bed Rational funeons Just a8 rational numbers are essential quotensoiateges,rttona ie ‘ons are quotients of polynomis. tn Fig. 23 ‘we sketch the paps ofthe flowing thee ratio fnction: yop eR TFET See If the stent examines these graphs carefully. he wil ce how importa i 8 to pay special ‘tention to the zeren of the denominator of & ‘atonal uncon, “One more word on functions and their raph ‘Most elementary textbooks on algebra recom mend Sketching the graph of a funeton by com Putin able of values and ploting many pont. Procting 2 few pints ean be useful ands handy tohave ar method of lst resort when al ele fais. However a beter approach i to examine {he function Ineligemly and perceive ts most, tharacteistic features, and then to use these et estion in sketching the eaph. EXERCISES 24, Without actually Sanding the roots, deter mine foreach equation whether ts rots are real and inact, real and eq o imag f Beggs en eneny hate Beoie seriou ane . 3s Were 25. Without solving, fd the sum and product tthe roots hae e180 ae iene Oe are e—2~0 26. Const guna equation having the sven amber age 8 2 V3.2= V5 -2F 27. Sketch the graph of » = ite) equals woenartate-raerk@aey 3. SPECIAL TOPICS 3. LOGARITHMS, Logaritims ar exponent Thus inthe eau: tion 100 the exponent? the lesen 100 the tase 10. - As means of laying the concep of logs: sun we ben by ping ota ie eats 2 aad y= xr he sae elton beeen «and and tne we ely only one tos ta At ESstesdeloreand gc iafontre seeTeeime em ata conto rot and yes {ne fay eae neg hat the second is Sched fava tel log” 1 ‘rest thes Cle ean we Smtements about” Equaen stent exponents shout gard 1000 = 108 23 og 100 t= stom ts aoe 4 3‘PRECALCULLS MATHEMATICS “The rules governing he behavior aflogsrhins ae dvet tranttiont of ccrespondng aes of TRaler of logarithms Prof (1 tones hg ym aa Ima bit more deta, he arpumen for rl (i si foows If ina" and = 0%, or equivalent, yrmloes, and. y= loess cn bya Tania re of exponents atthe exponent on the sgh, which tog, 8, tio loge opts, and thie The tr to properties are proved simi. "Te student nay Bnd luminating 1 consider the felling two usefll facts and thes verbal guvalent Guctmrt when. is expested a8 some power ofa the exponent Fog Joga®= x: thelef side ir the exponent ton a is eypresed a some power a We also pint ou hat the equation nya translates into log, += (lo, b) (oes). TB is comer’ ict ove ave fr ‘hii ngs om one ba fo anther. Logarithms to the base 10 were once widely sed for umes slciton, bt tune has simoxt dhappeared These days of computers nd hand culstor Nevertheless logit Finetons remain indispensable higher mathe Imatics and is apicaton scence EXERCISES 1. Expres each ofthe following in terms of logaithos:() = 25: (0) Beha (St HO 2= 600 9 T.COHE =>, © P= 1, WK Gy ne = 6; Owe 2. Expo eah ofthe ftoving in terms of exponent aga 0= 1 ast 3 (eat 35 n=; 2. Evalte, 0) toe, 2: 0) og 100: (6 tog 16,1 To 25, ig a (0 a 4 on 0 oS, Cea 4 Soe re em 935 0) nec Pons teen 8 5. Fa the ie 6 9 = 40 og a“emeo= 2 ime 3.2 DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS. Inavthmetc division soften apie’ reduce an “improper faction to the sm Of an iter tnd a "proper" fraction, asin o In algebra, division of polynomial is applied in a\simlar way tos rational function (uotient of Polynomials) ithe degree ofthe numerator is {rete han or eal to the degre ofthe denomPRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS Ip fect, the “improper” (op-eav) rational Hinton onthe leis Yeduced te 3 Paynonial “prope tom hear) inal unton {ith the sme denominator as te ive rational “he rc pater of 2) i this i we are sive rational nto 1 in wich des) > degate) ea” means Se) hen ing a} by 12) tans ding poloomals QU} fd Rs) auch that = on) + Bi Hay 20+ Ft 2) ote dee) < dens), ts customary to Taf eden he dor Ue ‘ote ad Rs the omar “omen ow ch dion i caried cout cose how is dane nthe cae oO, shih eal Wea? on Wn4-3=2 ‘The oat ily the roca we ah it from'a te send) ¢ mae of the {gr tat nes remainder a wie nas Saas pone without beg nega Inmuch ‘ie same way.) etalon to (ees eB CaF) mea ‘This eqaton ges aclu foe proceso de ing) wich cally the proces of ing the gone} We se tat he ttm oti iden she rete 2, te term She anor and a te fs term he Soe fence he fist term othe quent cin be {indy sine tes term the sven Sythe ht terme he dior. where neck polymath terms are writen ia over of Sst etre Thnx step sta mail Ihe cnr by he ft term ofthe goten wich shveyot fund adhe osc te esa irom the dividend, which eae the dee of ‘hetemannepajnomi Ths process hen ‘peste over and ove nthe revtal PO ‘a as degre ey that fhe is sch pu he prosene ope econ iarane this wrk a ows soem c 2 ” f iver 4 TREE EET vided) ae ae ery} 3A cemsinten ‘Themethod deserted heres sled one dion The division indicted in Q) san be writen fa the orm Sia) = Ota)a(2) + RE) 06 Fa) — Oaretn = Re fand in any specif ase can be cari ou in Jit he an way sal T die 2-1 2=2, ae = “Tis reat can be we BB+ ag se 344 fs aeese-3+ sts, Ws r+ = Get sen 44 It polynomial is vid by aie som 2 oon ge yea ‘Ger ana ae remainders scons fa) e900) +R “The vale fis conta ies dacover by puting sr whch yds fc) "0 Ror R= Feta sp tat the etd when J) Sided by ri the vale otf) acre 7 Some ‘mung we have he eminder Torrem. 1) is» pono andrlsany real number then he ease when aye ded byt rift fay= N00) +f, ‘rere QU) ta polynoPRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS Jn pstclar, we see from tht that f(r) = schadonty yy = Ge )0\s), tate and aly rs factor off) Ths centanon the import actor Theorem. 1/2) is x polyoma. then areal mmer rsa roto he equation 1) =O {0 ony i actor off) EXERCISES (6 In each ofthe following, use tna, vision fp fod the uotent ts) ad Feminder PSH, giana ©: wtatensee = 28-510" 2560 Pade P38 4181-5 Oe aaa 7 Use the factor theorem to sow that) $5" 2" Phan tas afactor 0) PACE time asec) ce eee Sehr tas cir & nis any pontive integer, we the thre ow hae Ta car, an then we ong Svs 1 com. pate the other ctr 9. Factor completely each of the Sowing ees 33 DETERMINANTS AND SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS “The symbot ea la 6 Is called a second order determinant tis used o = be, {apansion ofthe determinant () andthe fost ‘nmbers 2 by yy ae ele elements sample. ‘ melee 6-3-3) 152-3 he poat outta the vale of out second order elerminant is most easly remembered a8 he roduc of the ro clement i the diagonal fom ‘per eft to lower ih minis the product of ihe two elements in the iagomal fom upper Fight fo lower le This ules sunested inthe folowing diagram ‘We now wi this determinant station desive 4 Convenient set of forma othe sation of system oftwolicareqiatiansintwourkrowos. Comider the system ant bymen ox + bye, oi “Tosave tis system, we istliinatey by moli- plving the equations by b nb, Feapecively nd subtracting: we neat clita © by mal Diving the equations by oy and 2. respectively, fd subtracting and we wie dowa terest of these proved: (aube~ ben's eb be ra, — aby = ca, are 1k il be noticed thatthe denominators in (4) sae simply the value ofthe determinant (0), an {hax the umeraors for sand yar the values ofPRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS peri Kenan sates a ak eae iter meme eer pee eee tae ito geeore cece ee eee ear ee Se Gee ea oe as © ‘eit rearrange th equations ato the standard ‘oem 0 i set ye, By (the ston of he system is I hal In geome language, this simaltanous solution ofthe system (6) Bes the coordinates of the Doin inthe plane at which te straight lines (6) ier next discuss third order determinants and their ase in slvng ystems of three linear equa tons three unknowas. We define the value f 2 shied order detormi- ‘nant by means of he element a is Rest rw and “Ths deition bound ta seem mysterious, and the mystery canst be Gegceg witout Sat ‘Spek stndy of determinants. Nevers, we Seilexplin a best we ean the lef side of (7) the second order determi ‘pte ema ar edt the ow an Column containing the element in question Tab, ‘he minor of a and by are the terms aconding Yo tis patter From this pont of view, the defiton (7) can now be regarded as one amon many possible ‘expansions, by means a the est row. The exPan- Sion by the second column is “Thee onan in cman ene rod ‘aa Mar otto Cone ee ‘Tate seem ocveryiog cant eea wae ce koh {io paciaen tat ach mood of ipenaca ‘Esc above yes the me rsa Fram: We cca the ve ofthe low ing determinant by using te fro. ad then ‘by using the sevond col ra fs -1 6=1 i |--» vere Be 3 | 4 pot denen h feco-t 1.4 aff Jane ae te on home casera ae pee mibisicé ie yn Sires ce cc Sree yas endaat ea comesponding d “The formas () and giving sluons ofthe systems G) and (8) ae utaly called Cramer ‘ale the advanced theory of determinants 6 Shown that Cramer's le works ia exactly the Same way fora system afm fineareguaions int ‘won, where ms any pone Integer exercises 10 came aft orl? i eat td 3 fi |PRECALCULUS MATIMEMATICS 3.4 GEOMETRIC PROGRESSIONS ‘AND SERIES ‘A teomerric progression sequence of um- ‘bers, sat a tecond,¢ thi and 9.0, wich each number after the sts obtained rom the one that precedes bY sultpying by 9 ed umber called the ro 0, ar ar oro oF «=the rio) Examples ‘The flowing are geomet pro 2 2 a BBs + “The basi fet about the progression (1) is formula (3) below. which gives the sum of 15 frst =| teas if S denotes the sm Smotertertt- tar, @ then sae o “Tis formula clearly as no meaning 7 1 50 Swe sume that r'= To esaeiah 6). matily Gh through by obtaining Sroarhar?tarttoh ar o nd then sbeact rom 2) exploiting alpos- sible cancellations We wnt (2) and (4 together {emphasize these cancelaons Smatarterty tan, Srm ath ar aa Wis now easy to see that S=S7=a~ ar" op SU=) =atl— 7%), “hich is equivalent to (2), Avoenea {fe somin 2s extended tan init mm ter fen hiss nite Inyo ovine owing way 7 ONPY on starsente tars ° ‘ipsum scaled frome res Kevae™ i har ones determined by amin the ie pai a” Smatartarystar he postive eget meres. By formula yh paral Scan be wee erm seal higher and higher powers. gets smaller and sales) This can be expressed by wet Tero anne, Shere the arrow means “approaches” For these ‘alice ofr we therefore have Smatertart-- tar: femal Is valid for <1 any inte repeating umber For Instance, we have the fair ct oat an..-=} “To understand why tis is tue, we use the mean: ing he eciaan apy frm) a te ctPRECALCULS MATHEMATICS aye ~ 10+ (lt) + (i) EXERCISES TB ICS Intec eter shaman Say tthe tee an cach Ses oo ey ithowrr ss mre how ye SSCL ary ere sa wes Taasa 4A po als opr from ati 8 inches 1 anne rebound oh d- teste oral) ed he ta ‘Ercnte hale tec ate {opat eto ance, 15, Pind ea of folowing sme wusdel Oy4—zetasnns Ooseses ae SEV Lt os WD Vib+ Ver Vit 16, Express a a fraction: a7. © 3088 (hee 17. What isthe total distance waveled by the fa a in Eserse 1 efoe Kt comes 18. In. an infinite nested sequence of equilateral teangles, the vertices of each Wang after the fist are the mipoits of the sides of the preceding rangle. Find the sum of the perimeters ofl thetrianlesifthe perimeter fhe fst rangle 12 ches. aceon 3.4 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS ‘Ae arithmetic progr een wh hen te he Sted named tx common pene etd. ot 2d tte ea) ‘The simplest progression of hie type coniataof the atm postive integer, Tatas C “This is also the most important arte {rsslom fori denotes hsm, a Sutsitite tm, then a formula for $i necessary ia many ape ations, We ca aly fd this ffs by wn the stm twice, once a ¥en and the second tine Inrevere onder Sete 2+ 3 te s {By adding, we get 25 on the le; and snc each ‘oluma onthe gh ad up on and ere ee ‘columns, we ave 25 aint a4 (Dh end) tenet nd this the formula mentioned above. EXERCISES 19. If the first term and the mth term of the saat irae 1s cheotae dors maps oT show hat = Hf 2°5 5), Note hat he unity in prehensive he ferent 20 Une the eat of he prceig exe o finda formula for the sumo th ret odd wenn east ‘com onag penuurarons AN eta ONS SONS mca Sen ea a Sees roars Pat nseate Tote nin sige neererrctiaaaet Super ee nee Peer anal iadaka a I= 1-2-3 6,4 and 0 0, For technial reasons, ‘ve detine 0 tobe The factors increase very "re we sce by dong alte arthetics 1, ete 720, 71= S080, 20, 91362880, 1~ 2.608800 “The reasoning on which our work wth perm tations ty ved can be Husted by 2 npc ‘hample Corsi journey fom act 4 though "Spy toasty C. Suppose ls poscble to Bo ftom ’4 to B by 4ciferen routes ad from 0 Coby 4 dierent routes Then the ttl sumber of ‘Gitcrnt rowes from 4 tough B to Cle 3 {fore can go tom 4 to 8 in any ne ofthe says and for each of these ways there are 3 ‘rays of asing on fom B to C “The basic principle ere is this: if two sue cessive independent decisions are 1a be made. Gn i there are cy choices for the Bt and ‘hoies forthe second then the total umber ‘Satter making these two decison sth product Ses tient hs the same principle iva for Shy number of successive independent esi90"8 "The flowing is our main aplication of this idea Given m alstnct objets, how many WAYS San we arange them in ode, hat i, wiht, ‘Nesond, sth and soon? The answer is eas) ‘There ae choices forthe at objet, Aer the Bt objects chosen there ae n=l choles forthe second, then n 2 choices forthe third, land s0 on. BY the hase principle sated above, the total number of orderings is teveore nnn 2) 0° 2d Acres Each ordering of «st of objects is elle «per ‘muta of howe oes. We have reached te ‘ew ng concn ‘the mumber of permutations fw objects "We next consider «alight generalization Sup pose again tht we bave nde objects. Ts time we ask how many ways Ko tem can be ‘chosen in order Exch sich orerog i alle 8. Devmaton of mobic taken kaa time, and {he otal nomber of these permutations deoted by Pon. Fy There ae evidently choices or he Ist 1 chokes forthe sends = eho forthe tid, wed n= (eI) m4 hes forthe kth ‘The toa mumber of these permet ‘on therefore Pah) = nin = Noa ~2) + (4D. we write tis number a terms of ators by Inserting addtional factors and then canceling ‘her out gai we can state Ou? Consltion a follows the numberof permutations of m objects taken k ata'time i Pow k) = mca ~ Dn ~ 2) (meg empl) ne 6 aks md on 3 sence talate one booahel et fc omer ct ans ts eS oe Sisson an coe of eatery ey Saki come tebe = Hg $-4 706.3) = gl f= 6 5-4 am (Te amber wage Cuming he ner oa aoe ee tie shiton alert car ae P12.) eatgy B= 5-88 = 875.200. (OF course, te order ofthe cards in a poker band {is immaterial to the value of the hand, 30 the‘umber of disinet poker hand is a consider muller number We uke account of ts blow, “Aiet of objects chosen from a given set of tject, without regard to the order sn which hey rearranged scaled a combination fn obec {hen Lata lime The (otal umber of uch om: bination is sometimes dented by C(n, 4), but nor eaenty by (¢). For reasons exe ate wet scion, te amber (3) ae eld Homi cocilen Termcsione and conbicaons are itd in a sine say, Each prmuton of © pect {ales fata ecomias ats cots oft tes {combination ‘alowed yan ore fess Feet Bu there are (2) wap to soon k jects nd then Kt ways fo ange then in sero Pint) =(f)-41 or (f) P42 ur forlorn, nw ye he fing ‘onsen the momber of ambitions of met ken ef) aT bat Examples. (a) The number of commites of 4 people that canbe chosen oma roupat people fr 71 3-6: (=a Gt8=3s (@) The numberof diferent Scard poker hands that canbe dal roms deck of $2 Ears is erie wr (2)-sth- 08 - 59,960, EXERCISES 21, Compute each ofthe following o oh, oe. i o(%) «9(%) ee ee Saeed odo ar ae eee sige eae ee eeneece See ae eee ee pene ares on ae See Sri anon ote oeeh “The biomial theorem is genera formate ‘he expanded factor product (as byr= (a+ b)(atb)---(a+8). dd) 230th + 3 +B, (a+b) mat + da + 6a + abt + BA, (e+) + Sb + 10+ 10 “Sob + It's clear that the corresponding expansion of (begins wih 2" and ends with bad also that ‘he intermediate terms nvave stay deren” ing powers of «and steadily increasing powers (of so thatthe sum of he two exponents 1 zac in each term, What f not so lear i the way the coeficiens are calculated. “The general form of the expansion of (0)—the binomisl theoremsPRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS (e+ op mart noth 4 AEDs (TNO Daye ANS ERED pny tote 2 ‘To prove this all hati ecessary i to under ‘andthe reasons bend the formot these oe ‘ents, Ths isnot diflul we look st) and hoop ofthe pe Ffomench ator ote prac, (or Byatt): (eb), nce. “Thea poi obted by choosing TBeaad ibe tetethe somber of ays it can be done 1) be uber o combinations on objects then Kime, 0 in the umber of times the term a" "08 occur athe ‘xpursion The coeticen ofa" onthe ight side of @) mont therfore be (f) and since () ata the proat of 2) is complet. ‘eample, To use (2) in fnding the expansion oferty we wre (erornes (ens ow Gew Shank Smeg 2 ot Syees thew s shew mat + sath + Stone + s x A Soe at Sat 104 + 00+ Sade te. EXERCISE 26. Wits out the expansions of (a) (2 +); Gas) Ge 3b) 3.8 MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION In Seton 3.5 we established formal the sum ofthe fst m postive inepes, Ted tt AOD, 18s also occasomlly useful o know the cores: nding formal or the sm of the fst n squares, anamnestic BARE tet nk o How is such formula dacovered? There ae Several intresting way odo th, Dt we do Ot ‘dincuss them bere Formula (i) cannot be established by the ang sment used eae, since the term onthe et So ‘not form an artic progression, Our presen Fes ones tet itn oa power meh € poo that wil work an ts {eae this method by appsng to formula (). “The Principle of Mathematical Inducion. A statement S(m that depends ona pone tee ‘rite for alla sas te fling {@) SU) is tre for n= ite for a, then itis alo tre ‘We will not discus his principle in etal or aitempt to expat intutive content However tte do fer the folowing equal! version, whic some stdents mayfad eater 10 onder ‘and ad secept any se of postive mtegers that enti andaoconns whenever con. ins, nccesanly contin al posive integer. ‘As our iustration we take (1) be the tate iment Sin) Our fin ste i to ven that (1) 5 [Ned we assume tht (1) tue for n= k; eae eet ate KIERAN @yPRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS fd then we ty to prove (1) for n= K+ Peeters ele We basncbsy a ‘But by using our hpothess the let side of Ghean be writen se Pema eI HEME DS yy = e+ ofA es) ~wenee tase tes nuance which is 3). We now appeal to the pincine to ‘concle that I is tre oral EXERCISE 27. Apply the principle of mathemtia indue- thon to prove nt each of the following atement true fr al postive intern Gt34S40 + Dae Ome Res Et Onn na 7 OPEB ERE (2° 1s ivisiie by 3; (3 — tis avisible by 8 3.9 THE CONE AND SPHERE REVISITED {nSectons 3S a3. proved the foals Pee veRNeE ICES) o aod Pere ne te MAEM DALD gy forthe sum ofthe frst integer and the som of the frst m squares. We remind the reader that the ‘most compliated parts of Chaper are those ‘Concerned with he formulas forthe volume of Fit, the cone. We imagine that large mu tet of thin cesar dnc Of tal hicks ae Inseibed in the cone one on tp af the oe ‘Shspested in Fig. 25° Ofcourse, the sum of he volumes of these ies willbe than the volume ofthe cone, However asthe number of ics increases and approaches iin. and cores” Pondingy the thickness ofeach yeaa ic inks and approaches zero, then leary the Sum ‘ofthe volumes of all the dies wil approach the tact volume ofthe cone "To cary out the details ofthis idea, let be 1 given large postive fnteger If there are » ied dc tech tn cos ‘as shownin Fig. 26. fyi the distance Sowa rom the vertex ofthe cone tothe upper surface ofthe ©1626escatcuuts MATHEMATICS ih dn. wher itany on fe mambo 1.2 sm ltheny =i) Ce he ds he 1 then bys nes we bv F yn (eye) i sok == (p= (MG) “he volume of te fh di ero (ae nd the sum ofthese ques or rib total volume fale inscribed sc: v AeA + + (a1). oe ee SECTION ‘can write this as 1. Sand Y are irational; ~2 and <5; are actors ot ae ant fen TE cago nr nerve eta aca aa m1 we poate cere Ra) ae houungy ae Spent edly hearer Rett eres eden eo URE SPB a1, “To entalish the formula for he volume ofthe sphere in Fig 24, we apply a sindar method Yo the upper herasphere, which ie shown in profile In'Fig' 2. Tals ine, he radius sof the ih dss i {found by using the Pythagorean theorem, owS BaBW (== 29 F 14a) bm: () Opaore ay (8 ee, a 2i(e)- HG) CLEC L aa) 5: Rr wrth te st (2) 10:00 35(0 3; 2500.8: 3:0) As 2) — al (2 (016) 0} 0)-f.m 9 W399 oipk ire (@ 5:19 39% 0) 2V5,03VE (25, andthe wm ofthese quate fo (9895: (0) V2a: 09 a8) V8: CE wie Tom vlome ofalte inscribe dees Sv osiaqs see ro el 10, (6; () 2; (1648) 2165 (6) 36: (0 4) pert Oo 04:6 1000; 6) 27; 091. By sing formulas (0) and) with n else by 1. 52:0 620: 6 ab: 0 8:0) 5%:02-5 w ew EE Baayen te Sheet sae enti Ose ae ue page ase den Sie 36) 20 te te AP eth Oe-k@ ra Leen eo DEED Gr aesd: Bea tw@ caso ures Wrerorw cernisziie a Merete oer hana Heer wae: 0) Ge fahae ai tm Geese 2p Bee ie iy bes eee Fines) le) Gee 4c 1:0 GH42) oR eee) aa, ets s 2 @f-204—3 m@ Re O-PS SERED, LENS ase 5>26) 43; BO aS So civs @@ecretysss Wasase es Geta tae ts SECTION 2 1359, 2 Beate rset, de Salant Anh 64nd, ta-}Vie 5 we 398, 5. 1.5.13 ‘otk as tata) 8.40) 9. @ o rt He)2ZO G01 16.0) EEF Loe pone and clskwbe ‘ioueh “2 rans 6 nga, Wi se 2 agreements the endplat (x9) of the terminal oA Sie ofthe ana is niquey deermined when he ‘S'gven Thus endroimt ean lef any ame ‘one of the four quadrants, and its coordinates x nae hat ct a rn sa Sasa er ea oe 4B) STE Saya Ng poawesote mu gurcaidgataeeteoiven "aH § es Ge Ree a oe aes Rrebrrrerre rr cet it er es ce ad crn eee eee Seri ncaa eee SF Set Mae tea es ere Scie ee eee re» 4, THE TRIGONOMETRIC de ed a irakew FUNCTION: In older textbooks te sine, cosine and tangent ofan acute ange # were often defined by means Ga igh tangle, a follows, Draw a ght tePRECALCULUS MATUMATICS We have deava the angle # in Fig 171 be egal tothe angle 0m Fig 1650 tal the two anes ‘ale nmin" Our reason for doing this sto Dot out that the unt cic defatons fran 8 2on0. tan Pagree with tbe ginal defntions Shen @'s a postive seate anges To see this rotce in Fig FF sin gy = ¥ = poste sie, T= Fypotenuse We therefore have no confit between he Fight ‘ange detsitons andthe oi cle denon hd the ater are mach broader in scape "The fet two of our ix unctions are the base conen ana if necessary each of the oters can be ‘kpressedinterm ofthese two. These relations {and one more) are immediate consequences Of the above defations © 2 ° ® o “These are the first of the 21 fundamental ident ties that expres the nterelations and properties ‘ofthe trgonomets functions and constitute the Beart of the subject. They fl info several natural roupscand are therefore easier to remember han Fight be expected. We emphasize these BrOUPS by enclosing them in boxes “Sur next denis stat he efecto replacing by co As angles, @and 9 are genera by fotations of equal magnitude but opposite diec- Son, so the endpoints of thei terminal sides ie fn the same verteal line (Pig. 18). This remark proves the frst two ofthe following tents cos the equation 894% Tot the uni cre s writen te form 922.21 then this ansates directly int +(Si3) ~ Gan) “These remarks Vel the sin + 605 = 1, ° tants + I= seo, oy Ti cove a ‘hich are leary eaalet ven of one 5. THE VALUES OF sin 0, cos AND tan @ FOR CERTAIN SPECIAL ANGLES If we Keep firmly in mind the defnitions of os Pad tan @ then there are sever Ist ‘quadrant angles (Fig. 19) for which the vale {oF these functions are easy to find by means ihe Hes ip) of Sect 2A at necessary 0 tiderstanding 8 three parts of Fig 19 Ts ea tere ren nse ota, sstn‘an sven Hoeven tan Keg wih or plcy Sse eta Soeiaeceavadrane| 12 3 a ‘and [=F — Second, we mist deirine the posi acute ange formed bythe terminal side of sa the nearest half of the axis (p20) The desired St oh lindefned. These fats and a few others are ‘rez inthe following table Tis information ‘Shen leamed, not by memorizing i, ut BY 6. THE GRAPHS OF sin 6, cos @ owing the definitions an vsalzing the spor AND tan 6 “The raph of sini easy to draw by looking st Fig I7-and folowing the nay’) varies as 8 Increases fom 0 to 2m, that Is athe rain Strings around through ‘ope complete counter: ‘locke ration This pves one complete cele ‘of sin as show onthe left in Fig 1 The com ‘lete graph (on the right in Fig. 2) consis of Wao + 0 ~ Th we know the values of sin 6, cos # and tan # for st quadrant angles, we can easly Bnd their ‘ales for angles ia any quodrant. There ae two key ideas. Fast, we must understand the way the Algebraic signs of these functons change from infinitely many repetitions of this cyte 0 the fone quadrant to another. The facts ae obvious right and fo the left, The graph of e0s # can Be ftom Fig. rand ae stated inthe lowing abe ‘etched im essenally the stme Way (Fil. 22).1s obvious from Fie 17 thatthe anes @ and G:F have the same terminal sides. We there fore hove fin (++ 2n) = sin 0 and 00s (0+ 22) = e008, 4nd for this reason we say that each funtion ig Deviate with period b= it's ie postive constant; then the function sin b? goes rough one complete cyte wheo te _guany 58 cranes fom 0 to 2, ta when the varie intense om 010. Ti fone soni therefore peri with period 2 we ‘now multiply sn be by a postive constant a the et fe to magnty the ered Oy factor of ain the veral dct ‘The peaks of ain 0 ae ‘herefore ants above the axis, and for tht fessor i called the anpitde ofthe function “The graph of tan dis easy to sketch with the ald ofthe fllowing geometric nerpretation. Fig. 23, Fig. 17 withthe addition ofs verti line dawn tivowah the pont (0) tangent tothe ele at this pont We itcce » coordinate system on this tine by spectvng thatthe coordinate of 8 print on the line saply ie >-oordinate 38 8 Print in the plane. Now ven an angle # whose Fermin sie docs noe le slong the yas extend this terminal sie, ther outward or backward through the ongin unt intersect the aun Werte line ats pot, Then the coordina oft isthe value of tan. (The valiity 0 ths ‘Ssrtion is eden fom Fig 25:1 depends on ie mecnes ofthe sles ses al fur ‘Quadrant, which we veny by inspection ofthe gare an om the Yat tat ae B-Ga-“-42) "TRIGONOMETRY All that rains ito sketch the pap by noticing ‘at 28 @ in Fig 23 increases from ~F to $ he point A moves up the line from — through 0 ‘Sn Ths leds the mile pan of Fig. 24, and ‘the complete pap of tan conte of nity many repesigns ot ar tothe Fight Sd the le eis lear tat tan (0 =) tan So the tangent funtion i perio with pid = 7. THE MAJOR IDENTITIES "We now compet the it of fundamental ident- tice started i Section Eat te Grock eters @ ind 6 theta and pi denote any two eumbers Sans res tise ce he aon froma: i088 cor sing | 2) 600 0 cos 6—sin sing. | (13) ong now divide both rumertor and denominator of which is "The corresponding sublection formulas are fin (9-4) = in #605} con OI, con (9-8) ~ cos 8c08 64 sin @sing, ‘anon iaroun "Thewe follow a once from the addition Formulas by replacing 6 by —# and using (6,1) and tan (8-6) =PRECALCULUS MATHEMATICS 8608 (8) + coe Bin (9) sin # 0s 6 cor @in nd simary for he oer, "The doubleanale formuas ee Sin 26= 25a 8 0s “ 6020 cord en, 09) ‘These are special cases of (12) and (3), obtained Uyrepincing’by # Tce afcouse, anova ‘Sbubteanaeformola forthe tangent Bt thin = ‘of miborslnifence and we therefore omit The habfangle ormates are 2) [ 2sinte=1— cos 20._| en es are easy testis by writing Shand 9) together a8 coe int? = coma By adding we get (20), and by subwacting we ean” (Om ist of ident is ow complet. and a oc them have Been proved excep (12) nd (3) ‘ican establish these as flows for the special {isc whch oth # and ae pe ate Shsles and their sum also acute (Fig-28). From ny poit Pon the terminal sige of 8 + 6 draw Q permendisla wo the eas and PR perpen FRc Teor cnbendron saws mG ors, see nate |. be TOLTRo Stila eae tno Taner EM. ine never. th haan Joma fd mat ss ca an na ctf nnd ular to the termi side of From R 1S perpendiclar to the San and RT pe ‘ular to PO. Notice tha he nage FPA ce ahr se td er Siow STNCNRE Tae reat ers7o. prs sin (+9) =SQ=PTA TO. rns ace oP A BLPR, BS on Fh Ob + Ge oP eos bsin + co 6 iH ° Os OR TR. PR 7 OR GF OF = eos 6 con sin ing ‘These lied proofs my serve wo convince mest rears tt (13) and (3) ae ined tae. Fat {hove who wih to purse hs mater he od, {iy gene pou (ofa sommes ‘Shader are proved Appendix B 8. THE INVERSE. ‘TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS We kaow tt sin F416 therefore, we ae Asked fan an in airs whose sn i Ewe can answer inmeditely that is such an ane ie necesary i higher matematics to ave a symbole dente an ange whose ane aiven tumer There te wo such symbols a eOor sin“'r and arcsinx. “These symbls ae fly equivalent nd can be ted imercangeay houph well conte Soracves tothe ft Theft sly Fad as “heaven sine of” andthe seconde aresine of" and both mean “an angle whos sine °C Situs to underund th te Sobol sini tbe “I nor an exponent and here sin never mean =. The symbol sins ert asor way of igh expres: Sin San angie owe ie Si ate men Cab saree mn folowste fomuls neon vi th sae ign the sete hat ‘hunton Is fit writen inform solved for na'then (the same equation! inform sled "i order to shetch the graph of y = si sulicestoskeich «sin and then Bip the pl {ure over. interchanging the postions ofthe wes (Pie 26) Ins evident ha enste only when = {sonnet the interval =| owever for any such + there are iniiely many cores ponding y's and this station canstbe ported Hysin's ist be considered a function, that spar of the meaning of he word "Tone- tion that fo each «there covesponds onl one The standard way of dealing with is ely 2 to'abraiy resis the valves of) = sn" to he interval ~$ = y = § Gee the heavier por- tion ofthe curve in Fig. 26). The essence ofthe stove explanation ths: we inventanew symbol, estes to sini the real of saving he ‘auation sin = efor. and to make the slution Singlevalved. we specify that must ein the imenal—$=9= 5 “The function y~ tan" «(the equivalent not tion here arctan») i defined in almost he yetanty means tany=s and “Reyes ‘reicoxomerey “The symbol tas read “the inverse angen F's." aod meats “the angle Gn the speced Iteiva whore ange i = The grap of tinct the hea curve ln Fig 77 Ttiight seem that the ober four gnomes functions ase have their inverse, Abd 0 hey fo, bot these other inverse functions ae tally Innes) a he applctions and wil not be imewoned 9. THE LAW OF COSINES AND ‘THE LAW OF SINES Few ‘The law of coxnes isa very vel tol ina variety of stations In physics and geometry. Gs fama) expresses the tise of wane i. 28) interme of (wo given sides a and and he inclnded ange 8 3 ae Saati Zadar & - “The prot i very easy i we plac he wage ig F128 {he pple as show in the Re and apply the ‘dstance formula tothe vores (acs 808) Sni'(, 0) The square of the side e's cea (acos 0 b)*+ (asin 8-0)" = a(c0s + sa) + BF 2abeos 6 +b 2abe0s 0 and the proofs complete. "The law of cosines has 3 companion which is a ‘much ess important bu which we ncude forthe ‘ike of completeness. the twee angles of Sra and their opposite ides. are labeled ‘Shown in Fig 29, then the aw of snes states that Sind sin B sin sh \s EEE “Testblsh this, weinsert the height hf the wie P1027 gle, at indeatc, and use the two rah anges ‘brane inthis way to write 4 i sina=! and sin B=! Which yield h= Dain 4 and = asin B.Equating these two expressions for Awe Bet sin d= asin or equivalently, SenetPRECALCULUS MaTHRMATICS i remining prof the law fine proved APPENDIX A. THE BARE BONES OF THE SUBJECT tn (8) =—ain 05 (-8) =cos @ tan (0) = tan 8 THT wore tanta + = 3028 Theta Tin (04 6) ~ sn Bos @ Fon Pan C08 (04 8) = 605 8 e068 — sin sin Tavis tan (08) [rin (@ =a) = sin dos ¢ co osm | cot (0 $) = £05 # cos + sin asin an 0-9) =i smn eor= 1 cow 2sinte= 1 Gon 3 Taw of sings na + Dabo 0 APPENDIX B. COMPLETE PROOFS OF IDENTITIES (12) AND (13) Let aod be aba anges with thei sides vin alee the postive sas, as shown fe Fig, 30. Tei terminal sides inte he on ‘tle ai. the point P= (eas n 8) and Q= (cos sing). By theasance formula he sare ofthe dance PO i. ro 08 ¢— con 6)°+ (sin @— sin g)* = (cov iP) (cog + sat) =2(cos 8608 6+ sn xn 6) 2(¢05 8c05 8+ ain 8a 6). Now rot bt pins # ad 0 rag he ‘Same angle 6 —courterlockwis incandeawieit"¢isncqaine angie that their sew postions sf the points = (cos (6 3). sin (88) and $= (1 0). The Sguise ofthe distance RSs RS" (cos (0 6) ~))*+ (6 (0 $) —OF ost 9) + at(O= 9) 41 ~2e0s (68) =2=2¢08 (0-4). However, the rotation does sot change the di {ances between pairs of pois, 39 PQ = RS, PO" = RS*, and by the above Cacuations we ‘ve deni (6) in Section 7: cos (6= 4) =c05 cos ¢-+5in sing, 16) we replace @ by ~@ here, then we obtain entity 3) cos (04 9) =e08 (8 (-4)) = 605 #005 (=) sin ¥ sin (8) 6.20PRECALCULLS MATIMATICS Now replacing in 16) by J leis cos Joos + sn Fin 6 con 6+ 1nd sin sd elcing by F— 6 eevee sn (f-4) =e con ‘These 2ww formulas—and (16)~enable us 10 prove (2) x once: sin (0+ 6) ~ cos [F—(0-+)] =e (((-0)-4 mou (50) sin ($0) an

You might also like

• Francisco Ferreira Neves - Aritmetica Pratica - para A I e II Classes Do Liceu-Imprensa Da Universidade (1934) (1) - Desbloqueado

  

  Document254 pages

  Francisco Ferreira Neves - Aritmetica Pratica - para A I e II Classes Do Liceu-Imprensa Da Universidade (1934) (1) - Desbloqueado

  pedro

  No ratings yet
• Didática Da Matemática PDF

  

  Document283 pages

  Didática Da Matemática PDF

  pedro

  100% (2)
• Tese Sobre o Estoicismo Marcus Vinicius Porto

  

  Document91 pages

  Tese Sobre o Estoicismo Marcus Vinicius Porto

  pedro

  No ratings yet
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• George Finlay Simmons - Precalculus Mathematics in A Nutshell - Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry-Barnes & Noble Books (1997)

  

  Document63 pages

  George Finlay Simmons - Precalculus Mathematics in A Nutshell - Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry-Barnes & Noble Books (1997)

  pedro

  100% (1)
• Curso de Análise (Elon) 2 PDF

  

  Document352 pages

  Curso de Análise (Elon) 2 PDF

  pedro

  No ratings yet
• A Matemática Pode Mudar o Mundo

  

  Document1 page

  A Matemática Pode Mudar o Mundo

  pedro

  No ratings yet
• Representação Dos Números Reais

  

  Document7 pages

  Representação Dos Números Reais

  pedro

  No ratings yet
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5796)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (537)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (895)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (838)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (400)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1891)
• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (589)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (345)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (440)
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (599)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (806)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brene Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1091)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1016)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1713)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1840)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (122)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2519)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (821)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4610)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1938)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4201)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John Le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1104)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)