Syntax for Various SQL & PL/SQL Commands

The Create Table Command:

CREATE TABLE tablename

(Columnname datatype(size),
Columnname datatype(size));

Creating a table from a table:

CREATE TABLE tablename

[(columnname,columnname)]
AS SELECT columnname,columnname
FROM tablename;

Insertion of Data into tables:

INSERT INTO tablename

[(columnname,columnname)]
VALUES (expression,expression);

Inserting data into a table from another table:

INSERT INTO tablename

SELECT columnname,columnname
FROM tablename;

Insertion of selected data into a table from another table:

INSERT INTO tablename

SELECT columnname,columnname
FROM tablename
WHERE column = expression;

Updating the Contents of a table:

UPDATE tablename
SET columnname = expression, columnname = expression
WHERE columnname = expression;

Deletion:

(I) All Rows:

DELETE FROM tablename;

(II) Specified Number of Rows:

DELETE FROM tablename WHERE search condition ;

Select :

(I) Global Data Extract:

SELECT * FROM tablename ;

(II) Retrieval of Specific Columns:

SELECT columnname,columnname FROM tablename;

(III) Elimination of Duplicates:

SELECT DISTINCT columnname,columnname

FROM tablename;

Sorting of Data in a Table:

SELECT columnname,columnname
FROM tablename
ORDERBY columnname,columnname;

Grouping Data From Tables:

SELECT columnname,columnname
FROM tablename,
GROUPBY columnname,columnname;

Modifying the Structure of tables:

(I) Adding new columns:

ALTER TABLE tablename

ADD (newcolumnname datatype(size),
newcolumnname datatype(size)….);

(II) Modifying Existing Columns:

ALTER TABLE tablename

MODIFY (columnname newdatatype(size));

Removing/Deleting/Dropping Tables:

DROP TABLE tablename;

Indexes:

CREATE INDEX indexfilename

ON tablename (columnname);
Dropping Indexes:

DROP INDEX indexfilename;

Views:

CREATE VIEW viewname AS

SELECT columnname,columnname
FROM tablename
WHERE columnname = expressionlist;

Destroying a View:

DROP VIEW viewname;

Granting Permissions With GRANT Statement:

GRANT { Object Privileges }

ON objectname
TO username
[WITH GRANT OPTION] ;

Revoking Permissions with Revoke Statement:

REVOKE { Object Privileges }

ON objectname
FROM username;

Cursors:
Declaration :

CURSOR <CURSOR_NAME> IS SELECT <FIELD NAME(S) > FROM <TABLE_NAME>

Cursor Handling :

1. OPEN <CURSOR_NAME>;
2. FETCH <CURSOR_NAME> INTO <COLUMN-NAME(S)>;
3. CLOSE <CURSOR_NAME>;

Explicit cursor is one in which cursor name is explicitly assigned to the select statement.
Implicit cursor is used for all other SQL statement.

Subprograms :

(i) procedures:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] PROCEDURE <PROC_NAME> [PARAMETER LIST] IS

<LOCAL DECLARATIONS>
BEGIN
<STATEMENTS>;
END;
 (ii) Functions:

CREATE [OR REPLACE] FUNCTION <FUNC_NAME>[PARAMETER LIST] RETURN

data type IS
<LOCAL DECLARATIONS>
BEGIN
<STATEMENTS>;
END;

A function should return a value to the called block whereas a procedure will not return any
value.

Triggers :

CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER <TRIGGER-NAME>

[BEFORE/AFTER] [INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE]
ON <TABLE NAME> [ FOR EACH ROW/STATEMENT]
[WHEN <CONDITION>];
<trigger body>;

Trigger is a stored procedure that is fired when a DML statement is issued against the
associated table.

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