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    11 views36 pages

    How It Works, Book 3 - Amazing Biology PDF

    Uploaded by

    Bobby Budiman

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 36
    AMAZING BIOLOGY Find out what you're made ofwith our guide to the human body (0 Skeleton ‘The immune system Discover how cur bey fights back gaint dase The heart Why do we get old? 7 Photosynthesis 3 50 amazing facts about sleep We shed seme igitan some ofthe mast ‘complex andrrisunderstondsleap tiv 24 Cell division 26 Dog hearing Tear ducts 7 The common cold 8 Teeth How does an embryo develop? The sensory system The serees of the human body and haw they Interacts ial tothe way we lve day to doy Teeth m= (002 Howit Works www HowrrwarKsaArLy.com aaa eke aie yi ciis - MAN © ait inside the body to Ee just what we are made of... (yas (Da sic utis7,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, .200,00)atoms, making up over 75 trilin cells Atthe atomic level, the human body comprisesabout6o elements, but the function fofmany of them Is unknown, In fact, 99 per cent ofthe human body ismade fom just six elements see chart for specific percentages Likeall other life dlscovered to date, weare carbon-based: the omolecules that makeup our bodiesare constructed using frameworks of carbon atoms. Carbonis almost unique among the elements; itis small in sizeand can make four covalent bondsto other atoms, allowing't toform the backbone ofkey molectles that form the human body, Including proteins, fats, sugarsand DNA. The bonds are trang enough toholdthe moleculesinastablestructure but not sostrong that they eannot be taken apart again, allowingthe body to breakand relorm molecules over and over as quired, (008 | How it Works Calcium is themostabundant mineralin the ‘human body, Important fr the regulation of protein production and activity. Complex cascades ofchemical reactions ‘occur within the ge-ike cytoplasm and organelles of cells tiny structures that perform specificfunctions withina cell. Phosphorus sused to make adenosinetriphosphate (ATP, ‘which hashigh-energy phosphate bbondsthat can be broken inorder topower cellular processes; ATP Ss essentially ou cells fuel. Celisare coated in receptorsand respond rapidly to environmental changes, communicating via chemical signals and electrical impulses, During cembryontedevelopment, chemical gradients tell developing ells where togo,and what cell type te become, resulting na new person, Interestingly, the majority ofthe cells in the ‘human body are not human, Microbes make up between one and thee per centofour body massandare hugely important for our proper functioning, They have million different ‘coding genes or making proteins, compared to lessthan3o,o00 inthe human genome. The bacteria that ve in our digestivesystem provide essential supporttoo; they ferment undigested carbohydrates, allowing us toaccess eneray we ‘couldntotherwise digest, and they have arolein the production ‘of vitamins like biotinand vitamin X. Their presence in the _gutalso prevents bad’ bacteria from taking hold and makingus unwell Even more unusually, atleast celght per centof the human genome is vital in origin. Retroviruses areable to insert thelr DNA, inte our chromosomes, andat several points in human evolution genes that started outin viruses have become permanently entwined ‘with our own genetie information. © ee eee eer ee Se see | Soo EBYEDIAEWP cone works ike reinforced concret Qeommccs | Geecetmimae | Gimmnerguaan Seca ec ey The structure of bones ‘The ong ones ofthe body, such as the femur {thighboney, contain two @stinet types of bone ~ Cortical bone Siete oe pr of Trerconane done Osteocyte = tone mass vey They he torette | Sinadiomeneanne bonetumover. : “Trabecular bone Wain the ends ona enecemb sti Blood vessels: Bonatsamaabolealy bibod spl alos or Osteoclast {he immune sytem and ost ‘idbone areas mines and ‘Sow or remodete, Osteoblast Datebaste mse new bone, roduaing the coogen sated Saying down aera Hair under the microscope ‘strand of hair can be divided into three distinct regions Met ae Caisehhe matics {oprogize new Papiliag = Sond vase tints tcl of ‘em andot Six main elements of the body (99%) D> owsen: 659 carbon: 1% DH Hyerosen:10% PH Ntrogen: 3% D> calcium: 2% H Prosphorus: 1% Beneath the skin ‘Skin has several layers witha unique function. ‘Stem cells Cornified layer layer ofstam cleat Th very ater yer of ‘hebaceot ne thestnconsstsortrely pars dies ‘orm new skin col vic pushepwards Thora provides bow the epicermis Sarees boo ees tt spy oskh eal Fat ‘ayer of subewtancous ‘adpose sue prods Sswelacenry storage. Cuticle r The outed ofthe is rmadecf ayers of tered Crear Epidermis Theouter yer of in ‘formed oct own as heratineyts. Jf ramunisee Papillae ‘Thebumpy structure eee gem ndepdems hs layerstogethe ‘rom spon L-Epidermis | Dermis |-Subeutis ‘Medulla Anopen.anstrctred feveransup the conte ofe na. Thebo0y of hehe made rom coled stands carat Melanin ganas wn tho curtecendietcooun, Body composition by tissue type skeletal muscle: 36-42% Fat: 13.20% Bone: 1220% Skin: 16% vvv¢v Brain: 2% How It Works | 005 “Red blood cells lack a nucleus, enabling them to pack in more of the oxygen-carrying haemoglabin” “The nucleus stores all . ‘ytopl Cell membrane fiscal eaete] Close uj with cel “Tare 210 thougt to be over 200 Afornt types of callin thurman body och specialised to perform a partelor function Despite these Speciaisms, ther baseunderyng Biology tthe same ‘246 chvomeosomes containing te pet set of etrucons to syntesse all ft the proteins found the human bod. Depending on the type of ec ferent genes areswitehedon and ff, dterminng whch Proteins the cl ul produce. Proteins for use ise te al ar rented on nbosomasin the cytoplasm, The rovomes rend the ‘genetic message aed assole th corresponding protein Using amino ais as bung blocks. Proteins to be export from the cal -fr example antibod or digestive enzymes ore ‘construct within a sae of membranes Hore thoy gana number ‘tmeatiestions whch enable ham fore the hare envenment ‘an they leave the elt travel round the boy. Key cells of the body Blood and Contractile cells Stem cells Endocrine cells immune cells per Musee ‘Ype' Unaterentared Type: Hormones Thecaleotteblond, stem, which enables ham to contact owe not yet amma ‘leas tenn sly ort the incu red lsd cess Actin and myosin fer ng strona, {Gaporicibespecaism. Boodsteom. Ther hormone desing Srdthewhtebioodcals whichaide pst one mother pales Theyarefoundinmary sty conated by nearlanemitrs ‘ofthe mune system areallrosvedin Yheedger ofthe cel tage, locaton and prove arepesting Sen rom arenes rb th Fels erting hemo pack moro eld It he toa, Nerve cells ‘aan ans epithe boy. ‘eeepors tat ron cl ue Nevecetshave Extracellular matrix cells Germ cell ochinocmerntcaes, ‘Conective taste Type Reproductive Epithelial cells Sich wemalccssr Theale ofthe Body are supprtedby Sperm and egg ets have Thecalethatcovorow bodes ndine _electochamial gradient; thaalows them sar. The ae aoraratoa ‘hromosome and. curbodycoviesfom unctonswithoneouarenideercal smut Nerves exact matte bbls, formed bya seed ive Srother Using proeirsanhoresbetween funedon more fficenty theyre Wwchprofureangscerete precursor ofl called metals. When ther membranes, thecallsjn foeesto” insulted ard many nerve ces re ermporerts tat then assemble othe sperm and egg combine the esting cel (006 | How It Works www HowrrwarKsaArLy.com 10) << rr a oO 10) (an) Prmreare 010100 tc -\-eeeenee Ogg eyar) +) 8) How It Works | 007 “The brain is shielded from mechanical stress by the thick bones of the skull” roles and (008 | How it Works www HowrrwarKsaArLy.com The ageing body ‘The human body changes asi ages and the paak time for roan fetionsty ie tought tbe rund the age of 30 Te ody has ang 2 finite umber of mes, and as we get older our Sty epar damaged tasue decreases ‘rama changes, sch sth menopauss produce cbvous effects onthe body. Female sx but also playa olen other processes, such 35 the mmanterance of bone density. Inthe absence ct ‘earegen bone mineral eat decreases, which anand to osteoporossAsimaybut ese Grama, effect can be seen nen 35 testosterone lvls basin to drop. ‘Similar dec in functionality can be observed aout umanbdr cage ne sr Sherer and DNA damage accumulates, eaing {ean ever greater raf eancer However ts ntall bad Ue expectancy on theinrease and slits ae coming seo Understanding“ nd beng ale to slow = the ‘complex processes of human aging. Hair loss Ditdoteststrene (OH) Fairford sowing Sra weak Event the thot lat comple Eyesight Astholens fh oeomes ess eee whieh Stonces mare Se so reat cloads ver Smelt amma hove te capsey toregeneate stfactory bit decreeae wth age ier ats have ener Pore fos nthe tony bib a fewer ney ‘eeepors kadingto Hearing Uhelonoreor ae dteate ‘nove tine bacome J ctr ete nt bs ‘eeapor areurae © ‘egy leacng to Wrinkles Fibrlst arresponsibe fo ‘roucing the callogen ‘hppet nto ht los anesthe oi. As we get dd thecal produce ess Andes clon corrbtng {othe formation of wiles a ~ How it Works | 009 & How the human — skeleton works Withouta skeleton, we would not be able to live. Itis what gives us our shape and structure and its presence allows us to operate ona daily basis. It also isa fascinating evolutionary link toall other livingand V extinct vertebrates ‘Thebumanskeetonis Taalorureine Heep I Stictetsteceen 4, Rad/Una rund. vilesopraccingcrsel " Somsgeeteerrs a SSauueascasmunntesearon —§,Rbeage _andstoremineralsweneedreleasedona — [Mestrweture of many sing ib davon eee renlypoaakyeuwiihne STRoSfetsse aeniicinarhayautbonmh — eateatetetcoreass Senger ieate hunt fou! Bistmicandsonmnlss —_— malaupbne oui actly Sanaenomerorgemn ‘meneesacepame ns obviousareasisthepelvisasafemalemust — carilageandbioodvessesarealso beabletogwebieth andtherlorehipsare containedinthe overalletractue, Many comparatively shallonerandwider.The individualsthinkthatbonesare soi, tvanlumalsobecomesmorerabustin__utactualyinnerbone's porousand fl) malesdueto heavy muscleatachmentand —oflitieholes ‘amale’chin soften more prominent Asweage, so do ourbones. Eventhough Fomaleskeleonsaregenerallyroce cellsareconstantlybeingreplaced and dicate overall. However althoughthere _thereforenocellinourbody ismorethan areseveralmethods seringcanbe dificult oyearsol they arenot replaced with because ofthelevelofvariatonwesee perfect band new els. The cells contain withinthespecis. ‘rors inthelr DNAand ultimately our onesaremade upofvariousdiferent bones therforeweaken as we age elements. Inutern,theskeetontakes_Condionssuchasarthrisand. shapeascartlage whichthenstarsto _osteoporesiscan often be eased by ageing falctyanddevelopduringgetationand and cause isueswith weakeningotbones following birth. Theprimaryelement that andredaced movementebilty. © (10 | How tt Works Inside our skeleton How the human skeleton works ond ‘keeps us upright 1L.cranium 2.Metacarpals mesa a ore 6.Pelis, 7.Femur ihe ang comecstothepes th tl 8. Fbula/Tibia ste cnet 9, Metatarsals 1. Snails aaa és Breaking _» My bones . + Whether it’sa complete break or justa fracture, both can take time to heal properly Skull development When weare born, many ofour bones are still somewhat softand are not yet used — this process occurs later during our childhood eee eee eet eterna fyfusedatirhstallowte skal fexas the baby Pete eee eat {rule iatfew yao clon ollowing bith Toasts lia ere carpio ht ere torn and overt atwoyear thet nce fe ogetia Soniye The plats startsuturng teeter ery ee rele ae eae spot rll ard nto flly bal Soest Tones atcha thefvetones located in teen dnt 3. Giraffe ete gue od Pee Peoecnnen eed Cee Howlt Works | O11 “Dangerous bacteria release toxins in the body that cause diseases” How your imntune Your body is locked in a constant war against a viscous army (012 | How t Works. i cure can sometimes munity soldiers are ‘You can ‘borrow’ ‘Itdeals with internal ‘thas trouble with a Seman inna ‘xen too Stine Scereeaaey 2a | So eng | eee Seed pecans ea eee a ee ee ee eng ear | | Ren ns == ar = we right onthe frontline... When a pathogens tough, wy on-speciicdefenes iS Upt0 theadaptiveimmunesystem to Cleanup the mess The key forces inthe adaptive immunesystem are white boodcellscalled ivmphocytes nike the macrophage cousin, iymphocytesareengineeredto atrackonlyonespecnetype ct pathogen. Terearetwotypesot iyaphocytes Belisand Tell “These cei jantheaction ‘when macrophages pass along information about theinvading pathogen through chemical sage calledinteeukins. nga pathogen a macrophage communicates ‘etaisaboutthe pathogersantigens- teltalemolecues ‘hatcharactersea particular thogen. Based fhe information the immunesystem identifies speditic Beelsand cellsequippedto seogniseand Non-specific ec Asgoodasyourphysical defencesystem is, pathogens do creeppastitregulary Your body intially responds with counterattacks Xnownas nonspecific defences, so named because they don'targetaspecfictype of pathogen. ‘Altera breech~bacteriarushingn through acu, or cexample-cellsreleatechemicalscalledinfammatory ‘mediators. Thstrggesthe che! non-specific defence, er Doesyourtmmune system ctthemustard? known asinflamamation within minutes ofa breach, your lod vesoes dilate llowingboodandotherfuldto low Intothe tise around the cut "Therushof fuidininfammation oriesvaroustypes ofwhiteblod cel, whieh getto work destroying Ingrudets.The iggest and toughest ofthe bunch are ‘macrophages, white blood cellswithan insatiable appetite for foreign particles, When macrophage detects ‘bocteriumstelalechemical rai egrabethe intruder, engulfs takesitapart with chemical enzymes andspits ‘outthe indigestible parts. single macrophage can ‘swallow upabout oo bacteria befreits own digestive chemicals destroy t from within The adaptive immune system Fighting the good fight, and white blood cells are 2. Bacterium antigen buatlethe pathogen. once they Srotorcgiedattetn Sse HOHE gy SEtcinganonebon celarapilrepoice ied frrenblngenarmyafcelsthat Bacto, | ia arereadyandequippedtotake —jlammatonrexcion, ‘Thesewhiieolor = Anybacterathatenter domieatacer, cecgiegctis cabegularidien | yeni e TheBseletbodyourbody tebacatan = Syptgasthg, = cnc with antibodies, molecules that ——, a, either disarm aspecificpathoen k orbindtottmarkngasaart footer whittle els When eelefithsrtoget theylock Sand eee theme a” that estat alare tspeclyadetat esting Yourbodyelthstare nice Site Thisenreprecestakes several days pening andinay > tateevenlngrtoconehe A thewhile, theragingbattlecan 7. Non- make etter matching Bel Fortney imine system ieee gine Sangneettokamtonte yg a past Whieyour bodys ‘ror Frodiingoew -cloandT-ol8 5 presented cites ain Loa Drodicesmemaryels-copisol Peterunesteserun, thedand cols whichstay hemacopae pee inthesjstemafertheyatingen’ Sexe SSdtetedThenentimetar Sate mite : ee eeremrycashcpiaunca memo fountraticemchmae. 6:Matching Bell aqick.Yourbodyeanwipeout Tespeaiemesihat ‘9. Memory cel theinadersbetreayintecton SSpeamcmama ‘emanate takeshold.Inotherwords, you receiesthemecage, epiatesta produce develop sere wh Vaccines ocomplishthesame as thingby ving youjustencugh pathogen exposure for youto develop memory cells but not feough tomake you sick How B-cells attack oa a B-cells target: destroy specific - ‘and ather invaders 1 10. Antibodies ‘alesohaestes mboteswnicn 8 Plasma cell recomisetbe isteietaceraby Thematic mooy ‘meungontainer ghetto arte eu sige he ‘eng ay tener ‘Iimdesabomack placa ance Steir lteter them Sct ‘smn How it Works | 013 L Tonsils mpd celta mpl chat iterations ‘rowphyrnese trot 2.Left subclavian vein neattwaargevenstntseeas ‘erent puto yoph ‘etungtothe ones 3. Right lymphatic duct 6.Lymph Pasagenay king frm lypveses node cluster ‘ohergitabdavanvan Loctedaonypese isorders Stott abandon “tm cir re pent ‘outers system 5 Sen a Theft lymphatic duct venting fromiymparesst0 Who.watches the Scar orate watchmen: oat B nl a Saag nee i, xe Tors oland eke when aos sonar Allergies are the result ofan overzealous ‘eine ls. ‘rumunesytem inecponset. somethingrelatvely benign lke 9, Thoracic duct, poll, heimamunesyate ges ‘elaetivast eed Sresiverneasurstoexpelthe ini pathogen Ontheexteme end alleges Iayeauseanapyacteshoka Potential daly op mblod esse sometimes accompanied by a cue gare ena, ‘Sta tenes ee XY 12. Bone marrow ‘thtepesinolgreet elect. ‘Scttateecirmore bap Areuphtesevess bck to explained Lymph nodes thogens moving pat ns mC “through your lymph vessels a ener ppc oe Poe ht ‘Thelyemphatcsytem sanctworkof omgansand vessels that coletsyraph huldthathas drained omthe ‘Bloodstream into bly dssues-and returnsitoyourbleodstream also blaine mune Invheunsosarirtistheimmune nem system fering pathogens rom snacksjoings Iymphand providingabome-basefor disease tgking lymphocytes (014 | How it Werks www HowrrwarKsaArLy.com astra) to Head fra NNT) Paras DYED \ Major points of the Iymph nade Outgoing mph vessel Imphnade 2Nalve Isp tr ving Inthe ode 3.Vein Pesan orto keoanghelvphote 4 4 Sipyarncamingoat fertheypn noe 5. Reticuar fibres 6.Capsule Know your enemy: Bact fact they constitute about fourpoundsof your ttl What is HIV... ae Westen RTE cciutd hich incudes infection eee 7.Sinus ‘Nohanelhatala the ‘owetyaph pine crac B.lncoming mph vessel ‘esa hatcareslymph {ntothe}mpnoe 3 Meroe cleand rotanlrele tat 10.Germinal contre i : ‘Stectymphoorte . s ‘katona " a , a) 11. Macrophage : Seentase are oem ecomomy iteng How it Works | 015 fo} ==. Theheart-a Fear eect Tir odie aready boon == vital organ Your heartis a turbocharged double- pumping muscle that beats more than 40 million times every year Notonlydoesyourheart ny ddoamazing things, Mrerdetansermects doessotireessly, every 2 Senentom tings minute of every day rom ‘ers totheher athe ‘hemamentyorre born patna ne (actually evenabitbeforethen| tothe Instanttha youd. weighs ama somewhere between eightands Dadra wh cances-lightly mrellyarremale “\ ygontndetirmrents—_esifyure female tssolepurposeisto fStecshore Whats pshbloodehraiehyaurcielatary Brameonretsthe System, providingereial xyz and Deodpmamteah te otheritients tall your organs (vente Theheartiseonsidered adobe mone. ‘pumpbecausetheright hallsends used! bloodtoyourlungs. There, the blood dropsoffa loa of carbon dioxide ert vewrmeue andpieksupsometreshaxygen, which TekRmotemest —_yohavelepfullyprovidedby paiiel dees breathing Then the oxygenate blood Toecosektastcter —eturmstotheleithalfofthe heart. This Wotsandweschet vee heart-lung toheart agai iis ecsemhenan _knonnas pulmonary cela. The Lipyeletathms ese ofthe earthen pups this aetna crypeated lod everyorganinyour % conten body otherthanyeurlungs Yourbran, Yyourskn the musiesinyourthigh, Yourspeen-teyal gt ood and therfore onygen| byvirtwe your beating ear ventheheatiselfgets lod vina specalsetofveinsandarteresknown ea asthe coronary system. Themyocardial Biocon he ‘muslewaithinthewallofthebear’ Seoncnaenters ‘needs oxygen andother nutrients to tschomber othe Jeep beating Unfortunately the Set coronaryarteriesthat dothisjobare ‘ory narrow betwoens7anda-2 rillimetesin diameter. ltheybecome sicush vaive clogged with cholsteralor other tatty caer ’What’s inside “=. ae ‘concept ofthe double pumps fatrly = your heart orn ers. rancon args moto tutncargt i Find out how Your

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