Complex Sentences ** Introduction A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause (the main clause) and one or more dependent clauses. The DEPENDENT CLAUSE has a subject and a verb, and it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. There are two types of dependent clauses, those that begin with subordinating conjunctions and those that begin with relative pronouns. Active => Ving s < Passive => V3 RELATIVE PRONOUNS (WHO! WHOM WHICH/ THAT/ WHOSE ) O (DEFINING CLAUSE) —> OMIT ‘Type 1: Relative Pronouns ¢ 2: Subordinating Conjunction A. Time as after as long as as soon as before until when while The session will begin as soon as everyone is seated. Mr. Martino will take charge of this project while the manager is away. B. Reason as because now that since Items 1 through 10 can't be ordered because the products are out of stack. Now that all the materials are gone, we need to postpone the meeting * * Because of / Due to / Owing to/ On account of + N phrases C. Condition it providing/provided that incase unless solongas If you want to take the chance to win a free MP3, just register online. We will move on to the next stage unless anyone has an objection to the decision. * * Without/But for/ If it hadn’t been for + N phrases ** In case of + N phrasesD. Purpose so (that) / in order that Leave your number so (that) Ms. Shin can give you a call after the meeting. The travel agent changed my reservation in order that | could take a later flight ** To/ in order to/ so as to + Infinitive Ex: / leave home early every day so that /in order that I can go to school on time => I leave home early every day to/ in order to/ so as to go to school on time. => I leave home early every day in order not to/ so as not to be late for school. E. Result 80 + adjective/ adverb + that = such + noun + that The package was 80 heavy that the deliveryman couldn't pick it up. = The package was such a heavy one that the deliveryman couldn't pick it up. F. Manner As As if As though Everything went on as we had planned He spoke as if he were an informed man F. Contrast although / even though / though while Although some applications were submitted late, we decided to accept them all. Even though interest rates are low, people are refusing to borrow money from banks. While we understand you are in a hurry, you need to wait for your turn. ** Although/ Even though/ Though + Clauses (S+V) >< Despite/ In spite of +N Phrases Ex: 1, Although he was sick yesterday, he went to school happily today. => Despite / In spite of his sickness yesterday, he went to school happily today. 2. Even though he had all the necessary qualifications, he still couldn't get the job. => Despite having all the necessary qualifications, he still couldn't get the job.