NGTIEN UYU = Tee PHU'ONG PHAP TAGUCHI VA UNG DUNG TRONG TOI UU HOA CHE DO CAT TAGUCHI METHOD AND ITS APPLICATION IN OPTIMIZING | THE CUTTING CONDITIONS TS. Tran Van Khiém ‘Truong Dai hoc Su pham Ky thuat Nam Dinh TOM TAT Thidt ké que trink cong nghé la qua trinh ra quyét dink, wong dé nha cdng nghé mong mudn chon duge phucong én cing nghé hop ly hay 161 wu, c6 tinh dén nhiing rang bude va nhitng tac déng phiee tap cia céc yéu 16 dau vao va nhiéu loan. Céc nha cong nghé thudng dira vao kinh nghiém, kjindng phan dodn cia mink, nhung dé ting d6 chink xéc, gidm tinh chil quan trong cde quyet dink ctia minh, ho thuong ste dung cdc cong cu tink todn, thong ké, due bdo,...Chiing duoc goi la cdc cong cu (hay hé thong) ho tre ra quyét dinh (Decision Support System — DSS). Hign nay, da xudt hign rat nhiéu DSS dua trén cée nén tang khoa hoc khéc nhau, nén chon vé sit dung hop ly cng cu cho cde bai todn cy thé lai trd thanh van dé thoi sw Nham gdp phan vao dink hacng hea chon DSS trong cng nghé gia céng co, bang cic két gua nghién citu, thie nghiém va ing dung ching trong cong nghé truyén thong va hign dai, te dong hod, cac tic gid sé gi thiéu, so sdnh hidu nang va han che cia mét sd céng cu co bén, ti cde cing cu thing ké truyén thong dén cac hé dyea trén tinh todn tién hod vé tri tué nhan tao. Trong bai bao nay, phicong phap Taguchi, m6t trong mhiing cong cu thong ké sc bén, duge quan tam va ieng dung rdng riii sé duoc chon dé khéi dan Tir khéa: Taguchi; Ché 46 cat, Toi wu héa ABSTRACT Designing of the technology process is a decision making in which technologists desire (0 select a suitable or optimal technological variant, taking into account the constramts and the complex impact of the inputs and turbulence. Technologists often offer variants based on their experience and skills, but in order to increase the accuracy and reduce the subjectivity in their decisions, they often use computational tools, statistics and forecasts They are called Decision Support System (DSS). Currently, there appear a lot of DSSs based on different scientific hackground: therefore, choosing and using the right tools for specific problems has become topical issues. To contribute to the orientation of selecting DSS m mechanical processing technology, thanks to the results of research, testing and applying them in the traditional and modern, automation technology, the authors wall introduce and compare the performance and limitations of some basic fools, from the traditional stanstcal tools to the system based on evolutionary computation and artificial mteiligence In ths paper, Taguchi method, one of the sharp statistical tools which is paid much attention to and widely applied will be selected to initiate. Keywords: Taguchi, cutting conditions, optimization. 5 ISSN 0866 -7056 | TAP CHE CO KHI VIET NAM. S 4 nam 2017 www.cokhivietnaman1. DAT VAN DE Trong céng nghé gia cng co, phan Ién cdc quy luat va quan hé gitta cdc thong s6 duoc x4c dinh nhé thye nghiém. Nghién tru thye nghigm c6 3 giai doan: (1) Xay dung quy hoach thire nghiém; (2) Lam thi ng thap dit Hiéu va (3) xir ly dit ligu va dénh gid két qua. Giai doan 3 hét sire quan trong, vi ngay ca Khi di c6 dit héu tin cay ma xi ly kém thi vin din dén két qua sai, thiéu tin cy va thiéu khéch quan. Giai doan 3 thye chat 14 qué trinh ra quyét dinh (Decision Making), két qua cla né (quyét dinh) phu thuée 2 yéu té: (1) Kién thite, kinh nghigm, sy nhay bén cua nha nghién ctu va (2) BO tin cy cita cdc két qua tinh todn, phan tfch, dur bao. Con ngudi manh ve yéu 16 Cau, yéu t6 thir hai phar trdng cay vao thiét bi. Cée thiét bj dang nay e6 tén chung 1a cOng cu bé trg ra quyét dinh (Decision Support System - DSS). Can cit vao cong cy tinh todn duge sir dung, ngudi ta phin biét DSS dya trén cde cOng cu tinh toan cing (Hard Computing) va DSS dura trén cdc céng cy tinh toan mam (Soft Computing). Loai dau tinh dén ban chat vat ly cia qué trinh, c6 nén ting HA todn gidi tich va théng ké. Loai thir hai chi str dung dit héu do, khéng quan tim dén ban chat vat ly cua qué trink. Ching gém, nhém cde phitong phap tinh toan tén hod (Evolutional Computing), tri tué nhan tao (Artificial Intelligence). Lya chon diimg va sit dung thinh thao cde DSS la yéu cdu thiét yeu déi véi cac nha nghién cifu. Nhdm gép phn dinh hudng Ina chon va six dung DSS, ching t61 du djnh dura ra mot sé két qua nghién oitu, my dung cic DSS dé cing ban doc so sinh dac diém, higu nang va pham vi (mg dung cia ching. Dé cé thé tap trung vao DSS, déng thoi dam bao tinh khach quan, ching t6i khéng sit dung nghiém cua minh ma ding mgt 36 66 dit ligu di durgc cong bd Ciing mét bé dit ligu sé duge. TAP CHI CO KHi VIET NAM, $6 4 nam 2017 NGHIEN CU'U - TRAO BO! xitlf theo cde phrong phip khéc nhau; két qua s€ duge so sanh v6i nhau va 46i chiéu voi két qua cia chinh tdc gid. Tuy c6 nhiéu phan mém chuyén ding hé tro, nhung ching t6i sé ding cée céng cu thong dung nhat, g6m Microsoft Excel va Matlab dé thé hign r6 thuat todn va dé moi ban dge du o6 thé kiém nghiém. Vi thé gidi cée DSS vd cing phong pha, nén dé cé thé trinh bay di chi mét s6 06 chon Ie cde céng cu di phai théng qua mét loat cdc bai bdo. Dé mé dau, bai bao nay gidi thiéu mdt trong nhiing cong cy théng ké sic bén - phuong phap Taguchi va img dung cia n6 trong mé hinh tdi uu hod (TUH) mét myc tiéu cdc tham sé céng nghé gia céng co. 2. KHAL QUAT VE PHUONG PHAP TAGUCHI Trong nghién ctu thue nghiém, xay dung mé hinh cb ¥ nghia quan trong vé ky thuat va kinh té. Céc qué trinh thye thuéng phite tap, cé nhiée yéu t6 (dau vio) téc dong de lap hay ding te ding lén két qua (dau 1a); déng thoi dau ra cing duge thé hién bing nhién dai lugng khdc nhau. Céc m6 hinh mot dau vio mét dau ra khong thé hign duge anh hung ding thoi ciia cdc yéu t6 dén dau ra nén m6 ta cde qua trinh mot céch phién dign, Khée phy diéu dé can dén cdc mé hinh nhiéu du vio, nhiéu dau ra, Mé hinh mé ta anh hung dong thai cia nhidu yéu td dén cic dau ra duge goi la mé hinh da yéu t6 (Factorial Model - FM), do Fisher dé xuat vao nim 1926, duoc Plackett va Burman (1946) gop nivéu cong phat trién [3]. Co so ly thuyét va thy ne n ag xay dung m6 hinh thuc nghigm da yéu 16 66 thé tim thdy trong cée (ai ligu [1], [2] Yéu cau chi yén cia mé hinh thue nghiém [4 mé ta qua trinh sat vén thye t8, tinh dén day di nhat ede yéu t6 va anh huéng cua Coa ISN 0866 - 7036 www .cokhivietnam.ynWOTTEN vy Eee ching, nhung gidm thiéu duge s6 thi nghiém. M6 hinh Taguchi, do Genichi Taguchi (1924- 2012) - MOt ky su ngudi Nhat dua ra duge danh gid 1a gidi quyét thoa dang vin dé nay. M6 hinh (hay phucng phép) Taguchi duge img, dung chi yéu trong giai doan thiét ké tham 86 (céng nghé), dya trén sy phan tich, dénh gid mite a6 anh hudng cia céc yéu t6 dén thong s6, ra, dng thii xdc dinh bé théng s6 céng nghé t6i wu. Trong khi mé hinh da yéu t6 toan phan chi thich hop khi sé yéu t6 khong qua 3 thi mé hinh Taguchi c6 thé phat huy tac dung khi s6 yéu 16 tir 3 dén 50. Vé phuong phap luan, phuong phap Taguchi cing sir dung mang truc giao nhu m6 hinh da yéu 6, nhumg duge thiét ké va dénh gid theo mét quy trinh chit ché, dai hoi sé thi nghiém it va cho sé ligu tin cy hon. Tu tudng cia phuong phép Taguchi 4 xde dinh cae yéu 16 céng nghé sao cho dat chi tiéu hi a nhat bang cach phat hign va loai bé hudng cia nhiéu loan. Mot yéu 16 (bién dau vao) téc déng lén két qua theo 2 huéng Téc d6ng lam két qua tién gin dén myc tidy a tin hiéu 6 ich, goi tit la "tin" (Signal). Tac dong lam két qua réi xa myc tiéu 1A "nhidu", hay "tap" (Noise). Ty sé "tin trén tap” S/N dai dién cho chi tiéu hiéu qua, duge ding dé danh gia va la chon tham s6, Bé tham sé 1a tt khi cho SIN I6n. BG tham s6 t6i wu cho S/N én nhit. Theo dang bai toan, c6 3 phuong phap tinh ty sé S/N: ~ Bai toan eye tiéu (Smaller better); TS, SNs = 1088 Dong) a) ~ Bai toan cuc dai(Larger better): ISSN 0866 - 7056 www .cokhivietnaman SN, =—10]g,9(— ay? Q nite - Bai tofn léy gid tj oy thé (Target better): 2 Sp = 101g 6) @ u ~ $6 thir ty lan do, n - $6 lan do khi thi nghiém. Di bai todn thudc dang nao thi myc tigu TUH luén 1a cuc dai ty sé S/N. TUH cc théng sé céng nghé theo phuong phap Taguchi e6 7 bude co ban: 1) Chon cae dién déc lap (hay yéu 8 - Factor, bién didu khién - Control Variable) va bién dip img (Responce), ham mue tia (Fitness, Objective Function); 2) Xée dinh mite 46 anh hung cia é muc tiéu, cde quan hé 6 thé cé gitta cdc yéu td (goi ld bac tur do - Degree of Freedom) va phan toan b@ dai bién thién cla cae bién thanh cdc mite (Level); 3) Tao céu trie (mang true giao): Cot la cdc bién, hang ld céc thi nghiém, 4) Tién hanh thi nghiém dé thu thap sd ligu, 5) Phan tich sé ligu theo S/N va xée dinh gia tr téi uu cia cdc tham sé; TAP CHICO KHi VIET NAM, Sé 4 nim 2017NGHIEN CUU - TRAO DOI 6) Phin tich phuomg sai (ANalysis of ‘Variance — ANOVA), xc dinh anh huéng cia cde yéu t8 dén dau ra, Day 1 bude bé trg, vi budc 5 da tinh dén anh huéng cia cdc yéu t6 qua ty s6 S/N. Dit cé thyc hign bude 6 hay khéng thi két qua TU'H khong thay déi. 7) Tinh todn lai ham mye tiéu theo b@ tham sé ti wu va kiém chimg bing thyc nghiém. Bai bao str dung b6 dé ligu 6 sn, két qua duge déi chiéu voi két qua cia tac gid nén khéng can bude 7. 3. UNG DUNG PHUONG PHAP TAGUCHI TRONG TOI UU HOA CHE BO CAT KHI TIEN Sau day, phuong phap Taguchi st duge thigu théng qua bai toan TUH ché a6 cat khi tién. $6 liéu duge lAy tir [6), khi tign thép S45C bing dao gan manh WC. Yéu clu khao sit anh huéng cia ché 46 cit (v, s, a) khi tién dén tudi ban eta dao (T) va dd nham bé mit (R,). Dai ché 46 cat nhur sau: Téc 46 cat v=135-285(m/ph); Iugng an dao s=0,08+0,32 (mmvvg); chiéu sdu cit a=0,61,6 (mm). Gid ti T va R, sé duge do khi thi nghiém. Vi T cang lén cing tét nén bai toan TUH theo T thudc loai cue dai; R, cing nhé cing tt nén TUH theo Ra [A bai toan eve tiéu. 3.1. Bai toan cye dai Nhiém vy la xac dinh bé tham s6 ché 6 oft dé dat duge tiéu chi tud: bén Ion nhat. Bude 1: Chon cée bién dc lap va him mue teu: C6 3 bién doc lap 1a We dd cat (v), lugng chay dao (s), va chiéu stu edt (a). Chi tiéu 161 wu 1a tds ban (TT) cua dao TAP CHI CO KH VIET NAM, Sé 4 nim 2017 Bude 2: Phan chia cde mite: V6i dai bién thién da cho, cdc bién duge phan thanh 3 mite cdch déu nhau nhu trong Bang 1. Bang 1: Phén mite ché a6 céit Kg higu [Tham so [ Mic | Mito2 | Mite 3 A v 135, 210 285 B 8 0,08 0, 0,32 c a 0.6. LL 16 Bude 3: X4y dung céu trac (tao mang true giao). Kich thuée cia mang phy thudc vao sd yéu t6 va sé mite cia timg yéu té. Trong trong hop don gian nay, v6i 3 yéu t6, mdi yéu 16.6 3 mite, mang truc giao cé cu trac LO nh trong Bang 2. Cot T (ph) dugc thém vao 4é ghi sé héu do tudi bén & bude 4. Bang 2 Cau tric mang true giao thyec nghiém tudi bén: Thinghigm |v 5 a] rpm) 1 1 1 L 2645] 2 1 2 2 2060 3 1 3 3 173] 4 2 1 3 1310) 3 2 2 1 1198! 6 2 3 2 4 7 3 1 2 854) 8 3 2 3 765; 9 3 3 L 216 Buse 4: Tién hanh thi nghiém. Phai uén hanh 9 thi nghiém voi cac ‘b6 tham sé theo timg mie. Vi du, thi nghiém thir 4. edt vdi v=210m/ph, 5,0,08mmvg, a=i,6mm, Tudi én do duoc bang 1310ph. Toan 6G két qua do T duge ghi trong cét cudi obng cla Bang 2 e ISSN 0866 - 7056 www.cokhivietnam.ynDNS TDN rhs a eet Bang 3. Phan tich S/N cho tuéi bén: Tiphy_| SAN (GB) 2645] 68.45 2060| 66.28 1733] 6473, 1310] 62.35, 1198| 61.57, Tad) 57.31 354) 58.63 765] 57.67 2i6l 46.69) [ant igea foo fas forte a uso fe Bude 5: Phfin tich S/N va xéc dinh bO ché 46 cit t6i wu, 6 xdc dinh mite dg anh huémg ca cdc yéu 16 can phai tinh S/N, V6i bai toan cue dai, ty sé S/N duge tinh theo céng thisc (2). Véi n=l, y, =T, nin duge: I SN, $108 of 5) 2018 7 (4) Ap dung (4) véi timg thi nghiém trong c6t T(ph), duge gid tj trong img ca S/N, ghi vao ct S/N(AB) ca Bang 3. Gia tr trung binh cla S/N cho méi mite, dai dign cho chi tiéu higu qua 6 mite 46, duge tinh lin Iuot cho ting mite cia mdi yé = Mean(S/N)-LY(8/N) (5) me _ Trong dé, m - $6 phan tir cing mite cita mdi yéu t6. Vi du. gid tri trang binh ciia cde S/N img vor mite L cia y s Vay 2168.45~ 66.28 ~64 78) = 66,50 vi dy tong tr véi mite 2 cia s: 1 SNS TES ps0 4066.28 61 7257.67) 201 84 ISSN 0866-- 7056 Www. cokhivietnam in Két qua duge ghi vo cdc 6 tuong ting VI, 82 ca Bang 4: Sau khi tinh dit cho 9 6, ta tinh gia tr trung binh m, max, max-m cho timg o6t. Higu max-m thé hién mite 6 anh buéng cia cc yéu t6 dén myc tiéu. So séinh cic gia tr trong hang nay, thdy anh huéng dén tudi bén nhiéu nhat 1a v (6,09dB), it nhat 14 a (1,184), So sanh tuong 46i, mire anh huang cia v I: 6,09 ——-——_ x 100 = 60,88 (%) 6,09+2,73+ 1,18 Twong ty, mic anh hung cia s 27,88%, citaa 14 11,85%. Céc gid tri nay duge ghi vao hing cuéi cia Bang 4. Bang 4. Phan tich S/N va ANOVA cho tuéi bén: ¥ Ss A] Phang de han 1 66,50 | 63.14 | 58.90 [Oede oat! v2s047, 2 oa) | 6184 | 6074 [sn | m6 3 3433 [ 56.26 61.60_[row 1283 Meanim) [60.61] 60st | 60,41) Phuong dn gin [Max 66.50 [63.14 [61,60 [Gre do cit] VISH [Max eos [2.73 [18 [Scop9 | Fo [meio mime [one [9798 PF ti.es [itmaxd | 3316 Két qua trong bang duge thé hign trye quan bang dé thj trong Hinh | Tudr bén [én nhat dat duge khi gié tri clia cdc bién & mite cd S/N 1én nbat. Theo Bang 4 va Hinh 1, d6 la b6 tham sé VISIA3, nghia a v=135m/ph; s=0,08mm/vg; a= 1.6mm. Gia tri S/N t6i uu 1,» duoc tinh theo cdng thite. Mogg = Ma Lean w= On 3-2, (dB) (6) Trong 46, 9, - Grd tri S/N trung, bin chung: y, - Gia ty SN img voi tham sé thir i, Theo Bang 4.9, Mean(S/N) = 60,41; cae gia tri y, Kin Inot 1a S NV1=66,50; $ xs 3.14: SN, 61.60. Vay, theo (6), ¢6 = (66,50+63, 14-61 ,60)-2.60,41=70,41 TAP CHI CO KHI VIET NAM, 86 4 nam 20171B thi SAN cho tndi bén cia dao H wat 7 ey T ox Hinh 1. Bé thi dap img S/N ctia cdc yéu t6 theo tudi bén Cuéi cing tuéi bén lén nhat Tmax duo tinh nguge theo (4): = Jot? - grav) 3316 (ph) Tom lai, ché d6 cdt téi wu la VISIA3, nghia la v=135 m/ph; s=0,08 mun/vg; a=1,6 mm, Vé6i ché 46 nay, nhfn duge tdi bén 3316ph. Dua vao Bang 4 va (6) c6 thé tinh tudi bén véi bd ché d6 cit bat ky. Vi du ché dé cit V2S2A2 cho tudi bén 1283 (ph). Bude 6: Phin tich phuong sat (ANOVA) thyc chat vin li dinh gi xem sir déng cia cac yéu t6 anh hudng dén dau ra thé no, Nguyén the chung la so sanh phuong sai (Variance) cia cae yéu t6 so voi gid wi trung binh (Mean). Sai léch 06 thé duge dinh gid bing cae dai long khéc nhau. Vi du, yéu tb Aco L, mit thi sai léch cua nd co the durge tinh theo mt trong 3 cfich sau: ~ Téng sai Iéch trung binh cua cde mite L S15 Ly Med a - Téng binh phurong sai léch trang binh ctia ede mite [4]. TAP CHI CO KHi VIET NAM, S6 4 nim 2017 NGHIEN CU'U - TRAO DO! 2 Sa =D —My)? (8) oa - Téng binh phuong sai léch giita cdc mite [5]. y= (tu Nal +a Aa? # es Ma? Cudi cing, mite 46 anh hudng cia méi yéu 18 (vi du yéu té thir j) duoc dinh gid bing ty 18 % gitta sai Iéch cla yéu 16 dé so voi tong sai Iéch cata tit ca (n) yéu td. 400- (10) G day, cong thire (7) 43 duge ding nhu trong Bang 4, theo dé mite dé anh hudng xép theo thir ty gidm dan Ia v (60,88%), s (27.28%), a (11,85%). Két qua nay d& nhan duge trong bude 5. 3.2. Bai toan eye tiéu Téi wu hod ché d6 cdt theo tiéu chi 46 nhdm bé mat nhé nbdt chinh [a bai todn eye tiéu, Digu khdc duy nat so véi bai ton eye dar la tinh ty 55 S/N & bude 5 (Phan tich S/N va xdc dinh bé ché dé cat téi uu). V6i bai toan cure t1éu, tinh S/N theo (1). Voi n= I va y=Ra, ta cé: SN, = 10 gf”) = -20lg,,(R,) ap Theo 46, nhan duge cde gid tri S/N, ght yao cot S/N(AB), Bang 5. ISSN 0866-7056 www.cokhivietnam.ynNOTIEN VUYU > TINY EM Bang 5: Phan tich S/N cho Ra ‘Thinghigm |v s a R, (eam) | SAN (AB) 1 1 1 L ig4 [-187 2 i 2 2 192 | 567 3 1 3 3 9.44 T1550 4 2 1 3 26 | 343 3 2 2 i 451 [1308 6 2 3 2 [749 | 49) 1 3 1 2 ost_| 082 a 3 2 3 4s | 1942 9 3 3 1 9.70_[-19,74 Céc tinh todn tiép theo nhw bai todn trude, Két qua duge thé hién trong Bang 6 va Hinh 2. Theo 46, bd ché 46 ct tdi uu 1a VISIA2, tuong img v=135m/ph, s=0,08mm/ vg, a=1,1mm. Véi ché 46 nay, nhan due 6 nhém bé mat Ra=0,79um. Bang 6 Phan tich S/N va ANOVA cho Ra v Ss A [Pes tats i 901 | 3167-11 56 [Ope ap od] V282A2 2 | 300° F039 [743 lenin [920 3 ins [ssi [3.45 [aye 2,88 ‘Miean a) 10.82 Phoug dn ea Max 9. [3.18 [745 _|Chéag cai] VISIA2 Maxim Ll 17.66 | 337 [Sop | 2.02. Anntutme | 1408 | 39.64 | 2628 [Rytauny 9.79) Dong cud: cha Bang 5 cho thdy anh huéng nbiéu nbat dén R, a s (59,64%) it nhat lav (14.08%). Ds th $5 cw salen be mat Hink 2 Dé thy dép ing SIN ciia cde yeu t6 theo a6 uhm ISSN 0866-7056 4, KET LUAN Giéi thigu phuong phap Taguchi dé xéc dinh ché d6 cat t6i wu khi tién theo hat mye tigu riéng ré: Tudi bén cao nat va dd nham be mat nh nhat. V6i cing bé dit ligu thy nghiém trong [6], quy trinh tinh toan 6 day khde chat it vai nguyén bin, két qua TUH theo Ra gidng, cén theo T thi khac, Phuong phap Taguchi don gin, di hai sé thi nghiém it, dic bigt c6 loi thé véi dit liu thye nghigm rdi rec, c6 thé dinh Iugng (bing 86) hoae dinh tinh, Cae nhuge diém ctia phuong phip li: 1) Do sé héu rdi rac nén phutong an nhan duge chi gin t6i wu; 2) Khong dua vao duge cic diéu kign rang bude; 3) Chi giai duoc céc bi toan TUH mét mue tiéu, Dé img dung bai toan TUH da myc tigu, bién thé cua nd - Taguchi dya trén. quan hg xdm ma bai bdo sau sé gidi thigu vé img dung phuong phap nay dé TUH dng thor hai muc tigu T va R,.* bai: 15/3/2017 1] ite van Hep (2016), Gam st wed Aung maga srih ga cong e, NXB. Quin dbs Nh da, Hi Noy EL Nowya Minh Tuyen (2005), Quy ouch due elem, XD i, Ha NBA 2008), Modeling of Mate} Formng on! Machining Process by Fine Blomens and Sofi Cont, Methods, Srinser [4] Gaionde, V, & eal (2007) Meriodotogy of Tita Optonsation’ jor Midr-Objectre Dring Problem Mime Bury Size Intemational Adv Msn Technol, M, 18 9] Hamden, (2012), 4 Optianzanon Method of he Mack Patasitens im High- Speed Mockaag of Stents Stes ute Coated Carbide Tool for Best Surice Fish, Ttemaverl Joursal Ady Manu? Fecnsol 81-91 [5] Yang, W & Tame ¥ (1998), Desir Oprmecauon of Celta, Parameters or Turning Operations Based on Tacky Meta, Jum of Matenats Processing Technology, 84, 122-129 TAP CHICO KHI VIET NAM, Sé 4 nam 2017