hy‡nXzw
sI.]n
kønZv k\m-D-√mlv aJvZo X߃
tIc-f-apkvenw \thm-∞m\ \mb-
I- ∑ m- c n¬ {]Y- a - K - W - \ o- b - \ mWv
aJvZo X߃ F∂ kønZv k\m-D-
√m-lp¬ aJvZn_v\p kønZv Alva-
Zp_v \ p kønZv apl- Ω - Z p- _ v \ p
aJvZn_v\p kønZv A_vZn-√m-ln¬
aJvZn_v\p kønZv AlvaZv ZmIn¿
kJm-^v. {]hmNI]n-Xr-hy-\mb
A∫m- k n(- d )s‚ k¥- X n- I - f n¬
s]´ Atd- _ y- b nse kJm^v
tKm{X-P-∑m-cpsS ]n∑p-d-°m-cn¬
s]Sp-∂p. ]gb s]m∂m\n Xmeq-
°nse shfn- b - t ¶m´v Xma- k - a m-
°nb kønZv AlvaZv Xß-fp-sSbpw
]Xv \ n la- Z m\n hwi- P - b mb
ico^m _ohn-bp-sSbpw aI-\mbn
1847-˛¬ aJvZo-X-߃ P\n-®p. ]nXr-
k-∂n-[n-bn¬ {]mY-anI Ad-_n-
`mjm ]T\w \S-Øn. ]n∂oSv Nmh-
°mSv lb¿ Fen-sa‚dn kvIqfn¬
]Tn-®p. shfn-b-t¶m-Sv, s]m∂m-\n,
amd-t©cn ]≈n Z¿kp-I-fn¬ aX-
hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ D]-cn-]-T\w \S-Øn.
ae-bmfw, Ad-_n, lnµp-kvXm-\n,
t]¿jy≥, Xangv `mj- I - f n¬
{]mhoWyw t\Snb At±lw
{_n´ojv Kh¨sa‚n\p Iogn¬
FIv s skkv C≥kv s ]- I v S - d mbn
GXm\pw h¿jw tPmen sNbvXp.
sNdp-∏-Ønte \√ hmb-\-°m-c-\m-
bn-cp∂ X߃ {]kw-K-˛-{]-_-‘-
I-e-I-fn¬ hyp¬]Øn t\Sn.
Ckv e m- a ns\ sX‰n- ≤ - c n- ∏ n-
°p∂ eLp-te-J-Ifpw ]pkvX-I-
ßfpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn®v ss{IkvXh
anj-\-dn-am¿ tIc-f-Øn¬ kPo-h-
amb L´-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. Ad_n
ae-bm-f-en-]n-bn¬ t]mepw Ah¿
{]t_m-[\w
{KŸ- c - N \ \S- Ø n. {Inkv X ob
kphn-ti-j-I-∑m-cpsS Ckvemw-hn-
cp≤ {]h¿Ø- \ - ß ƒ°v AtX
\mW-b-Øn¬ Xncn-®-Sn-\¬Im≥
I®sI´n-bn-d-ßnb aJvZo X߃
1882-˛¬ ap∏-Øn-b©mw hb- n¬
k¿°m¿ tPmen hen-s®-dn-™p.
Aßs\ shfn-b-t¶m-´p-Im-c-\mb
B bph {]t_m- [ - I ≥ tIc- f -
Øn¬ Aßp-∂n-tßmfw Ckvem-an-
Im-ib {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn Np‰n
k©-cn-®p. {]kw-Khpw FgpØpw
D]-tbm-Kn®v Ckvem-ans‚ {]Xn-
tbm-Kn-Isf t\cn-´p. {InkvXy≥
anj-\dn {]h¿Ø-\ß - sf {]Xn-tcm-
[n-°p-I apJy-e-£y-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-
\m¬ Ipcn-ip-a-X-Øns‚ hna¿i-\-
hn-i-I-e-\-ß-fpsS AXn-{]-kcw
At±-lØ - ns‚ cN-\I - f
- nepw samgn-
I-fnepw ImWmw.
1884- ˛ ¬ ss{Ikv X - h - c psS
{Xntb-IXz hnizm-ksØ {]mam-Wn-
I- a mbn \ncq- ] Ww sNøp∂
"ItTmc IpTmcw' F∂ {KŸ-Øn-
eq-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p Xß-fpsS Ac-
t߉w F∂p ]d- b mw. AXn\v
{InkvXy≥ ]fin-X≥ adp-]Sn Ipdn-
®- t ∏mƒ "ItTmc h{Pw' F∂
t]cn¬ aJvZo X߃ Hcp {]Xym-
Jym\w Fgp- X n. AtXmsS adp-
]£w Xe-Xm-gvØn. 1892-˛¬ Xncp-
h-\-¥-]p-c-Øp-\n∂v "{InkvXob
At⁄b hnPbw AYhm ]m¿°-
eoØm t]m¿°fw' F∂ {KŸ-an-
d-°n. PqX-˛-ss{I-kvXh thZ-ß-
fnse hmKvZØ {]hm-N-I≥ apl-
ΩZv \_n- b m- s W∂v ss__nƒ
kq‡-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ hni-
Zo-I-cn-°p∂ Cu IrXn°v adp-]-Sn-
sb-gp-Xp-∂-h¿°v 200 cq] C\mw
{]Jym- ] n- s ®- ¶ nepw adp- ` m- K - Ø p-
\n∂v {]Xn-Ic - W
- s- am-∂p-ap-≠m-bn-√.
{KŸ-c-N-\-bm-cw-`n-®-tXmsS
Hcp {]kv ÿm]n- t °- ≠ n- h - ∂ p.
AXn-\mbn At±lw ]e apkvenw
[\mVyscbpw kao-]n-®p. HSp-hn¬
Be-∏p-g-bnse Nne-cpsS klm-b-
tØmsS 1890-˛¬ DtZymKw cmPn-
sh® tijw Xs‚ I¿aafi-e-am-
bn-cp∂ sIm®n-bn¬ apl-Ω-Zob
{]kv ÿm]n-®p. Fgp-Øn¬\n∂v
]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-cw-K-tØ°v IS∂
X߃ sIm®n I¬h- Ø n- b n¬
Xma- k n- ® n- c p∂ sIm®n ]≈n
JmZnbpw _mw•q¿°m- c - \ p- a m- b n-
cp∂ JmZn¿imlv lmPn _m∏p
kmln-_ns‚ ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬
1888- ˛ ¬ "kXy- { ]Imiw' F∂
t]cn¬ Hcp hmcnI XpS- ß n.
F∂m¬ HºXp amk- ° m- e ta
AXv \S-∂p-≈q. tijw 1892-˛¬
(ln. 1312 Zp¬JAZv) aJvZo X߃
Xplv^-Øp¬ AJvbm¿ h ln-Zm-
b-Øp¬ Aivdm¿ F∂ t]cn¬
Hcp Ad_n ae-bmf ssZzhm-cnI
]pd-Øn-d-°n. Ckvem-ans‚ \m\m-
h- i - ß sf ]cn- N - b - s ∏- S p- Ø p∂
]{Xw "Zo\n- s \bpw Zp≥bm- h n-
s\bpw kw_‘n°p∂-Xmb ]e
kwK- X n- I fpw AS- ß n- b n- c n-
°p∂p'sh∂mWv X߃Xs∂
]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. tN\Øv hf-
∏n¬ kønZv A_v Z p¿d- l v a m≥
sslt{Zmkv F∂ ASna apkven-
bm¿ (sIm-®n), AWn-bm-]p-dØv
AΩp kmln_v (X-e-t»-cn), Ad-
kvs]j¬ ]Xn∏v '98
°¬ Ip™-l-ΩZv auehn (sIm-®n) F∂n-h-cm-bn-
cp∂p kl-{]-h¿Ø-I¿. 106 h¿jw apºv \S-Ønb
B ]{X{-Øns‚ D≈-S°w Bcnepw hnkva-b-ap-f-hm-
°pw. kztZ-i-˛-hn-tZi hm¿Ø-Iƒ, Jp¿-B≥ hymJym-
\w, IYbpw \¿a-hpw, Ncn-{Xw, B]vX-hm-Iy-߃,
kz`mh kwkvI-c-Ww, tNmtZym-Ø-cw, {]Xn-I-cWw
XpSßn ]{¥- t ≠mfw Xe- s °- ´ p- I - f p- ≠ m- b n- c p∂p
AXn¬. A°m-esØ kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Zb-\o-b-ÿn-
Xn-bn¬ At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ at\m-hn-jaw {]Y-
a-e-°-Øns‚ c≠mw t]Pn¬ tN¿ØXv Cßs\
hmbn°mw:
""ASp-°f hn´p -t]m-bn√
Adn-hp-t≈msc I≠n√
InXm-s_m∂pw ]Tn-®n√
^Xvhm-s°m´pw ap´n√''
""\ i‡n \m klmbw kz˛
¥°q-´-Øn¬ kzbw _mJo
Akqb ZpjvS arKw t]m¬
kZm kºm-Znbw _mJo
]d-™ßp \nK-fn°pw
]c-kv]cw ktlm-Z-c¿
Alw-`mhw Al-¶mcw
\nd™ \mSnbw _mJo''
"kXy-{]-Imi'Øn\p-tijw tImgn-t°m-Sv, sIm®n
F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂v "]tcm-]-Imcn' F∂ t]cn¬
c≠p Xh-W-bmbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn® amknI 3 h¿jw
\ne-\n-∂p. 1909-˛¬ At±lw "Xp¿°n kam-Nmcw' F∂
kmbm” ]{Xw XpS-ßn. Xp¿°o Jnem-^-Øns‚
]ptcm-K-a-\-hr-Øm-¥-߃ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp∂ B
]{Xhpw Bdp-am-k-Øn-e-[nIw ]nSn-®p-\n-∂n-√.
Jp¿-B≥ ]cn-`mj Xbm-dm-°m\pw aJvZo X߃
{ian-®p-sh-¶nepw \n¿`m-Ky-h-im¬ AXv ]q¿Øo-I-cn-
°m-\m-bn-√. GXm\pw Nne kqd-Iƒ hnh¿Ø\w
sNbvX-Xns‚ ssIsb-gpØv {]Xn-Iƒ a‰m-cp-sStbm
ssIbn¬s]´p \in-®p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. B
k¶-S° - Y aJvZo X߃ hnh-cn-°p∂p: "Ckvemw P\m-
`ym-ksØ Dt±-in®v D≠m-°nb ]pXp-N-cn-{X-߃
kvt\l-∏p-cp-´n¬ bmNn®p ssIh-i-s∏-Sp-Øn. AXv aS-
°n-°n-´p-hm≥ F´p-sIm√w \S∂pw Ah-[n-Iƒ tI´p
hyk-\n-®Xv IqSmsX Ah-km\w Ihnƒ c‡-h¿W-
ambpw Xo¿∂p. ]I¿∏p-Iƒ Im¨am≥ km[n-®-Xp-
an√' (a-JvZo-a-\x-t¢-iw, t]Pv 69).
kap-Zm-tbm-≤m-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n cwK-Øp-h∂
At±lw apkv e nw- I - f psS hnZym- ` ym- k - c w- K sØ
timNym-h-ÿ°p ]cn-lmcw tXSn. Cw•o-jv, ae-bmf
`mjm-]-T\w hne-°nb ]ptcm-ln-X-∑msc At±lw
{]t_m-[\w
AXn-\n-in-Xa- mbn hna¿in-®p. "]fin-Xs - \∂ apkveym-
∑m¿ ap≥kn-≤m¥w samgn-bmsX (ae-bmfw ]Tn-°m-
sX) tI´p-]-Tn® sI´ kwkmcw sIm≠v khn-kvXc
Ncn-{X-ßfpw I¿am-Nm-ch - n-[n-Ifpw Fgp-Xp-∂p. B hI
teJ-\-߃ ae-bmf hyp¬]Øn Ati-j-an-√mØ
_lp-P-\sØ alm A]-I-S-Øn-em-°p-∂p. `mjm
hyh-ÿ, D®m-cW t`Zw, A_-≤-kp-_-≤w, A¿Yw,
Imew, enwKw, hn`-‡n, k‘n-k-{º-Zmbw apX-em-b-
sXm∂pw Adn-bmsX ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xp-∂Xpw {]kn-
≤-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xpw k¶Sw Xs∂. apkven-bm¿ Fgp-
Xn-b-Xm-I-sIm≠v km[m-c-W-P\w `‡n-]q¿hw AXn-
ep-≈ samgn-Isf ]Tn-°p-∂p. kaqlw apgp-h\pw Zpjn-
°p∂p' (aJvZn-a-\x-t¢iw t]Pv 26,27). Ad-_n-b-£-c-
ßfpw Ad_nae-bm-f -en-]n-Ifpw Iq´n hmbn-°p-∂-
hn[w A\m-bmkw ]Tn-°m\pw ]e-I-sb-gp-Øn-eqsS
Jp¿-B≥ ]T\w XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw ]pkvXIw
aptJ\ AXm-cw-`n-°m\pw BZy-ambn {ian-®Xv aJvZo
Xß-fm-bn-cp∂p. lnPvd 1308(1888)˛¬ At±lw cNn®
XAveoap¬ CJvhm≥ F∂- Ir-Xn-bmWv BZysØ
Ad_n A£-cm-`ymk ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw. Ad-_n-˛-a-e-
bmfen]n ]cnjvIcW-Øn\v BZy-ambn ap∂n-´n-d-ßn-
bXpw At±-l-am-Wv. 1891-˛¬ A-t±lw apA-√n-ap¬
CJvhm≥ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp {KŸw cNn-®p. {]kvXpX
IrXnsb {KŸ-Im-c≥ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p: "ae-bm-
fn-I-fmb Ckvem-ans‚ Iem-ap¬ apJmw AAv\o (A-
Y-hm) \m´p-hm°v ae-bm-f-am-I-bm¬ AXns\ X≈n-
sh-∏m≥ ]mSn-√m-Xn-cn-°bpw B _mj-bn¬ Xs∂
InXm-_p-Ifpw a‰pw sbipXn hcn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
sb∂m¬ B _mjsb Ad-_p-sb-ip-Øn¬ sbip-
Xn-h-cp∂ Ah-kvX°v Ad-_p-sb-ip-Øn¬ ae-bmf
H® sImSp-°p∂ lpdq^v C√m-Xn-cn-°-bm¬ t_≠-
Xns\ D≠m-°nbpw X¿Io-_p-sIm-SpØpw icn-s∏-Sp-
tØ≠ Ah-Imiw \Ω-fn¬ Ccn-°-bm¬ B hI
kIe Bh- i y- ß sf \nh¿Øn- ° p- ∂ - X mb Hcp
InXm_v apA-√n-ap¬ CJvhm≥sb∂ \ma-Øn¬ \mw
D≠m°n A-®-Sn-∏n®p' (Xplv^-Øp¬ AJvbm¿....
]m£n-Iw, hm. 1 e°w 1 t]Pv 2). "ae-bmf `mj-bn¬
tIcf ]mWn-\n-°p≈ hymI-cW {]m[m\yw Ad-_n-
a-e-bm-f-Øn¬ apA-√n-ap¬ CJvhm\v \¬Im-hp-∂-Xm-
Wv. "Hcp \√ `mjm kmlnXyw Ad_n ae-bm-f-Øn¬
hf¿Øn- s b- S p- ° m≥ aJvZo X߃ sNbvX
kvXpXy¿l-amb tkh-\-Øn-s\mcp \nZ¿i-\-amWv
{]kvXpX {KŸw' F∂mWv {]apJ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\m-bn-
cp∂ a¿lqw ]n.F skbvXp apl-ΩZv A`n-{]m-b-s∏-
´Xv (tI-cf apkvenw Ub-d-IvS-dn, t]Pv 581).
`mjm-]T - \
- Ø
- n-\p-th≠n Hcp kwkvIrX ˛a-eb - m-
f-w˛-A-d_n \nL≠p cNn-°m≥ At±lw apXn¿∂p.
kvs]j¬ ]Xn∏v '98
Hcp IcSp tIm∏n Xbm-dm-°n-sb-
¶nepw AXv \jvS-s∏-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p.
{]kw-K-N-Xp-c\pw I¿tam-’p-
I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ X߃ tI-cf - Ø- n¬
Hc‰w apX¬ at‰ A‰w hsc
{]t_m-[\ kwkvI-cW {]h¿Ø-
\- ß - f p- a mbn HmSn- \ - S - ∂ p.
in¿°n\pw _nZvAØn\pw A‘-
hn-izm-km-\m-Nm-c-߃°p-sa-Xnsc
Bfl- s s[- c y- t ØmsS At±lw
s]mcp- X n. hSs° ae- _ m- d nse
apkvenw-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ \ne-\n∂
acp- a - ° - Ø m- b sØ \nin- X - a mbn
hna¿in® At±lw ssItb-‰-Øn-
\n-c-bm-bn.
At±lw {]t_m-[\w XpS-
ßp∂ ImeØv tIcf apkvenw-
Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ JmZn-cn, cn^m-Cu,
\Jvi_ - ¥- n, NnivØn, imZp-en apX-
emb ssiJp- a m- c psS Xzco- J -
Øp(Iƒ´p)- I ƒ {]N- c n- ® n- c p- ∂ p.
hnhn[ Xzco-J-Øp-Im¿°n-S-bn¬
]≈n _ln-jvI-c-Whpw A`n-{]m-
b-`n-∂-X-Ifpw {]I-S-am-bn. A‘-hn-
izm-km-\m-Nm-c-߃
sh®p]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ Xzco-J-Øp-
Im¿s°-Xnsc At±lw i‡-ambn
cwK-Øp-h-∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse apkvenw ]fin-
X¿°n-S-bn¬ IuXp-I-I-c-am-sbmcp
X¿°w \ne-\n∂ Ime-am-bn-cp∂p
AXv. em auPqZ C√-√mlv (A-√m-
lp- h n- s \m- g nsI Akv X n- X z- a n- √ )
F∂ a{¥w Dcp-hn-Sp-∂Xv A\p-h-Z-
\o- b tam A√tbm F∂- X mWv
hnj-bw. {]kn≤ Ad_n kmln-
Xy-Im-c\pw ]fin-X-\p-am-bn-cp∂
auem\m AlvaZv iodmkn (\m-Zm-
]- p cw), shfn- b - t ¶mSv X´m- ß c
Ip´ymap apkven-bm¿ apX-emb Hcp
hn`mKw D]-cyp‡ a{¥w sNm√p-
∂- X ns\ A\p- I q- e n®t∏mƒ
Ip∏Øv Da¿ apkven-bm¿ (X-fn-∏-d-
ºv), ssiJv apl-ΩZv amln≥ la-
Zm\n (h-Sp-Xe - , AcqIp-‰n), Be-∏pg
kpsse-am-\p_v\p BZw apkven-
{]t_m-[\w
bm¿ (B-e-∏p-g) XpS-ßn-b-h-tcm- ÿnc-Xm-a-k-am-°n. \nc-¥-c-amb
sSm∏w aJvZo Xßfpw AXns\ {]`m-j-Whpw hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Zhpw
FXn¿Øp. AXn¬ AssZz-Xm-i-b- ImcWw At±- l - Ø ns‚
ap-s≠∂pw AXn-\m¬ A\n-kvem- BtcmKyw \mƒ°p-\mƒ £bn-®p-
an-I-am-sW-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS h-∂p. BkvXvabpw Pzchpw hn´p-
hmZw. am-dn-bn-√. Aßs\ 1912 sk]v‰w-
kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-\n- _¿ 18-˛\v aJvZo X߃ A¥-cn-
d- ß nØncn® B alm- \ p- ` m- h \v ®p. ac-W-Øn\v GXm\pw an\n‰p-
{Iqc- a mb a¿Z- \ - ß fpw ]oU- \ - Iƒ°p apºv Xs‚ {]nb- s ∏´
ßfpw G‰p-hm-tß-≠n-h-∂p. tIc- XqenI h’-e-in-jy-\mb kn.hn
f-Øn-ep-S-\ofw Np‰n-k-©-cn®v {]`m- sslt{Zmkv kmln-_n\v \¬Inb
j-W-߃ \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ At±- At±lw "Rm\nXm Fs‚ d∫n-¶-
lsØ FXn¿°m≥ ]utcm-l n- te°v t]mIm-dmbn, C\n Cu t]\-
Xyhpw ]mc-º-cy-hm-Zn-Ifpw I®-sI- sIm≠v \o Ckvem-an\p th≠n
´n-bn-d-ßn. F∂m¬ FXn-cm-fn-I- PnlmZv sNøpI' F∂v HkyØv
fpsS Bt£-]ß - ƒ°v Dcp-f°- p-t∏- \¬In-bmWv hnS-hm-ßn-b-Xv.
cn-sb-t∂mWw At±lw adp-]Sn XAveoap¬ Jp¿-B≥, apA-
\¬In. GXm\pw apkvenw-bp-hm- √n-ap¬ CJvhm≥, acp-a-°-Ømbw
°sf sNehp sImSpØv {]t_m- F∂o 3 Ad-_n- -a-e-bmf IrXn-
[\ ]cnio-e\w \¬In-bn-cp∂p Ifpw Aº-Xn¬]cw ae-bmf `mjm-
aJvZo X߃. Xs‚ BZy-Ime Ir-Xn-Ifpw cNn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚
{]t_m-[-\-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp∂ IÆq- ae-bmf IrXn-I-fpsS Hcp kam-
cn¬ Hcp-]‰w apkvenw bphm-°sf lmcw tIcf Ckvem-anIv anj≥
kwL-Sn-∏n®v 1889-˛¬ apl-Ω-Zo-b- tImgnt°mSv {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
k` F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp kmwkvIm-
cn- I - k - a nXn cq]- h - X vI- c n- ® p.
CsXm∂pw ]ptcm- l n- X - ∑ m¿°v
ckn- ° p∂Xmbn- c p- ∂ n- √ . aJv Z o
Xß- f psS aX- { ]- ` m- j Ww A\n-
kv e m- a n- I - a ms- W ∂v ÿm]n®v
s]m∂m-\n-bn-sebpw a‰pw aX-]-
fin-X¿ cwK-Øp-h-∂p. AtX-k-
abw s]m∂m\n aJvZq-am-bn-cp∂
a¿lqw ]pXn-b-IØv A_vZp¿d-
lvam≥ F∂ _mh apkven-bm¿
X߃°-\p-Iq-e-ambn Ad-_n˛-a-e-
bm-f-Øn¬ ^Xvh-bn-d-°n. Xncp-h-
\- ¥ - ] p- c sØ {Inkv X ym- \ n- I ƒ
tIkp sImSp-Ø-t∏mƒ apkvenw-
Iƒ klm-bn-°msX amdn-\n-∂Xpw
lnµpktlmZ-c-∑mcpsS Bflm¿Y-
amb ]n¥pWsIm≠v c£-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sNbv X IY aJv Z o a\x-
t¢iØn¬ (t]Pv 64,65) X߃
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p-≠v.
1911-˛¬ A\m-tcmKyw aqew
At±lw t^m¿´p sIm®n- b n¬
kvs]j¬ ]Xn∏v '98