Copyrighted Materials Crees 20 / Influence Lines 20.1 INrLUENC ‘The structures we have considered so far have boon subjected to loading systems that were stationary, ie. the loeds remained ina fixed position in relation tthe structure In many practical situations, however, structures cary loads that vary continuously For example, a building suppor a sjsem of stationary loads which consist ofits sl ‘weigh, the weight of any permanent fixtures (suchas partitions, machinery, ct.) and Also a system of imposed or ‘lv’ loads which comprise snow loads, wind loads or any movable equipment. The stuctral elements ofthe building must then be designed to withstand the worst combination ofthese xed and movable load ‘Other forms of movable load consist of vehicles and trains that cross bridges and viaducts. Again, these structures must be designed to support thei slEvcight, the weight of any permanent Sintues such as a oad deck or railway track and also the forces produced by the passage of vehicles o trans. Ii then necescary tod the eritcal positions of the vehicles oF trains in relation tothe bridge or viaduct. Although these loa are moving loads, they are assumed tobe moving or changing at such a slow rate that dynamic elfects (uch ss wrations and oscillating stresses) ae absent, ‘The effects of loads that occupy diferent postions on a structure can e studio by means of influence ines Influence inesgvethevalue ata particulerpoint ‘of functions suc as shear fore, bending moment and displacement for al postions ‘ofa travelling unit load they may alsa be constructed to show the wasation f support reaction withthe unit load position, From these nflunce lines the vale of function ‘ofa traveling unit load they may also be constructed show the variation of support reaetion with the unt load position From thes influence lines the value ofa fuetion ata point can be cakvulated fora system of loads teaversing the structure, For this we use the principle of superposition so thatthe structural systems we conser mus be linearly elas Lines ror Bras iN Contact wenn tHe Loan \We shall now investigate the construction of influence lines for support resctions and for the sheat force and bending moment ata section of «beam when the travelling load isin continuous contact with the beam owPreune 20.1 Neato heat Soot bending nome ence Tine faa ioply ‘imped bes 204 Influence Lines for Beans in Contact withthe Load + O81 teas Met 7 ® Consider the simply supported beam AB shown in Fig. 20.1(a) std suppose that we ‘wish construct the influence lines forthe support reactions, Ry and Rp, and also for the shear force, Sx, ad bending moment, Mg, at given section Kall the ialuence lines are consructed by considering the passage of unit load acros the beam, Ry influence tine Suppose thatthe unit load has reached a position C, a distance x fom A, ast travels across the beam. Then, considering the moment equilibrium of the beam about B wwe have Ral ML)which gives ena) Hence Ry isa linear function of and when x =0, Ra =I and when x =L, Ry =O ‘both these results are obvious from inspection. The influence ine (for Ry (Rall) isthen as show in Fig. 20.10). Note that when the unit loud is a C the value of Ry is given by the ondinae edn the Ra inuenee Fine Rg influence ls ‘Tae influence line for the reaction Ry is constructed in an identical manner. Thus, taking moments about A Ral ~tn=0 so that Raat eo, || A Equation (20.2) shows that Ra is linear funeton ofx. Further, when x=0, Re . and when.x=L, Ra= 1, giving the influence line shown in Fig. 20.1(¢) Again, with | the unit load at Cthe value of ais equal to the ordinate exe in Fig. 20.10), Sk intluence ‘The value ofthe shear force atthe section K depends upon the positon ofthe unit load, ie, whether itisbetween A and K orbeween K and B. Suppose iiialy thatthe ‘nit oad is atthe point C between A and K, Then the shear force at Kis given by Sk= Ro 0 that fom Eg. (20.2) 7 03) Sek Ose ‘The sign convention for shear force is that adopted in Section 32, We could have «established Eg. (20.3) by expressing 3 in terms of Ry. Thus si Rye B Sk == Rat Sunstituing for Rg from Eq, (20.1) we obtain box 5k L as before, Cleary, however, expressing Sx in the terms of Ry is the most direct approach, We ce from Eg, (203 that Sx varies linearly withthe postion of the load. Therefore when x=0, Sx = and when x=a, Sk =aiL, the ordinate kg in Fig. 20.1(), and is20.1 Inuen ines for Beams in Contact with the Lo + ots the value of Sx withthe unit load immediatly to the lft af K. Thus, with the load hotweon A and K the Sk afluenes lines the line ain Fig. 2.1(2) so that, when the unit oad is at C, the value of Sis equal othe ordinate ex. ‘With the wnit load between K and B the shear forse at Kis given by Sk=-Ry (0rSq=Re=1) Substituting for Ry fom Eg. 20.1) we have @srsh) 04) Again Sk isa inca funtion of oad positon, Therefore when. x =a, 4, the unit load i immedtately to the right of K, Sx. ‘ordinate kin Fig. 20.10). rom Fig. 20.1) we sec thatthe gradient ofthe line arg sequal to [a/)— Of = UL. and thatthe gradioat of the ine hb is equal to [0+ (L-—ay EY IL. Thus the gradient of the Sx influsnce line isthe same on bath sides of K, Furthermore, htkgorgh=(L—a)ib-+aib = .S«=Oand when (L = ail whieh isthe Mg influence line “The value ofthe bending moment at K also depends upon whether the unit load iso the left or right of K, With the unit load at C Mg=Ro(L—e) (or My = Raa — Ma —a)) ‘which when substituting fr Rs fom Eq (20.2) becomes 05) 0M ‘From Eg. (20.5) we see that My varies linearly with. Therefore, when. and whens =a, My =(L.~a/L, which s the ordinate kyj in Fig. 2.1(). w() ‘momenta Kishen the in sb 8 shown in Fig, 20.1(¢) Henee the bending moment at K with the uni load at Cis the ordinate es in Fig. 20.1(6, 20)one (Chaper 20-7 tattuence Lines In establishing the shear force and bending moment influence lines fr the section K ‘ofthe beam in Fig, 20.1(a) we have made wse of the previously derived relationships for the support reactions, Ry aad Ry. If only the inuence lines for Sx and My, had ‘been required the procedure would have been a8 fllons. With the unit load hereon A and K Se= Re Now, taking moments about A Ryb—x=0 sothat Therefore ‘This of course, amounis to the same procedure a before excep that the calcalation ‘of follows the writing down ofthe expression for Sx. The remaining equations for the infuence ines for x and Mate derived in a similar manner, ‘We note from Fig. 2.1 that all he influence lines ae composed of straight-line seq: rents. This isavays the case for statically determinate structures. We shall therefore make use ofthis property when considering other beam arrangements, AMPLE 20.1. Draw influence lines forthe shea forse and bending moment at the setion Co the beam shown in Fig. 202(8), In this example we are not required to obi the influence lines for the support reac: tions, However, the influence lie forthe reaction Ry has been insluded to ilustate the difference Between this influence line and the influence line for Ra in Fig. 20.106), the reader should verify the Ry influence line in Fg, 20.20), Since we have established that influcnce lines for statically determinate structures consist of linear segments they maybe constructed by placing the unit load at different postions, which wll enable us to ealelate the principal values Se influe With the unit oad at Se =—Ru=0 (by inspection) With he unit foo immedit tothe eto C Se= Ry o= 7 ho wea fio H * = e % sn = ‘ & Pretw 202 Shar of “ Yoece and being ‘moment infnenoe Fine fa the bean Ys A Fe a0. ene [Now taking moments about A we have Ry x6-1x2=0 which gives ‘Therefore, from Ea, () Se wo [Now with the unit lad immediately tothe right of © Se= Ry, Git) “Taking moments about B gives Ra xb 1420 A WER Ry, so that, from Eg 646 + Chapier 20 / Inituence Lines ‘With the unit toad at B = Ry =O (by inspection) wPlacing the unit load at D we have ” ‘Again taking moments about B Rax6+ie? from which Raed Hence 7 Se oi) ‘The complot influence line forthe shoarfores at Cis then as shown in Fig, 20.2(0 Note that the gradient of cach of the lines aj¢ by and byg is the same. Me influence line With the unit oad placed at A Me +Ra 0 (Ry =0 by inspection) With the unit oa at © a 3 inwhich Ra =2 with the unit load at C (se above). With the unit load at B Me = 48x Me = HRs x 0 (Ry =0 by inspection) Finally, wit the unt oad at D Me = 4a x2 ‘but, again from the eleulation of Se, Ra =~ 13. Hence Me=-} ‘The complete influence line forthe bending moment at Cis shown in Fig. 202(d) Note that the lin hb is one continuous line ONE-CLICK Business Builder a PA {nes for Beams in Contact wih + onA) 20.2 Mernien-Brest.ww Prive [A simple and convenient method of constructing influence lines is 1 employ the “Mueller-Breslau prineiple which ies the shape of an influence line without the values ofits ordinates; these, however, are easly calculated for italy determinate systems from geometry Consider the simply supported beam, AB, shown in Fig. 20.3(a) and suppose that 2 unit ods crossing the beam and hasreached the point Cadistances from A. Suppose ko that we wish to determine the iluence line forthe moment atthe section K, 8 dlstancea from A. We no impose a viral displacement, 4c, tC such that internal ‘work is done oaly by the moment at K, ie. we allow a change in gradiont, x, at K 0 that the lengths AK and KB rotate as rigid links as shown in Fig. 20.3(0). Therefore, {rom the principle of virtual work (Chapter 15), the external vitwal work done by the Toad sequal tothe ternal virtual work done by the moment, Mf, at K. Thus Tae = Mic we choose eso tha is equal 0 unity a Me ic. the moment atthe section Kd toa unit oad atthe point C, an arbitrary distance «from A, is equal to the magnitude ofthe virtual displacement at C. But, as we have e (oy Prevws 2033 oa se Vesfation ofthe at Murer eta r @ 48 + Chaper 20 7 scon in Section 20.1 the moment ata section K due to a unit load ata point Cis the influence line for the moment at K. Therefore, the Mg influence line may be ‘constructed by introducing 8 hinge at K and imposing a unit change in angle at K;the Aisplaced shape is then the influence Tine.B ‘The argument may be extended to the construction of the influence line for the shear force, ya the section K, Suppose now thatthe virtual displacement, wc, produces shear displacement, usxat Kas shown in Fig. 20.(¢) Not that the drcetion of wis no in agreement withthe sgn convention for shear force. Agia, fom the principle of virtual work we = Sus. Le choose 1¢ so that vs 5x tc 03) Hence, since the shear force at the section K due to unit load at any point Cis the influence line forthe shea force at K, we oe that the displaced shape in Fig, 20.(¢)i8 the inflaence line for Sx when the disptacement at K produced by the virtual dspace ment at C is unity. A similar argument may be used to establish reaction influence lines, “The Mueller-Bresau principle demonstrated above may be stated in general terms as follows: "TRS SEGRE OH TAN THe TOF PANIC ORATOR OPO TRATGR, THE TOTE tending moment, te) cane obtained by removing the resstanceof he stuctut ott fenction a he sction for which the faflence Hine i requved ad appbing a fleeal Fore coresponaing wa nein so hat sunt dpsement prose at th sation ‘ieroing dep shape fhe rr Ben repent te shan oft ae Exsupu: 20.2 Use the Mustor-Bresau principle to determine the shape of the shear force and bending moment influence lines forthe section Cin the beam in x20. (Fig. 20.2(a) and eaevlate the wales ofthe principal oninates, tn Fig. 2040) we impose uni shear displacement at th ston CIs we are removing th estan shea ofthe beam at by eting the beam tC. We then top patve thar tne fo the Oo lee the at ecto in aecordanes wil the Scomentonaf Seton 32 Thus thbeam the ito Cis splaceddowavards ‘hile th eam tothe et of Cs dspace ypmards Since the ope of the inence Tine isthe same oncachsie of Cw an deeming the odnates etna ine ty gsm, Hence in Fig. 2040) PB se _ ot ‘ar ~ ib; 20.8 Sytem of Tr “Therefore Parther sinceProva 204 consection of infarc ines wing ‘he Shaler resla cereal 1 2 fof F asbefore. The ordinate ig (=$) follows. In Fig, 204) we have, from the geometry ofa rangle, 1 (catenal angle = sum of opposite internal angles) ‘Then, assuming thatthe angles wand f are smal so that thee tangents are equal to the angles in radians oh ot whenee cch= 3 (= flows From iar Tangle. Win Fig WI), The ordinate se e » ‘ a 7 = & me on + Chapter 20-7 20.3. Systems or TRAVELLING Loaps Influence lines for beams are constructed, swe have seen, by considering the passage ‘of 4 unit load across a beam or by employing the Mueller-Bresiau principle. Onve constructed, an influence line may be used to determine the value of the particular function for shear foee, bending moment, etc. at a section ofa beam produced by any system of travelling loads. These may be concentrated load, distributed loads oF ‘combinations of bth. Generally we require the maximum values of a function as the loads eros the beam, CONCENTRATE LOADS By definition the ordinate ofan influence line ata point gives the value ofthe function ata specified section ofa beam duc to unit load positioned at the point. Thus, in the ‘ben shown in Fig 20.1(a) the shear fore at K due toa unit load at Cis equal to the ‘oxdnate eof ia Fig. 20.1(d). Since we are assuming that the sytem i ineasi follows‘The argument may be extended to any numberof travelling loads whose positions ano fixed in relation to eachother. In Fg. 205(a), for example, three coneoateated loads, 1, Ws and Ws are crossing the beam AB and are at fixed distances ¢ and d apart. Suppose that they have reached the positions C, Dand E, respectively, Let ws tw - mt < © 25 Systems of Traveling Lowe + 651 alko suppose that we require values of shear force and bending moment atthe section K: the Si and Me influence lines are then constricted sing either ofthe methods described in Sections 20.1 and 202. Since the system is linear we ean use the principe of superposition to determine the combined effects ofthe loads. Therefore, withthe loads inthe postions shown, and referring to Fig. 205(6) Sk = Wiss + Wasa + Wass 209) in which s,s2 andy are the ordinates under the loads inthe Si influence line Silly, rom Fig, 205(¢) Mg = Wim + Wang + ym (e010) ‘where msm and mare the ordinates under the load in the Mf influence lin,Maximum shear force at ean be wen from Fig. 205(b) tha, asthe loads, W and W's move to the right, the ordinates, ands increase ia positively toa peak value with jas tothe left of K, When WV passes othe right of , the ordinates, becomes negative, then nitude so thatthe shen force atK increases Sk = Wis, +192 + Ws tnd the magitude of i suddenly drops. As the loads move further to the right the now negative ordinates; decreases in magnitude while the ordinatessy ands increase positively. Therefore, a second peak value of Sy. occurs with WV justo the lft of K. When 13 passes to the right of K the ordinates; hecomes negative and Sk = =Wist = Was + Ws so that again there is sudden fall inthe postive value of Sig. A third peak valu is reached with Hs just tothe left of K and then, a8 W's passes o the right of K, Sk becomes completely negative. The same arguments apply for negative values of Sas the lace teal rm itt lft Thus wesc that maximum positive and negative values of shea force atascetion of beam oecur when ane of the loads iat that setion. In some cases iti obvious Which load wil give the greatest valu, in other eases tial and error method is use Maximum bending moment at K [A similar situation arises when determining the poston of a set of Toads 1o give the mmasimum bending moment ata section ofa beam although, as we shall se, a more Chapter 20-/ tnituence Lines methodical approach than til and error maybe used when the critical lod position isnot obvious ‘With he lods 17), Hz and Ws positioned ss shown n Fig. 20.(a) the bending moment, Mg, at Kis given by Eq (20.0), Mg = Wyma War + Wms [As the louds move to the right the ordinates my, mz and ms increase ia magnitude unt) passes K and begins 10 docreas. Thus My feaches peak value wth W' AK, Further movement ofthe loads to the right eauses sand ms to inrease, while ‘m; decreases so that a second peak valve occurs with Wat Ks similarly, athind peak wale is ached with Wat K. Thus the masimum bending moment at K will oar ‘vith load at K, In some cases this rtcal lod i obvious, o it may he found by rial tnd error a8 forthe maximum shear force at K. However, alternatively, the eritical load may be found 2s follows.Suppose thatthe beam in Fig. 205(a) caries a stem of conecatrated loads, W, Wo,---,Wjj---,Ma, and that they are ia any position on the beam. Thea, from 4. 20.10) se S0im ea Suppose now thatthe lass ave given a small displacement. The bending moment At then becomes My + 5M and each ordinate becomes + Sm. Therefor, fom Fy. @20.11) asst « Sym) deta Se oidy ate = Sms “Theretor, inthe limit as e+ Es -ynt inwhich did isthe gradient of the Mg infuence line. Thesefore, i Din Sateen ONE-CLICK Business Builder @ 20.3 Systems of isthe sm ofthe fons tthe eft of Kad Dhe isthe sam ofthe fads tthe ight of Kw hve om Eqs (205) and (20.6) a Dee St) + Sma Fora maximum value of Mi dite Eme(tet) Em t Oso that Lym = Lehi (201) From Eq, (2012) we see that the bending moment at K will be a maximum with oneofthe loads at K (rom the previous argument) and whea the load poe unit length of beam tothe left of Kis equal tthe load per unit length of beam fo the right of K. Part ofthe load at K may be allocated to AK and part to KB as required to fl this condition, Equation (2012) maybe extend as follows, Since Ly -Dmas Die then n= SH Le Subnttatng for Hote tHe hm in Eq, (20:12) we bsain tym, a) Rearranging we have Mi 634 + Chapter 20 /tattence Lines whence ttt ryMnbm (2013) Coming Eqs (20:12) and (20.13) we have 1 gby lsh, «1 shy, ax rom=jLMe=LMe 2018) ‘Therefor, for My tobe a maximum, there must hea load at K such that the load per unit length over the complete span sequal t the load per unit length of beam tothe leftof K and the load per unit length of beam to the right of K, EXAMPL:20.3 Determine the maximum postive and negativevalucs of shear force and the maximum value of bending moment atthe section K inthe simply supported beam AB show in Fig, 206(a) when its crossed by the system of load shown in Fig, mo(o) “The influence lines forthe shen force and bending moment at K are constructed using either ofthe methods described in Sections 20.1 and 202s shown in Fig. 20.56) and ()ie » | 1 | “ia Va. en tm » “ - by 200 Determination of oe crn at secton Ml = abe Rh 20.3 Systems of T ve shear force at is clear from inspection that Sy, wil be @ maximum with the SKN load just tothe lel, in whieh case the SKN louis off the beam and the oninate under the 4KN load in the Sx influence line is, from similar triangles, 01. Thea Sk(imax) =5 x03 44 «0 = LOAN Masi e shear foree at K cgath “There ac two possible load postions hich could give the maximum negative value of shear force at K; neither ean he eliminated by inspection. Fist we shal place the 3KN load just tothe right of K. The ordinates under the 4 and 5 kN loads are calelated from sila tangles and are -0:5 and 03, respectively. Then Sk =3% (0.1) 4+ 4x (-05)+5 x (03) = -3.0KN [Now with the load just tothe righ of K, the ordinates under the Sand 5 kN loads ate 0.1 and ~05, respectively. Then Sk = 3% (01) +4 (07) $5 x (3) = -S.0KN Therefore the maximum negative value of is 5.0 KN and occurs withthe 3KN loadimmediatly to the right ofK. Maximum bending moment at K ‘We position the loadsin accordance with he criterion of Bq, (214) The lord per unit length ofthe complete beam is(3-+4+5)/20=0.6kN/m. Thereforeifwe positon the {IEN load at K snd allocate 0.6 KN ofthe load to AK the lo per unit length on AK is (G+ 015)/6=0.64Nim andthe load per unit longth on KB is 3.4+5)/M4=0.6 KN, “The maximum bending moment a K therefore occurs with the 4KN load at Kin this ‘sample the critical load position could have been deduced by inspection With the loads in this position the ordinates under the 3 and SKN loads inthe Mx influene line are 1.4 and 3.0 espectively. Then My(max) = 33 14 $44.2 4550 .0= 360kNm DISTRIBUTED LOADS Figure 20.7(a) sbows a simply supported beam AB on which uniformly distributed load of intensity w and length fis crossing from lft to right. Suppose we wish to obtain values of shear force and bending moment at the section K ofthe beam. Again ‘we consruct the Sand Mc influence lines using ether ofthe methods described in Sections 204 and 202, Chapter 20 7 tattuence Lines seeFree: 207 Shear Tene and being moving ni “Tatribated ut we consider an elemental length i ofthe load, we may regard this sa concentrated load of magnitude w8!. The shea force, 8g, at K produced by ths elemental length of load is thea from Fig, 20.76) 8x = wie ‘The total shear fore, Sx, a K due fo the complete length of load is then sxe fivea ‘singe the load is uniformly cstibuted Seow 'sa 015) x area under the projection of thei in the Sx. inlunce line. Similarly 2010) so that Ag =w x areuunder the projection ofthe load in the My infuence ine Maximum shear force at K [tis clear from Fig, 20.7(0) that the maximum positive shear force at K ooeurs with the head ofthe load at K while the maximum negative sea free at K occurs wth the 20.5 Systems of Travelling Loads + 65 tailof the load atK. Noe thatthe shear force st K would be zer0 ifthe lad straddled such thatthe negative aca under the load inthe Sy influence line was equal tothe positive area under the load, Maximum bending moment at K If we regard the dstbuted load as compriking an nite number of concentrated loads, we can apply the eiterion oF (2018) wo aan the maximum value of tending momen aK. Thes the oad per uit length the compete bennett the load per nt enh of beam othe et of Kand the load per unit eng beam tothe right of K Therefore in Fig. 208, we poston the load sac hat, ik * kb aks sone (2017)From Fig. 208 fe ae ik ~ aki sothat aks ~ ck, (San) Simitaty e= (1 ‘Therefor, from Eq, (20.17) we see that fea tnd the ordinates under the extremities ofthe load in the My influence Hine are equal Ttmay aso be shown that hearea under the loadinthe Mx influence line sa maximum ‘when f= dg. This i an alternative method of deducing the position of the ood for ‘maximum heading moment at K. Note that, rom Ea, (20.17), K divides the loadin the same rato ait divides the span, Prev 20.8 Lod sin for main Eicting morn at K [EXAMPLE 20-4 A Toad of length 2 snd tensity 2EN/m crosses the Simply p> ported beam AB shown in Fig 20.(a),Caleulate the maximum positive and negative values of shoar forse and the maximum valuc of bending moment at the quarter span pin. su om »209 Masini shear - Fen and eng ‘moment athe qwrer mee ‘The shear force and bending moment influcnos lines forthe quarter span pont K are constructed in the same way as before and are shown in Fig. 209(b) and (). Maximum shear force at K “The maximum postive shen free at K overs withthe head ofthe load aK. Ta position the ordinate under the tal of the load is 0.05. Hence kN Sxl) 22 «1008 4035)2 “The maximum negative shear foree at K occurs withthe tal ofthe oad at K, With the load in this nosition the ordinate under the hea of the Ina is ~0.55, Ts ‘Se(aman ~ve) = meat K Maximum bending mo We pexition the fnad so that K divides the load in the same ratio that it dvides the span. Therefore 0.5m of the load isto the let of K and 1 Sm to the right of K eae ONE-CLICK Business Builder a 20.3 Stems of Tr "TS ORLAGTS TH WHS MR TANGTAGS TNS UR INS TH TERS Toad W THN TS TBS ‘ondinave under the head ofthe load, The maimum value of My i thas given by Maton) 2[}ase a7 x0s+fusn+19)+15] which gives M(x) = 6.75kNm DIAGRAM OF MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE Consider the simply supported beam shown in Fig. 20.10) and suppose that uni: formly distributed load of intensity w and length 1 (any ration of L may be chosen) ‘crossing the heam. We can draw a series of influence lines forthe sections, A, Ki, Ky, Ks, Ke and Bas shown in Fig. 20.10(5) an then determine the maximum postive and negative values of shear force at each ofthe setions Ki, Ks, et by considering frst the head of the load at Ki, Ko, et and theo the tall ofthe load at A Ky, Kis, ‘These values are then plotied as show in Fig. 2.10(¢). [With the head of the oad at Ky, Ko, Ks, Ky and B the maximum positive sear force00 + ET HY ATI ENG, A BS, WHET Ty IE BATTS COROT OT the areas aki, kik ef, See, ele inerease lineal, the maximum positive shear force also increases linearly atal sections of the beam between Ki and B. Ata section between A and Ky, the complete length of load will not be om the beam so thatthe ‘masimum value of postive shear force a this section wil not eon the straight ine and the diagram of maximum positive shear force between A and Ky wl be curved mas) Fret 20.19, Diagram of ° smesirtont aber fre Chapter 20 / aituence Lines ‘he maximum postive shea force should he calculated for at eastone section between ‘Aandi; An dental argument applies ta the ealeulaton f the maximum negative she force ‘which occurs with the tail ofthe load a a tam section. Thus, inthis case, the non Tineariy will egcur as the lod begins to leave the beam between Ky and B. REVERSAL OF SH AR FORCE In some structures it is beneficial to know in which parts of the steueture, if any, the maximum shear fore changes sin, In Section 4, or example, we saw that the dag ‘oma of truss resi the shear forces and therefore cule in tension or compression ‘depending upoa teirorientation andthe signof the sear force. If therelore, Wee that the sign of the shear force would remain the same under the design loading in 4 paticulae part ofa truss we could arrange the inclination of the diagonals o thatthey would always be in tension and would not be subject a instability produced by ‘compressive forces. I atthe same time, we knew in which pass ofthe tus the shear Force could change sign we coud introduce countesbracng (see Section 20.5). ‘Consider the simpy supported beam AB shown in Fig. 20.11(a) and suppose that it 6 In this example we require the Sp influence line so that we shall ia fact, need to consid the Yalu of Ry with the uit load on the span BC. Therefore feom Eq, (x) inFx 136 eae + ite = 12 Imex s80m) (i ty = ppg —2AAT + Me, 128) Om xy 80m) i) Hence from Eq, (i) a= (Gd maf + te — 8) ms) 80m) (ii) 1 Ta! Acheck on Bq, (vi shows that whens: = 4.1m, Ry Land whens = 80m, Ri =0, Sp influence Hine ‘With the unit load tothe let of D, the shear force, Sp, at D is most simply given by Sp= Ratt (is)678 + Chapier 20 7h ‘where; by taking moments about C, We Rave Ry x 8108-11) + Re ° © Substituting in Eg (x) for Re fom Ea, (vi) and rearranging gives L » si Ra = saglel 80m +250) oi) whence, from Eq. (x) Sp=-xge—stm) ex < 20m) si) ‘Therefore, when xj =0, Sp =0 and when 15 =2.0m, Sp =0.59, the ordinate dy in the Sp influence line in Fig. 2021). ‘With the nit load between D and B So = Ry so that, substituting for Ra, rom Eq. (x) 1 6 ae; +256) Om Ex SAO m i So= = 33st} ~ Soe) +256) @Om Sx 240m) cai) 20m, Sp =D, the ordinate dif in Fig. 20.21(¢) and when Now consider the unit load between Band C. Again S02 Ry ‘but inthis case, Ry in Ea (x) is given by Ea, (ii). Substituting or Ry from Ei. (vii) in Eq, (2) we obtainf Ba =—So = — sys 24} To — 388) OM Sn 80m) (RW) ‘Therefore the Spy inlucnoe line consists of three segments, a, and bch Mp Wi tn the unit load berween And D Mp =Ra x 2-12—m1) ow Substituting for Ry, from Ea. (xi) in Eg (xe) and simplising, we obtain Mo= ig! (} 4480) Os; =20m) (si) When =0, Mp =0 and when influence line in Fig. 2021(0, 0m, Mo: Si, the ordinate dah in the My Now with the unit load between D and i My =Ra x2 sit) f ‘Theretors, subsituting for Ra from Bay (x) wehwve col 256) msn = 40m) ei Mp = igi} Sin +250) @Om sn <40m) (ov) From Eq, (sii) we see that when xj =200, Mp =O, again the ordinate dh in Fig, 20.21(4). Also, when 21 = 40m, Mp =0. Finally, with the unit lod between B and C, My is again given by Eg. (i) but in which Ry sven by Eq (sin), Hence 1 og} 268 + 17661 — mex <80m) Gp 2674+ 176-384) Om =x) 280m) Ge) ‘Phe matimum ordinates in the Sp and Mf influence lines forthe span BC may be found by ditfeentating Eqs (xv) and (xix) with respect 10.x, equating to zero and ‘hen substituting the resulting values of x back in the equations. Thus, for example, from 9 s) 1 sg(teh 8 + 176) i RENT SOT Similarly Miy(mex) =—02 ats) =5.7m Rn Problems + 679 In this chapter we have eonsiructed influence lines for heams,trsses and beans. Cleary influence lines ean be drawn fora wie variety of sructures that cary ‘moving loads. Teir construction, whatever the structure, is based on considering the passage of a unit load acrss the structure.20.1 Construct influence Fig, P20.1(), 6) and () 1 for the support reaction at Ain the beams shown in Ans (4) Unitioad at ©, Ry =1.25, () Unit toad at C, Ry = 125: D. Ry = 025, (6) Unitload between And B, R= ts at C, Ry @ » Ze we 20.2 Draw influence lines for the sear forest Cin the beams shorn in Fg. P20.2@) and). © Ans, nunc line orisates 405,B=0, 20.3 Draw influence lines for the bending moment at C in the beams shown in Fig. P20.2a) and ( 620+ Chapter 20-7 tien Ans, Influence line ordinates (@D=-D1281, A=B=0, ()D=E=—01251, 4 254. 2st. R20. The simply supported beam shown in Fig. P20. carses a uniformly distributed travelling load of length 10m and intensity 20kNim. Calculate the maximum postive and negative values of shear force and bending moment at the section C of the beam. 4 Ans. So= S7SEN, HODKN Mc= {0kN om, -80KNm.Preume R204 P20 The beam shown in Fig. P20.5(a is erosse by the train of four loads shown in Fig, P20;(b) For section at mid-span, determine the maximum sagging and hogging bending moments Ans. +1013ENm, -775ENm, 206 A simply supported beam AB of span 20m is crossed by the train of loads shown in Fig P20. Determine the postion and magnitude ofthe absolute maximum ‘bending moment on the bear and aso the maximum values of positive and negative shear force anywhere onthe beam. Ans. M (tax) = 466.7kN m under a eentral load 10.5m from A. Sax ve) = ~104KN at A, S(max $¥e)=97 KN at B. Problems + ott 120.7 The three-span beam shown in Fig, P20.7 has hinges at C and En is central span. Consructinueneelinesfor the reaction at Bandfor the shear force andlbending ‘moment at the sections K and D. Ans Influence line oniates Ry A=0,B=1,C=125,E=F=6=0. Sk:A=0,K=105,B=0,C= 4025, E20, SoA, fans nang ee PO aac meFreon P20. 20.9 A simply supported beam having a span of Sm has a self-weight of 0.5kNim and carries a travelling uniformly distributed load of intensity 1.2kN/m and length |, Caleulate the length of beam over which shear reversal occurs, Ans The central 3m (graphical solution). 1220.10 Constrt an influcnss line forthe fore inthe member CD of the truss shown in Fig. P20.10and caleuate the force in the member produced by the loads pesitioned at, Dand E. Ans 28.1KN (compression). (682 + Chapter 20 / Infuence Lines rom s0WN 5a Prete P2010 Ran Draw influence lines forthe reactions at A and C and forthe bending moment {a¢Ein the beam syst shown in Fig, 20.8. Note thatthe beam AB is supported on the lower ben at D by a roller If 0 IDKN loads, Sm apart, cross the upper beam AB, determine the maximum values ofthe reactions at A and C andthe bending moment at E, Ans. Ra (max) = 16.7 RN, Remax) =17 SEN, Meas) = 583k m, om som tom P2011 The truss shown in Fig, 20.11 carves a tain of loads consisting of, left to right 40, 70, 70and o0 KN spaced at 2,3.and 3m, respectively. the selE-veight of the inussis ISkNim, calculate the maximum fore in eae of the members CG, HD and FE, PAKN, FE=—307KN,20.12 One ofthe main girders ofa bride the truss shown in Fig, P20.12, Loads are transmitted fo the truss through cross beams attached a the lower panel points ‘The selfeight ofthe truss is 30kNm and it caries a ive load of intensity 15KNim and of length greater than the span, Draw influence lines fr the force in each of the members CE and DE and determine thie maximum values Ans, CE= $37.31N, ~653KN, DE 4961 2KN, Prune R20.12 20,13 The Prat uss shown in Fig, 20.13 has aseoncight of .2kNim andearries uniformly istributed lve loa longer than the span of intensity 2.8KN/m, both being applied at the upper chord joints, 1 the diagonal members are designed co resist tension ony, determine which panels require counterbracing raePree P2010 ~ ape ofthe infuence lines rece P2014 Fcene Pa. Ans, Panels 4, 5 and 6 Problems + ot for the support reactions at A and B, and the sear foes and bending moment at E in he continous beam show in Fig. 220.14 20.18 Determine the equation of the influence lie forthe reaction at A in the ‘continuous beam shown in Fig B20.15 and determine its value when a load of 30Nim ‘overs the span AB, so B [Edema tl