Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ghosh 2017
Ghosh 2017
.ULOO+HUG$OJRULWKP6ROXWLRQIRUWKH(FRQRPLF
(PLVVLRQ/RDG'LVSDWFKLQ3RZHU6\VWHP2SHUDWLRQV
%UDWDWL*KRVK$MR\.XPDU&KDNUDERUW\$UXS5DWDQ%KRZPLN$QLUXGGKD%KDWWDFKDU\D
'HSDUWPHQWRI(OHFWULFDO(QJLQHHULQJ
1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\$JDUWDOD
-LUDQLD$JDUWDOD7ULSXUD,QGLD
EUDWDWL#JPDLOFRPDNFDOOO#\DKRRFRLQDUXSHHBQLWD#\DKRRFRPEKDWWDDQLUXGGKD#JPDLOFRP
Abstract—This paper presents an effective Krill Herd DQG HPLVVLRQ OHYHOV E\ VDWLVI\LQJ DOO XQLW DQG V\VWHPV
optimization technique to solve complex Economic Emission FRQVWUDLQWV
Load Dispatch problems having valve-point loading effect of
thermal generating units satisfying different power equality and 9DULRXVFODVVLFDOSURJUDPPLQJWHFKQLTXHVVXFKDV/DJUDQJLDQ
inequality constraints. Now-a-days due to several environmental
concerns, minimizing operating costs of thermal power plants is
UHOD[DWLRQ JUDGLHQW VHDUFK OLQHDU SURJUDPPLQJ DQG ODPEGD
not only the criterion in the power system operations. In this LWHUDWLRQ >@ DQG PRGHUQ KHXULVWLF RSWLPL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV
paper, fuel cost and pollutants emission functions are considered VXFKDVJHQHWLFDOJRULWKPV>@HYROXWLRQDU\SURJUDPPLQJ>
together and formulated as a multi-objective optimization @ GLIIHUHQWLDO HYROXWLRQ >@ DQG SDUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ
problem. The objective function for Economic Load Dispatch >@ KDYH EHHQ ZLGHO\ DSSOLHG LQ UHVROYLQJ WKH ((/'
and Economic Emission Dispatch are assumed to be a quadratic SUREOHPV ,Q >@ DQ RSWLPL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXH EDVHG RQ OLQHDU
non-linear one. So the overall objective function for Economic SURJUDPPLQJ KDV EHHQ GHVFULEHG WR VROYH (/' SUREOHPV
Emission Load Dispatch is nonlinear and complex in nature. 6HYHUDO PHWKRGV EDVHG RQ WKH FRQFHSW RI EHVW FRPSURPLVLQJ
Numerical results for two test systems have been presented to VROXWLRQ XVLQJ YDULRXV W\SHV RI HYROXWLRQDU\ RSWLPL]DWLRQ
illustrate the performance of the proposed method. The
comparative performance analysis with some of the recently
WHFKQLTXHV VXFK DV FKDRWLF 362 %LRJHRJUDSK\%DVHG
published methods demonstrates the capabilities of the proposed 2SWLPL]DWLRQ'(%%2JUDYLWDWLRQDOVHDUFKDOJRULWKP*6$
approach to find accurate and feasible optimal solutions for HWF KDYH EHHQ SUHVHQWHG LQ >@IRU DQDO\VLQJ ((/'
practical Economic Emission Load Dispatch problems. SUREOHPV
Keywords—Best Compromising Solution; Economic Emission *DQGRPL DQG $ODYL >@ IRUPXODWHG D ELREDVHG VZDUP
Dispatch; Economic Load Dispatch; Krill Herd optimization LQWHOOLJHQFH DOJRULWKP FDOOHG .ULOO +HUG DOJRULWKP .+$
technique; Transmission loss; Valve point loading ZKLFKPRGHOVWKHKHUGLQJEHKDYLRURIWKHNULOOV7KHDWWUDFWLYH
H[SORLWDWLRQDQGH[SORUDWLRQDELOLWLHVRIWKLVDOJRULWKPDQGDVLW
, ,1752'8&7,21 GRHV QRW JHW VWXFN DW ORFDO RSWLPXP SRLQWV LQ QRQOLQHDU
(FRQRPLF/RDG'LVSDWFK(/'DQRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPLV RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHPV WKH DXWKRUV ZHUH PRWLYDWHG WR
FRQVLGHUHG WKH PRVW SURGXFWLYH GHSHQGDEOH DQG ORZ FRVW LPSOHPHQW WKLV SURPLVLQJ DOJRULWKP RQ GLIIHUHQW QRQFRQYH[
RSHUDWLRQ RI D SRZHU V\VWHP IRU GLVSDWFKLQJ HOHFWULFDO SRZHU FRPSOH[ ((/' SUREOHPV XVLQJ WKH FRQFHSW RI %HVW
WRVXSSO\WKHORDGRQWKHV\VWHPDQGLWVREMHFWLYHLVWRUHGXFH &RPSURPLVLQJ 6ROXWLRQ %&6 LQYROYLQJ PXOWLREMHFWLYH
WKH WRWDO JHQHUDWLRQ FRVW RI XQLWV ZKLOH VDWLVI\LQJ FRQVWUDLQWV IXQFWLRQ>@.+$ZLWKFURVVRYHUDQGPXWDWLRQRSHUDWRUV.+
>@ %XW GXH WR LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI VHYHUDO SROOXWLRQ FRQWURO ,9 >@ LV DSSOLHG RQ WZR WHVW V\VWHPV XQLWV XQLWV
DFWVOLNHWKHHQDFWPHQWRIWKH86&OHDQ$LU$FWDPHQGPHQWV LQYROYLQJ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVVHV DQG YDOYH SRLQW ORDGLQJ HIIHFWV
RI WKH XWLOLWLHV DUH IRUFHG WR UHGHVLJQ WKHLU RSHUDWLRQ 7KH REWDLQHG UHVXOWV DUH FRPSDUHG ZLWK RWKHU RSWLPL]DWLRQ
VWUDWHJLHV IRU JHQHUDWLRQ RI HOHFWULFDO SRZHU QRW RQO\ DW UHVXOWVUHSRUWHGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHUHFHQWO\VXFKDV5&&52>@
PLQLPDOJHQHUDWLRQFRVWEXWDOVRDWPLQLPXPSROOXWLRQOHYHO 7KHUHPDLQLQJSDUWRIWKLVSDSHULVRUJDQL]HGDV
>@(FRQRPLF(PLVVLRQ'LVSDWFK(('KDVFRPH 6HFWLRQ SUHVHQWV WKH PDWKHPDWLFDO PRGHOOLQJ 6HFWLRQ
XSWRPLQLPL]HWKHHPLVVLRQRISROOXWDQWVOLNH12[62[&2[ GHVFULEHVWKHSURSRVHG.+$LQEULHI6HFWLRQGHDOVZLWKWKH
SDUWLFXODWH PDWWHUV HWF IURP WKH WKHUPDO SRZHU SODQW %XW QXPHULFDOH[DPSOHVDQGDQDO\VLVRIUHVXOWV7KHFRQFOXVLRQLV
RSHUDWLQJ HLWKHU DW ORZHVW JHQHUDWLRQ FRVW RU DW PLQLPXP GUDZQLQ6HFWLRQ
SROOXWLRQ OHYHO LV QR ORQJHU DFFHSWDEOH RZLQJ WR WKH IDFW WKDW
ERWK RI WKH REMHFWLYHV DUH FRQIOLFWLQJ LQ WKH VHQVH WKDW ,, 0$7+(0$7,&$/02'(//,1*
PLQLPL]DWLRQ RI RQH FDXVHV WKH RWKHU WR LQFUHDVH 7KLV OHG WR A. Economic Load Dispatch
WKHIRUPDWLRQRIFRPELQHG(FRQRPLF(PLVVLRQ/RDG'LVSDWFK
7KH DLP RI (/' LVWR PLQLPL]H WKH JHQHUDWLRQ FRVW LQ VXFK D
((/' D QRQOLQHDU PXOWLREMHFWLYH RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHP
ZD\ WKDW V\VWHP ORDG GHPDQG LV PHW ZKLOH VDWLVI\LQJ YDULRXV
ZKLFK IRFXVHV WR VLPXOWDQHRXVO\ PLQLPL]H ERWK WKH IXHO FRVW
FRQVWUDLQWV
738
,,, .5,//+(5'$/*25,7+0
.ULOO KHUG DOJRULWKP .+$ LV D SRZHUIXO PHWDKHXULVWLF x 7HVWV\VWHP,
RSWLPL]DWLRQ WHFKQLTXH SURSRVHG E\ *DQGRPL DQG $ODYL >@ 7KLV V\VWHP FRQVLVWV RI WHQJHQHUDWLQJ XQLWV KDYLQJTXDGUDWLF
DQGLVEDVHGRQWKHVLPXODWLRQRIWKHKHUGLQJEHKDYLRXURINULOO FRVWDQGHPLVVLRQIXQFWLRQVKDYLQJYDOYHSRLQWORDGLQJHIIHFW
LQGLYLGXDOV 7KH PLQLPXP GLVWDQFHV RI HDFK LQGLYLGXDO NULOO 7KHWUDQVPLVVLRQORVVLVDOVRFRQVLGHUHG7KHLQSXWGDWDIRUWKLV
IURPKLJKHVWGHQVLW\RIWKHKHUGDQGIURPIRRGDUHFRQVLGHUHG V\VWHPDUHWDNHQIURP>@DQGWKHWRWDOGHPDQGLVVHWDV
DV WKH REMHFWLYH IXQFWLRQ IRU HDFK NULOO PRYHPHQW 7KH 0: 7KH EHVW IXHO FRVW DQG EHVW HPLVVLRQ REWDLQHG IRU WKLV
SRVLWLRQ RI WKH NULOO LQGLYLGXDOV LV WLPHGHSHQGHQW DQG LV FDVH DUH JLYHQ LQ 7DEOH ZKLFK LV FRPSDUHG ZLWK 5&&52
XSGDWHG XVLQJ WKUHH PRWLRQV L 0RWLRQ LQGXFHG E\ >@7KHEHVWIXHOFRVWLVKUDQGEHVWHPLVVLRQ
QHLJKERXULQJ NULOO LQGLYLGXDOV LL IRUDJLQJ PRWLRQ DQG LLL LV WRQKU DQG WKHLU FRQYHUJHQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV LV
UDQGRPSK\VLFDOGLIIXVLRQ VKRZQ LQ )LJ DQG )LJ UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7KH %&6
7KH SURSRVHG .+$ LV GHYHORSHG DQG VXFFHVVIXOO\ KU DQG WRQKU REWDLQHG XVLQJ
LPSOHPHQWHGWRVROYHYDULRXVW\SHVRI((/'SUREOHPV .+$LVVKRZQLQ7DEOHDQGRQFRPSDULVRQZLWK02'(>@
7KH REMHFWLYH IXQFWLRQ RI ((/' LQ FRQWDLQV WHUPV OLNH 3'(>@ 16*$,,>@ *6$>@ 5&&52>@ LW LV VHHQ WKDW
FminFmaxDQGEminEmaxZKLFKKDYHWREHREWDLQHGIURP(/' WKHUHVXOWREWDLQHGE\.+$LVVXSHULRUWKDQWKHUHVXOWREWDLQHG
DQG(('SURJUDPVUHVSHFWLYHO\6REHIRUHSHUIRUPLQJ((/' E\ DQ\ RWKHU PHWKRG 7KH FRQYHUJHQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLF IRU
LW LV UHTXLUHG WR SHUIRUP (/' DQG ((' SURJUDPV VHSDUDWHO\ REWDLQLQJ %&6 XVLQJ .+$LV VKRZQ LQ )LJ DQG WKH
7KH GLIIHUHQW VWHSV RI .+$ IRU VROYLQJ (/' DQG ((' VLPXODWLRQWLPHUHTXLUHGSHULWHUDWLRQLVVHFRQGV
SUREOHPVDUHH[DFWO\VLPLODUH[FHSWWKHLUREMHFWLYHIXQFWLRQV
x 7HVWV\VWHP,,
,9 180(5,&$/(;$03/(6$1'$1$/<6,62)5(68/76 $ ODUJH V\VWHP FRPSULVLQJ RI IRUW\ JHQHUDWRUV KDYLQJ YDOYH
7R DQDO\VH WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH SURSRVHG .+$ WZR SRLQW ORDGLQJ HIIHFW DQG WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV LV WDNHQ LQWR
GLIIHUHQW ((/' SUREOHPV LQYROYLQJ WKH HIIHFW RI ERWK YDOYH DFFRXQW7KHORVVFRHIILFLHQWVDUHREWDLQHGIURP>@ZKHUHDV
SRLQW ORDGLQJ DQG WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVVHV DUH VROYHG XVLQJ WKH WKH FRVW DQG HPLVVLRQ FRHIILFLHQWV DUH JLYHQ LQ >@ 8VLQJ
SURSRVHG PHWKRG 7KH SURJUDP KDV EHHQ GHYHORSHG LQ .+$ WKH EHVW FRVW DQG EHVW HPLVVLRQ REWDLQHG DUH
0$7/$% ODQJXDJH DQG H[HFXWHG RQ D *+] ,QWHO KU DQG WRQKU UHVSHFWLYHO\
'XDO &RUH SHUVRQDO FRPSXWHU ZLWK *% 5$0 ,Q WKLV ZLWKWKHLUFRQYHUJHQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVVKRZQLQ)LJDQG)LJ
VLPXODWLRQ VWXG\ IRU ERWK WKH WHVW V\VWHPV QXPEHU RI NULOO 7KH%&6REWDLQHGLVKUDQG
LQGLYLGXDOV LV FRQVLGHUHG WR EH DQG WKH PD[LPXP QXPEHU WRQKU DQG LV VKRZQ LQ 7DEOH 7KH REWDLQHG UHVXOW KDV QRW
RI JHQHUDWLRQ LWHUDWLRQV LV WDNHQ WR EH 7R YHULI\ WKH EHHQ FRPSDUHG VLQFH WHFKQLTXHV IRXQG LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH WR
UREXVWQHVVRIWKHDOJRULWKPLQGHSHQGHQWUXQVDUHPDGHLQ VROYH WKLV WHVW V\VWHP KDYH QRW LPSOHPHQWHG WKH FRQFHSW RI
HDFKFDVHVWXG\LQYROYLQJGLIIHUHQWLQLWLDOWULDOVROXWLRQV %&6XVLQJ(&3,DQG)&3,0RUHRYHUPRVWRIWKHWHFKQLTXHV
7KH .+$ SDUDPHWHUV XVHG IRU WKLV VLPXODWLRQ VWXG\ DUH DV XVHG IRU VROYLQJ ((/' SUREOHPVKDYH VWXGLHG IRUW\
IROORZV Ct WKH PD[LPXP LQGXFHG VSHHG Vmax XQLWVV\VWHP ZLWKRXW FRQVLGHULQJ WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV 7KH
PV IRUDJLQJ VSHHG Vf PV WKH LQHUWLD VLPXODWLRQ WLPH SHU LWHUDWLRQ LV VHFRQGV 7KH
ZHLJKWV wn wf WR HPSKDVL]H H[SORUDWLRQ FDSDELOLW\ RI FRQYHUJHQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLF IRU REWDLQLQJ %&6 LV VKRZQ LQ
WKH VHDUFK SURFHVV DQG WKHVH YDOXHV DUH OLQHDUO\ GHFUHDVHG WR )LJ
DWWKHHQGWRH[SORLWWKHVHDUFKVSDFH
7$%/(&203$5,621%(7:((1%(67)8(/&267$1'%(67(0,66,212%7$,1('86,1*',))(5(170(7+2'6)257(676<67(0,
Power generations(MW)
Units Best fuel cost Best emission
RCCRO[30] KHA RCCRO[30] KHA
7RWDOSRZHU0:
3RZHUORVV0:
)XHOFRVWKU
(PLVVLRQWRQKU
0D[LPXPKLWVWREHVWVROXWLRQRXWRIWULDOV
739
)LJ&RVWFRQYHUJHQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWHVWV\VWHP,WHQXQLWVREWDLQHG
XVLQJ.+$ )LJ(PLVVLRQFRQYHUJHQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWHVWV\VWHP,WHQXQLWV
REWDLQHGXVLQJ.+$
7$%/(&203$5$7,9(5(68/766+2:,1*%&686,1*',))(5(170(7+2'6)257(676<67(0,
Units MODE[21] PDE[21] NSGA-II[28] GSA[28] RCCRO[30] KHA
30:
30:
30:
30:
30:
30:
30:
30:
30:
30:
7RWDOSRZHU0:
3RZHUORVV0:
)XHO&RVWKU [A [A [A [A
(PLVVLRQWRQKU
)&3,
(&3,
'LIIHUHQFH
)LJ3DUHWR2SWLPDORIWHVWV\VWHP,WHQXQLWVREWDLQHGXVLQJ.+$
)LJ&RVWFRQYHUJHQFHFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWHVWV\VWHP,,IRUW\XQLWVREWDLQHG
XVLQJ.+$
740
7$%/( %(67 )8(/ &267 %(67 (0,66,21 $1' %(67
&203520,6,1* 62/87,21 2%7$,1(' 86,1* .+$ )25 7(67
6<67(0,,)257<81,76
Power generations (MW)
Units Best fuel Best
BCS
cost emission
)LJ (PLVVLRQ FRQYHUJHQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI WHVW V\VWHP ,, IRUW\ XQLWV
REWDLQHGXVLQJ.+$
)LJ3DUHWR2SWLPDORIWHVWV\VWHP,,IRUW\XQLWVREWDLQHGXVLQJ.+$
9 &21&/86,21
,QWKLVSDSHUDUHFHQWO\GHYHORSHGVWRFKDVWLFVHDUFKWHFKQLTXH
QDPHG .+$ LV SURSRVHG WR VROYH GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI ((/'
7RWDO3RZHU0: SUREOHPV DQG WR LPSURYH WKH FRQYHUJHQFH EHKDYLRXU RI WKLV
3RZHU/RVV0: PHWKRGJHQHWLFRSHUDWRUVRI'(KDYHEHHQLQFRUSRUDWHGLQLWV
)XHO&RVWKU HYROXWLRQ 7ZR GLIIHUHQW WHVW V\VWHPV DQG XQLWV RI
(PLVVLRQWRQKU ((/'SUREOHPVZLWKWKHQRQOLQHDULWLHVRIYDOYHSRLQWORDGLQJ
0D[LPXPKLWVWR WUDQVPLVVLRQORVVHVDUHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWRHYDOXDWHWKH
EHVWVROXWLRQRXW
RIWULDOV SHUIRUPDQFHRI.+$7KHVWXG\RIWKHXQLWVWHVWV\VWHPE\
)&3, FRQVLGHULQJ LWV WUDQVPLVVLRQ ORVV DQG VROYLQJ LW XVLQJ WKH
(&3, FRQFHSW RI %&6 KDV QRW EHHQ VWXGLHG HDUOLHU LQ WKH OLWHUDWXUH
'LIIHUHQFH 7RYHULI\WKHVXSHULRULW\WKHVLPXODWLRQUHVXOWVREWDLQHGXVLQJ
WKLV PHWKRG LV FRPSDUHG ZLWK VRPH RI WKH PRVW UHFHQWO\
SXEOLVKHG WHFKQLTXHV DYDLODEOH 7KH VLPXODWLRQ UHVXOWV VR
REWDLQHG E\ .+$ RXWSHUIRUP WKH UHVXOWV DFTXLUHG E\ RWKHU
PHWKRGV 7KH FRQYHUJHQFH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV REWDLQHG FOHDUO\
VKRZVWKHIDVWFRQYHUJHQFHVSHHGRIWKLVWHFKQLTXH0RUHRYHU
741
WKH PD[LPXP QXPEHU RI KLWV WR EHVW UHVXOWV FRQILUPV WKH >@ $$$ERX (O (OD 0$$ELGR 656SHD 'LIIHUHQWLDO HYROXWLRQ
DOJRULWKP IRU HPLVVLRQ FRQVWUDLQHG HFRQRPLF SRZHU GLVSDWFK SUREOHP
UREXVWQHVVRI.+$WRVROYHVXFKQRQFRQYH[FRPSOH[((/' (OHFWULF3RZHU6\VW5HV±
SUREOHPVDVIRUDOOWKHFDVHV.+$FRQYHUJHVWREHVWVROXWLRQ >@ /%HQDVOD $ %HOPDGDQL 0 5DKOL 6SLUDO 2SWLPL]DWLRQ $OJRULWKP IRU
LQPRUHWKDQWULDOV7KXVLWPD\EHFRQFOXGHGWKDW.+$ VROYLQJ &RPELQHG (FRQRPLFDQG (PLVVLRQ 'LVSDWFK(OHFWULFDO 3RZHU
SURYLGHV ZLWK VXSHULRU TXDOLW\ UHVXOWV LQ D FRPSXWDWLRQDOO\ DQG(QHUJ\6\VWHPV±
>@ 0 %DVX (FRQRPLF HQYLURQPHQWDO GLVSDWFK XVLQJ PXOWLREMHFWLYH
HIILFLHQWDQGUREXVWZD\,QIXWXUHVWXGLHV.+$PD\DOVREH GLIIHUHQWLDOHYROXWLRQ$SSO6RIW&RPSXW±
DSSOLHGLQRWKHUFRPSOH[SRZHUV\VWHPRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPV >@ $ %KDWWDFKDU\D 3.&KDWWRSDGK\D\ $SSOLFDWLRQ RI ELRJHRJUDSK\
VXFKDVK\GURWKHUPDOVFKHGXOLQJDQGXQLWFRPPLWPHQWHWF EDVHG RSWLPL]DWLRQ IRU VROYLQJ PXOWLREMHFWLYH HFRQRPLF HPLVVLRQ ORDG
GLVSDWFKSUREOHP(OHFWULF3RZHU&RPSRQ6\VW7D\ORU )UDQFLV
±
5()(5(1&(6 >@ $%KDWWDFKDU\D 3.&KDWWRSDGK\D\ 6ROYLQJ HFRQRPLF HPLVVLRQ ORDG
GLVSDWFKSUREOHPVXVLQJK\EULGGLIIHUHQWLDOHYROXWLRQ$SSO6RIW&RPSXW
>@ $$(O.HLE+0D-/+DUW(FRQRPLFGLVSDWFKLQYLHZRIWKHFOHDQ (OVHYLHU±
DLUDFWRI,(((7UDQV3RZHU6\VW± >@ 65DMDVRPDVKHNDU 3$UDYLQGKDEDEX %LRJHRJUDSK\ EDVHG RSWLPL]DWLRQ
>@ ,(((&XUUHQW2SHUDWLQJ3UREOHPV:RUNLQJ*URXS3RWHQWLDOLPSDFWVRI WHFKQLTXHIRUEHVWFRPSURPLVHVROXWLRQRIHFRQRPLFHPLVVLRQGLVSDWFK
FOHDQDLUUHJXODWLRQVRQV\VWHPRSHUDWLRQV,(((7UDQV3RZHU6\VW 6ZDUP(YRO&RPSXW±
± >@ &<DVDU 6g]\|Q $ QHZ K\EULG DSSURDFK IRU QRQFRQYH[ HFRQRPLF
>@ $-:RRG%):RROHQEHUJ3RZHUJHQHUDWLRQRSHUDWLRQDQGFRQWURO GLVSDWFKSUREOHP ZLWKYDOYHSRLQWHIIHFW(QHUJ\±
-RKQ:LOOH\DQG6RQV1HZ<RUN
>@ %+&KRZGKXU\65DKPDQ$UHYLHZRIUHFHQWDGYDQFHVLQHFRQRPLF >@ 3.5R\ 6%KXL0XOWLREMHFWLYH TXDVLRSSRVLWLRQDO WHDFKLQJ OHDUQLQJ
GLVSDWFK,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ3RZHU6\VWHPV± EDVHGRSWLPL]DWLRQIRUHFRQRPLFHPLVVLRQORDGGLVSDWFKSUREOHP(OHFWU
>@ -+ 7DODT ) (O+DZDU\ 0( (O+DZDU\ $ VXPPDU\ RI 3RZHU(QHUJ\6\VW±
HQYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLF GLVSDWFK DOJRULWKPV ,((( 7UDQV 3RZHU 6\VW >@ $&KDWWHUMHH 63*KRVKDO 90XNKHUMHH 6ROXWLRQ RI FRPELQHG
± HFRQRPLF DQG HPLVVLRQ GLVSDWFK SUREOHPV RI SRZHU V\VWHPV E\ DQ
>@ 0 $ELGR $ QLFKHG SDUHWR JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP IRU PXOWLREMHFWLYH RSSRVLWLRQEDVHG KDUPRQ\ VHDUFK DOJRULWKP (OHFWU 3RZHU (QHUJ\ 6\VW
HQYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLF GLVSDWFK (OHFWULF 3RZHU DQG (QHUJ\ 6\VWHPV ±
± >@ 8*YHQo <6|QPH] 6'XPDQ 1<|UNHUHQ &RPELQHG HFRQRPLF
>@ 0$ $ELGR (QYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLF SRZHU GLVSDWFK XVLQJ DQG HPLVVLRQ GLVSDWFK VROXWLRQ XVLQJ JUDYLWDWLRQDO VHDUFK DOJRULWKP
PXOWLREMHFWLYH HYROXWLRQDU\ DOJRULWKPV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 3RZHU 2ULJ5HV$UWLFOH6FL,UDQ±
6\VWHPV± >@ %6KDZ 90XNKHUMHH 63*KRVKDO $ QRYHO RSSRVLWLRQEDVHG
>@ 3 9HQNDWHVK 5 *QDQDGDVV 13 3DGK\ &RPSDULVRQ DSSOLFDWLRQ RI JUDYLWDWLRQDO VHDUFK DOJRULWKP IRU FRPELQHG HFRQRPLF DQG HPLVVLRQ
HYROXWLRQDU\ SURJUDPPLQJ WHFKQLTXHV WR FRPELQHG HFRQRPLF HPLVVLRQ GLVSDWFK SUREOHPV RI SRZHU V\VWHPV (OHFWU 3RZHU (QHUJ\ 6\VW
GLVSDWFKZLWKOLQHIORZFRQVWUDLQWV,(((7UDQVDFWLRQVRQ3RZHU6\VWHP ±
± >@ .%KDWWDFKDUMHH $%KDWWDFKDU\D 6+'H\ 6ROXWLRQ RI (FRQRPLF
>@ $$ $ERX (O (OD 0$ $ELGR 65 6SHD 'LIIHUHQWLDO HYROXWLRQ (PLVVLRQ /RDG 'LVSDWFK SUREOHPV RI SRZHU V\VWHPV E\ 5HDO &RGHG
DOJRULWKP IRU HPLVVLRQ FRQVWUDLQHG HFRQRPLF SRZHU GLVSDWFK SUREOHP &KHPLFDO 5HDFWLRQ DOJRULWKP(OHFWU 3RZHU (QHUJ\ 6\VW
(OHFWULF3RZHU6\VWHP5HVHDUFK± ±
>@ 6 +HPDPDOLQL 6LVKDM 3 6LPRQ (PLVVLRQ FRQVWUDLQHG HFRQRPLF >@ $+*DQGRPL$+$ODYL.ULOOKHUGDQHZELRLQVSLUHGRSWLPL]DWLRQ
GLVSDWFK ZLWK YDOYHSRLQW HIIHFW XVLQJ SDUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ LQ DOJRULWKP1RQOLQ6FL1XPHU6LPXO±
3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,((( 7HFKQLFDO &RQIHUHQFH ± 1RYHPEHU >@ 1.XPDUDSSDQ050RKDQ60XUXJDSSDQ$11DSSURDFKDSSOLHGWR
7(1&21 FRPELQHG HFRQRPLF DQG HPLVVLRQ GLVSDWFK IRU ODUJH VFDOH V\VWHP
>@ $ )DUDJ 6 $OB%DL\DW 7& &KHQJ (FRQRPLF ORDG GLVSDWFK ,Q3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO MRLQW FRQIHUHQFH RQ QHXUDO
PXOWLREMHFWLYH RSWLPL]DWLRQ SURFHGXUHV XVLQJ OLQHDU SURJUDPPLQJ QHWZRUNV,-&11±
WHFKQLTXHV ,((( 7UDQVDFWLRQV RQ 3RZHU 6\VWHPV ± >@ ,&LRUQHL (.\ULDNLGHV $ *$±$3, VROXWLRQ IRU WKH HFRQRPLF GLVSDWFK
RI JHQHUDWLRQ LQ SRZHU V\VWHP RSHUDWLRQ ,((( 7UDQV 3RZHU 6\VW
>@ 0$ $ELGR $ QRYHO PXOWLREMHFWLYH HYROXWLRQDU\ DOJRULWKP IRU ±
HQYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLF SRZHU GLVSDWFK (OHFWULF 3RZHU 6\VWHPV
5HVHDUFK±
>@ 6 ' &KHQD -) &KHQ $ GLUHFW 1HZWRQ±5DSKVRQ HFRQRPLF HPLVVLRQ
GLVSDWFK(OHFWULF3RZHU6\VWHP5HVHDUFK±
>@ 05$O5DVKLGL 0((O+DZDU\ (PLVVLRQ±HFRQRPLF GLVSDWFK XVLQJ D
QRYHO FRQVWUDLQW KDQGOLQJ SDUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ ,Q
&DQDGLDQ FRQIHUHQFH RQ HOHFWULFDO DQG FRPSXWHU HQJLQHHULQJ 2WWDZD
21&DQDGD±0D\±
>@ 7 7KDNXU .6HP 66DLQL 66KDUPD 3DUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ
VROXWLRQ WR 12 DQG 62 HPLVVLRQV IRU HQYLURQPHQWDOO\ FRQVWUDLQHG
HFRQRPLF GLVSDWFK SUREOHP ,Q ,(((3(6 WUDQVPLVVLRQ GLVWULEXWLRQ
FRQIHUHQFH DQG H[SRVLWLRQ /DWLQ $PHULFD 7'&¶ &DUDFDV ±
$XJXVW±
>@ &DL-LHMLQ0D;LDRTLDQ/L4LRQJ/L/L[LDQJ3HQJ+DLSHQJ$PXOWL
REMHFWLYH FKDRWLF SDUWLFOH VZDUP RSWLPL]DWLRQ IRU
HQYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFK(QHUJ\&RQYHUVLRQDQG0DQDJHPHQW
±
>@ 3. +RWD $. %DULVDO 5 &KDNUDEDUWL (FRQRPLF HPLVVLRQ ORDG
GLVSDWFK WKURXJK IX]]\ EDVHG EDFWHULDO IRUDJLQJ DOJRULWKP (OHFWULFDO
3RZHUDQG(QHUJ\6\VWHPV±
>@ 66LYDVXEUDPDQL.66ZDUXS(QYLURQPHQWDOHFRQRPLFGLVSDWFKXVLQJ
PXOWLREMHFWLYH KDUPRQ\ VHDUFK DOJRULWKP (OHFWULF 3RZHU 6\VWHPV
5HVHDUFK±
742