C 2016 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Replacement of canola meal with Moringa oleifera

leaf powder affects performance and immune
response in broilers
S. Liaqat,∗ S. Mahmood,† S. Ahmad,‡,1 Z. Kamran,∗ and K. C. Koutoulis‡§

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∗
University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of
Bahawalpur, Pakistan 63100; † Institute of Animal Science, University of Agriculture,
Faisalabad, Pakistan 38040; ‡ Al-Watania Poultry Institute of Technology, Al-Bukayriyah,
Saudi Arabia 51941; and § Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science,
University of Thessaly, Karditsa, Greece 43100

Primary Audience: Broiler Producers, Nutritionists, Researchers

SUMMARY
Moringa oleifera is known as a miracle tree due to its amazing nutritional and therapeutic
properties. Considering its nutritional value, Moringa oleifera leaf powder can be used as a
non-conventional ingredient in poultry diets. This study was conducted to investigate the effect
of the replacement of canola meal (CM) with Moringa oleifera leaf powder (MOLP) on growth
performance, blood hematology, and immune response in broilers. Two-hundred-twenty one-
day-old Hubbard broiler chicks were reared in one group for a wk (adaptation period). At 8 d
of age, 150 chicks of similar body weight (±5g) were selected and randomly divided into 15
experimental units, each comprising 10 chicks. These experimental units were further allocated
to 5 treatment groups that were fed Ration A (control), B, C, D, and E, containing 8% CM and
0% MOLP, 6% CM and 2% MOLP, 4% CM and 4% MOLP, 2% CM and 6% MOLP, and 0%
CM and 8% MOLP, respectively. The experimental diets were fed to the broilers for a period
of 31 d. The results of the present study suggest that replacement of CM with MOLP as a
vegetable protein source can enhance the immune response to Newcastle disease and infectious
bursal disease vaccination without any change in weight gain, body organ weight, and blood
hematology in broilers. The results also indicate that replacement of CM with MOLP results in
higher feed intake with some negative effects on FCR in broilers.

Key words: Moringa oleifera, canola meal, broiler, immunity, performance

2016 J. Appl. Poult. Res. 25:352–358
http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfw018

DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM used for several medical purposes due to its

Moringa oleifera belongs to the family
Moringaceae [1] and is widely grown in sub-
Himalayan tracts of India, Bangladesh, and Pak-
istan. It is locally known as “Sohangna” in
Pakistan. Various parts of this tree have been
1
Corresponding author: drshakeel@mail.com
hypo-cholesterolemic, anti-hypertensive, anti-
ulcerative, diuretic, and anti-inflammatory prop-
erties [2, 3].
Among non-conventional feed resources
available for poultry diets, Moringa oleifera leaf
powder (MOLP) is a good choice because of its
miraculous properties. Moringa oleifera leaves
are very nutritious and can be harvested at any
LIAQAT ET AL.: MORINGA LEAF FEED FOR BROILERS 353

time once the tree is grown. The MOLP contains Table 1. Analyzed Nutrient composition and
essential amino acid profile of Moringa oleifera
27.5 to 30.29% crude protein, on a dry matter leaf powder (MOLP) and Canola Meal (CM).
basis, of good quality with significant quantities
Component MOLP CM
of essential amino acids like lysine, methion-
ine, threonine, tryptophan, histidine, isoleucine, DM % 89.9 88.2
CP % 29.0 35.6
leucine, and phenylalanine [1, 4, 5, 6], which
CF% 9.31 12.1
is quite comparable to the composition of some EE % 1.70 2.91
traditional protein-rich ingredients available for
Amino acid (g/100 g Protein)

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poultry feeds. The MOLP is not only a good
source of protein but is also very rich in vitamins, Arginine 1.88a 5.78c
Histidine 2.58b 3.10c
minerals, and carotenoids [7]. The high amount
Isoleucine 5.87b 4.33c
of vitamin C (220mg/100g) in MOLP may pro- Leucine 8.38b 7.06c
vide better immunity and resistance against in- Lysine 5.87b 5.55c
fectious diseases in hot and cold climatic con- Methionine 0.95a 2.06c
ditions [8]. It also has been reported as an ex- Phenylalanine 4.26a 3.83c
Threonine 4.38a 4.39c
cellent source of other dietary antioxidants like
Tyrosine 2.20a 3.22c
phenolics, vitamin A, and vitamin E [9]. Consid- Valine 6.27b 5.46c
ering the potential nutrients in MOLP, it can be Adopted from:
used in the diets of broilers as a replacement for a
Chioma and Akaninwor [15].
other expensive protein-rich ingredients. It has b
Witt [16].
been reported that MOLP as a supplement in the c
Newkirk et al. [17].
broiler diet can significantly improve the growth
performance of broilers [10]. The incorporation
of MOLP in the ration also can enhance the im- investigate the effects of the replacement of CM
mune response in broilers. Researchers have re- by MOLP on growth performance, blood hema-
ported higher antibody titers against Newcas- tology, and immunological response in broilers.
tle disease (ND) and infectious bursal disease
(IBD) in broilers fed MOLP in the diet [11]. MATERIALS AND METHODS
However, MOLP contains small amounts of tan-
nins, saponins, and alkaloids [12], which may Moringa oleifera leaves of a local land race
negatively affect the production performance in were collected from 3-ft tall plants and dried for
broilers. Zanu et al. [13] reported that inclusion a period of 5 d under shade. The dried leaves
of MOLP in the diet reduced the weight gain in were ground and the material consequently ob-
broilers. Therefore, the use of MOLP as an in- tained was designated as MOLP, which was ana-
gredient in poultry diets needs to be evaluated lyzed for proximate components [14] as shown in
more carefully and extensively. Table 1.
Canola meal (CM) is commonly used in poul- Two-hundred-twenty one-day-old Hubbard
try diets due to its quality amino acid profile, broiler chicks were reared in one group and fed
but in Pakistan CM use in poultry diets is lim- with a commercial broiler starter ration for a wk
ited due to its high cost, dependency on import, (adaptation period). At 8 d of age, 150 chicks of
and contamination. This situation requires ex- similar body weight (± 5g) were selected and
ploration of non-conventional but quality sub- randomly divided into 15 experimental units,
stitutes that are locally available at a cheaper each comprising 10 chicks. These experimen-
price. Under these circumstances, MOLP may tal units were further randomly allocated to 5
be used as an alternative to CM in broiler diets as dietary treatments and fed on Ration A (contain-
a source of vegetable protein and other nutrients ing 8% CM and 0% MOLP; control), B (con-
for better production performance and immuno- taining 6% CM and 2% MOLP), C (containing
logical response. However, scientific informa- 4% CM and 4% MOLP), D (containing 2% CM
tion on the use of MOLP in broiler rations is very and 6% MOLP), and E (containing 0% CM and
limited. Taking into account the nutritional pro- 8% MOLP), as shown in Table 2. Diets were
file of MOLP, this experiment was conducted to isocaloric and isonitrogenous to which birds had
354 JAPR: Research Report

Table 2. Ingredients and nutrient composition of the micro hematocrit method [20]. Hemoglobin val-
experimental diets.
ues were determined by Sahli’shemometer. The
Diets mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular
Ingredient A 1
B 2
C3 D4 E5 hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Corn 34 34 34 34 34 concentration also were calculated as described
Wheat 13 14 13 12 12 by Campbell [21], and differential leukocyte
Rice broken 10 10 10 10 10 counts as described by Ghai [22].
Sorghum 3.0 3 3 3 3 The data, thus collected, were subjected to sta-

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Sunflower meal 5.0 5 5 5 5
tistical analyses by using ANOVA and the differ-
Corn gluten 60% 5 5 5 5 5
Canola meal 8 6 4 2 0 ences in the means were compared by LSD test
MOLP∗ 0 2 4 6 8 [23].
Soybean meal 13.5 14 14.2 15 15.3
Fish meal 5 5 5 5 5
Bone meal 1.5 1 1 1 1
Salt 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Molasses 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.5
Premix 1 1 1 1 1 Results of mean body weight gain, feed con-
Total 100 100 100 100 100 sumption, and FCR in broilers as affected by
Nutrients the replacement of CM with MOLP are shown
CP (%) 21.05 21.00 21.00 21.07 21.05
ME (Kcal/Kg) 2908 2927 2927 2923 2908
in Table 3. Gradual replacement of CM with
∗
MOLP increased feed intake (P < 0.05) and im-
MOLP = Moringa oleifera leaf powder.
paired FCR (P < 0.05) but no significant differ-
1
Diet A contained 8% CM + 0% MOLP.
2
Diet B contained 6% CM + 2% MOLP.
ences (P > 0.05) were noted in weight gain in
3
Diet C contained 4% CM + 4% MOLP. all treatment groups. Maximum feed consump-
4
Diet D contained 2% CM + 6% MOLP. tion was observed in the broilers fed on ration
5
Diet E contained 0% CM + 8% MOLP. with 2% CM and 6% MOLP as compared to
other treatment groups. In previous research, it
has been reported that the presence of flavonol
ad libitum access throughout the experimental glycosides (quercetin and kaempferol) and al-
period of 38 d (including adaptation period). The kaloid moringinine might stimulate feed intake
birds were vaccinated against ND at 4 and 20 d through their control on glucose homeostasis in
of age, and against IBD at d 10 and 16. All pro- the chicken [24]; if so, an increase in weight gain
cedures were approved by the University Animal of the birds should also be recorded, but in the
Care and Use Committee. current trial, the weight gain was similar in all
Data on feed consumption and body weight treatment groups. It seems that higher feed in-
gain in broilers were recorded on a weekly basis take with similar body weight gain resulted in
and used to compute feed conversion ratio. At poor FCR with the gradually increased levels
the end of the trial, 3 randomly selected birds of MOLP as a replacement. The impaired FCR
from each replicate were slaughtered to estimate indicated that there might be a problem with di-
dressing percentage and relative weight (g/100 g gestibility/availability of protein and other nutri-
of live weight) of the heart, gizzard, liver, kidney, ents due to an anti-nutritional factor such as tan-
and spleen. Blood samples were collected from nin present in MOLP. Moringa oleifera leaves
3 birds per replicate at 30 and 35 d of age to de- may contain up to 2% tannin [5], which is re-
termine antibody titers against ND and IBD by ported to interfere with the biological utilization
using the described methodology by MAFF [18] of protein, carbohydrate, and lipids in monogas-
and Nakamura et al. [19], respectively. Also, 3 tric animals [25]. It has been reported by Olu-
birds per replicate were bled, samples were col- doyi and Toye [26] that the young birds (espe-
lected in glass tubes with 0.2 mL EDTA, and cially during the first wk of age) were more prone
plasma was used to estimate various hematologi- to the negative effects of tannin in terms of di-
cal parameters. The RBC and WBC counts were gestibility and availability of nutrients when they
determined by a hemocytometer method using were fed MOLP in the diet. They also reported
Natt-Herrick solution and hematocrit values by that broilers of younger age are more sensitive to
LIAQAT ET AL.: MORINGA LEAF FEED FOR BROILERS 355

Table 3. Production performance of broilers fed rations replacing canola meal with
Moringa oleifera leaf powder (8 to 38 d of age).
Parameter\Diets A1 B2 C3 D4 E5 SEM
BW gain∗ (g) 1514.0 1504.3 1520.7 1508.7 1496.3 10.61
Feed intake∗ (g) 2736c 2772b,c 2822a,b 2848a 2875a 13.19
FCR∗ 1.81c 1.84b,c 1.86b,c 1.89a,b 1.92a 0.012
a–c
Values within the same row having different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).
∗
Weight gain, feed intake, and FCR data were corrected for mortality.
1–5

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See footnotes of Table 2.

Table 4. Dressing % and relative organ weight (g/100g live weight) of broilers fed
rations replacing canola meal with Moringa oleifera leaf powder.
Parameter\Diets A1 B2 C3 D4 E5 SEM
Dressing % 61.49 60.88 64.88 60.90 60.95 1.56
Heart 0.37 0.39 0.36 0.37 0.39 0.031
Gizzard 1.57 1.63 1.62 1.69 1.68 0.108
Liver 2.08 2.56 2.52 2.40 2.64 0.298
Kidney 0.65 0.65 0.67 0.62 0.67 0.075
Spleen 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.006
Values within the same row having no superscripts differ non-significantly (P > 0.05).
1–5
See footnotes of Table 2.

tannin toxicity than egg type pullets. This is why
the adaptation period of one wk was observed in
the present study—to avoid the negative effects
of tannin present in MOLP during early age in
broilers.
The results of the present study confirmed
the findings of El-Tazi [27] who reported that
feed intake was increased with no change in
weight gain in broilers when the inclusion level
of MOLP was increased up to 7% in the ra-
tion. El-Tazi [27] argued that the lower weight
gain of birds fed on 7% MOLP diet, despite its
higher CP content, might be due to the anti-
nutritional factors present in MOLP. Contrar-
ily, Tesfaye et al. [28] reported a decrease in
feed intake with no significant differences in
weight gain when broilers were fed rations in
which soybean meal was replaced with MOLP.
They concluded that this decrease in feed intake
might be due to the un-palatability of experi-
mental diets caused by MOLP, but this prob-
lem was not evident in the present study. On
the other hand, Onu and Aniebo [10] observed
a significant increase in weight gain and feed
efficiency in broilers fed MOLP (7.5% of the
diet); however, this increase in production per-
formance was due to higher protein content of
the MOLP diets (feed containing 7.5% MOLP
was 4.5% higher in CP as compared to the control
diet).
The results of the present study showed that
the feeding of MOLP had no effect on car-
cass and internal body organs’ weight (Table 4).
Dressing percentage and relative weight of
organs—such as the heart, gizzard, liver, kidney
and spleen—of broilers was found to be non-
significantly different (P > 0.05) and within the
normal range for the all dietary treatment groups.
However, dressing percentage was numerically
higher (64.88%) for the broilers that received a
ration containing 4% CM and 4% MOLP. The
present results confirmed the findings of Zanu
et al. [13] who observed no effect of MOLP
feeding on carcass weight and relative weight of
organs in broilers. In contrast, Ayssiwede et al.
[29] observed a significant increase in relative
weight of organs in broilers when fed on MOLP.
All the values of blood parameters were found
to be within normal range and not affected
(P > 0.05) by MOLP supplementation as shown
in Table 5. Therefore, it can be concluded that
neither the MOLP supplementation nor its lev-
els had any effect on the blood hematology of
the birds. Fluctuations within normal range in
the blood values is a normal phenomenon and
may be associated with the physiological status
of the birds. The results of the current study are
in agreement with the results of previous studies
in which various levels of MOLP did not produce
any difference in the blood hematological values
356 JAPR: Research Report

Table 5. Blood Hematological values in broilers fed rations replacing canola meal with
Moringa oleifera leaf powder.
Parameter\Diets A1 B2 C3 D4 E5 SEM
RBC’s (x 10 6 μL) 1.63 1.50 1.63 1.72 1.67 0.08
WBC’s(x 10 3 μL) 288 288 279 267 284 9.90
Hb (g/dL) 9.2 7.8 8.3 8.6 9.3 0.70
MCV (fl) 160.7 163.7 163.7 158.3 158.7 5.64
MCH (pg) 57.7 52.3 51.0 57.7 61.3 3.01
MCHC (g/dl) 36.0 31.0 31.7 32.3 39.7 2.44

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PCV % 26.2 24.5 26.6 27.1 25.0 2.66
Values within the same row having no superscripts differ non-significantly (P > 0.05).
1–5
See footnotes of Table 2.

Table 6. Antibody titer against ND and IBD vaccination in broilers fed rations replacing
canola meal with Moringa oleifera leaf powder.
Parameter\Diets A1 B2 C3 D4 E5 SEM
b a a a b
Antibody titer 103.0 362.0 376.7 376.7 188.3 69.27
against ND (GM6 )
Antibody titer 51.5c 145.7b 133.2b 170.7a,b 206.0a 26.40
against IBD (GM6 )
a–c
Values within the same row having different superscripts differ significantly (P < 0.05).
1–5
See footnotes of Table 2.
6
Geometric Mean.

of birds [30, 31]. Contrarily, Onu and Aniebo
[10] observed a significant decrease in red blood
cell count due to the supplementation of MOLP
in broilers. The lower value of red blood cells
was suggested to be due to the higher concentra-
tion of tannin in the diet containing MOLP. The
difference in the results of these studies might
be due to the difference in the ingredients re-
placed in the experimental rations and the levels
of MOLP used.
The results of the present study revealed that
the gradual replacement of CM with MOLP ex-
hibited a significant (P < 0.05) effect on anti-
body titer against ND vaccination (NDV) and
IBD vaccination (IBDV) (Table 6). Among di-
etary treatment groups, the highest antibody titer
against IBDV was recorded in birds that received
diet E containing 8% MOLP. Among the birds
receiving MOLP in the diet, the lowest antibody
titer against IBDV was observed in the birds that
received diet B containing 2% MOLP, which was
still higher than the control group. The antibody
titer against NDV in broilers was improved with
the gradual increase in dietary MOLP level, with
the exception of birds on 8% MOLP. The anti-
body titer in broilers on 8% dietary MOLP was
significantly lower than all other dietary MOLP
levels, which seemed to be an unusual observa-
tion that might be due to some unknown rea-
son or error. It has been reported that supple-
mentation of MOLP in broiler diets can boost
the antibody titer in birds against these diseases
[11]. Increased antibody titer in the birds using
MOLP may be due to the presence of lectin in
the leaves of moringa that modulates the body’s
defense system [7] and therefore is claimed to
be an immune-boosting plant, which helps the
body to build up its defense against diseases. It
also has been suggested that dietary inclusion
of MOLP in the ration as an immune booster is
more beneficial in broiler production [13].
CONCLUSION AND APPLICATION
1. It appears from the results of the present study
that MOLP, when used as a substitute of CM,
has an immune-modulating effect rather than
a performance-enhancing effect. The MOLP
inclusion of up to 6% of the diet was bene-
ficial for antibody titer against ND and IBD
without any considerable compromise in pro-
duction performance of broilers.
2. Results from this study indicate that feeding
MOLP to broilers did not affect blood hema-
tological values.
LIAQAT ET AL.: MORINGA LEAF FEED FOR BROILERS
3. Further evaluation of MOLP as an alternate
protein source for broiler diets is recom-
mended.
4. It is also suggested to evaluate the nutrients
in Moringa oleifera leaves on a digestibility
basis so that an accurate nutrient profile of
MOLP can be produced.
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