SeminarRepor

t Li
-f
i
Technol
ogy

CHAPTER1
I
NTRODUCTI
ON

I
nsi
mpl
eter
ms,Li
-Ficanbet
houghtofasal
ight
-basedWi
-Fi
.Thati
s,i
tusesl
ight
i
nst
eadofr
adi
owavest
otr
ansmi
tinf
ormat
ion.Andi
nst
eadofWi
-Fimodems,Li
-Fi
woul
duset
ranscei
ver
-f
it
tedLEDl
ampst
hatcanl
ightar
oom aswel
last
ransmi
tand
r
ecei
vei
nfor
mat
ion.Si
ncesi
mpl
eli
ghtbul
bsar
eused,t
her
ecant
echni
cal
lybeany
numberofaccess poi
nts.Thi
stechnol
ogy uses a par
toft
he el
ect
romagnet
ic
spect
rum t
hati
sst
il
lnotgr
eat
lyut
il
ized-TheVi
sibl
eSpect
rum.Li
ghti
sinf
actver
y
muchpar
tofourl
ivesf
ormi
ll
ionsandmi
ll
ionsofyear
sanddoesnothaveanymaj
or
i
llef
fect
.Mor
eovert
her
eis10,
000t
imesmor
espaceavai
labl
eint
hisspect
rum and
j
ustcount
ingont
hebul
bsi
nuse,
ital
somul
ti
pli
est
o10,
000t
imesmor
eavai
labi
l
ityas
ani
nfr
ast
ruct
ure,gl
obal
l
y.I
tispossi
blet
oencodedat
aint
hel
ightbyvar
yingt
her
ate
atwhi
cht
heLEDsf
li
ckeronandof
ftogi
vedi
ff
erentst
ri
ngsof1sand0s.TheLED
i
ntensi
tyi
s modul
ated so r
api
dlyt
hathuman eyes cannotnot
ice,so t
he out
put
appear
sconst
ant
.Mor
esophi
sti
cat
edt
echni
quescoul
ddr
amat
ical
lyi
ncr
easeVLC
dat
arat
es.Teamsatt
heUni
ver
sit
yofOxf
ordandt
heUni
ver
sit
yofEdi
nbur
ghar
e
f
ocusi
ng on par
all
eldat
atr
ansmi
ssi
on usi
ng ar
rays ofLEDs,wher
e each LED
t
ransmi
tsadi
ff
erentdat
ast
ream.Ot
hergr
oupsar
eusi
ngmi
xtur
esofr
ed,gr
eenand
bl
ueLEDst
oal
tert
hel
ight
'sf
requency,wi
theachf
requencyencodi
ngadi
ff
erentdat
a
channel
.
Li
-Fi
,asi
thasbeendubbed,hasal
readyachi
evedbl
ist
eri
ngl
yhi
ghspeedsi
nthel
ab.
Resear
cher
satt
heHei
nri
chHer
tzI
nst
it
utei
nBer
li
n,Ger
many,
haver
eacheddat
arat
es
ofover500megabyt
espersecondusi
ngast
andar
dwhi
te-
li
ghtLED.Haashassetupa
spi
n-of
ffi
rmt
osel
laconsumerVLCt
ransmi
tt
ert
hati
sduef
orl
aunchnextyear
.Iti
s
capabl
e oft
ransmi
tt
ing dat
a at100 MB/
s -f
ast
ert
han mostUK br
oadband
connect
ions.

Dept
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MTCSTayur
Page1
SeminarRepor
t Li
-f
i
Technol
ogy

CHAPTER2

LI
TERATUREREVI
EW

2.
1HI
STORYOFLi
-FiTECHNOLOGY

Pr
ofessorHar
aldHaas,f
rom t
heUni
ver
sit
yofEdi
nbur
ghi
ntheUK,i
swi
del
y
r
ecogni
zedast
heor
igi
nalf
ounderofLi
-Fi
.Hecoi
nedt
het
erm Li
-Fiandi
sChai
rof
Mobi
l
eommuni
cat
ionsatt
heUni
ver
sit
yofEdi
nbur
ghandco-f
ounderofpur
eLi
Fi.
Haaspr
omot
ed t
hist
echnol
ogyi
n hi
s2011 TED Gl
obalt
alkand hel
ped st
arta
companyt
omar
keti
t.I
nOct
ober2011,
compani
esandi
ndust
rygr
oupsf
ormedt
heLi
-
FiConsor
ti
um,t
o pr
omot
ehi
gh-
speed opt
icalwi
rel
esssyst
ems. Thef
ir
stLi
-Fi
smar
tphonepr
otot
ypewaspr
esent
edatt
heConsumerEl
ect
roni
csShowi
nLasVegas
f
rom Januar
y7–10i
n2014.

2.
2Genesi
sofLi
-Fi

Har
aldHaas,
apr
ofessoratt
heUni
ver
sit
yofEdi
nbur
ghwhobeganhi
sresear
chi
nthe
f
iel
din2004,
gaveadebutdemonst
rat
ionofwhathecal
ledaLi
-Fipr
otot
ypeatt
heTED
Gl
obalconf
erencei
nEdi
nbur
ghon12t
hJul
y2011.Heusedat
abl
elampwi
thanLED
bul
btot
ransmi
tavi
deoofbl
oomi
ngf
lower
sthatwast
henpr
oject
edont
oascr
een
behi
ndhi
m.
Dur
ingt
heeventheper
iodi
cal
lybl
ockedt
hel
ightf
rom l
ampt
opr
ovet
hatt
hel
ampwas
i
ndeedt
hesour
ceofi
ncomi
ngdat
a.AtTEDGl
obal
,Haasdemonst
rat
edadat
arat
eof
t
ransmi
ssi
on ofar
ound 10Mbps -
-compar
abl
etoaf
air
ly good UK br
oadband
connect
ion.Twomont
hsl
aterheachi
eved123Mbps

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SeminarRepor
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-f
i
Technol
ogy

CHAPTER3

VI
SIBLELI
GHTCOMMUNI
CATI
ON

Manypeopl
e‘
sfi
rstexposur
etoopt
icalwi
rel
esst
echnol
ogywasVLC.Thi
semer
ging
t
echnol
ogyof
fer
sopt
icalwi
rel
esscommuni
cat
ionsbyusi
ngvi
sibl
eli
ght
.Today,
iti
sseen
asanal
ter
nat
ivet
odi
ff
erentRF-
basedcommuni
cat
ionser
vicesi
nwi
rel
essper
sonal
-ar
ea
net
wor
ks.Anaddi
ti
onaloppor
tuni
tyi
sar
isi
ngbyusi
ngcur
rentst
ate-
of-
the-
artLEDl
ight
ing
sol
uti
onsf
ori
ll
umi
nat
ionandcommuni
cat
ionatt
hesamet
imeandwi
tht
hesamemodul
e.
Thi
scanbedoneduet
otheabi
li
tyt
omodul
ateLEDsatspeedsf
arf
ast
ert
hant
hehuman
eyecandet
ectwhi
lest
il
lpr
ovi
dingar
ti
fi
ciall
ight
ing.Thuswhi
leLEDswi
llbeusedf
or
i
ll
umi
nat
ion,
thei
rsecondar
ydut
ycoul
dbet
o‗pi
ggyback‘
dat
acommuni
cat
ionont
o
l
ight
ingsyst
ems.Thi
swi
l
lbepar
ti
cul
arl
yrel
evanti
nindoor‗
smar
t‘l
i
ght
ingsyst
ems,
wher
ethel
ighti
sal
ways‗
on.
‘Incont
rastt
oinf
rar
ed,
theso-
cal
l
ed―whatyouseei
swhat
yousend‖f
eat
urecanbeusedt
oimpr
ovet
heusabi
l
ityoft
ransmi
tt
ingdat
aatshor
ter
poi
nt-
to-
poi
ntdi
stancesbet
weendi
ff
erentpor
tabl
eorf
ixeddevi
ces.Ther
e,i
ll
umi
nat
ion
canbeusedf
orbeamgui
ding,
discover
yorgener
ati
nganal
armf
ormi
sal
ignment
.

Fi
g7.
1El
ect
romagnet
icspect
rum

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SeminarRepor
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-f
i
Technol
ogy

Thepr
emi
sebehi
ndVLCi
sthatbecausel
ight
ingi
snear
lyever
ywher
e,communi
cat
ions
canr
ideal
ongf
ornear
lyf
ree.Thi
nkofaTVr
emot
einever
yLEDl
i
ghtbul
bandyou‘
l
lsoon
r
eal
iset
hepossi
bil
it
iesoft
hist
echnol
ogy.

oft
hebi
ggestat
tr
act
ionsofVLCi
stheener
gysavi
ngofLEDt
echnol
ogy.Ni
net
eenper
centoft
hewor
ldwi
deel
ect
ri
cit
yisusedf
orl
ight
ing.Thi
rt
ybi
ll
ionl
ightbul
bsar
einuse
wor
ldwi
de.Assumi
ngt
hatal
lthel
ightbul
bsar
eexchangedwi
thLEDs,onebi
ll
ionbar
rel
s
ofoi
lcoul
dbesavedever
yyear
,whi
chagai
ntr
ansl
atesi
ntoener
gypr
oduct
ionof250
nucl
earpowerpl
ant
s.

Dr
ivenbyt
hepr
ogr
essofLEDt
echnol
ogy,
visi
blel
ightcommuni
cat
ioni
sgai
ningat
tent
ion
i
nresear
chanddevel
opment
.TheVLCConsor
ti
um (
VLCC)i
nJapanwasoneoft
hef
ir
stt
o
i
ntr
oducet
hist
echnol
ogy.

Af
terest
abl
i
shi
ngaVLC i
nter
estgr
oupwi
thi
ntheI
EEE802.
15wi
rel
essper
sonal
-ar
ea
net
wor
kswor
kinggr
oup,t
heI
EEE802.
15.
7taskgr
oupwasest
abl
ishedbyt
hei
ndust
ry,
r
esear
chi
nst
it
utesanduni
ver
sit
iesi
n2008.Thef
inalst
andar
dwasappr
ovedi
n2011.I
t
speci
fi
es VLC compr
isi
ng mobi
le-
to-
mobi
le (
M2M)
,fi
xed-
to-
mobi
l
e (
F2M) and
i
nfr
ast
ruct
ure-
to-
mobi
le(
I2M)communi
cat
ions.Ther
e,t
hef
ocusi
sonl
ow-
speed,
medi
um-
r
angecommuni
cat
ionsf
ori
ntel
li
gentt
raf
fi
csyst
emsandonhi
gh-
speed,
shor
trangeM2M
andF2M communi
cat
ionst
oexchange,f
orexampl
e,mul
ti
medi
adat
a.Dat
arat
esar
e
suppor
tedf
rom some100kbpsupt
o100Mbpsusi
ngdi
ff
erentmodul
ati
onschemes.

Ot
her st
andar
dizat
ion gr
oups ar
e wor
king on st
andar
dized opt
ical wi
rel
ess
communi
cat
ion (
OWC)
sol
uti
ons usi
ng vi
sibl
e and i
nfr
ared l
ight
.The mosti
mpor
tant
gr
oupsar
eIr
DAwi
thi
tsnew10Gi
ga-
IRwor
kinggr
oup,
ISOandI
CSA.

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SeminarRepor
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-f
i
Technol
ogy

CHAPTER4
LI
GHTFI
DELI
TY(
Li-
Fi)
VLCrepresentsonlyafract
ionofwhatappearstobeamuchl argermovementtowards
opt
icalwir
elesstechnologi
esingener
al.Thi
slargerwordhasbeendubbed‗ Li
-
Fi
‘(Li
ghtFideli
ty)byDrHaraldHaasofEdinburghUniver
sit
yandor gani
sat
ionssuch
astheLi-
FiConsor t
ium

Fi
g4:
1LiFi
-thet
erm coi
nedbyDr
.Har
aldHaas

Li
-Fii
s a VLC,vi
sibl
eli
ghtcommuni
cat
ion,t
echnol
ogy devel
oped by a t
eam of
sci
ent
ist
sincl
udi
ngDrGor
donPovey,Pr
of.Har
aldHaasandDrMost
afaAf
ganiatt
he
Uni
ver
sit
yofEdi
nbur
gh.Thet
erm Li
-Fiwascoi
nedbyPr
of.Haaswhenheamazed
peopl
ebyst
reami
nghi
gh-
def
ini
ti
onvi
deof
rom ast
andar
dLEDl
amp,
atTEDGl
obali
n
Jul
y2011.Li
-Fii
snow par
toft
heVi
sibl
eLi
ghtCommuni
cat
ions(
VLC)PAN I
EEE
802.
15.
7st
andar
d.

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SeminarRepor
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-f
i
Technol
ogy

Fi
g4.
2Tr
ansf
erofdat
athr
oughl
ight

Wi
thi
nal
ocalLi
-Ficl
oudsever
aldat
abasedser
vicesar
esuppor
tedt
hrougha
het
erogeneouscommuni
cat
ionsyst
em.I
nani
nit
ialappr
oach,
theLi
-FiConsor
ti
um
def
ineddi
ff
erentt
ypesoft
echnol
ogi
est
opr
ovi
desecur
e,r
eli
abl
eandul
tr
a-hi
gh-
speed
wi
rel
esscommuni
cat
ioni
nter
faces.Theset
echnol
ogi
esi
ncl
udedgi
ga-
speed
t
echnol
ogi
es,
opt
icalmobi
li
tyt
echnol
ogi
es,
and
navi
gat
ion,
preci
sionl
ocat
ionandgest
urer
ecogni
ti
ont
echnol
ogi
es.
Forgi
ga-
speedt
echnol
ogi
es,
theLi
-FiConsor
ti
um def
inedGi
gaDock,
GigaBeam,
Gi
gaShower
,Gi
gaSpotandGi
gaMI
MOmodel
stoaddr
essdi
ff
erentuserscenar
iosf
or
wi
rel
essi
ndoorandi
ndoor
-l
ikedat
atr
ansf
ers.Whi
leGi
gaDocki
swi
rel
essdocki
ng
sol
uti
oni
ncl
udi
ngwi
rel
esschar
gingf
orsmar
tphones,
tabl
etsornot
ebooks,
wit
h
speedsupt
o10Gbps,
theGi
gaBeam modeli
sapoi
nt-
to-
poi
ntdat
ali
nkf
orki
osk
appl
icat
ionsorpor
tabl
e-t
o-por
tabl
edat
aexchanges.Thusat
wo-
hourf
ullHDTVmovi
e
(
5GB)canbet
ransf
err
edf
rom onedevi
cet
oanot
herwi
thi
nfour

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SeminarRepor
t Li
-f
i
Technol
ogy

CHAPTER5

HOW LI
FIDI
FFERENT

Li
-Fit
echnol
ogyi
sbasedonLEDsf
ort
het
ransf
erofdat
a.Thet
ransf
eroft
hedat
acanbewi
th
t
hehel
pofal
lki
ndsofl
ight
,nomat
tert
hepar
toft
hespect
rum t
hatt
heybel
ong.Thati
s,t
he
l
ightcanbel
ongt
othei
nvi
sibl
e,ul
tr
avi
oletort
hevi
sibl
epar
toft
hespect
rum.Al
so,t
hespeed
oft
hei
nter
neti
sincr
edi
blyhi
ghandyoucandownl
oadmovi
es,
games,
musi
cet
cinj
ustaf
ew
mi
nut
eswi
tht
hehel
poft
hist
echnol
ogy.Al
so,t
het
echnol
ogyr
emovesl
imi
tat
ionst
hathave
beenputont
heuserbyt
heWi
-Fi
.Younomor
eneedt
obei
nar
egi
ont
hati
sWi
-Fienabl
edt
o
haveaccesst
othei
nter
net
.Youcansi
mpl
yst
andunderanyf
orm ofl
ightandsur
fthei
nter
net
ast
heconnect
ioni
smadei
ncaseofanyl
ightpr
esence.Ther
ecannotbeanyt
hingbet
tert
han
t
hist
echnol
ogy.

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SeminarRepor
t Li
-f
i
Technol
ogy

CHAPTER6
WORKI
NG

VLCusesvi
sibl
eli
ghtbet
ween400THz(
780nm)and800THz(
375nm)asopt
ical
car
ri
erf
ordat
atr
ansmi
ssi
onandi
ll
umi
nat
ion.I
tusesf
astpul
sesofl
ightt
otr
ansmi
t
i
nfor
mat
ionwi
rel
essl
y.Themai
ncomponent
soft
hiscommuni
cat
ionsyst
em ar
e
1)ahi
ghbr
ight
nesswhi
teLED,
Whi
chact
sasacommuni
cat
ionsour
ceand
2)asi
li
conphot
odi
odewhi
chshowsgoodr
esponset
ovi
sibl
ewavel
engt
hregi
on
ser
vingast
he
r
ecei
vingel
ement
.
LEDcanbeswi
tchedonandof
ftogener
atedi
git
alst
ri
ngsof1sand0s.Dat
acanbe
encodedi
nthel
ightt
ogener
ateanewdat
ast
ream byvar
yingt
hef
li
cker
ingr
ateoft
he
LED.To be cl
ear
er,by modul
ati
ng t
he LED l
ightwi
tht
he dat
a si
gnal
,the LED
i
ll
umi
nat
ioncanbeusedasacommuni
cat
ionsour
ce.Ast
hef
li
cker
ingr
atei
ssof
ast
,
t
heLEDout
putappear
sconst
antt
othehumaneye.Adat
arat
eofgr
eat
ert
han100
Mbpsi
spossi
blebyusi
nghi
ghspeedLEDswi
thappr
opr
iat
emul
ti
plexi
ngt
echni
ques.
VLCdat
arat
ecanbei
ncr
easedbypar
all
eldat
atr
ansmi
ssi
onusi
ngLEDar
rayswher
e
eachLEDt
ransmi
tsadi
ff
erentdat
ast
ream.Ther
ear
ereasonst
opr
eferLEDast
he
l
ightsour
cei
nVLC whi
leal
otofot
heri
ll
umi
nat
iondevi
cesl
ikef
luor
escentl
amp,
i
ncandescentbul
bet
c.ar
eavai
labl
e.
Ver
ysi
mpl
y,i
ftheLEDi
son,yout
ransmi
tadi
git
al1,i
fit
‘sof
fyout
ransmi
ta0,
‖Haas
says,―Theycanbeswi
tchedonandof
fver
yqui
ckl
y,whi
chgi
vesni
ceoppor
tuni
ti
es
f
ort
ransmi
tt
eddat
a.‖I
tispossi
blet
oencodedat
aint
hel
ightbyvar
yingt
her
ateat
whi
cht
heLEDsf
li
ckeronandof
ftogi
vedi
ff
erentst
ri
ngsof1sand0s.
TheLED
i
ntensi
tyi
smodul
atedsor
api
dlyt
hathumaneyecannotnot
ice,
sot
heout
putappear
s
const
ant
.Mor
esophi
sti
cat
edt
echni
quescoul
ddr
amat
ical
lyi
ncr
easeVLCdat
arat
e.
Ter
msatt
heUni
ver
sit
yofOxf
ordandt
heUni
ver
sit
yofEdi
ngbur
ghar
efocusi
ngon
par
all
eldat
atr
ansmi
ssi
onusi
ngar
rayofLEDs,wher
eeachLEDt
ransmi
tsadi
ff
erent
dat
ast
ream.Ot
hergr
oupar
eusi
ngmi
xtur
esofr
ed,gr
eenandbl
ueLEDst
oal
tert
he
l
ightf
requencyencodi
ngadi
ff
erentdat
achannel
.Li
-Fi
,asi
thasbeendubbed,has

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SeminarRepor
t Li
-f
i
Technol
ogy

al
readyachi
evedbl
ist
eri
ngl
yhi
ghspeedi
nthel
ab.Resear
cher
satt
heHei
nri
chHer
tz
I
nst
it
utei
n Ber
li
n Ger
many,haver
eached dat
arat
esofover500 megabyt
esper
secondusi
ngast
andar
dWhi
te-
li
ghtLED.Thet
echnol
ogywasdemonst
rat
edatt
he2012
ConsumerEl
ect
roni
csShow i
nLasVegasusi
ngapai
rofCasi
osmar
tphonest
oexchange
dat
ausi
ngl
ightofvar
yingi
ntensi
tygi
venof
ffr
om t
hei
rscr
eens,
det
ect
abl
eatadi
stanceofup
t
otenmet
res.

Fi
gur
e6.
1Wor
kingofLi
-Fi

Sowhati
srequi
redi
ssomeLEDsandacont
rol
lert
hatcodedat
aint
othoseLEDs.We
havet
ojustvar
yther
ateatwhi
cht
heLED‘
sfl
ickerdependi
ngupont
hedat
awewant
t
oencode.Fur
therenhancement
scanbemadei
nthi
smet
hod,l
ikeusi
nganar
rayof
LEDsf
orpar
all
eldat
atr
ansmi
ssi
on,orusi
ngmi
xtur
esofr
ed,gr
eenandbl
ueLEDst
o
al
tert
hel
ight
‘sf
requencywi
thI
nter
nat
ionalJour
nalofAppl
iedEngi
neer
ingResear
ch,
I
SSN 0973-
4562 Vol
.7 No.
11 (
2012)
© Resear
ch I
ndi
a Publ
icat
ions;
ht
tp:
//www.
ri
publ
icat
ion.
com/
ij
aer
.ht
m eachf
requencyencodi
ngi
sadi
ff
erentdat
a
channel
.Suchadvancement
spr
omi
seat
heor
eti
calspeedof10Gbps–meani
ngyou
candownl
oadaf
ullhi
gh-
def
ini
ti
onf
il
minj
ust30seconds.

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-f
i
Technol
ogy

CHAPTER7

COMPARI
SIONBETWEENLi
Fi&Wi
-Fi

Li
-Fii
sat
erm ofoneusedt
odescr
ibevi
sibl
eli
ghtcommuni
cat
iont
echnol
ogyappl
ied
t
ohi
ghspeedwi
rel
esscommuni
cat
ion.I
tacqui
redt
hisnameduet
othesi
mil
ari
tyt
o
WI
-FI
,onl
yusi
ngl
ighti
nst
eadofr
adi
oWI
-FIi
sgr
eatf
orgener
alwi
rel
esscover
age
wi
thi
nbui
ldi
ngs,andl
i-
fii
sidealf
orhi
ghensi
tywi
rel
essdat
acover
agei
nconf
ined
ar
ea and f
orr
eli
evi
ng r
adi
oint
erf
erencei
ssues,so t
het
wo t
echnol
ogi
escan be
consi
der
edcompl
iment
ary.

Tabl
e4.
1Compar
isonbet
weencur
rentandf
utur
ewi
rel
esst
echnol
ogi
es

Thet
abl
eal
socont
ainst
hecur
rentwi
rel
esst
echnol
ogi
est
hatcanbeusedf
ort
ransf
err
ing
dat
abet
weendevi
cest
oday,
i.
e.Wi
-Fi
,Bl
uet
oot
handI
rDA.Onl
yWi
-Fi
cur
rent
lyof
fer
sver
y
hi
ghdat
arat
es.TheI
EEE802.
11.
ninmosti
mpl
ement
ati
onspr
ovi
desupt
o150Mbi
t/
s(i
n
t
heor
ythe10
st
andar
dcangot
o600Mbi
t/
s)al
thoughi
npr
act
iceyour
ecei
veconsi
der
abl
ylesst
hant
his.
Not
ethatoneoutoft
hreeoft
hesei
sanopt
icalt
echnol
ogy.

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-f
i
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ogy

CHAPTER8
APPLI
CATI
ONS

Ai
rpl
anes
ThebestI
‘
vehear
dsof
ari
sthatpassenger
swi
ll"
soon"beof
fer
eda"
high-
speedl
i
ke"
connect
iononsomeai
rl
ines.Uni
tedi
spl
anni
ngonspeedsashi
ghas9.
8Mbpsperpl
ane.

Fi
gur
e8.
1Usei
nai
rl
ines

Smar
terPowerPl
ant
s

Wi
-Fi
andmanyot
herr
adi
ati
ont
ypesar
ebadf
orsensi
ti
vear
eas.Li
ket
hosesur
roundi
ng
powerpl
ant
s.Butpowerpl
ant
sneedf
ast
,int
er-
connect
eddat
asyst
emst
omoni
tort
hings
l
ikedemand,
gri
dint
egr
it
yand(
innucl
earpl
ant
s)cor
etemper
atur
e..

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-f
i
Technol
ogy

Fi
gur
e8.
2Usei
npowerpl
ant
s

3Un
5. der
seaAwesomeness

Under
wat
erROVs,t
hosef
avour
it
etoysoft
reasur
eseeker
sand JamesCamer
on,
oper
atef
rom l
argecabl
est
hatsuppl
ythei
rpowerandal
low t
hem t
orecei
vesi
gnal
s
f
rom t
hei
rpi
lot
sabove.ROVswor
kgr
eat
,exceptwhent
het
etheri
sn‘
tlongenought
o
expl
oreanar
ea,orwheni
tget
sst
uckonsomet
hing.I
fthei
rwi
reswer
ecutand
r
epl
acedwi
thl
ight—sayf
rom asubmer
ged,
high-
power
edl
amp—t
hent
heywoul
dbe
muchf
reert
oexpl
ore.

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roni
cs,
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-f
i
Technol
ogy

Fi
gur
e8.
3Underseaawesomenes

5.
4ItCoul
dKeepYouI
nfor
medandSaveLi
ves
Sayt
her
e‘sanear
thquakei
nNewDel
hi,
orahur
ri
cane.Takeyourpi
ck— i
t‘
sawackyci
ty.
Theaver
ageDel
hii
temaynotknow whatt
hepr
otocol
sar
efort
hoseki
ndsofdi
sast
ers.
Unt
ilt
heypassunderast
reetl
ight
,thati
s.Remember
,wi
thLi
-Fi
,ift
her
e‘sl
ight
,you‘
re
onl
ine.
.

Fi
gur
e4Useofl
ifii
ntr
aff
icc

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-f
i
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ogy

CHAPTER9
Advant
agesofLI
-FI

 Li
-Ficansol
vepr
obl
emsr
elat
edt
othei
nsuf
fi
ciencyofr
adi
ofr
equencybandwi
dth
becauset
hist
echnol
ogyusesVi
sibl
eli
ghtspect
rum t
hathasst
il
lnotbeengr
eat
ly
ut
il
ized.

 Hi
ghdat
atr
ansmi
ssi
onr
atesofupt
o10Gbpscanbeachi
eved.

 Si
ncel
ightcannotpenet
rat
ewal
ls,
itpr
ovi
despr
ivacyandsecur
it
ythatWi
-Ficannot
.

 Li
-Fihasl
owi
mpl
ement
ati
onandmai
ntenancecost
s.

 I
tissaf
eforhumanssi
ncel
ight
,unl
iker
adi
ofr
equenci
es,
cannotpenet
rat
ehuman
body.Hence,
concer
nsofcel
lmut
ati
onar
emi
ti
gat
ed.

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-f
i
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ogy

CHAPTER10
Di
sadvant
ageofLI
-FI

 Li
ghtcan'
tpasst
hroughobj
ect
s.

 Amaj
orchal
lengef
aci
ngLi
-Fii
showt
her
ecei
vingdevi
cewi
llt
ransmi
tbackt
o
t
ransmi
tt
er.

 Hi
ghi
nst
all
ati
oncostoft
heVLCsyst
ems.

 I
nter
fer
encesf
rom ext
ernall
ightsour
cesl
ikesun,
li
ght
,nor
malbul
bs,
opaque
mat
eri
als.

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-f
i
Technol
ogy

CHAPTER11

FUTURESCOPE

Fi
rstappl
icat
ionsofLi
-Fihavebeenputt
ouseal
ready,
forexampl
e,
inhospi
tal
swher
e
RFsi
gnalar
eat
hreatduet
oint
erf
erencepr
obl
emswi
thmedi
calequi
pmentsuchas
bl
oodpumpsandot
herl
if
esuppor
ti
ngi
nst
rument
s.Axi
omt
ekEur
opepr
esent
edsuch
apr
oductatt
heEmbeddedWor
ldexhi
bit
ioni
nNur
nber
g,Ger
many.Thepr
otot
ypeofa
mobi
le phone wi
th an i
ncor
por
ated VLC syst
em was pr
esent
ed byCasi
o att
he
ConsumerEl
ect
roni
csShowi
nLasVegasi
nJanuar
ythi
syear
.Int
hecomi
ngyear
s,we
wi
llseemor
eLi
-Fipr
oduct
sent
eri
ngt
hemar
ket
,bot
hint
hei
ndust
ri
alaswel
las
consumermar
ket
s

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-f
i
Technol
ogy

CHAPTER12

CONCLUSI
ON

TheconceptofLi
-Fii
scur
rent
lyat
tr
act
ingagr
eatdealofi
nter
est
,notl
eastbecausei
t
mayof
fera genui
neand ver
yef
fi
ciental
ter
nat
ivet
oradi
o-based wi
rel
ess.Asa
gr
owi
ngnumberofpeopl
eandt
hei
ranydevi
cesaccesswi
rel
essi
nter
net
,theai
rwaves
ar
ebecomi
ngi
ncr
easi
ngl
ycl
ogged,
maki
ngi
tmor
eandmor
edi
ff
icul
ttogetar
eli
abl
e,
hi
gh-
speedsi
gnal
.Thi
smaysol
vei
ssuessuchast
heshor
tageofr
adi
o-f
requency
bandwi
dthandal
soal
lowi
nter
netwher
etr
adi
ti
onalr
adi
obasedwi
rel
essi
sn‘
tal
l
owed
suchasai
rcr
aftorhospi
tal
s.Oneoft
heshor
tcomi
ngshoweveri
sthati
tonl
ywor
kin
di
rectl
ineofsi
ght
.

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-f
i
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ogy

CHAPTER13

BI
BILI
OGRAPHY

1.www.wikisedia.
com
2www.visiblel
ight
comm.
com/

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-f
i
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ogy

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