INDIA’S INTERNATIONAL MOVEMENT TO UNITE NATIONS

STUDY GUIDE

COMMITTEE: UNHCR

AGENDA: MONITORING AND CURBING THE RISE OF ILLEGAL

MIGRATION

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 INTRODUCTION

Migration:

It is the movement of someone or a bunch of individuals to settle in another place, typically across a
political body or boundary. Migration can be temporary or permanent, and it may be voluntary or forced.
In more recent years, international migration is on the rise.

A United Nations study reports that over 60% ​of all international migrants board Asia (80 million) or
Europe (78 million). Northern America hosted the third largest range of international migrants (58
million), followed by continent (25 million), geographical area and also the Caribbean (10 million) and
Oceania (8 million).

Reasons Behind the Migration of People:

People migrate for a number of reasons. These reasons may fall under these four areas: environmental,
economic, cultural and socio-political.Within that, the reasons may also be pull factors.

Voluntary Factors:
Voluntary factors are those that force the individual to move voluntarily, and in many cases, they are
forced because the individual risk something if they stay. Voluntary factors may include conflict, drought,
famine, or extreme religious activity.

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Poor economic activity and lack of job opportunities are also strong push factors for migration. Other
strong push factors include race and discriminating cultures, political intolerance and persecution of
people who question the status quo.

Pull Factors:

Pull factors are those factors in the destination country that attract the individual or group to leave their
home. Those factors are known as place utility, which is the desirability of a place that attracts people.
Better economic opportunities, more jobs, and the promise of a better life often pull people into new
locations. Sometimes individuals have ideas and perceptions about places that are not necessarily correct,
but are strong pull factors for that individual.

As people grow older and retire, many look for places with warm weather, peaceful and comfortable
locations to spend their retirement after a lifetime of hard work and savings. Such ideal places are pull
factors too. Very often, people consider and prefer opportunities closer to their location than similar
opportunities farther away.

In the same vein, people often like to move to places with better cultural, political, climatic and general
terrain in closer locations than locations farther away. It is rare to find people move over very long
distances to settle in places that they have little knowledge of.

Impact of migration on destination country:

Migration has both positive and negative impacts on the destination country.

Advantages:

1. Cheap Labour: ​Migrants often do many unskilled jobs for a very little wage. Skilled migrants are
also often happy to give their services for little salary.

2. Skilled Labour: ​Some immigrants are highly skilled and talented, and they contribute to
knowledge and production for the well-being of all in that country.

3. Cultural Diversity: ​Immigrants provide the diversity in many places. Diversity helps cultures and
traditions to loosen the grip on racism, discrimination and things like that. Diversity helps people
learn about other ways of life and what goes on in other places of the world. It brings variety to
almost every part of our ways of life. Diversity helps people to better appreciate humanity and
human rights in general.

Disadvantages:

1. Loss of Jobs: ​Immigrants may also cause pressure on job issues as the locals often lose jobs to
incoming workers.

2. Discrimination/Racism: ​Immigration can fuel racism and discrimination. Immigrants who cannot
speak the local language or do not behave like the locals often find themselves not accepted in
their communities, as people prefer not to have anything to do with them.

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 3. Social/Civil Pressure: ​Housing, health, education and many other facilities may suffer from the
pressure of excessive use by more people than it was designed to take. This can force prices of
such amenities to go high, causing hardship to all.

4. Breakdown of Culture and Traditions: ​Traditions and cultures are negatively modified because
of diversity. Sometimes healthy ways of lives are lapsed as different people are exposed to
different ways of doing things. Sometimes new crime incidents emerge or increase as a result of
‘bad’ people coming in.

5. Diseases: ​As long as people move from place to place, there is a risk of contagious disease
outbreak.

Impact of Imigration on the Home Country:

Advantages:

1. Remittances & Higher Quality of Life: ​It is known that migrants send lots of money home to
support their family. That is a massive flow of foreign exchange or funds that the local
government and families can tap into for development and economic growth. If the migrant's
family lives together in the host country, the family often enjoy a higher standard of living.

2. Better job prospects for locals: ​When the youth leave, there is less pressure for jobs, and people
are more likely to find something to do.

3. Knowledge and skills flow: ​Particularly for short-term and seasonal migration, migrants often
bring home new ideas, skills and knowledge that they have acquired from their travel. Many
businesses, farm practices, and economic ventures have been started by people who got ideas and
knowledge during the times they spent in migration.

Disadvantages:

1. Loss of skilled labour: ​The biggest negative impact on the country of exit perhaps is the fact that
young graduates (or skilled labour and professional) leave to offer their services to other countries.
In many developing countries, doctors, nurses, engineers and very bright professionals are lost to
other countries.

2. Population and markets: ​Businesses do better with bigger markets and more buyers. A growing
and healthy population often provides the needed market for economic growth and development.
When the youth leave, the population stalls and demand for some goods and services fall.

3. Social/Family: ​When parents leave, children and other dependents suffer the most, as they lose
out on the important psychological development that they need from good parenting. Many of the
children are exposed to social vices at an early age because there is no parental control.

Illegal Migration:

Every nation, country or colony often has rules and laws that control and regulate people who come in
from other places. Migration becomes illegal if people do not have the permission of the country or
borders they are entering into. In recent times, illegal migration has been on the rise. Illegal migration is

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often fueled by pull factors. People sneak into other countries by land or sea, and other organized groups
help people to sneak into other countries to work illegally. This is known as human trafficking.

Many of the illegal migrants involved end up in very difficult and dangerous situations, as they do not
have the proper documents to get a job. The flow of illegal migrants is often from poorer countries to
richer countries. The people involved often are not the poorest in their home countries. They tend to be
people with a lot of information, knowledge, ambition and motivation, which often fuels their desire to
migrate for better life.

These are people who live in a place without permission and the authorities have no record of them. It
also includes people who visit a country for tourism or education or health purposes legally, but do not go
back. This means even though they went there legally, they are now illegal immigrants because they have
out-stayed the time period they were given. In a similar way, immigrants who have expired documents, or
who came in with fake documents all fall under undocumented immigrants.

When you move across borders from your country to another country, you need to have certain legal
documents and follow defined immigration laws of the destination country. If you move into the country
without the necessary legal documents or violates the immigration laws, then you will have committed
illegal immigration. You will be termed as an illegal migrant.

Causes of Illegal Immigration:

There are numerous reasons as to why people move to foreign countries without following the proper
channels, these are the most common reasons:

1. Trade Liberalization: ​Lately, developing countries have embraced measures to liberalize trade in
the spirit of pursuing the benefits of globalization. However, rapid opening of domestic markets
could result in the displacement of large numbers of unskilled workers, who are highly likely to
seek employment and better living standards through illegal immigration.

2. Poverty: ​Past events have shown that increases in poverty, particularly when associated with
ongoing crises, can raise the likelihood of illegal immigration. A good example is the 1994
economic crisis after the establishment of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
This crisis was associated with pervasive poverty and a lower valuation for the Mexican peso
against the U.S. dollar. The economic crisis saw the number of illegal Mexican migrants in the
U.S. increase annually from the mid-1990’s to the mid-2000’s. Natural disasters and
overpopulation are other common causes of poverty-driven illegal immigration.

3. Family Reunification: You could be a legal resident or naturalized citizen of a country and you
are looking to bring your loved ones into the country legally. In this case, you may need to apply
for reunification visas. However, these visas are normally limited in number and subject to annual
quotas. Consequently, your loved ones may be forced to enter the destination country illegally to
be reunited with you.

4. Overpopulation: ​Overpopulation occurs when population growth outstrips the carrying capacity
of an area. Human population explosions can lead to problems such as water shortages, pollution,
and poverty. These problems may cause people to flee their homeland to foreign countries
illegally. For example, most illegal immigrants coming to the U.S. are from Mexico. Mexico has a
poor economy and the drug cartels in the country are known to kill at least 80,000 people every
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 year. Conversely, the U.S. enjoys a relatively more stable economy and a safe environment. That
is what attracts the Mexicans.

5. Wars and Asylum: ​Illegal immigration could be caused by the need to flee from a war-torn or
repressive country. However, if you escape such a situation, you will not be termed as an
undocumented or illegal migrant in most countries. If you apply for asylum in the destination
country and are granted refugee status you will have the right to stay permanently. If the country
denies you any kind of legal protection statues, then you may be forced to leave the country.
Another option is to stay as an illegal migrant. And that’s how illegal immigration comes in. Let’s
now look at the effects of illegal immigration

Effects of Illegal Immigration:

The effects of illegal immigration may come out as positive or negative depending on how you look at
them. Here are some of the major effects:

1. A strain on Public Utilities: ​Illegal immigrants normally use public services such as health
facilities, public schools, transportation, parks and every other public utility you can think of.
However, they don’t pay taxes for the building and maintenance of these utilities.

2. Ready Supply of Cheap Labor: Illegal immigrants are normally desperate for a source of
income and don’t mind working for less pay. Hence, employers in the destination country don’t
have to hire workers whom they must pay the standard rates. Moreover, illegal workers can take
up just about any kind of work as long as it guarantees a steady income. It doesn’t matter how
hard or hazardous it is. Conversely, citizens of most destination countries, especially the U.S., are
normally choosy. They also don’t hesitate to file lawsuits or worker’s compensation in case of an
injury or perceived injustice. Illegal immigrants can’t sue and hardly complain about work-related
issues.

3. Loss of Jobs for Citizens: ​In light of the fact that illegal immigrants are usually ready to work on
lowest pay, they take away jobs meant for locals. You should also be alive to the fact that all
natives deserve the jobs before legal or undocumented immigrants. While employers are normally
happy about this situation, it can be frustrating to citizens who can’t find reasonably paying jobs.

4. Loss of Tax Revenue: ​Employing illegal immigrants means the employer gets away without
paying requisite taxes. This leads to significant savings. And consumers could end up enjoying
cheaper products and services, thanks to lower costs of production. That sounds like a positive
impact. However, the loss of tax revenue could undermine government programs. Without the tax
money that employers should remit for jobs held by illegal immigrants, government projects that
are beneficial to all of us may end up stalling. That hurts everyone to benefit a few.

5. Injury and Illness: ​The pursuit of better quality life is the primary cause of illegal immigration.
This is mostly achieved through employment in the destination country. And the desperation for
employment drives illegal migrants to work in dangerous industries such as construction and
agriculture. Moreover, illegal workers have limited ability to uphold safety at work, thanks to the
complex web of consequences that shroud illegal migrant status. Besides the physical dangers that
illegal immigrants are exposed to at work, the choice to move across borders in search of
employment normally entails work-related lifestyle factors that affect the physical, social, and
mental well-being of immigrants and their loved ones.

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 6. Rise in Criminal and Terrorist Activities: ​While most of the illegal immigrants are only looking
for employment opportunities, there is a good number among them that are involved in criminal
activities. The MS-13 gang, which comprised of Central American immigrants, is a good example
of an illegal immigrant turned criminals. In fact, it has been christened “the most dangerous gang
in the world.” Without proper monitoring of those who are entering a country illegally, criminals
and terrorists could also find their way into the country. This creates danger for law-abiding
residents. Moreover, it is not easy to track and prosecute illegal criminals.

7. Reduced Motivation for Legal Immigration: ​Many people are keen to follow the right
procedures for immigration. However, they could decide to take shortcuts if they are convinced
that it is possible, and perhaps even more rewarding, to get into the country illegally.

WHY IS THERE A NEED TO MONITOR AND CURB THE RISING ILLEGAL

IMMIGRATION?

Following are some of the reasons due to which there is a need to curb illegal migration.

1. Menial and entry-level jobs go to illegal immigrants, not legal citizens: ​A substantial number
of low-paying training-type positions in certain industries are lost to illegal aliens, when these jobs
could help prepare America’s workforce for the future. Fast food, vehicle repair and maintenance,
cleaning work, and similar jobs that train workers in basic job skills are no longer as available to
youth, the disabled, and retired persons.

2. Loss of tax revenue can hurt government programs: ​Without the tax dollars that should be
paid for jobs held by illegal immigrants, government programs that benefit all of us are being
reduced or dropped. That hurts everyone to help a few.

3. Educational costs are rising: ​The cost of teaching illegal immigrant children who aren’t legally
eligible for special assistance programs like tutors and other educational resources, may be passed
on to taxpayers. Meanwhile, in the classroom, the children of illegal residents may require more of
the teacher’s time to learn English and become familiar with the educational system.

4. Hospitals and medical providers treat illegal residents cheaply or at no cost: ​Few
practitioners will turn away illegal immigrants who apply for medical treatment or medicine, even
if they cannot afford to pay for medical assistance. The unpaid cost of treating people who cannot
afford to pay and are ineligible for social service programs is passed on to paying patients and
their insurance providers, which means their costs can go up.

5. Bilingualism divides the nation: ​Since English has never been declared the official language of
the United States, lobbyists and policymakers continue to debate over the merits of teaching more
than one language in schools, providing dual-language textbooks, and presenting educational
information, medical services, and a host of other cultural experiences in a multi language format.
Although that has evolved already to a certain extent, it could continue to escalate, creating
tension and potential problems for our country.

6. Illegal immigration removes motivation for legal immigration: ​Many of those who would
normally go through the process of applying for visas and permanent residence may decide to take

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 shortcuts if they believe it is acceptable, and perhaps even more lucrative, to enter the country
illegally.

7. Increased crime and terrorist activity may result: ​With little monitoring of those who are
entering the country illegally, criminals and terrorists may likewise do so, creating danger for
law-abiding citizens in this country. Furthermore, illegal criminals can be difficult to track and
prosecute.

HISTORY
Industrialization:

When the pace of migration had accelerated since the 18th century already (including the involuntary
slave trade), it would increase further in the 19th century. Manning distinguishes three major types of
migration: labor migration, refugee migrations, and urbanization. Millions of agricultural workers left the
countryside and moved to the cities causing unprecedented levels of urbanization. This phenomenon
began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread around the world and continues to this day in many
areas.

Industrialization encouraged migration wherever it appeared. The increasingly global economy globalized
the labour market. The Atlantic slave trade diminished sharply after 1820, which gave rise to self-bound
contract labour migration from Europe and Asia to plantations. Overpopulation,open agricultural
frontiers, and rising industrial centres attracted voluntary migrants. Moreover, migration was significantly
made easier by improved transportation techniques.

Romantic nationalism also rose in the 19th century, and, with it, ethnocentrism. The great European
industrial empires also rose. Both factors contributed to migration, as some countries favored their own
ethnicity over outsiders and other countries appeared to be considerably more welcoming. For example,
the Russian Empire identified with Eastern Orthodoxy, and confined Jews, who were not Eastern
Orthodox, to the Pale of Settlement and imposed restrictions. Violence was also a problem. The United
States was promoted as a better location, a "golden land" where Jews could live more openly.
Another effect of imperialism, colonialism, led to the migration of some colonizing parties from "home
countries" to "the colonies", and eventually the migration of people from "colonies" to "home
countries".Transnational labor migration reached a peak of three million migrants per year in the early
twentieth century. Italy, Norway, Ireland and the Guangdong region of China were regions with
especially high emigration rates during these years. These large migration flows influenced the process of
nation state formation in many ways. Immigration restrictions have been developed, as well as diaspora
cultures and myths that reflect the importance of migration to the foundation of certain nations, like the
American melting pot. The transnational labor migration fell to a lower level from the 1930s to the 1960s
and then rebounded.

The United States experienced considerable internal migration related to industrialization, including its
African American population. From 1910 to 1970, approximately 7 million African Americans migrated
from the rural Southern United States, where blacks faced both poor economic opportunities and
considerable political and social prejudice, to the industrial cities of the Northeast, Midwest and West,
where relatively well-paid jobs were available. This phenomenon came to be known in the United States
as its own Great Migration, although historians today consider the migration to have two distinct phases.

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The term "Great Migration", without a qualifier, is now most often used to refer to the first phase, which
ended roughly at the time of the Great Depression. The second phase, lasting roughly from the start of
U.S. involvement in World War II to 1970, is now called the Second Great Migration. With the demise of
legalised segregation in the 1960s and greatly improved economic opportunities in the South in the
subsequent decades, millions of blacks have returned to the South from other parts of the country since
1980 in what has been called the New Great Migration.

Partition of India:

In 1947, upon the Partition of India, large populations moved from India to Pakistan and vice versa,
depending on their religious beliefs. The partition was created by the Indian Independence Act 1947 as a
result of the dissolution of the British Indian Empire. The partition displaced up to 17 million people in
the former British Indian Empire, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to
a million.Muslim residents of the former British India migrated to Pakistan (including East Pakistan, now
Bangladesh), whilst Hindu and Sikh residents of Pakistan and Hindu residents of East Pakistan (now
Bangladesh) moved in the opposite direction. In modern India, estimates based on industry sectors mainly
employing migrants suggest that there are around 100 million circular migrants in India. Caste, social
networks and historical precedents play a powerful role in shaping patterns of migration.

Research by the Overseas Development Institute identifies a rapid movement of labor from slower- to
faster-growing parts of the economy. Migrants can often find themselves excluded by urban housing
policies, and migrant support initiatives are needed to give workers improved access to market
information, certification of identity, housing and education. In the riots which preceded the partition in
the Punjab region, between 200,000 and 500,000 people were killed in the retributive genocide.
U.N.H.C.R. estimates 14 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims were displaced during the partition.
Scholars call it the largest mass migration in human history: Nigel Smith, in his book Pakistan: History,
Culture, and Government, calls it "history's greatest migration."

World Wars and Aftermath:

The First and Second World Wars, and wars, genocides, and crises sparked by them, had an enormous
impact on migration. Muslims moved from the Balkan to Turkey, while Christians moved the other way,
during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. In April 1915 the Ottoman government embarked upon the
systematic decimation of its civilian Armenian population. The persecutions continued with varying
intensity until 1923 when the Ottoman Empire ceased to exist and was replaced by the Republic of
Turkey.

The Armenian population of the Ottoman state was reported at about two million in 1915. An estimated
one million had perished by 1918, while hundreds of thousands had become homeless and stateless
refugees. By 1923 virtually the entire Armenian population of Anatolian Turkey had disappeared. Four
hundred thousand Jews had already moved to Palestine in the early twentieth century, and numerous Jews
to America, as already mentioned. The Russian Civil War caused some three million Russians, Poles, and
Germans to migrate out of the new Soviet Union. Decolonization following the Second World War also
caused migrations.

The Jewish communities across Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East were formed from
voluntary and involuntary migrants. After the Holocaust (1938 to 1945), there was increased migration to
the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the modern state of Israel as a result of the United
Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.

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Provisions of the Potsdam Agreement from 1945 signed by victorious Western Allies and the Soviet
Union led to one of the largest European migrations, and the largest in the 20th century. It involved the
migration and resettlement of close to or over 20 million people. The largest affected group were 16.5
million Germans expelled from Eastern Europe westwards. The second largest group were Poles, millions
of whom were expelled westwards from eastern Kresy region and resettled in the so-called Recovered
Territories.

Hundreds of thousands of Poles, Ukrainians (Operation Vistula), Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians and
some Belarusians were expelled eastwards from Europe to the Soviet Union. Finally, many of the several
hundred thousand Jews remaining in Eastern Europe after the Holocaust migrated outside Europe to Israel
and the United States.

CURRENT SCENARIO
The number of international migrants worldwide has continued to grow over the past seventeen years,
reaching 258 million in 2017, up from 248 million in 2015, 220 million in 2010, 191 million in 2005 and
173 million in 2000. Between 2000 and 2005, the international migrant stock grew by an average of 2 per
cent per year. During the period 2005-2010, the annual growth rate accelerated, reaching 2.9 per cent.

Since then, however, it has slowed, falling to around 2.4 per cent per year during the period 2010-2015
and to 2.0 per cent per year during the period 2015-2017. High-income countries have absorbed most of
the recent growth in the global population of international migrants, gaining 64 million of the 85 million
migrants added worldwide between 2000 and 2017.

Between 2000 and 2017, Asia added more international migrants than any other region. Asia gained some
30 million international migrants during this period, representing a net increase of about 1.8 million
migrants per annum. Europe added the second largest number of international migrants between 2000 and
2017 (22 million), followed by Northern America (17 million) and Africa (10 million). Latin America
and the Caribbean and Oceania added comparatively smaller numbers of migrants during this period (3
million in each of these regions).

Despite this continued growth, international migrants accounted for two per cent or less of the total
population of Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean. By contrast, in Europe, Northern
America and Oceania, international migrants comprise at least 10 percent of the total population. Most of
the world’s migrants live in a relatively small number of countries. In 2017, more than 50 per cent of all
international migrants in the world were living in just ten countries or areas, while only twenty countries
or areas hosted 67 per cent of the global number of international migrants.

The largest number of international migrants resided in the United States of America: 50 million, equal to
19 percent of the world’s total (figure 3). Saudi Arabia, Germany and the Russian Federation hosted the
second, third and fourth largest numbers of migrants worldwide (around 12 million each), followed by the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (nearly 9 million), and the United Arab Emirates
(8 million). Of the twenty largest countries of destination of international migrants worldwide, nine are
located in Asia, seven in Europe, two in Northern America, and one each in Africa and Oceania.

The United States - 46,627,102

The United States is unique for its immigration. All Americans, except for Native Americans, can trace
their family's roots to somewhere other than the United States. The top source countries for immigrants to
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the United States include Mexico, India, China, and the Philippines. However, there are people from
virtually all countries around the world represented in the United States. This makes the country one of
the world's most multicultural societies.

Germany - 12,005,690
After the United States, Germany as the highest immigrant population in the world. Germany attracts
many high-skilled immigrants from around the world. This is encouraged by the government to account
for stagnant population growth in the country. The top source countries for immigrants to Germany are:
Turkey (14.9%), Poland (8.2%), Syria (6.6%) and Italy (6.1%).

Russia - 11,643,276
Russia, the world's largest country, is also the world's 9th most populated country with a population of
over 100 million. Of that population, 11 million people are immigrants. Immigration is the main source of
population growth in Russia, as the country actually has a low birth rate. The majority of immigrants to
Russia come from surrounding nations and former USSR members like Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan,
Azerbaijan, and Moldova. However, anyone can immigrate to Russia, provided they can prove fluency in
Russian and have lived in the country for five years.

Saudi Arabia - 10,185,945

There are more than 10 million immigrants living in Saudi Arabia. The majority of people come to Saudi
Arabia to work in the country's oil industry from source destinations such as India, Syria, Pakistan, and
the Philippines.

United Kingdom - 8,543,120

More than 8 million people in the United Kingdom are foreign-born. Like many other developed
countries, much of the United Kingdom's population growth comes from migration. The largest groups of
UK immigrants come from India, Poland, and Pakistan. A large percentage of immigrants in the United
Kingdom comes from the European Union.

Countries by Percentage of Immigrants:

Although these countries have the highest number of immigrants, they do not necessarily have the largest
immigrant populations. In terms of population percentage, the following countries are composed of the
most immigrants: United Arab Emirates (83.7%), Qatar (73.8%), Kuwait (70%), Monaco (64.2%).

Countries With the Largest Immigrant Populations

Rank Countries Foreign-Born Population

1 United States 46,627,102

2 Germany 12,005,690

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 3 Russia 11,643,276

4 Saudi Arabia 10,185,945

5 United Kingdom 8,543,120

6 United Arab Emirates 8,095,126

7 Canada 7,835,502

8 Australia 7,787,057

9 France 7,784,418

10 Spain 5,947,106

BLOC POSITIONS:
USA:

In January 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump signed an executive order temporarily suspending entry to
the United States by nationals of certain Muslim-majority countries. It was replaced by another executive
order in March 2017 and by a presidential proclamation in September 2017, with various changes to the
list of countries and exemptions. The orders were temporarily suspended by federal courts but later
allowed to proceed by the Supreme Court, pending a definite ruling on their legality. Another executive
order called for the immediate construction of a wall across the U.S.–Mexico border, the hiring of 5,000
new border patrol agents and 10,000 new immigration officers, and federal funding penalties for
sanctuary cities.

CHINA​:

Internal migration in the People's Republic of China is one of the most extensive in the world according
to the International Labour Organization. In fact, research done by Kam Wing Chan of the University of
Washington suggests that "In the 30 years since 1979, China's urban population has grown by about 440
million to 622 million in 2009. Of the 440 million increase, about 340 million was attributable to net
migration and urban reclassification. Even if only half of that increase was migration, the volume of
rural-urban migration in such a short period is likely the largest in human history."

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Migrants in China are commonly members of a floating population, which refers primarily to migrants in
China without local household registration status through the Chinese Hukou system In general,
rural-urban migrant workers are most excluded from local educational resources, citywide social welfare
programs and many jobs because of their lack of hukou status.Migrant workers are not necessarily rural
workers; they can simply be people living in urban areas with rural household registration.

In 2015 a total of 277.5 million migrant workers (36% of the total workforce of 770 million) existed in
China.Out of these, migrant workers who left their hometown and worked in other provinces accounted
for 158.63 million (an increase of 3.4% compared to 2010) and migrant workers who worked within their
home provinces reached 94.15 million (an increase of 5.9% compared to 2010). The balance of gender for
migrant workers was two-thirds male to one-third female in 2015.

Estimations are that Chinese cities will face an influx of another 243 million migrants by 2025, taking the
urban population up to nearly 1 billion people. This population of migrants would represent "almost 40
percent of the total urban population," a number which is almost three times the current level. While it is
often difficult to collect accurate statistical data on migrant floating populations, the number of migrants
is undoubtedly quite large. "In China's largest cities, for instance, it is often quoted that at least one out of
every five persons is a migrant."

United Kingdom:

From April 2013 to April 2014, a total of 560,000 immigrants were estimated to have arrived in the UK,
including 81,000 British citizens and 214,000 from other parts of the EU. An estimated 317,000 people
left, including 131,000 British citizens and 83,000 other EU citizens. The top countries represented in
terms of arrivals were: China, India, Poland, the United States, and Australia. ​In 2014, approximately
125,800 foreign citizens were naturalised as British citizens. This figure fell from around 208,000 in
2013, which was the highest figure recorded since 1962, when records began. Between 2009-13, the
average number of people granted British citizenship per year was 195,800.

The main countries of previous nationality of those naturalised in 2014 were: India, Pakistan, the
Philippines, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Nepal, China, South Africa, Poland and Somalia.The UK Government
can also grant settlement to foreign nationals, which confers on them permanent residence in the UK,
without granting them British citizenship. Grants of settlement are made on the basis of various factors,
including employment, family formation and reunification, and asylum (including to deal with backlogs
of asylum cases). The total number of grants of settlement was approximately 154,700 in 2013, compared
to 241,200 in 2010 and 129,800 in 2012.

RUSSIA:

Immigration to Russia is an entry process of foreign citizens for permanent residence in the territory of
the Russian Federation. Under current law, after five years of residence, after the examination of the
knowledge of the Russian language, immigrants can also obtain Russian citizenship. The immigration to
Russia is regulated by the Main Directorate for Migration Affairs.

The immigration plays an important role in modern Russian demographic processes, since it is the cause
of the increase of the population from 2011. Russia maintains one of the world's most liberal immigration
policies; anyone who works in Russia for five years and develops fluency in the Russian language can
become a citizen, provided he or she has not committed a crime, and almost anyone who is hired by a
Russian firm can stay in the country and work indefinitely.

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This reflects a policy change on the part of the Putin government, in response to declining birth rates,
from the more restrictive policy enacted after the fall of the Soviet Union.The large non-Slavic immigrant
populations arriving in response to Putin's liberal policy have sometimes been met with xenophobia; to
counter this, the Russian state has shut down various anti-immigrant group pursuant to Russian hate
speech laws, such as the Movement Against Illegal Immigration.

INDIA:

As per Economic Survey 2016-17 estimates, an average of 90 million people migrated annually through
railways between Indian states annually during the last five years. This is almost double the migration
rate recorded during the first decade of the century. The National Capital Region in North India — Delhi,
Gurugram, Gautam Budh Nagar — being the largest employment center recorded highest in-migration;
while Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh continued to be the net human resource providers for the
rest of the country.

Every minute, 25-30 people are migrating to Indian cities from rural areas in search of better livelihood
and lifestyles. If the pace of migration from rural areas to urban centres continues, Indian urban
population is likely to reach 600 million by 2030.

GERMANY:

In 2014 more than 276,000 people entered illegally into the European Union, an increase of 138% from
2013. The numbers of asylum applications and illegal immigration to Europe and especially Germany
rose from 2013 onwards, the refugee camps became overcrowded.On 20 March 2015 the Federal Minister
of the Interior of Germany stated that the average duration of an asylum application procedure was about
​51​​ ⁄​2​ months.

Because there are often problems with the identification of refugees, fingerprint scans will be introduced,
and individuals will be checked in more detail to identify their true place of origin. Due to the high
burden for the several German States, the Federal Minister of the Interior also claims to deport illegals
more quickly and individuals with denied asylum applications. The original prediction of about 450,000
asylum seekers for 2015 in Germany rose to over 800,000 people, which is almost double the number of
the previous prediction for this year and four times the amount of the prior year. In a letter written by the
Vice-Chancellor of Germany to his fellow party members, the possible number of 800,000 refugees was
raised again to over 1,000,000 refugees in Germany.

SUGGESTED MODERATED CAUCUS TOPICS

1. Policies that various governments of different countries have introduced to curb migration.
2. Discuss the immigration policy of the USA.
3. The Rohingya crisis in South-Asia.
4. Need for cultural and social integration of migrants.
5. Causes for rise in migration in the present times.
6. Rise in economic instability due to influx of migrants.
7. Methods to curb rising number of migrants.
8. Basic facilities that migrants need in host countries.
9. Issues with migrant integration into the society.
10. Civil wars and internal conflict, an emerging international migration issue.
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 RESEARCH LINKS
1. https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Curbing-illegal-immigration-in-the-United-States-F35YH4ZTJ
2. https://www.eartheclipse.com/issue/causes-effects-illegal-immigration.html
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_India
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_immigration
5. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089571770700091X
6. https://www.toppr.com/guides/evs/no-place-for-us/migration-and-its-effects/
7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom
8. https://www.eldis.org/document/A17521
9. https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/india-preparing-biggest-human-migration-planet
10. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration
11. https://www.iom.int/wmr/world-migration-report-2018​\
12. .​https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/highest-immigrant-population-in-the-world.html
13. https://www.britannica.com/place/Spain/Migration
14. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/5-facts-that-show-india-is-a-migration-superpower
15. https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/SDD_PUB_Sit-Rep-book.pdf

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