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Directions: Write the terms on the front of your card and the definition on the back.
Enlightenment The Age of Enlightenment was an intellectual and philosophical movement that
dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century, the "Century of
Philosophy". The Enlightenment emerged out of a European intellectual and scholarly
movement known as Renaissance humanism.

rationalism is a philosophical movement which gathered momentum during the ​Age​ of Reason of the
17th Century. It is usually associated with the introduction of mathematical methods into
philosophy during this period by the major ​rationalist​ figures, Descartes, Leibniz and
Spinoza.

natural rights Enlightenment​ thinkers wanted to improve human conditions on earth rather than
concern themselves with religion and the afterlife. These thinkers valued reason, science,
religious tolerance, and what they called “​natural rights​”—life, liberty, and property.

social contract The ​Social Contract​: A 1762 treatise by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in which he theorized
the best way to establish a political community in the face of the problems of commercial
society. The work helped inspire political reforms and revolutions in Europe.

John Locke (1632 - 1704) was an English philosopher of the ​Age​ of Reason and early ​Age of
Enlightenment​. His ideas had enormous influence on the development of Epistemology
and Political Philosophy, and he is widely regarded as one of the most influential early
Enlightenment​ thinkers.

“life, liberty, Among these fundamental natural rights, Locke said, are "​life, liberty, and property​."
and property” Locke believed that the most basic human law of nature is the preservation of mankind.
To serve that purpose, he reasoned, individuals have both a right and a duty to preserve
their own lives.

Declaration of The United States Declaration of Independence is the pronouncement adopted by the
Independence Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1776

Thomas an American statesman, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father
Jefferson who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he
had served as the second vice president of the United States from 1797

George an American political leader, military general, statesman, and Founding Father who
Washington served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Previously, he led
Patriot forces to victory in the nation's War for Independence.

“taxation the act of being taxed by an authority without the benefit of having elected
without representatives. The term became part of an anti-British slogan when the original 13
representation” American colonies aimed to revolt against the British Empire.
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Stamp Act The Stamp Act of 1765 was an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain which imposed a
direct tax on the British colonies in America and required that many printed materials in
the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London, carrying an embossed
revenue stamp.

French and The French and Indian War pitted the colonies of British America against those of New
Indian War France, each side supported by military units from the parent country and by American
Indian allies.

three estates The estates of the realm, or three estates, were the broad orders of social hierarchy used
in Christendom from the medieval period to early modern Europe. Different systems for
dividing society members into estates developed and evolved over time.

Declaration of The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, set by France's National
the Rights of Constituent Assembly in 1789, is a human civil rights document from the French
Man and the Revolution. The Declaration was drafted by the Abbé Sieyès and the Marquis de
Citizen Lafayette, in consultation with Thomas Jefferson.

King Louis Louis XVI, born Louis-Auguste, was the last king of France before the fall of the
XVI monarchy during the French Revolution. He was referred to as citizen Louis Capet during
the four months before he was guillotined

Toussaint François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture, also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or

L’Ouverture Toussaint Bréda, was a French general and best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution.
He was a leader of the growing resistance. His military and political acumen saved the
gains of the first black insurrection in November 1791.

grands blancs literally, big whites. The ​grands blancs​ were the wealthy white upper class of
Saint-Domingue, including planters, bureaucrats, and so on. It was this group that owned
most plantations and slaves in the French colony.

Simon Bolivar Known as El Libertador,[4] or the Liberator, was a Venezuelan military and political
leader who led the independence of what are currently the states of Venezuela, Bolivia,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama from the Spanish Empire.

Bolívar was born into a wealthy, aristocratic Criollo family and, as was common for the
heirs of upper-class families in his day, was sent to be educated abroad at a young age,
arriving in Spain when he was 16 and later moving to France. While in Europe, he was
introduced to the ideas of the Enlightenment, which later motivated him to overthrow the
reigning Spanish in colonial South America.

Napoleon Napoléon Bonaparte was a French statesman and military leader who rose to prominence
during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French
Revolutionary Wars. He was Emperor of the French as Napoleon I from 1804 until 1814
and again briefly in 1815 during the Hundred Days.
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Reign of Terror The ​Reign of Terror​ was a dark and violent period of time during the French
Revolution. Radicals took control of the revolutionary government. They arrested and
executed anyone who they suspected might not be loyal to the revolution.

Napoleonic (French: ​Code​ Napoléon; officially ​Code​ civil des Français, referred to as (le) ​Code
Code civil) is the French civil ​code​ established under the French Consulate in 1804. It was
drafted by a commission of four eminent jurists and entered into force on 21 March 1804.

ancien regime The Ancien Régime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from
the Late Middle Ages until 1789, when hereditary monarchy and the feudal system of
French nobility were abolished by the French Revolution. The Ancien Régime was ruled
by the late Valois and Bourbon dynasties.