Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications E. John Finnemore econ Mae di!Sec Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Properties of Fluids Chapter 2 PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE Special features 2.3 Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity X23. BG V Easy 232 SIV Easy 233° BG V Easy 234 SIV Easy 235 SIV Easy 236 BV Easy 23.7 BG Easy P2u SIV Easy 22. BG V Easy 23 SI Easy 24 BG Easy 25 ‘Sl Medium 2.5 Compressibility of Liquids X25. B Euy 25.2 BG Easy 253 BG Easy 254 SI Easy 255 SI Easy P26 BG Easy 27 BG Easy 2.8 SI Medium 2.6 Specific Weight of Liquids X261 BV Easy 262 B VEasy 263 BG Easy 2.64 SI Easy P29 BG Medium 2.10 SI Medium V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short V Short Medium Short V Short Y Short V Short V Short Short Short Medium, V Short V Short Short Short Short Medium 23.2 23.1 234 23.3 P22 P23 x2.3.5 x23.7 2.5.4 25.2 P27 X2.5.5 262 2.6.1 2-D interpolation; unit conversions Interpolation in 2 directions + Interpolation Jeon. TFor all Exercises (identifed by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values that are read from graphs. X = Exercise, P (end-of-chapter) Problem, S ‘Sample Problem.Sec Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts ‘Special features 2.7 Property Relations for Perfect Gases X20.1 SI Easy —_V Short 27.2 BG Easy —_V Short 1 1 Ae oe ey be 0 274 SI Easy Shon 12.7.3 275 BG Easy Shot 2.7.6 BG Easy Shot I Partial pressures 2.7.7 N Medium Short 1 Derivation P 241 SI Easy Shot 2 2.12 BG Easy Short, «32.13, 2.13 SI Easy = Shon 32.12 2.14 BG Easy Shon 3. Partial pressures 215 SI Medium Medium 3 Partial pressures 2.16 BG Medium Medium 5 Partial pressures 2.8 — Compressibility of Gases BG VEasy VShot 1 2.8.2 SI VEay VShort 1 2.8.1 SI Easy Shon 2 BG Medium Short = 1 P2.AD. BG Easy = Short 2-28 Sl Easy = Show = 22:17 SI Medium Shot 1 X2.84 2d X2111 B VEsy Short 1 + Unit conversions (minor) 2112 BG VEsy VShot 1 + 2.113 BG VEsy VShot 1 2.114 SL Easy = VShort 1 2.11.5 2115 BG Easy = WShort «1 2.11.4 2116 B Easy Short 1 Unit conversions 2417 B Easy Short, «3 t 218 SI Easy Shot 2 t 2119 B Easy Short, = 1 P2.23-— Unit conversions 21110 N Easy Short 1 Integration 24111 BG Easy Medium = 1 Unit conversion (minor) 2.12 P 2.20 SI Medium Short 1 Unit conversion (minor) 2.21 BG Medium Short = 12.22 2.2 SI Medium Short = 12.21 223° BG Medium Shot = 1 X2.11.9 224 BG Hard = Medium 1 4+ Integration 2.25 SI Medium Short I Integration 2.26 N Hard = Medium 1 Integration 2.27 SI 2 2.28 SI 3 Jeon,212 23 Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Surface Tension X2121 BG V Easy 2.12.2 SL Easy 2.123 BG V Easy 2.12.4 SI Easy 2.125 BG Easy P229 BG Easy 2.30 SI Easy 231 SI Medium 2.32 BG Medium Vapor Pressure of Liquids X 243.1 SIV Easy 2132 BG Easy P233 BG V Easy 2.36 SI Easy V Short V Short V Short V Short Short Short Short Short Short V Short Short V Short Short E 2.12.2 224 2.32 2.31 2.34 2.13.2 ‘Special features t t Interpolation twice Interpolation twiceSec. 2.3 7 Chapter 2 PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS See. 2.3: Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity ~ Exercises (7) 23.1 BG 23.2 SI 23.3 23.4 SI 23.5 23.6 23.7 BG If the specific weight of a liquid is 52 Ib/fe', what is its density? Bq. 2.1: p = 52/322 = 1615 siugsin? If the specific weight ofa liquid is 8.1 RNint, what is its density? Eg. 2.1: p = S100/981 = 826 kg/m? Uf the specific volume of a gas is 375 ft'/slug, what is its specific weight in lb/ft’? Bags. 2.1,22: y= pg = £ = nner ot) = 0.0859 Ibn? 1» 375 fstug\ slug: fysec?) If the specific volume of a gas is 0.70 m'lkg, what is its specific weight in N/m!? 9.81 m/s? oahel v0.70 mpkgl 35] = 1401 Nim < Ages? Eqs. 2.12.2: = pg A certain gas weighs 16.0 Nin at a certain temperature and pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to air weighing 12.0 Nim? Eq. 2.1: p = 16/9.81 = 1.631 kg/m? Fg. 2.2: v= 1.631 = 0.613 mike < s= 16/12 = 1333 4 The specific weight of glycerin is 78.6 bif?. Compute its density and specific gravity. What is its specific weight in KNi?? Eg. 2.1: p = 78.6/32.2 = 2.44 slugs? < 5 = 78.6/62.4 = 1.260 4 so p = 1.260 Mg/m? Eg. 2.1: 7 = 9.81(1.260) = 12.36 kNim? << Ifa certain gasoline weights 43 lb/ft’, what are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific ‘gravity relative to water at 60°F? Use Appendix A. Bq 2.1: p = 43/322 = 1335 stugsif? — < Eq 2.2: v = 1/1335 = 0.749 Aslug Table AL: Pye 8 60°F = 1.938 slugs/f?; 5 = 1335/1938 = 0.689 <8 Sec. 2.3, Prob. 2.5 See 2.3: Density, Specific Weight, Specific Volume, and Specific Gravity ~ Problems 2.12.5 24 SI 22 23 SI 24 BG 25 Ifthe specific weight of a gas is 12.40 Nim’, what is its specific volume in mike? 1g, 981 mst 22: ve be £98 mst _ . PY 12,40 (kg: ms*)/m? A gas sample weighs 0.108 lb/f? at a certain temperature and pressure. What are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to air weighing 0.075 Ib/f?? Bq. 2.1: p = 0.108/32.2 = 0.00335 stugsin? Bq. 2.2: v = 1/0.00335 = 298 fsug ss = 0.791 mig << 108/0.075 = 1.440 < If a certain liquid weighs 8600 Nim’, what are the values of its density, specific volume, and specific gravity relative to water at 15°C? Use Appendix A. Eq. 2.1: p = 8600981 = 877 kgim? Bare , 20 , 200735 Nim) «147 Nin < a = 0.001 m in-diameter soap bubble floating in air, given the surface Determine the excess pressure inside an 0. tension of the soap solution is 0.0035 lb/ft. ‘Cut the bubble on a plane through its center, and consider force equilibrium, noting that surface tension acts on both the inside and outside surfaces. ox 2 x circumference = p x area; 2o(2r) = p(x?) dare _ 40 _ 40.0035 Ib/f) ee ie 0.25/12 ft P= 0.004 67 psi 0.672 t/t26 sec. 2.13, Prob. 2.34 Sec. 2.13: Vapor Pressure of Liquids — Bxereises (2) 2.43.1 SI At what pressure in millibars absolute will 70°C water boil? Table A.1 at 70°C: p, = 31.16 kN/m? abs. Inside cover: 10 mb = 1 KN/n? ‘The water will boil at 31.16 KN/m? abs = 311.6 mb abs 4 At approximately what temperature will water boil in Mexico City (elevation 7400 ft? Refer to Appendix A. Table A.3, by interpolation: p, = 11.21 psia at 7400 ft elevation Table A.1, by interpolation: p, water = 11.21 psia at about 198.6% - Water boils at 198.6°F Sec. 2.13: Vapor Pressure of Liquids ~ Problems 2.33-2.34 2.33 BG 2.34 st Water at 170°F in a beaker is placed within an airtight container, Air is gradually pumped out of the container. What reduction below standard atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psia must be achieved before the water boils? Table A.1 at 70°F: p, = 5.99 psia 14,7 ~ 5.99 = 8.71 psi; the pressure must be reduced by 8.71 psi ‘At approximately what temperature will water boil on top of Mount Kilimanjaro (elevation 5895 m)? Refer 10 Appendix A. ‘Table A.3, by interpolation: py = 47.934 kPa abs at 5895 m elevation. ‘Teble A.A, by interpolation: p, of water = 47.934 kPa abs at about 80.26°C. So water will boil there at about 80.3°C27 Chapter 3 Fluid Statics PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE Sec Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar ial features 3.2 Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid X'3.2.1 BG VEasy VShot 13.2.2 3.22 SI VEay VShot 1 3.2.1 323 BG VEsy VShot 1 P31 Uses Sec. 2.3 324 BG VEasy VShot 1 P 3a St VEasy VShort 1 3.2.3 Uses Sec. 2.3, 3.2 BG = Medium Medium 1 33 BG Hard © Medium 1 Differ'n, integr’n. Uses Secs 2.3 & 2.5, 3.3 Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid X331 Sl VEsy VShort 2 3.3.2 33.2 BG VEsy VShot 2 3.3.1 33.3 SI VEsy VShort 1 P34 «BG Bey = Ston Integration 3.5 BG Medium Long = Trial & error; uses Secs. 2.3, 2.7, 2.12 3.4 Absolute and Gage Pressures X341 BG Bay © VShon 1 3.4.2 3.4.2 Sl Easy = Shot 13.4.1 3.4.3 St Easy Short 1 aa Gt heya Sat I 3.4.5 St Easy Shon 1 3.4.3.4 34.6 BG Easy Shon = 2 P36 Bo Easy = Medium 1 Unit conversions 3.7 BG Medium = Medium 1 3.8 Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7) 3.8 SI Medium Medium 2 3.7 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) Jeont... TFor all Exercises (identified by "X"), answers are given in Appendix F of the textbook. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, $ = Sample Problem.28 Sec Exer/Prob Units 3.5 Measurement of Pressure X351 BG V Eny 3.5.2 SIV Easy 3.53 Sl V Easy 35.4 BG Easy 355 BG Easy 3.5.6 SI Easy 35.7 BG Easy 35.8 BG Easy 359 BG Easy 3.5.10 BG Easy 3.5.11 SI Easy P39 St Easy 3.10 = N Medium 3.1 SI Medium 3.122 BG Medium 3.7 Center of Pressure X37.1 oN Bay 372 oN Easy 3.73 N Medium 3.74 N Medium 375 N_ Medium 3.1.6 SI Easy 3.7.7 Sl Easy 3.78 BG Easy 3.7.9 SI Easy 3.7.10 BG Easy 3.7.11 BG Medium 37.12 SI Easy 3.7.13 BG Easy 3714 SI Easy 37S SI Easy 3.716 BG Easy P 3.13 N_ | Medium 3.14 St Medium 3.15 BG Medium 3.16 SI Medium 3.17 BG i 3.18 BG 3.19 BG V Short V Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Short Medium Short Medium Long V Short V Short Short Short Medium Short Short Short Short Medium Short Medium, Medium, Medium Medium Medium, 3.5.6 35.5 3.5.11 3.5.10 3.7.14 3.7.13 Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features Unit conversions Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.1) Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) Interpolation ‘Symbols only Optional integration Integration ‘Moments Moments Moments Moments ‘Moments Jeont...Sec 38 39 3.10 Exer/Prob Units Difficulry Length Force on Curved Surface X381 BG VEsy —V Short 3.8.2 BG 383 st 384 OB 3.8.5 BG 386 BG 387 BG 3.8.8 SI 389 SI 3.8.10 BG P 3.20 BG 3.21 SI 32 st 323 BG Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies 39.1 BG VEasy —V Short 3.9.2 SIV Easy V Short 3.93 BG Easy Short 3.9.4 SI Easy Short 39.5 BG Easy Short 39.6 BG Easy — Short 3.9.7 Sl Easy Short 3.9.8 Sl Easy Medium 3.9.9 Sl Easy Medium 3.9.10 BG Medium Medium 3.9.11 BG Medium Medium 3.9.12 SI Medium Medium P 3.24 SI Medium — Medium 3.25 BG = Medium = Medium 3.26 BG = Medium = Medium 3.27 BG Medium = Medium 3.28 BG Medium = Medium 3.29 SI Medium — Medium 3.30 BG Medium Long Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration X3.10.1 BG Easy Short 3.10.2 Sl Easy Short 3.103 BG Easy Short 3.10.4 SI Easy Short 3.105 BG Easy Short 3.10.6 SI Easy Short 3.10.7 BG Easy = Medium 3.10.8 SI Easy = Medium P 331 SI Medium — Medium 332 BG Medium = Medium Parts 3.9.12 3.9.11 3.26 3.25 3.29 3.28 3.10.2 3.10.1 3.10.4 3.10.3 3.10.6 3.10.5 3.10.8 3.10.7 $3.10 Unit conversions Integration; moments Requires planimetry; moments or cutout Moments or cutout ‘Simultaneous equations ‘Simultaneous equations Differentiation Moments Moments Moments Uses pu Uses pu Moments Moments Moments Moments RI (See. 2.7) RI (See. 2.7) Sketch, ‘Sketch30 sec. 3.2, Prob. 3.1 Chapter 3 FLUID STATICS Sec 3.2: Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid — Exercises (4) 321 BG 32.2 SI 3.2.3 BG 324 BG [Neglecting the pressure on the surface and the compressibility of water, what isthe pressure in pounds per square inch on the ocean floor at a depth of 15,500 ft? The specific weight of ocean water under ordinary conditions is 64.0 lb/ft. Eq. 3.4: p = yh = 64,0(15,500)/144 = 6890 psi Neglecting the pressure on the surface and the compressibility of water, what is the pressure in KPa at a depth of an instrument 4600 m below the surface of the ocean? The specific weight of ocean water under ordinary conditions is 10.05 kN/n?. Eq. 3.4: p = yh = 10.05(4600) = 46700 KNim? =< A pressure gage at elevation 18.0 ft on the side of an industrial tank containing a liquid reads 11.4 psi. Another gauge at elevation 12.0 ft reads 13.7 psi. Compute the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the liquid. From Eq.3.3: 4p = (Ah); (13.7 ~ 11.4146 = 708-12); 7 = 55.2Ib 55.2 2 W241: p=te = 1.714 slugv/f? 4s = = 0.8854 . ene 2 = ea Where an underground oil pipeline crosses under a stream in a gully, it is 68 ft deeper than on either side. When the oi (5 = 0.88) is not flowing, what is the oil pressure in the line under the stream, if itis 32 psi at each side of the gully? P, = 32 psi. Using Eq. 3.4: p, = py + 1d = p, + Syvt = 32.0 + 0.88(62.4)68/144 = 57.9 psi ‘Sec. 3.2: Variation of Pressure in a Static Fluid — Problems 3.1-3.3 341 A pressure gage at elevation 4.8 m on the side of a storage tank containing oil reads 34.7 kPa. Another ‘gage at elevation 2.2 m reads 57.5 kPa. Compute the specific weight, density, and specific gravity of the liquid. From Bq. 3.3: y= 42 = GIS= 37H) _ gy pin? 4h G8 - 22 m) ai: p= 1 = STONIm _ 8770 Ckg-ms*¥m _ 499 Kgins ee ee oma 9.81 myst a Seo.23: 5° Li Se 08m 432 33 Sec. 3.3, Prob. 3.3 31 On a certain day the barometric pressure at sea level is 30.0 inklg and the temperature is 60°F. The ‘pressure gage on an airplane flying overhead indicates that the atmospheric pressure at that point is 9.7 ‘Psia and that the temperature is 42°F. Calculate as accurately as you can the height of the airplane above ‘Sea level. Assume a linear decrease of temperature with elevation. At sea level: p, = 30.0 inFlg(14.696 psia/29.92 inHg) = 14.74 psia Per Sample Prob. 3.1(d) with linear lapse rate b: T= a + bz and so axbey@ (ry 9.7 _ (42 +460ye" : . a (4) Fle ass el } —B/Rb = 10g0.658/10g0.965 = 11.87 Table A.S for ai: R= 1715 £7/s00%"R). Tat be: 42 + 460 = 60 + 460 — 0.001582; z 32.2/(1715b) = 11.87; b = -0.001 582°F/f 1380 << Repeat Exer. 3.2.1, but consider the effects of compressibility (E, = 330,000 psi). Neglect changes in density caused by temperature variations. (Hint: As a starting point, express Eq. (2.3) in terms of y and integrate to determine y as a function of z.) Exer. 3.2.1: Find the pressure (psi) at a depth of 15,500 ft in the ocean (y = 64.0 pof at the surface). Neglect the pressure on the surface. From Eqs. 2.2 and 2.1: » = Up = gly Differentiating, * a + from Eq. 2.3: E, But also (Eq. 3.2): y = ~dpldz (Note: p increases as elevation z decreases.) Equating expressions, separating variables, and integrating: : 5 oe oer [oro Teme «(eof #.. (64 pet(-15,500 £) ] = 6960 psi < = (330,000 psi) |in 1 ~ In {1 + _ vsoh ( (330,000 Tbyin?\(144 in?/f?), Sec 3.3: Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid - Exercises (3) 33.1 SI An open tank contains 5.0 m of water covered with 2 m of oil (y = 8.0 kN/m’). Find the gage pressure (a) dt the interface between the liquids and (b) at the bottom of the tank. @ Eq. 3.4: p= yh = @kN/m)2 m= 16 KN/m? = 16 kPa at interface << (©) py = 16 + (9.8195 = 65.1 kN/m? = 65.1 kPa at tank bottom32 sec. 3.3.2 BG 33.3 3.8, Prob. 3.5 ‘An open tank contains 7 ft of water covered with 2.2 ft of oil (s = 0.88). Find the gage pressure (a) at the interface between the liquids and (b) at the bottom of the tank. (@) Bq. 3.4: p = yh = 0.88(62.4)2.2/144 = 0.839 psi at interface () Py = 0.839 + 62.4(7)/144 = 3.87 psi at tank bottom < If air had a constant specific weight of 12 Nim? and were incompressible, what would be the height of air surrounding the earth to produce a pressure at the surface of 101.3 kPa abs? Eq. 3.5: k= ply 101.3/12.00 84¢km 4 Sec. 3.3: Pressure Expressed in Height of Fluid — Problems 3.4—3.5 34 35 BG If the specific weight of a sludge can be expressed as y = 64.0 + 0.20h, determine the pressure in psi at a depth of 14 ft below the surface. y isin Ib(f, and his in feet below the surface. Eq. 3.2: dp = ydh = (64+022A)dh ; integrating both sides: p = 64h + 0.110? Fork = 14 ft: p = 64(14)/144 + 0.11(14)'/144 = 6.37 psi A bubble 4 in below the water surface contains 2 x 107 Ib of air. If the temperature is 60°F and the barometric pressure is 14.7 psia, calculate the diameter of the bubble. Refer to Secs. 2.7 and 2.12, and ignore the partial pressure of water vapor inside the bubble. Appendix A, Table A.1 for water at 60°F: 0 = 0.005 04 Ib/ft Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 f(se%"R). Let bubble radius = r ft. a yRT W_ 2x107 From Eq. 2.5: Inside bubble py, = 722 where y = © = 2 8 V3)? Pag = 2XIO7 ye 1715460 + 60) _ 0.001322 «Gr ‘32. r Also, inside bubble Pic = Pam + Peace + AP son —- eee “

0, the dam is safe against overturning, assuming water does not get under the block, ) + (2560)5.31x, = 0554 ft A rectangular plate submerged in water is 5 by 4 m, the 5-m side being horizontal and the 4-m side being vertical. Determine the magnitude of the force on one side of the plate and the depth to its center of ressure if the top edge is (a) at the water surface; (6) 1 m below the water surface; (c) 100 m below the water surface. Bq. 3.16: F = yhA = @.81)A44 x 5m) = 196.21, @ he = 2m; F = 196.20) =392kN < (©) A, = 3m; F = 196.23) = 589kN (© fh, = 102m; F = 196.2(102) = 20000kn bh? Pa Bq. 3.18: sg @ a 261m 4 2 am 2 wim; 4-34 3am 4 @ yea Smi hy = Begg = SA m 102 12>" _- mom < Ox m Tay 7 0m The right-triangular plate shown in Fig. X3.7.13 is submerged in a vertical lane with its base horizontal. Determine the depth and horizontal position (of the center of pressure when a = I ft, b = 3 ft, and d = 4.5 ft. = bh 36 TableA7 : h bk? 6.15 ft; y, = 241 = 25 fy I, = <= 7.59 ft ere fel a aiisa 159-2958 256.73) 55 ft Below P: y!= 1445-9, = To median, x, = 10.553, = 085044 sec. 3.7, Prob, 3.12 3.7.14 st 3.7.15 3.7.16 BG Repeat Exer. 3.7.13, but with a = 0.2m, b = 1.0m, and d = 2.0m. ‘Exercise 3.7.13: For the submerged, vertical right triangular plate of Fig. X3.7.13, find the depth and horizontal postion of the center of pressure. 7 | BAB: yy = ye 5 Table Ea. 3.18: y, = ¥,+ 53 Tabled A= (1.0)2.0/2 = 1.000 m? os yy = 0867 Figure X3.7.13 Below P: y/ = 02+20-y, = 1077 m; to median, x, = 0SC.07D1.020 -0269m << A rectangular area is 5 by 6 m, with the 5 m side horizontal, It is placed with its centroid 4 m below a water surface and rotated about a horizontal axis in the plane area and through its centroid. Find the ‘magnitude of the force on one side and the distance between the center of pressure and the centroid of the lane when the angle with the horizontal, @ = 90, 60, 30, and 0°. Eq. 3.16: F = yhA = (9.81)4(5%6) = 1177 KN for any angle @ << Sree ara eenls yA ytd) Ty,” By From Bq. 3.18: y,-¥% From which Mp 7Ye 0.750 m 0.650 m 0.375 m om e88alo aaa Figure X3.7.16 shows a cylindrical tank with 0.25-in-thick walls, containing water. What is the force on the bottom? What is the force on the annular surface MM? What is the weight of the water? Find the longitudinal (vertical) tensile stress in the sidewalls BB if (a) the tank is suspended from the top: (b) it is supported from the bottom. Neglect the weight of the tank. Eq, 3.16: Force on bottom Fy = yh,A = 624Q)x = 3921 < Force on surface MM, Fy = yh,A = 624(1)(x/4)(2?-1) = 14701 Zaina Weight of water = 62.4 x[1 + (1/271 = 2451b 4 = = Figure X3.7.16 Fy 392. 392 (@ Suspended from top, @ = —* = = A g?-)— x{12?-@3.52)"1 = 392/18.65 = 21.0 Ib/in? (©) Supported from bottom, = F,/A = 147/186 = 7.88 Ib/in?See. 3.7: 3.13 N 3.14 st Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.14 45 Center of Pressure ~ Problems 3.13—3.19 A vertical semicircular area has its diameter in a liquid surface. Derive an expression for the depth to its ‘center of pressure. ar, a Eq. 3.18 and Table A.7: hy = a Ww Bn @rBaarp) 3" 2B aye = 2 Se 7 = Fs aan 4} 1-22 -am (32) = £ + +3) = 0.424r + 0.1659 = 0.590r << The Utah-shaped plate shown in Fig. P3.14 is submerged in oil (¢ = 0.94) ‘and lies in a vertical plane, Find the magnitude and location of the ‘hydrostatic force acting on one side of the plate. Eq. 3.16: F = 7hA F, = @81x0.94)(15 +2.3)2.3x4.6) = 371 kN I, 3.18: A, ote Eq. enya OD Fy = @81x0.94)(15 +2.+ 1.3)(15x2.6) = 173 KN 4 ONINS 2.8 aaa 47 FeRsR=5QmN 4 Fb) = FL), FDa 4 = T1426 + 1734 92YS43 = 447 m below oll suace, 4 (hs = 4846 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.16 3.15 3.16 The commom type of irrigation head gate shown in Fig. P3.15 is a plate that slides over the opening to a culvert. The coefficient of friction between the gate and its sliding ways is 0.6. Find the force required to slide open this 600-Ib gate if it is set (a) vertically; (@) on a 2:1 slope (n = 2), as is common. (@ Gate vertical: Eq. 3.16: h, = 12 +472 = 145 F, = ph,A = 62.4(14) » 13,980 Ib Let T = force parallel to gate required to open gate: BE = 0; T-600-0.6(13,980) = 0; T= 990 Ib (®) On 2:1 slope: Eq. 3.16: h, = [12+(4/2) sind] F = yh = 62.4{12 + (42)sin 64 = 12,870 tb BR «0; N= F+Weosd BE = 0; T= aN+Wsind = u(F+Weos6) + Wsind 2), 600 T = 0.6(12,870 + 6002 |+° - g3101b ( | 5 In the drainage of irrigated lands it is frequently desirable to install automatic ‘flap gates to prevent a flood from backing up into the lateral drains from a river. Suppose a square flap gate, of side b = 1.5 m and weight 8 kN, is hinged I m above its center (a = 0.25 m), as shown in Fig. P3.16, and the face is sloped 4° from the vertical. To what depth will water rise behind the gate before it will open? Closing moment of gate about hinge = 8000(1.0)sin4° = 558 Nem Find the depth A which produces an opening moment of 558 N-m ae ish Eq. 3.16: F = yhA osro() 23 7380K' Moment arm = (1.5+0.25) ae 75 -0.334h ‘Then 7380h7(1.75 -0.334h) = 558; h?-5.24h7+0.226 = 0 This cubic equation may be solved by trial and error, etc. (see Sample Prob. 3.5), yielding f= 0.212 m or 5.23 m (impossible) or ~0.204 m (meaningless). Soh =Sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.18 47 3.7 Find the minimum value of z for which the gate in Fig. P3.17 will rotate counterclockwise ifthe gate is (a) rectangular, 5 ft high by 4 ft wide: (2) iriangular, 4 ft base as axis, height 5 ft. Neglect friction in bearings. (@ Closing moment due to (Sx4)(3%144)2.5 = 21,600 feIb ‘Opening moment due to water: ~|BV "O) Figure P3170 Sew Je i be nA <2 Foal, -(€-5)}, where h, = (¢-2.5)+ @-2.5320 2s = 1248¢¢-2.5)25+—25_] » 104@02-50) = 31202-5200 ce af re =a] (202-50) 2 Equate moments and solve for z: 31202-5200 = 21,600 ; 7 aae-256afe-25 = CUI? es} 59 4 (©) Moment due to water: Fully (2-5), where 4,- (22) a - ade Bees + 08045) 5) (- Pho - ey Eee s -2.5) = = = oo 36 Teta * PAIDNE-2) = 1OHO2 -2600 Moment due to gas: @x144)(2%5)5/3) = 7200 fetb ; equating moments, z= 942i 4 3.18 Repeat Exer. 3.7.12 for the case where a 2-m-thick layer of oil (s = 0.8) is resting on the water, and replace "water surface” by “oil surface.” Exer, 3.7.13: A rectangular plate, 5m H by 4 m V, is submerged in water. Determine the magnitude of the force on one side of the plate and the location of its center of pressure ifthe top edge is (a) at the water surface; (@) 1 m below the water surface; (c) 100 m below the water surface. st PRD Ly yA) 7° Tay, 5 yA Eq. 3.18: y, @ F,= 7hA = 089.81)12xS) = 78.5 KN at y, = 1.333 m i Fy = 08(9.81)2@x5) = 157.0 kN at y,+2 = 2+2 = 3m delow the oil surface e | ® 2 Fe = 981(1/2x2)2x5) = 98.1 KN at y,+2 = 2Q)+2 = 3.33 m UF = 78.5 +157.0+98.1 = 334kN 23344, 8.5(1.333) + 157.0(3) + 98.13.33) ; h, = 2.71 m (See alternate solution below)A8 sec. 3.7, Prob. 3.19 3.19 BG p = 0.8(9.81)1.5(1x5) = 58.9 KN =1s+oF ots ©) F, > 08O.811.S(1x5) = 58.9 KN at y, may 7 5m F, = 08(081)2Gx5) = 235 KN at y,+2 © 242 = 350m Fe = 98105 x3)Gx5) = WI KN at y,+2 = 20)+2 = 4008 EF = 589+235+221 = SISKN 4 S1SH, = 58.9(1.556) +235(3.50) +221(4.00) ; hy = 349m OR-0 Fy = 0:80.81)2(4x5) = 314 KN at y,+2 = 10042 = 102 m 4 e 1¢4 + 98)(4x5) = 19620 KN +2 = 100+ +2 = 1021 Fz = 9B1G +9845) a», ong 02.01 m F = 0+314 + 19620 = 19930 kN 4 199304, = 0 + 314(102) + 19620(102.01) ; A, = 100m 4 Alternate solution (a): Fg = 08(9.81)2(4x5) = 314 KN at y, = 2(4) = 267 m Fwa-va = 029-81)1(2x5) = 19.62 KN at y,+2 = 2Q)+2 = 3.33 m BF = 314+1962 = 3341N 334h, = 3142.67) + 19.62.33) ; A, Refer to Sample Problem 3.7. Ifthe oil depth were 2 ft rather than 1.5 f, (a) compute the total force and (©) determine the depth ofits center of pressure. Sample Prob. 3.7 (refer to it): For component D, h = y, = 0.424 ft below the water top surface; for the semicircular end, D = 2 fr, 1 = 0.393 fi, I, = 0.1098 ff, (@ For A (oil): h = ye = 0.5(2 M) = 1.00 ft below the free oil surface, so Fy = YalhcAey = 0.8 X 62.4)1.002 X 2) = 199.7 Ib For B: Fy = pA = yhA = (0.8 X 624)2(x17/2) = 156.8 Ib For D: he = ye = 0.424 ft below the water top surface (as before) Fp = YHA = 62.4(0.424) 17/2 = 41.6 Ib (as before) Total force = Fy + Fp + Fy = 3981b < (©) For semicircular end: D = 2 ft, = 0.393 ft, J, = 0.1098 ft* Below the oil surface: (4 = 20.00) = 1.3338; ply = 2 + 0.424 = 2.42 8; 0108 _ La 59 Oamarp Finally: Fy = FxQp)a + Fa0p)s + FoOpo 398y, = 199.7(1.333) + 156.8(2.42) + 41.62.59); y, = Eq. 3.18: (jp = 2.00 + 0.424 +Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 49 Sec 3.8: Force on a Curved Surface ~ Exercises (10) 3.8.1 BG 3.8.2 BG 3.8.3 st 3.8.4 A vertical-thrust bearing for a large hydraulic gate consists of a 9-in-radius bronze hemisphere mating into a steel hemispherical shell in the gate bottom. What minimum oil pressure will maintain a complete oil film if ‘the vertical thrust on the bearing is 600,000 lb? Projected area = xr? = 81m in? ; p = FJA = 600,000/(812) = 2360 psi The cross section of a tank is as shown in Fig. X3.8.2. BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft, and h = 10 ft. Ifthe tank contains gas at a pressure Of 8 psi, determine the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. Eq. 3.14: & = pA = @x144)10 = 11,520 Ib located 5 ft below the top. E, = (8x144)6 = 6910 Ib {located 3.0 ft to the left of AB Find the answers called for in Exer, 3.8.2 ifr = 2m, h = 3.5 m, and the tank contains gas at a pressure of 50 kPa, ‘Exer. 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface. Find the ‘magnitude and location ofthe horizontal- and vertcal-force components ‘acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. F, = 50.5) = 175 kNim 4 at 1.75 mbelow the top 4 F, = 502) = 100 KNim 4 at LO mtothe left of AB 4 A spherical steel tank of 15-m diameter contains gas under a pressure of 350 kPa, The tank consists of two half spheres joined together with a weld. What will be the tensile force across the weld in kNim? If the steel is 20.0 mm thick, what is the tensile tress in the steel? Express in kPa and in psi. Neglect the effects of cross-bracing and stiffeners. Eq. 3.14: Force pulling on weld = pA = (3S0kN/m?)(x15%/4 m2) = 61900 kN Foree/length = 61 900/( xD) = 61 900/(15x) = 1313 KNim Foreeflength _ 1313 KNIm _ 65 609 yy thickness ~~ 0.022 m (65 600 kPa)(1000 Pa/kPa}(0.000 1450 psi/Pa) = 9520 psi From inside back cover50 sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 3.8.5 BG 3.8.6 3.8.7 Determine the force F required to hold the cone in the position shown in Fig. X3.8.5. Assume the cone is weightless. ‘Sketch shows vertical projection of 1/2 cone above opening. Opening r = 4tan 15° = 1.072 Ppa = 0.5 psi ~ 0.8(62.4)6/144 = 0.5 psi — 2.08 psi = —1.58 psi 1.58(144) (1.072)? = 821 Tb 62.4(0.8) (1.07210 = 1802 Ib 4 (62.4)0.8(/3)1.072%4) = 240 Ib bse " DE, = 821 - 1802 +240+F = 0 F-140b 4 ‘The hemispherical body shown in Fig. X3.8.6 (r = 2 t) projects into a tank. Find the horizontal and vertical forces acting on the hemispherical projection for the following cases: (a) the tank is full of water with the free surface 5 ft above A; (b) the tank contains CCl, ($= 1.59) to the level of A overlain with water having its free surface 5 ft above'A; (c) the tank is closed and contains only gas at a pressure of 6 si; (d) the tank is closed and contains water to the level of A overlain with gas at a pressure of 2 psi. Assume the gas weighs 0.075 Ib/fi’. Projected area on vertical plane = xr? = 22? = 12.57 2 Table A.8: Volume of hemisphere = Bar (@) Eq. 3.16: F, = yh,A = 624(5(1257) = 39201b <_F, = 62.4(16.76) = 1046 1b < 292! = 16.76 8? 3 &) = wm-ass-oed222)as7 ~ 420m < F, = 1086, 1046 4 55) = 13541 ee (© F = (144)12.57 = 10,860 <4 F, = 0.075(1/2)(473) x2? = 1257 @ F, = 40441257 sooa($2) B87 = 3950 Ib < F, = (10462) + (16.762)0075 = 5231b < Repeat Exer, 3.8.2 where the tank is open at the top and contains water to a depth h = 10 ft Exer, 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F = yh,A = 62.4(1/2x10)10 = 31201H/R Facts at: y, = 2/3)10 = 6.67 ft below surface (HIS = 28.3 A? ; 10(6) 28.3 = 31.7 A? Table AT: x, = 4r/@x) = 255 f Bg. 3.21: B= W = 624317) = 1980Ib/ Moments of areas about AB: (31.7)x, + 28.3)2.55 = (10x63 3.40 fe toleft of AB < Facts at: 2,Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.19 51 3.8.8 Repeat Exer. 3.8.2 where r = 2m, and the tank is open at the top and contains water to a depth h = 3.5 m. Exer. 3.8.7: In Fig. X3.8.2 BC is a cylindrical surface. Find the ‘magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertcal-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. st Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: = 7hA = 981(2%35)35 = 6O.1kNm F, acts at: y, = @2/3)3.5 = 2.33 mbelow surface (wi4y? = xm? ; 3.5Q)- x = 3.86 m? Table A.J: x, = 4r/(x) = 0.849 m Eq. 3.21: F = W = 9813.86) = 379 kNim 4 Moments of areas about AB: (3.86), + (n)0.849 = (35 x2)1 1.123 mio the left of AB 3.4 mt Facts at: x, 3.8.9 A tank with vertical ends contains water and is 6 m long normal to the plane of Fig. X3.8,9. The sketch shows a portion of its cross-section where MN is one- ‘quarter of an ellipse with semiaxes b and d. If a = 1.0 m, b = 2.5 m, and d 4 m, find, for the surface represented by MN, the magnitude and position of the line of action of (a) the horizontal component of force; (b) the vertical component of the force; (c) the resultant force and its direction relative to the horizontal. sr 00 m @h.zatdn=1+4n= Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F, = yh,A = (9.81)3.00(4x6) = 706 KN 4 Acts I, ie e bans g mae 3.00+ = 3.44 m below surface By, “260 As = 1.025 = 2.5 m? (©) Using Table A.7: Eq. 3.21: B= W = 6785 +2.5)981 = 609 IN 4 For (E), quarter ellipse (Table A.7): x, = 2 fem = 1.061 m to right of N br = 2.5/2 = 1.25 m = Bide* Ards _ 7.85(1.061) +2.5(1.25) . 1197 m ad TES s+ Vertical component acts at 1.107 m to the right of VN (© R= {Fr+F = (TOF +GH = o33KN ‘Acts through intersection of F, and F,. 4 @ = tan(R/R) = tan"'(609/706) = 408°52 sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.20 3.8.10 Find the answers called for in Exer. 3.8.9 if a = 2, b = 6 ft, d = 9 ft, the tank is 12 ft long, and MN represents a parabola with vertex at N. Exer. 3.8.9: The tank length is perpendicular to Fig. X3.8.9, it has vertical ends, and contains water. Find, for the surface represented by MN, the ‘magnitude and position of the line of action of (a) the horizontal component of ‘force; (b) the vertical component of the force; (c) the resultant force and its direction with the horizontal @ h=a+d2=2492= 6.508 Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F = rh,A = (62.4)6.50(9x12) = 43,800 Ib < + ay 26500 © yA 1y, 126.50) = 7.54 ft below surface (©) Using Table AT: dp = 2106) = 367; Ay = 2x6 = 12 8? Eq. 3.21: B= W= 1206+ 129624 = 359001 For (E), semi-parabola (Table A.7): x, 26 2.25 fe to right of N For (S), water above b: x, = b/2 = 6/2 = 3.008 Arde + (AEs _ 36(2.25) + 12(3.00) ads FT + Vertical component acts at 2.44 ft to the right of V4 (© R= [EP+R = 43,800 35,900 = 56,7001 ‘Acts through intersection of F, and F,, 4 0 = tan"'(R,/F,) = tan"%35,900/43,800) = 394° For both together: x, = 2.44 ft See. 3.8: Force on Curved Surface — Problems 3.20-3.23 3.20 (a) Find the horizontal and vertical forces per foot of width ‘acting on the Tainter gate shown in Fig. P3.20. (6) Locate the horizontal force and indicate the line of action of the vertical force without actually computing its location. (c) Locate the vertical force (hint: consider the resultant). (@) Eq. 3.16: = yh,A = 62.4(18/2)18 = 10,110 Ih Eq. 3.21: F, = W = y(Area ABCD - Area ACD) = 62.4(Area of segment ABC) = eadnqagy S. - 181800830" ad a7 Z ‘e © A, = QB)8= 12H «Facts through the centroid of segment ABC 4 |-ss1me (© Since all forces are normal to the circular arc, the resultant R must pass through O, and x, may be determined from similarity of force and space triangles. Thus Fy, (2-182), , _ 10.110) gsc x [eae 18313.21 st 3.22 SI Sec. 3.8, Prob. 3.22 53 ‘The cross-section of a gate is shown in Fig. P3.21. Its dimension normal to the plane of the paper is 8 m, and its shape is such that x = 0.2y', The gate is pivoted about O, Develop anatytic expressions in terms of the water depth y upstream of the gate for the foliowing: (a) ‘horizontal force; (b) vertical force; (c) clockwise moment acting on the gate. Compute (a), (b), and (c) for the case where the water depth is 2.5m. (@) For 8m width: F, = rh,A = rO92)0y = 4ry? Fory = 2.5m, F, = 4(981)25? = 245kN 4 ©) F, = W= yside area)8 = 10y/7 xdy = By{?02y*dy = 7(02y'/9)8 = 0.5337y* Fory = 2.5m, F, = 0.5339.81)25° = 818kN 4 (© Clockwise M = 4yy*(UB)y + By x(a?2)dy = (4/3)7y? + 47(0.04y°I5) = (4/3)1y? +0.032079° 2.5m, M = (4/3)(9.81)2.5° + 0.0320(9.81)2.5° = 235 KN-m clockwise 4 Fory A tank has an irregular cross section as shown in Fig. P3.22, Determine as ‘accurately as possible the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components on a one-meter length of the wall ABCD when the tank contains water to a depth of 2 m. To determine areas, use a planimeter or count squares (0.25 m grid); make a cardboard cutout, or take approximate moments of the squares, 10 locate the centroid, Eqs. 3.20, 3.16: F, = yh,A = 981(1/2x2)2 = 19.62 kNim 4 F, acts at: y, = (2/3)2 = 1.333 m below the surface 4 Figure 3.22 Planimeter or count squares to determine water column area 4, above BCD. A, = 26.1 squares = 1.630 m? (by caleulation!). Eq. 3.21: F, = W= 7A, = 9.81(1.630) = 1599 kNim < ‘Make a cardboard cutout or take moments of squares to locate the centroid of 4,: 4%» = 0,690 m (by calculation!) F, acts about 0.690 mo left of AB54 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 3.23 Repeat Exer. 3.8.2 where the tank contains 4 ft of water overlain with a gas ‘that is under a pressure of 0.8 psi. Exer, 3.8.2: In Fig. X3.8.2 h = 10 ft and BC is a cylindrical surface with r = 6 ft. Find the magnitude and location of the horizontal- and vertical-force components acting on unit width of tank wall ABC. BG Effect of gas pressure is transmitted throughout the water. Fy, = Fogg + Feucg = (0.8% 144)10 + 62.4(1/2<4)4 Figure X3.8.2 152 +499 = 1651 Ibjft Moments about the top: (1152 +499)z, = 1152(5) + 499(10-4/2) ; 6; O= 418° A, = 76%(41.8/360) = 13.14 ft? ; Ay = 0.5(4)/20 = 8.94 ft? A,+A,+Ay = A3 A, $13.14 +894 © 6(4) 5.91 ft below top of tank 4 sin¢ A, = 1.921 ft? = water area vertically above curved surface. F, = (08x 144)6 + 62.4(1.921) = 69141198 = 811 Ie ‘Take moments about AB (or use cardboard cutouts) to find centroid of F Using Table A.7: x, = 418 1491 ft from AB 1.921%, + 13.14.65) + 8.94(1.491) = 24@) ; from which x, = 5.55 ft from AB (691 + 119.8), ~ (691)3 + (119.8555; x, = 3.38 ft fromAB Sec 3.9: Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies — Exercises (12) 3.9.1 A balloon weighs 160 lb and has a volume of 7200 fi’. It is filled with helium, which weighs 0.0112 lb/f? ‘at the temperature and pressure of the air, which in tum weighs 0.0807 lb/ft. What load will the balloon support, or what force in a cable would be required to keep it from rising? BG (Buoyant force) (Wt of helium) (Balloon) EF, = 0; 7200(0.0807) - 720000112) - 160 - T= 0 Required force in the cable, T= 340 Ib 4 3.9.2 For the conditions shown in Figure X3.9.2, find the force F required to lift the concrete-block gate if the concrete weighs 23.6 KN/m’. Neglect friction. st BF, = 05 F+(caltw.) ~ (freshw.) ~ (cone. block) F +9.81(1.025)1.8x(0.3)? - 9.81()90.3 - 23,6(0.3) 0.3? = 0 F +512 8.32 -2.00 FeS2\KN 43.9.3 3.94 st 39.6 Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 55 An iceberg in the ocean floats with one-eighth of its volume above the surface. What is its specific gravity relative 40 ocean water, which weight 64 lb/ft’. What portion of its volume would be above the surface if the ice were floating in pure water? Let ¥ = total volume of iceberg ; volume submerged = % = (7/8)¥ W=B; 7 = (RYH; <5! = (ly) = 718 = 0.875 relative to ocean water and y/ = (7/8)64 = 56.0 Ibjh?, —s = 56.0/62.4 = 0.897, and so (4 = 0.897)100% = 10.26% of its volume would be above the water surface in fresh water. Determine the volume of an object that weighs 200 N in water and 300 N in oil (s = 0.88). What is the specific weight of the object? W ~ ¥(9810) = 200 N o W — ¥(0.88 x 9810) = 300N @) Solve (1) and (2) simultaneously to find W-= 1033N and ¥ = 0.0849m? Specific weight = 1033/0.0849 = 12160 Nim? 4 ‘An 8.in diameter solid cylinder 3 in high weighing 3.4 Ibis immersed in liquid (y = 52 lb/ft?) contained in a tall, upright metal cylinder of 9 in diameter (Fig. X3.9.5). Before immersion, the liquid was 3 in deep (= x + 2. At what level will the solid cylinder float? Find the distance z between the bottoms of the two cylinders. Volume A = Volume B ; so nx = (49-)y; 16x = 425y or x = 0266y san (a/2Fe+yf2 so x+y = 225in 3-x=253in < Weight « F, ie. 34 Solving, y = 1.776 in, x= 0472 in, 2 ‘A metal block 1.5 ft square and I ft deep is floated on a body of liquid which consists of a 10-in layer of ‘water above a layer of mercury. The block metal weighs 120 lb/ft. (a) What is the position of the bottom of the block? (6) Ifa downward vertical force of 600 Ib now acts on the center of this block, what is the ‘new position of the bottom of the block? Assume that the tank containing the fluid is of infinite dimensions. (@ Block weighs (1 x1.5°)120 = 270 Ib 20 = [(x/12\13.6x62.4) + (10/12)62.4]1.5? ; x = 0.962 inches into the mercury (©) In this case the top of the block is below the water surface. 2 Thus, 600 +270 [arse 2A}? ; x = 495 inches into the mercury56 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 3.9.7 39.8 si 3.9.9 st Two spheres, each of 1.5 m diameter, weigh 8 and 24 KN respectively. They are connected with a short ‘rope and placed in water. (a) What is the tension in the rope and what portion ofthe lighter sphere's volume portrudes from the water? (&) What should be the weight of the heavier sphere in order for the lighter sphere to float halfway out of the water? Assume that the sphere volumes remain constant. (@ Lower sphere: Fy = y(vol. displaced) = 9.81(x/6)1.5* = 17.34 KN T = 24-1734 = 6.66N 4 Upper sphere: Fy = 8EN+T = 14.66 kN % above water = (17.34 — 14,66)/17.34 = 15.41% of volume @) Upper sphere: Fy = (1/2)7(vol. sphere) = (1/2)9.81(x/6)1.5* = W=B; W,+8 = 17344867; W,=1800KN < A hydrometer (Fig. 3.22a) consists of a 6-mm-diameter cylinder of length 180 mm attached to a 20-mm-diameter weighted sphere. The cylinder has @ mass of 0.6 g and the mass of the sphere is 6.4 g. At what level will this device float in liquids having specific gravties 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2? Is the sale spacing on the cylindrical stem uniform? Why or wity not? Vol of sphere = (2/6)(20) = 4190mm? Volume of submerged cylinder = 3% = 28.3y mm?, where y is the submerged length of the cylinder in mm, Mass of hydrometer = 7 grams = 5(4190 + 28.3y)/1000 grams ; y = [(7000/s) ~ 4190)/28.3 mm Ifs=08, y=1613mm 4 Figure 3.22(a) dit = 61.9 mm Ifs=10, y=994mm Ifs=1.2, y=582mm 4 ‘Scale spacing is not uniform because submergence is not directly proportional to specific gravity, as from the above equation: y = 7000/(28.3s) — 4180/28.3 and dy/ds = -7000/28.3s) < diff = 41.2 mm A ollindrical bucket of 250 mm diameter and 400 mm high weighing 20.0 N contains oil (5 = 0.80) toa ddepth of 180 mm. (a) When placed to float in water, what will be the immersion depth to the the bottom of the bucket? (6) What is the maximum volume of oil that the bucket can hold and stil float? (@) EF, = Wy* Wea Youh#t® = 0; 0.020 KN + (0.8)9.81 7(0.125)'0.18 - 9.81h7(0.125) 0.020 + 0.0693 -0.482h = 0; h = 0893/0482 = 0.1855 m= 1855 mm 4 © When immersed 400 mm, the oil depth h is given by 0.020 + (0.8)9.81%(0.125)"h - 9.81(0.40)x(0.1257* = 0 0.020 + 0.385 - 0.1926 f= 0.1726/0.385 = 448 mm > 400 mm, therefore the bucket will float when full of oil Max vol = (0.125)'0.40 = 0.01963m? = 1963L 448 m = 448 mm3.9.10 3.9.11 BG Sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.23 57 End D of an 8-ft-long, uniformly thin wooden rod (s = 0.7) is held 1 ft below the surface of still water. (a) How much of the rod remains above the water surface? (6) Ifthe rod diameter is 1 inch, what force at D is required to hold it in place? (@) Let A = cross-sectional area of rod. Let = specific weight of water. We A+ y0.7y 3 Fy = Aty sas 0 4) (52 ge Mes y = ACMI YE, yy 2 OM ry fae Foren - BA yey « SEE P = O.71@+yP; x= VOT@+y) = O78 f) = 6.69 ye 8-1 8-669 1307 4 (®) A = (wid)1? = 0.785 in? = 0.0654 f° By = 1¥ = Ax = 62.4(0.0654)6.69 = 27.3 Ib W = 0.7/7" = 0.7(62.4)0.0654(8) = 22.9 Ib DB -0: P=Fj-W=273-29=447 A solid, half-cylinder-shaped log, of 1.50 ft radius and 10 ft long, floats in water with the flat face up (Fig. X3.9.11). (a) Ifthe draft (immersion depth of the lowest point) is 0.90 ft, What is the uniform specific weight of the log? (6) The log tilts about its axis (zero net applied force) by less than 23°. Is it in stable equilibrium? Justify your answer with a sketch and logic. (c) If the log tilts by 20° (right side down; zero net applied force), what is the magnitude and sense of any Figure X3.9.11 ‘moment that results? 212 = 62.42% grt - 2) a @ yar1p od 3s A;psiis oe bh cose = O65 = 04; a = 664° 7 = @242.61-0.825)3.53 = 315 1/R? TH (®) When the body tilts per the sketch, B remains below axis O, but G moves to the left. So W and Fy create a righting moment. Therefore, yes the log is in stable equilibrium. (© From sketch (6) above and Table A.7: OG = 471(32) = (1.5)(3x) = 0.637 fe Moment = Wa = W(OG sin 20°) = 31.5 (10 1.57/2(0.637sin20°) = 242 ft-lb counterclockwise 458 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.24 3.9.12 st A solid, half-cylinder-shaped log, of 0.48 m radius and 2.5 m ong, floats in water with the flat face up (Fig. X3.9.11). (a) If the draft immersion depth of the lowest point) is 0.30 m, What is the uniform specific weight of the log? (b) The log tilts about its axis (zero net applied force) by less than 22°. Is it in stable equilibrium? Justify your answer with a sketch and logic. (c) If the log tilts by 18° (left side down; zero net applied force), what is the magnitude and sense of any ‘moment that results? a @ yerip = fra?) 2 pp? 2f 1) 30.18 Ts (@810N) Ee 2{pasvoas oie |2 = cosa = 0.18/0.48 = 0.375, a = 68.0° s+ 7 = 9810(0.273-0.08010.3619 = 5240N/m? (© As the body tilts as per sketch, B remains below axis O, but G moves tothe right. So W and Fy create a righting ‘moment. (© From sketch (b) above and Table A.7: OG = 47x) = 0.204 m Moment = Wa = W(OG sin 18°) = 5240(2.570.487/2)(0.204sin 18") = 298 Nem clockwise 4 ‘Yes, the log is in stable equilibrium. 4 Buoyancy and Stability of Submerged and Floating Bodies — Problems 3.24—3.30 Find the approximate value of the maximum specific gravity of liquid for Which the device of Exer. 3.9.8 will be stable. Exer, 3.9.8: The hydrometer in Fig. 3.22a consists of a 6-mm- diameter cylinder 180 mm tong attached to a 20-mm-diameter weighted sphere. The cylinder has a mass of 0.6 g and mass of the sphere is 6.4 8. “The device is stable if its center of buoyancy is above its center of gravity, ‘The critical point of stability occurs when the line of action of the weight and the buoyancy frees are coincident when the device i tied. Figare 3.224) ‘This critical stability occurs when the center of gravity = the center of buoyancy, ise, Tp = Fe Use the ceater of the sphere asthe point of reference. = 540) + 10 +90) 8,57 mm above center of sphere 64 +06 ¥ displaced by sphere = 22" = 4190 mu? , ¥ displaced by cylinder = (3 = 28.3y mm? =~ 4190(0) + 28.39(10 +2) - “4190 + 28.3y So for critical stability: 8.57 = 28.39(10 + y/2) “7190+ 38.3y From this quadratic equation, y = 49.0 mm or ~51.8 mm (meaningless). . y ‘Also, mass of hydrometer = mass of fluid displaced, ie., 6.4 + 0.6 = (4190 + 28.3y)/1000 ‘Thus for y = 49.0 mm, the maximum measurable specific gravity, s = 1.256 4 9.0 mm3.25 3.26 3.27 BG Se . 3.9, Prob. 3.27 59 A 2.0-ft object weighing 650 Ib is attached to a balloon of negligible weight and released in the ocean (y 64 Ibift’). The balloon was originally inflated with 5.0 Ib of air to a pressure of 20 psi. To what depth will the balloon sink? Assume that air temperature within the balloon stays constant at 50°F. Find the volume occupied by 5 Ib of air. Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft°/(sec?“R) bg 28: 7 = GATS2ONMG22) = 915m pt. Thee Sof arco 30.840 = 212 8 = ‘At equilibrium depth: BF, = B-W = so new volume of balloon, ¥, = 8.23 f = 64(2.0 + ¥,) (650 +5) From Eq. 2.4 with constant temperature: pu = const = p¥jm and so for constant mass of air, p¥ = const, i.e. pV, = Pa¥, (04.7 + 20)14427.2) = (14.7 + py)144(8.23) spy = 99.8 psi Depth A = poly = (99.8)144/64 = 225 Work Prob, 3.25 with all data the same except assume the balloon was originally inflated with 5.0 tb of air 10 a pressure of 10 psi. In this latter case the balloon is more elastic because a lower pressure is obtained with the same amount of air. Prob. 3.25: A 2.0-ft object weighing 650 Ib is attached to a balloon of negligible weight and released in the ocean (y = 64 lb/ft’). To what depth will the balloon sink? Assume that air temperature within the balloon stays constant at 50°F. Find the volume occupied by 5 Ib of air. Table A.5 for air: R = 1715 ft%(sec™“R) 7 = GST 101ME22) «44309 pet, This 51 of sc cccpies 510.1309 = 38.29 = ¥, Eq. 2.5: 7 11715(460 + 50) pet. iis 5 Ib of air occupies 5/0.1309 = 38.: 1 ‘At equilibrium depth: EF, = B-W = 0 = 64(2+¥,) -(650+5) so new volume of balloon, #2 = 8.23 f° From Eq. 2.4 with constant temperature: pu = const = p¥im and so for constant mass of air, p¥ = const, i.e. p,¥, = PY, (14.7 + 10)144(88.2) = (14.7 + 1408.23); pa = 99.8 psi Depth h = paly = (99.8)144/64 = 225 < A wooden pole weighing 2 lbft has a cross-sectional area of 6.7 in? ‘and is supported as shown in Fig. P3.27. The hinge is frictionless. =| Find 6. 4n 4 W = 2(10) = 20 1b at (1/2)10sin = Ssin@ from hinge M, = @20)Ssin6 = 100sind fi-lb clockwise Let x = immersed length of pol. Fy = rage = SU6-T/144)x = 242x at (10 -x/2)sind ‘M = 2.42x(10 — x/2)sin@ counterclockwise aN gon te on fe Since BM = 0, we have 100 = 2.42x(10 -x/2) = 242x - 1.21027 Solving quadratic equation, x = 14.16 ft (impossible) or 5.84 ft . 0961; 6 10-x Y= 52 pet 16.12" 08660 sec. 3.9, Prob. 3.29 3.28 A rectangular block of uniform material and length L = 3 ft, width b= 1.25 ft, and depth d = 0.20 ft, is floating in a liquid. It assumes the pasition shown in Fig. P3.28 when a uniform vertical load of 1.30 lb/ft is applied at P. (a) Find the weight of the block. (b) If the load is suddenty removed, what is the righting moment before the block starts 10 move? (Hint: Refer also to Fig. 3.19.) BG OP = (129 +027 = 1.266; BK = @3)d2 = d/3 BK, = BKsine = (0.2/3)(0.2/1.266) = 0.01053 ft GB, = GK ~ BK, = 1.2666 - 0.01053 = a = 0.200 ft BP, = KP +BK, = 1.266(3 + 0.01053 = 0.432 ft (@) Moments about B: W(GB,) = 1.3@)BP, W00.200) = 3.900.432); W=8.41lb < © BF: Fy= W439; 2 W< Fy Fig 3.19 for W < Fy: Righting Moment = Wa = 8.41(0.200) = 1.687 Ib-ft counterclockwise 3.29 A rectangular block of uniform material and length L = 800 ‘mm, widih b = 300 mm, and depth d = 50 mm, is floating in a liquid. It assumes the position shown in Fig. P3.28 when a uniform vertical load of 20 Nim is applied at P. (a) Find the weight of the block. (&) Ifthe load is suddenly removed, what is the righting moment before the block starts to move? (Hint: Refer also to Fig. 3.19.). st OP = (300 +50' = 304 mm ; BK = @/3)d?2 = a3 BK, = BKsina = (50/3)(50/304) = 2.74 mm GB, = GK - BK, = 3046 - 2.74 = 47.9 mm = a BP, = KP+BK, = 3043 +2.74 = 104.1 mm (@) Moments about B: W(GB,) = 20(0.8)BP, WUST.9) = 16(104.1); W=34.7N 4 @ BR: Fy-WHl6N, WKF Fig 3.19 for W < Fy: Righting Moment = Wa = 34.7(0.0479 m) = 1.656 N-m counterclockwise 4Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.30 OL 3.30 A solid block, 4 in wide by 4 in deep and 3 in high weighs 0.90 lb. It floats in liquid (y = 55 lb/ft) inside «a cubic container of side 5 in, Before immersion the liquid was 2 in deep. (a) At what level will the block Sloat? Find the distance z from the bottom of the block to the bottom of the container. (b) Ifthe block is tilted by a couple (no net force) t0 an angle of 15° so that two sides remain vertical, what will be the righting moment in lin? BG @ Volume A = Volume B x) =F - #) yy f= osey t ZL R= Ww: SAM 5. 2a * rt 2 r+y= 1767 Solving 2 equations with 2 unknowns: y= 1.131 in; x = 0.636 in 2. - 0.636 = 1.364 in << 4 tan1S* = 1.072 in Displaced volume = (1/2)d(4?) + o(4?) = (x + y)4? © = (+ y) = @2) = 1.767 — (1.072/2) = 1.231 in Divide buoyancy into two components, Fp, and Fy, at B, and By respectively. Since W= EF, = 0.90 Tb, either can be used to calculate the righting moment. Fy = rob) = SSP VAD = 0.627 Yb Fr, = 55(4*)(d)2)/12? = 0.273 Ib Wy = 4/6 = 0.667 in, 1.5-c¢ = 15-1231 = 0269 in By = @PYAR) = df = 1.072/3 = 0.357 in 884 in; a, = BG, sin15° = 0.229 in 0.667 in x +2 =2 in (given). BG = 1: ep a, = Hoos 5* + (B,J - GDsinis* Moments about G: Righting moment = Fya, ~ Fa, = 0.273(0.667) — 0.627(0.229) = 0.0385 Ib-in counterclockwise Sec 3.10: Fluid Masses Subjected to Acceleration — Exercises (8) 3.10.1 What must be the hydrostatic gage pressure at a depth of 8 inches in a bucket of oil (s = 0.86) that is in an elevator being accelerated upward at 15 filsec?? Bq. 3.24: dpldz = -p+a)i dp A x0.86, -8 Ap = - 24x86 (399 5 15/8 a m2 (i) BG ele +0) ~(rleve +) 42 24 pf = 0364 psi 3.10.2 What must be the hydrostatic gage pressure at a depth of 250 mm in a bucket of oil (s = 0.88) that isin an elevator being accelerated upward at 4 m/s*? st Eq. 3.24: apie = -plg +a); Ap = ~plg +a)Az = (rig +a,)dz ap ~oan £0 (907 Nn 807 + 400)-.(-0250 m) = 3040 Pa 4 em?\ 9.807 m/s? sec?62. Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.30 3.10.3 BG 3.10.4 st 3.10.5 BG 3.10.6 ST A tank containing water to a depth of 5 ft is accelerated upward at 8 fils?. Calculate the pressure on the ‘bottom of the tank. From Eq. 3.24: 4p = -(r/sXa, + g)dz = ~(62.4/32.2)8 + 32.2)(-5) = 390 psf Ap = 390/144 = 2.70 psi A tank containing water to a depth of 2.5 m is accelerated upward at 3.6 m/s. Caleulate the pressure on the bottom of the tank, From Eq. 3.24: 4p Xe, +g)st = (oz Nta sony) = 33500 = 205 ee < & 9.807 mys?, Suppose the tank shown in Fig. 3.24 is rectangular and completely open atthe top. It is 15 ft long, 6 ft wide, and 4 ft deep. If it is initially filled to the top, how much liquid witt be spilled if it is given a horizontal acceleration 4, = 0.2g in the direction of its length? Original quid surface 4 G1 L : : we Sec 3.11: tan = ~a,)g = -02; y = -02(15) = -30 ft AAs the tank is more than 3 ft deep, the spill will be wedge ABC or (1/2)15(3)6 = 135 f° 4 Suppose the tank shown in Fig, 3.24 is rectangular and completely open at the top. It 15 mlong, 5m wide, and 4 m deep. If itis initially filled to the top, how much liquid wilt be spilled if it is given a horizontal acceleration 4a, = 0.5g in the direction of its length? 15m Seam D Tm Sec 3.11: tan@ = -a/g=-05; x= 4ftand= 405= 8m Spill = volume ABCD = [7(4) + (05)8(4)]5 = 220m? <3.10.7 3.10.8 See. 3.10: 3.31 st Sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.31 63 If the tank of Exer 3.10.5 is closed at the top and is completely filled, what must be the pressure difference between the left-hand end at the top and the right-hand end at the top if the liquid has a specific weight of 50 lb/ft’ and the horizontal acceleration is a, = 0.3g? Sketch planes of equal pressure, indicating their ‘magnitude; assume zero pressure in the upper right-hand corner. Exer. 3.10.5: The rectangular tank is 15 ft long, 6 ft wide, and 4 ft deep. Eq. 3.23: apl@x = pa, = ~(50/32.290.3(32.2) = ~15 pof per ft Pa-Pa = 4p = (@plesyAx = 15(15) = 225 pst Bq. 3.24 with a, = 0: ap/@ + ~pg =~ = ~50 psf per ft Po~Pp = AP = (plz) Az = S0(4) = 200 pst Lines of equal pressure are as follows: Ifthe tank of Exer 3.10.6 is closed at the top and is completely filled, what must be the pressure difference between the left-hand end at the top and the right-hand end at the top if the liquid has a specific weight of 8.0 kN/mt and the horizontal acceleration is a, = 0.3g? Sketch planes of equal pressure, indicating their ‘magnitude; assume zero pressure in the upper right-hand comer. ‘Exer. 3.10.6: The rectangular tank is 15 m long, 5 m wide, and 4 m deep. Bq. 3.23: Opl@r = ~pa, = ~(y18)4," ~(B.09.81)0.30.81) = -2.4 KPa per m Pa Pp = Ap = (@plax)Ax = 2.4(15) = 36.0 kPa < Eq. 3.24 with a, = 0: dpféc = ~pg = ~y = -8.0 kPa per m Po~Pa = Ap = (@p/ee)Az = 8.0(4) = 32.0 kPa Lines of equal pressure are as follows: [eae < Fluld Masses Subjected to Acceleration — Problems 3.31—3.32 Refer to Sample Prob. 3.10. Suppose the velocity of the airplane is 225 m/s, with all other data unchanged. What then would be the slope of the liquid surface in the tank? Sample Prob 3.10: At a particular instant an airplane is travelling upward at 40° to the horizontal, and losing speed at 4 m/is?. Also it is moving on a concave-upward circular path of radius 2600 m. a, = fr = 225772600 = 19.47 m/s? z 4 ms? (given) a, = ~Acos40" - 19.47sin4o” = 15.58 mys? 4a, = ~Asind0® + 19.47c0s40" = +12.34 mis? Eq. 3.26: Surface slope = tan or = tan"'0.703 = 35.1° fromthe horizontal. 4 ‘Allunits are mis?64 sec. 3.10, Prob. 3.32 3.32 At a particular instant an airplane is traveling upward at a velocity of 180 mph in a direction that makes an ‘angle of 30° with the horizontal. At this instant the airplane is losing speed at the rate of 3.6 mphisec. Abo, it is moving on a concave-upward circular path of radius 5000 ft. Determine the slope of the free liquid surface in the airplane's fuel tank. BG 180 mph = 180(5280 ft/mi)/(3600 see/hr) = 264 fps; 3.6 mph = 5.28 fps a, = vifr = 2647/5000 = 13.96 fysec? ; 28 fifsec®. 4, = ~$28c0830° ~ 13.94sin30" = -11.54 fysec a, = ~528sin30" + 13,94c0530° = 19.43 ffsec* i\ A ! > “~ Tne \ All units are see? 1 ! | 1 I 1 Me Liquid surface is perpendicular to net force, i.e., to net acceleration. de __ (1154) 3.26: Surface slope = tnd = Hm - . ao a (0.43 + 32.2) or @ = tan"0.277 = 15.50° from the horizontal =027‘Chaptes 4 Basics of Fiaid Flow PROBLEM SELECTION GUIDE ‘Sec, Exer/Prob Units Difficulty Length Parts Similar Special features 43 Steady Flow and Uniform Flow x43. ON E < f 4.5 Flow Rate and Mean Velocity X45. N Easy Short 1 Integration 45.2 BG VEsy Shot 1 453 SI Easy = Shot 1 PAL 454 BG Easy Shot 14.5.5 455 SI Easy = Shon 14.5.4 PA BG Bey) | Shot | 1 45.9) 42 BG Easy = Shon 14.3 Uses pu = RT (See. 2.7) 43 SI Easy Short, = 14.2, $4.1 Uses pu = RT (Sec. 2.7) 44 BG Medium Long 14.5 Graphical solution 4s SI Medinm Long 1 4.4 Graphical solution 4.7 Equation of Continuity BG = Medium Medium = 1 Numerical differentiation 4.10 Use and Limitations of Flow Net X410.1 SI Medium = Short 1 4302 Sl Easy = Shot 1 +t Measure Fig X4.10.2 410.3 BG Easy Medium 2 + Measure Fig 4.10 4104 SI Easy Medium = 2 + Measure Fig 4.12 P48 = BG = Medium Medium 49 + Measure Fig X4,10.2 49 SI Medium Medium 48 + Measure Fig X4.10.2 1 1 1 1 4.10 N Medium Medium 411 BG Hard Long +t Measure Fig 4.10; plot Sketch flow net; plot Jeoat... ‘For all Exercises (identified by °X"), answers are given is Appendix F of the textbook. + Answers are sensitive to values that are measured from fqgures. X = Exercise, P = (end-of-chapter) Problem, S = Sample Problem.