Analog circuits Latest class notes 2012Cee eeee Heoaanen O96 06 6-0-0 0-90.50 995950505 © wi we analo, co ® Circa Models of of Ampliet ier An amplifier is a dice which woprove “the Strength oS the Signt SI + Nw @) Ts PAinplifier > “et 7 Come Yom Soppy Steg) —p power goin (Ap), [eres on “rVoklaye. gain Av= = Apre! > Carved qain Ass So. mm P Fo ke > Bose) on rede, amplifier is clatinfied ih ie + L r ee g, t Voltage acrass tawinal, -\ > Ng Re ee “RAR, » Ms fa Ror Ry & heme the internal resistance + ey of on oumpbifie should be more - ya? aGarant } WeekYn 7 VC YS rest itself is the ond ont » foe kin ee cs Carvent Source O =kVin sve CSL ee mabe ea in e 4) Vo=kSin occ vs T -fu_goad_amlifi a igh tng sepedonee ie Gnd _low_ofp _amgedonce. fou. Types oF amplifiers 1) Voltage omplifiey (Voltage Grtvotled Voltage Source }) » Goaent ampttier Caurent Controlled Gacvent Sore) 1) Tronscondctaree ompliter (Vette Golalled Gntedt Seance) iY) Trans yesictance awplilier( Garent Grtvotied , Voltage Souare,) fe. | Gee Bf, cs Vo > Rin=@ ¥ s CO Bi=O —w— a vs -r R=o0 T oe cS + B® 7 ‘ C4 o NoLIAge amplinies (vcvs) ' ‘ o= KV Ve Should be todepondext of RK. a) poo ceetaeten on ope ompificn box Rey Yc fi \ + u a 3 Rit A vi in kMin ) ee _—t Gite pau ete the fl : we anette) hares | — dK Ru —5 5 QOCHH HOC LLCO OHO -0 89-0569 OH MOOS Rp=@ } Wa=Yo (Votlaye Untratet JW akis = Kte Reo (Voie Sout °) | ar hgh sin wmgedane and (ow 9p impedance for this amplifier bo be good Example $y Common Cllector anpleir 7 oC on : f s (%) (ech eM C¥s) 0 Seg = = ea ee amp . faa! a Yottege Source a Cow's impechance) (high inpedene)

wet, Lenders? fo= ae Should be sodependant Ff Rk i co Vin ti. L ‘i - wef nee Lt To, je Stare Carver Arnplifie — ape — i =o if baeS (Girrent Grbsttek J weep cr foe RB (overt Source) Lek& Gromple fp Lorman baoe_ompifin Cz TRANSCONQUCTANCE A AMPLI LIER (Voldage On Cenbred Guoent ( ww Sour) « Soe Vin | fo Should be rodepandanté of Ro = units of Kk (Pep vote ov mba.) ° Km Comite a C hence [EER 7 mYSOOO OOOO OO OHA MAH HO -0-0-0-6 OO AHAADN YD ot Sense eg Pomp an ahr Rye —7 Vins C2) R= © —r fos qavin= gus CS) ay STRANSRESISTANCE F AMPU FIER Yo=Rpdin | (Ry x Anosvesistance.) 4 ~ Symbol fo a Rm fin Le Re [e~-Sousee ae Pep fe bot! Ryo ~ XE) &=0 98) Booms. = Lin=fs = (Bonne { ‘ye at cnet 1) Voltage. a) Garvenk 2) Transcerductome | A) Ivantresietance \ \ \ \ Ro high ) tow (O) high {ow By tow CS) Vor kin vigh (BS) > fo= kin high > fee gain —>Yo= Rnfio LowsTh & B77 = CCCS F MOM Idee > DRET -y vCCS —r FON ideal 3) opamp -7 VOVS -7 ideal Pegiluie feedback technique push a nen ideal dence t del fora by isc Melo ~ delbshth muah rll athe ath oi onpiter=[etbec cB ce eH FES AES — eee em ae = Bin (1+ APD &_ r vr Ae ane) J oo D> 1G yo a 5 SIMD > Prmplifers oe uoilabeas ~~ =BsT Kk ; gees jl Winn Oprame 9 C . oxtvie (Slefen Heck © Series — shut GC cHsD © Shut - Sries. CSCS) Sanes-Sextes (VO cs) @ Shut - Shue - (cas) LOsaittator Can be. designed by Gnmesting ec Ae te amplifier -p Multivibratoss OFF the pols: geroitors 2 BT is working * % Switch acts aS & multivi braliy =e gives Ve gettisy or ld 90. Op from S/P~ Leptt é QO» fora Voltage goin , Gacrrent gas G power gain for on & orp ie Grout given below . 38 ” "4 ton Ye 4 Louk <—Souce —+ Garren tmp ete Apply Gyaed dyision vale —| Speco >, fe h fo=_100fiy AWOK), 6 | & IOoK + 10K | in =_4 WOK) _()) IOK +-1k, COOOR HANH O000 0000-0 0 = . => ford (oo) [*] 6 te" * | 10 i9 dB sy cxotog Pe | ob Sap ‘ & «Yi = to [ok] Vin= Sin (1K ¢ » Voltage gen Ay = - : Lo ALOK c a ao Sin c oy oxic (ie) ‘ — “ite ¢ an i de = goly Av _ ( 2 power gp gei > CAP) = Ay Pr ¢ on eae de = =n | ¢ i m te L r Yo= KViRe Ro + Re< Voltage gain Av= * Kocpen CE Yefage gun © > We. Mi Vin Ve 2 Re | “Roth Rot-Kio. pa Rao py a __* Ra Rte. Ay > k only rahen Ris= aaa Spa Cyisi09 Yobtage duasioo mule Re “— I= Ma aes | ce he a Gy ay O50 e & Ro= 0 OCHO KOOKRA AAO -O0-0-0-0-95840505 Gacsed_ gat, e bs ‘“y Pps a i J Rp => KR | | Aye Ve.Re BR “R+e, Q = she pe gain 2) = AvPe RH " Wote > the models disexsed have a provision force formasd transmission bud no severse Lransmission . Th eneval BIT has ox hase pore cforwasel tyanguission ard a Little veverse tran cuwission ood & ©if You. want 45 model both the transmission, we go for Yineax tw port Netibork . J>, @, OD OCCOKCCORAARHOO 6 0-0-9 -8-0,0.0,010 & & & §) ee % Li AThuenien OE Norton. Ye 7 from charaderighics i 4d nf got _wolel Kinin - Theinin 7 "9 bse mie) Novtow - Nort —> y Nozbn -Thevinin > Theninig - Nevtin-y | he Proprfier is et —f—! Lo independent Jource ——-Deperfert Soave —>Ve omplifress has high mput resistance Ra = ®- -> overt Goto, Amplifia has low pal resstame Ria = —p Beplittes ts ve = Ro =° Cvattage Sbusce) = Amplifier is cs = R= @ (Groot Sore) ( p QPERATIONA L AMPLIFIER (0 P_Arp ) APO ar aa > Schorabic of a _op- oma DE evil ompler [Fea I y— Re or ef ar Se 3 ACV.) > Aya Bou > dpen bonp ge. Bia divgian of an paneBio cayrate of an OF emp Woof atk Degen rad a Stage Ss : Vz Gnplit rex 74 (ay erg. wae 3 > > Gab vid : es “Typicaty Ao = 10 [uart4l] S design TEFQ3 ae pir child cf IC Faz |- ts the ampltefier ip india bap using . > Te rill Change only we Change fb othewise i rvouleln't chage. ¢ ¢ — f aN ley > Owpat volloge is Change: by ony Supply voltage Eranfer chawctustic i Not > if an amplifier works with two Supplies --y ond -V “4 mith a gain “Kim ovder to avoid Chipping. the : input Sagnal Swing shuld be betwen Vo ot tv _ K K K K hho “K ts He i of the ammplefiex.- : aaa TE TInod z ter 7 we “a 3 ° : “Le woe 6 haere Kt & —rhene Clipping is cided dy Syply Volbage ao sy _ \ ~ ° Se e £ 3 S c ? iG e e idea! _. _. € Ri-0 (vc) a ‘re € Bao [ys] —=— # € Wedlo pare : Ehuiveleot sede of on opsseep ST bee er LD EP @ > Megat fecdback Omri fiigaaton spite. fdr es ee ee anear 9 Ompuats > Scheitt Aviggee oa Sodde. oR > Detector amaltivibyator e \ Keetifan i oa —peakdeteclor ee | tt > Cuippa 4 Op-amp & Bled Ovior avenp Le @ IHS overt, ~bong Amn p xo camp ¢ Ged ar 7105 bumentadion > inti Len ge ample S&cites. reg ee very) I WN 2 [ew Yo= 1Elyy-¥s) a ¢ Hav c “1Q¥ K ss | =1Rv 8 F ‘ | a TE a-)-8| +12v : : ~ -leVv . a <& 2 ye . “Iev “6 - ( MW | CONCEPT OF VIRTUAL GROUND Da vie Wa An wr The rnathernaticad Stuctinn of cea) Fe Oy -Ne = Vin if a P Vo=10%vd . = 10% v4“ Jn Ordes to Soe Circuit's involuing- negilune feedback tid 5 Yeabistc SHE Sao are mode, @) & va Poon inert iis Voi f= a alt £ & Mis 6B | £ as 1o"'A . a draws no Geren . ° : en Neo rnverticg 9 amplifier ;* eV R € RT Re 9 e © € € >A tn sve amplifier is a S Voltage. am plifiex € c Sa ‘ pty a ‘ = € opp kek © anne R ° N44 20 we 2 Vin-9 aVo = CMAN 3 (B52) + Gate Veo ce \ oe Recistos TOR Mii > Op voltage is digends on Vo= kMin a 34 &Se enaraple = iy o-adint fe= 9k Qe Ik —z Vo= Q8int ~The rrajoy odontage of non 20 inweobrige aenptifrer negqluse fecarak isfoont heres por gets srt =z Gain clepends only on feed back, WM | d= MoS 2 wa “R Ry ene Current auaplefve « evs) a. | Vatye S Sammmeg vole, 7 Ve Terminal = Sarrenig Nei wep tte, Ramioal ¢ fa te (aoo € POOH HOCH BRH RHA 9 -8-9-8-4-4-8- 88 OD Ss —Ke Vio @ i Transvesistiore ample } Canad Va Hin & — ov 7 — & ¥ & D L > J Vo -— t ae SR _L = Je = 0-Vo = + : RE __ yoo (RF) Ly ne anti Coe¥5) [vets | Re ranstesistane (Rm - 86 ay io oR > ° - | “ 1 1 & “ = \ Ry Re a MA — SS = _O-V Re whe Be | __f) isPath sv Sx= LR Rr RARE Vo = La &3 =) _ £6 83 _ Retr R Rs TFronscondaclance.© 8 8 OO OO 6 6 OF HOA 46 A-8-06-8-8-82OHOEAAAHAH OO O Qy \, a find te, Oulpub VoMaye Consider Cp amp ideal ? 5K a __ ok | mL = “p, ye 4 J Vo* a(R) Va R argya uo Vo = Yom hone — bubsbeclor » y= | - ke s (2 Vio =) (— 3k) Gk Keck Sorfe = fo fo= L-& 2 Yo — [O-ve | oe 3k<9 x als Pr uw) + _—— ° n\f Plt Z ~O7O7O> Or OO OH 9.) OF e e ¢ € t € c € € € Vo € | 3k e Im=_O-Vo__ % io OTK. mf J © = ex o Toe -5y — tov, S S a o_-. * wy va a Valtags Kesistov i | | : “ 2 “ i imal lktesk - i f : Grtant — ee Coarrent Source oh, Ine ime é liga Gostace c Colton C ¢ iCeO 6 6666600 HAHA -0-0-0-8-6-0505,0,0,9 O04 O BILLER, WUT E GeOTORiypuy RESISTANCE OF PMPLIFIER ee wa a a re ce a |, Wee] +[s]+Ps Bea TAR AVR Ms g 5K —s OK TFN = auth J € ¢SOSSOH OO CH OOO HAAAA-O-0-0-0-650.0,05 0505 OH ( Abevtate Yo U @ (0K) Din = 3y (\0K) fy = AMA ~ 7 Ry = Tio uaa’ ae Tey 145 KL | Dn Op-amp bis a in of “CL Ln fino merde hoop dk. ne i a hee (5 APO hence Ke lz +f Kake Na Yor pv =) 6a) oa vat en veR nme L Re +R, | Ve. eae > tr fe Vin I AR 8! ne Re rR {Ve i aaa Q Ve [1 \uct3k r Yor S4 = 4 QV 5 ( Pyo Opanp has a Poor ge Aelo, fod the oukput Voltage - ov, IO. o A Wacl + Wow 5 © ior ct e Wa =Vo-4 18 cs Vo = 10VA ce ‘ Yo = 10 (v4) 6) Sb () HQ : : - wh em baw Vo = 10 | Votlo a a fev | | wll) (nae vege YR RictRe ¢‘ VW) Assuming the Cppity imitally uncharged. md Ve at t= tmsec, & if the Swithed hat t= 0 ® oo He * aR Cs as Ye BUFFER wy wee) p > Bubfer oo wsity ga amplitia or voltage foUlowes OO COBO OHM AAO -B6-O-0-80-O-OMHAHHNAHHG 8 SYo “f Bris Jot él G Bee ot $ nh Vee oe shurt | UC @ Rap = Re (HAP ® er = Re 08 @ pw= 60 (ITAP) af, eyulata tt Oke on rae An inpedance A disde has TW Fumingls ie mode £ Cathede + i 71 + _ > p node . ~ Gathsle ae: Ty aw — | veal | t £ gt <= Comal \, £4 —¥ V0 Chest ckt) bus choad bas Part veo pe £20 Open cht) if the Gurent flowing to tre cbiode is Porte the “the Voktege Gevoss diode is ge. The dinde ic modelled os Short ck jit iso > veo | ——________} Rasease bias if the opplied Voltage ts negalwe then the Gorent fi e towin rrough the diode ic gon “The dubde is modetied as ope cht - 4 Vi0 -> T=0 | Qonclusion ». Y forward bias Shot cht) 4) Reverse. Bias ~~ > a pn ct) hence Diode w Snatcha Check wheat the diske is ferwad bas ov oof - / — pe 4 > chet : : C en Dh 63 ; % C () By) i= ‘m cf ie re postive a cf ¢ 4 ‘ i a i + i gece ov ; a = 2 Me . iia : (Foard bis A cA c@ 2) ct KO &k . “| <4 a Thuenin is waa - i vih= 8 Cat) oa yuk - Ik bk - wo sy Rye IK WRK &koO Eo oesoeweoeoeoeoeeneennnnnagvheeoeveaenasn 3 st a ies Vv — — J ene genes — Sy tye wh y+ 2, ond C2 —> kB Os > Forward bros heme You SV» AEN . neat | ‘ 5K sr ag ° : a Ky ee 03 34-4 . —_ fa Age oy} Jovval bes 5 De, Pg WOE bas | Le Ame | 9 a presets. :~ OK Vo Ley K. J 3i \. \ov 1 ao 4" i ak Yo oe" ) Replace a. unde nith short Crt 2) Take o Gout T -fror anetle. to Cathode. ok ony fest duade find 2 find “af the Guent is postive then The duide 1s fosrsoxd bias. = On Pe, NAV ANIAIIa) ©6806 660 HOE HAHAH BOB BE HROEOMAHOND © 2 lt us Gest dude ©: St . Opty kel Saha o-CP) + OR 10 a Simp _regabioe Drode Dy iS Rene bias dot :- “af the Resists TK 41K ae. interchange than clude Or is fovamd bias . Gruit veductor ory TF Fy BEE + vet 20 3 7 kek 5K a Dye “Janse bas BSCUPPING. CKID OR Contes War wre Ar rn a Ye Clapper is the Chrauit which Gibs the portion of the gwen 7 Up put waeforen * € designing a dipper vith ‘deol_diode > Se < 4 de . ’ : ortt OO ; s \ on Vea vanes 5h - oe 4 en a ee + + ) Win Qtvrs? “@ ro) | Va aver d —T | 2 ee + via ( a ej 5) Apshata, 7 a an ee 1. [i YR 7Yo- wn 2 Yat (pO -& “Yeh no —p OMAP O yr MSOtm Deg vaya id av ().steth f dundes ox ideal athe, Woe Ni ; o Be C br Ying 7 0) FB —p nav WoX-3 > Dy FB —p Wer -3V Bith the Diodes axe swerse bio when —Fdn<2V=A). tnd Wa fu the dude to ott forusud bran @ is OV O8R OR HRHOH HARMON OO HOE DMEM BAHN YD fl soon. GY) Soot ——— AWwWi__ pretual) . A=Vin eiainene ey 500 _ Oo a Vi 3 10.33 ¥. | procedure Q) Diode 0, is forwad bas when £0 kel pot g one oe c S) | a “ft 600 f= —> Vin = 1033V i ged £= Oh > Vin % 10-38v Vo ard ghd daw the -tunsler chaocfenstics oh O5K Dr + 4 | ‘ K tay u) yk Ve Ts ”p c Oss ; MWAA— c. oy bk » ert tC wep Ae | oF — TF | a vgs FLO Cues kt ok ; 7 Rye IKILSKS 3 2 Cone lo, es o « 04 Wn<3 D ¥ |e. ee | ae a4 Loses c Vin r3V i : w| 7 Vo= Set : Ld 88 : Boot cé 4 a ( ts Ze yo SoD _ ——7 ‘ le ¢ Vo = 8% pie | \ ( i - Nor FV 7 Win = 10.38 tahn G0, ERB | Mhen Darks S 01 “7 FS Xr ks : Q Ry-7 RB. t henlav re | j 4 | o g & 1% 3 ir | =| | =| —_—s, > 6 | re * & <2 Z GC »O« © © OG OOOO OO. CO CKO eee +e 0088804 H 0059Y. fir Goceent fhmieg thagh the dinde - ( (06,0) ey =m (aa) c yy D-O= im [os c G4!) oe J « ( ; te Y= £(00) + 0-5 KYL Thénin equivalent see i Che SO *T i “Posy Ik +500 = De Aw 1500 Q fied Querent “£° ‘ th gp goon Jobs Le. Croeedune®) a a ye soot FoF : i“ L | ren ee rEV | ns 0224 sam | pes j — | 0 Ik +500 ee .ao” Oe OO 6 OHH EAHA AA BOM OOOHNAHHMDAHMOD (ghia Produc) iv te awh —» orld be [' a arel oc offeet ad ore Device og brad (0, »=) ~ wD Ja ViO-F +L 500. (16, 0) Y= |0~ tooof mt —> O-F-+f 500 = Jo-jooor f= Os lomy. [La ea ew 19) | | a L— . v= 10-100 1 —————— Slope = dar pee | Ce CCLAMENG CLECUITS, op CApmpeR Sy Clamper is a ckt which acts Oc to the given pub waveform Jt is also Colled Oe. Restirer. a eee ty xy Two Suenple sleps b clamped Oat pak Oo =~ 2 Step | Fake divection of Sunvent [ee rid the Gpocitey Volkage Ve 1 Ws steady stale See Reptite the dliade with Open Greui and daw the Output ave finn. Note: Gpruitos always Chexges to Y's maximum open Cirouted Voltoge ty 188 Steody stale .Stepd - Replue He dude oe a 4 a Mio f Ve ~ 4 Min +5 -+V9 = O Yo= Vin 57 Yo= Vin Vinge ot Vet F=O Ter] dng oeyetine Qyte, = Cave ge ° boith Open Grout & crows the Jp waveform, Ne Vin Tonge = 12 twtlav Yo rome= 9 t 33V¥ Mod Vo© e 8 6 & 6 © 6 OA OAHA-A-4-6-0°8°6 O98 HOOHDIMS op Daag posvibine Gyelle = OF foowad bao i T I & @ sy b bs reff Ouatig Negature Gye *- wo Tk eas Te Fe 2 heme voltage choublee Dg is Foreond bio , ors Reverse Bu - &s) 46-YQ5o Noltoge Guiple—_ dt PF > wattage ple = Me. ay oo Yo i Srey ap + MoSe ee c Ve 6v us Dung ve Get - Neg= IRV c, Ouang the nent positive Gye : re a S45 4VE5- R20 eo ov lw “D> | Wesley vt ie 4 : Sais 7 Troe om bor ene crane ao pe peak ti peak io veloc of ts ns WY, nr getey BY a 4 jo =i : cA “e i tow ct Te CH Wai > Voltage suse. cd _ c “Ven ‘ Note This CKe aa used..for high vollage ovo Govent . Opplicatton.x COMPARATOR (Opnlep ilar) ® pow co Vo: A(%- Ya) A= 10° ~ Y= A) 6 (V5.3) Vor (Vin-3 ) x Cased 7) GG AD AH och MinX BY —7 Vin 3 Degaluse Vo = 10% Gera Negettive ) Vat > - lov SANS, ko ©0066 06084444 -4-8-0-6 8-098 eo po. (G r : : | tN _ | I | \ | | : | | i | | | \ |Ey fh deat awd or prenision dunt. or ex dw de P L | Get a fl Vat 7 Vy ect Neat : ae ™ : Disde + Tram bas ‘J ER Opeamp 1s land bap aos _ a (Wirtiat go Fy Vorin Cuts) L (4 =e ~ / 4 Grea ct ea ; | Vind —y Vas Meat Diode RB i p-amp vy pen boop No virial. gra ul Gmpuatav ; ‘ aa i ce ss Af ‘ ; NA KS ce “@ BP EEG al 4 No : : = : - a Note = This Greuit reckiies au Voltages Nip Sstly vente tran 0-4 ical Ww g im Sypicaby . 1 ; eMole: ®) “he outpit Suntihes rim O-F H%m by Vout then the dunde Seuitches from on ty of Fh ch ques distortsr hence we tnclude duade dy § de as shown : eo. Ger dan Vo.reie D, FB Da RB : I) Vie» Negite/” Pa RP be a at 3 . , IN & ss forward bap Vin > Neaituie \ ; Vy 7 pal / Dy is werse bras | oe \ 4] ove LR (eo | Vas OF +No Vy OF Ahn © O60 OBA 4-44-48 -8-0-0-6-67850505 05H DH OH OHO DO ¢ © o ¢ © ©A mF mM Gees - Yio poste \ 0 Fonaad bras bn yas c Var Negi £ De Roose bas, : = a ip & c {to ie art DieRB wed Va.2 positive peers & emer> O © 6 O66 OO HHH A -9-4-8-0-0-6-050505 MAH AAD oe e@6 CPE PEAS nde VI eit ie ™ am ov Diver ook butts Varve —7 Ve= Heat Diode is Leward bias re [op-aep is ty closed Wop, Vir Bia gav» ts vied poe: te chasges th the new Vine, Vin< Ve 7 Va = > Vea Diode 1s Reverse Bias Op-anp io Open loop reAI, BOA” je ®| | nS 2 © Ho - + ¢ a =e a Pa - © : | 7 ' : s) oy t I 8 € | & Je c- —e : ae ete Ht eee Pesise | [tee fas [i Tus - \ L 4d NE € . Roe re analysts. “= cf 6 Spence” cs oe of t es to ai * 4 G —y vo 7 R ca sah panies § tom at Soper pata DNumeica vethod ne ce Thevenvrs | ‘ Nos erHRADAH OG é 6 é é § £ i £ : ‘ > iP fenife aK | od | ser Jas as Small i —~> a Sib Le e *- E ev eL ‘eon CL. =7'then the ron tunes deuce fs é ‘yne Grvext: into neds deorce_ € Addthon of OC %S Glted Brose Pe « Oo € a oo fe — € a © Ceol. grat tick e ( Add = 9¢ © © Keg He Fa Fafmt Seat e GB Non bmear 1s Gritleried to pe e A s : tL 2 sw } Ss AN . cS im wefHow tb add 0¢ - ar oo Caprese black the de Capactin heck toed z alow The a.c- Allon a.2smak at S owsint : ! yt wt TE oem sr eins veer et j J c) z a en hee ® & Re 58 Giid Biasing Ve = VeRe 4 Win wesictors RR : Ntge J wef) | Avcltishys » Be os | 1 : ” an de i f a é ; . € “Ko t i { ge wot LP Le v [ ea a Ke Weows si = ae oe - ce | Lait: oh yu redductin yosteuth oF Gp eee aie ae 7 Set) Grontin of |Palaus ©-¢ cf =) ans = 9c | PCapseator = Chord, ¢ oof ‘ Note. ~ woe ‘the pupse of Gurl Gpaitin of the sp 6 & Supe inpose Sroatt Signal Vin Quer oe of Nee Re ; So that tre BIT Gr be OW. ond the ron-treoa ie Go ye tame as neaO68 ODO A A-A-49-O-0-0-050790- OOO OD OD et= VEG, PF LIS Smal Loy + Frac = Log c Yaw) pate = Mote Looe, Mone Ve Noa Sinear > neat stapes Ao) bey aa VE Vow) Reorstumce (q@)- 1. ! sb ee De.blope = Db Ee Tn 9) Resistou Re) | {> a heal Wr 4) reduchoe cL) €) Capacitor (C ) dy Dsde Qpfmd the total chile Gaveot ce fp oc and ac pat if Veena. and V4, (on J= odv- 17 9c. analste 7S anatase 1K en i a JE 7 ey LF Vets vorov a Vag. (en) = OY ec po8s = gen Dec analysis, Couode is concitued ax -westetes ) MH ge. ie ices ele ete oe wont roe prtcn cm ae) i i “e aan Tye basin uD i am a mewaex | Le ee JANN ™ RR RNR RRR TIADIADG neecceoecsWEeovovoeonane Tat peee enn ~ Sony = fe Vac DQamAt WIV Sint MA £ —— ar _ BIT and it wearin of Opewthon ‘- Cserlie © e erm itty _ Bee bot, Jontr — Stete Bas aecta Voc < 04¥ (@) ec 2 0.64 (® (rg sugrbgh > by CE, °) Joverse, aclu | vec OS (es\ vec <0.6Y (= i. Bhe Ye K: tansfo reste” Om plac j 4) Saturation sex 04¥ (Fe Vee 06¥ iG . ce 10) | | t eee = Reo ® ‘ 5 A & Se fos Mee yD ad, oy aise 1 eRe Tw Cob ke 109+ yoo" {yr} 4 EJ JO MD Gael,Ys fred the mamirum Het ma Bor Cke re 5s aa - ‘» j Gosid Vee_y Lect Hien BIT Is im Soluvahsin regen OD. chek the rept of option oe aie = 24, F518, Net = or aS a ! ™ oe Y i dst 3 | j vs 2 tg at oN Loop = 5. 66m, \ Me SK Shug - End fe oe fs 0-4 -0-F 2 gouin Kode = Of = anh io Serdwe) 7 Lew) 7 BIT 1s 9 Sttiaten aeyton fl. Fhe elaine n6 = 100 KXOX IO 3 emA f(eboe) X Lepsary Bar is it aclwe © 660 © 6 6 OMA -6-9-0-10-0-050700 H¢ ©. © ©Jp check the vepin oF Opuatan ev Be B= 00 : - fie Bk - é . os _€ .é C € ( a ere cf Tog = _ BB omy 4 i ‘ Bktak a Segcluge = ( Tegatwie. & Least cs BIT is 1p Saktwatior FG!0 Kut of +£e (ek) - 10-0 Se 4 = 45m Cou = Ae bmp Lecce = Agr ma Looe x ay 5 BST fs Adive SateenoO: n a | = oe ~ fel = | Ge Sey 6 i, 4 on oat £ ov ORY se = & Ty k v ; Fa te ° i 6 Fay 2 at es. ep t § E ed fe gon Ory is Re 8 cy = $ to oe © [je B=cm - E an . lov. : e= —O-F~ Co) € = é € € Ghectn € a & oe ¢€ € © ‘6 ° Erte, e BEE OHfe > ean! B-95 Vege ody vd lp, &, Vex REY . a li feat = Fo Rsme _———. 2K ak for 5 & Mec. 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Nee. . p-—---- de ee jit B u 1 —e nes) we se 9, s} “ a> ia Vea Veg = Vees 1 "oe ASD) ve, —Veo= Vee 2 BR tog ae Lp + Peat Ve, We Veer Fe-feg = Mos ee) ere) /R, of Yee OF the problem f Auf Maeves —p ENiminaked Ure egondareyr tov 2 wh Son 1 P= po K ! | fom ale . ae a nn) w > Eaity effet ' climinaded with vee —% : : ‘pred Guvent Stell vith nad ——_ ooo yaxatwins by Casorde Gavent Sead EA vse delt c : fo 4 Mee Euly e thu vs ebmnakd by Ref aed € = : Yee = Vea—Veg Aes ~Neey)— W 5 as-OF-1 Veg D BV Dok ‘ The depr Janey of vee Gr be tially elivmrrated by ; tsi an 9p -dImp rith — negalwe feedback. :Aye vay VF i the ckpentaniy of veg ® 7 KOOKoANM IND & ° € ¢ € ¢ € € e © © e nD 2 a Gn be Willy clennaled c= TF | by sn) on arene : " Pe , rath negrtude feedback. & : dnd tre Gietor Gavert & of P18 tye. ye ee Loa EB 2m. ok tv F2or > toktage proganmenabls — Ve Goaert Sauce with a grounded load . TS He - oy tnd the bood Guvent SL. of Vpeo-F¥ ond B'S V Qaige . . 7 Jed the Value Recistanee RAF A, ts an aMvie 76G100 ond q: is 1m Caburctlon Woh Vegy = OV Vers av feos Ao ame = & olk Vins 15 fe(6K) YayVom Vee gg PERL Boot 12 (Rk) 00 cS ibs sa “hss, Gquais err Geren sot * a As $300 pour gar C 4 dy © IML. Be= ByRE ‘ 4 AV= G00. may ( a Meek fe Bucworay oF Commer, bot we impur topedance , hgh slp innpedanee <5 Granon dove amplifies Go be used te rnele on Gowan more at n the fp pork — ond Guunt more ad the Pr pork 4 Guseet 4 65 we Goorent gus 1 One, HE Gn de veh 03 Guaent buffer. a ap Mo. Phare sh oF Yolkage ord Geen “The powa gue FS sh _.. Bppewmalely gual ty voltage 98°.» _ta Mp 1 an Ae vn UI ee @ eae Yay hgb pour garry K comes Bp = bv ee = -a00 fs 8 “ae Pee howe if CE ce) a ob} +t Duonmany oF Gorman corvter evmptife

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Ko) _ a Xs) XG) “8 fee, tm erm of the omphely pean el Pe eB Go tb & © ‘Bis designed nith passive Geponenty ruhich axe more Stable & Acurate — hence the adwancage of negocbae. feedback bs eobabtirh stable predictable Ard comateEdvorboges of feedack J impzorement to ip G of wsistorce iiy wmproverner 19 Uaena ty ji ode & chs'tablion ill rediak « Wy Bandits rn prove rent > Devcibviy & femme Worefe, pasarel € ae haps of fedhack mala | ad Wp llog by CO Bass sha . a ample he ve shun t— Sues > Lranontckore rin | | Bi Sees 1p Ageneutone tw low Ce) hunt shut uur bipes 9 fedback vith decades fous bps : tp Seats - Shunk : 4 faces Then “ eer op) 1! | bere | —< 1} : ©. vo . Civ — “> « ‘y= YORY = fe Np = Ail =: ct Yo = 1d0me Ve 1 & i ope 7 . U . = “be OOOOH OOO OHHAAA OOOO POOHOMOMOHH] OH AL kvl Vs My HVE =O feo] @ 4° B= =e @ b= ve Vio Ve-VE Ve ip hack - Shut feethack Tarsresistane Oup] ee | oY) ack (G-ferthad-) | Te is = (Shurt Sus arop lin’) Aes Po tne . Aca Sin + Le Lig = & = te \ pe vee Me : 2 Fe Be @ e> & ia vo pen 8 yah shunt) “old, bot) fh @ ££ So eee @ Pies Aegoo Sos - Seer ; (x) Soret & OOTP VB RESISTANCE oF /FEEOE aie CE Hi ve | bye w Q 2M Doe ee as Tin Re feed = Veanin OE =) Yak BVO 2 Min FBP We va (140°) = f- neck AMPLIFIER aan?A 7 Mo 2 OY - 5 ON ter @ é yp Rosen = Ye é Ripak = Brsen TH08J | ames § Wp ge Ss . Sap pt Roop | Bas = 7 \ 1+AF 5 | 5 ar $ ) _he feedback Bop bee that Ge [tor] GE) Bett @ lee 5 4 Shut Boast bois. &/u 408) rary) 0 € ? 2) Stues- Suief Re (1498) “me PB 4) shunt - Shnt Rm J q-ine) | fouter) ; A legit b_ c Mf tee Ocern sont fctoa_or_witess ouplfs o” eve On _ Nabtadio | novctlos ¥o enyin * Lo | HOHOGOOHCHOH OH HOHAABROODSs ra a> | i Soret | Ps Soy ee. in E Leuk RAR RRR RNR AANA III IFO Accers¢ROOK EH OEHHA OHM HHH HO HO OOKORIOTI ND IO py Barneneess, The feedback is srecogniged 0S tues shunt feedback , vow (14 Fe \y 2 on 8, 4 Re 8OMe Feedback is vecagnigd OS shunt -shunt c, © Gain (A= B= -Re > Lransvesistance c i " @ 2 ab . 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Ce = QD - 3A) — ~~ 2 Very = Veg ~Vea 2 5 fe(3k) = dav: Veg = 3. | ok te HOF + ME, + Veen =O Ye = -OF4 Neke, Two _© Ne 7 aa i Re =9K DkpO- Assume thor thye 15% te (7 spot Bouyce g shat the a Oc She SouKe .Oo ihe Uylse HOI Nm tape) -- Fete SS) fin & oe —— Soe Wii = Sofie] + Cre) fy bie (446 Sy [Re] Mh is ; w= @- a = hich (bbe) biet (Jb) Re Dre = 1k, hire = 100 Se =9K. Op frie eh, OH PF the be pagereless” of fatty the tonnes foes as ae pO i Pras Whe Oc prebixe . @ Keo ©6666 686 HAHAHA O-8 8 POM HMHOOHON OPM Y—Ginasoidal | Ossttator General Gokequaccton of pati bie fadtack + é p+ Omnnifiee Xe) vy . xe <2 The Gan itt Fedlback xO. A XG) ' Ae af BES pes A 2m whe the Gan v5 fork I pat we Gn onpect forme of ae ink ga manos wilh 00- . tbpub Signal Xe) mfack in an Qsclotor there is 9° 7 Chalscoy rows oN Grant —trenstenk (noise) « i> pps 4 ‘Taper ty ABEO°? be @ ‘ re CEL OOOO OOOH HOO OOO DOOHHHHMH HO of, te ot - } QTR. = = At the closure oF power Sip ply Soot Gere ! _ wz Laanstenk vesponse . = at \"" +e 9 BY 5 Part ky * of ordw ae ~7 make ne [= Oy ype rae | > gs cu Uacon (bat AP) ) __dkps_ be be Fotuswecl fh Soe an Cultalys — problems bep D) — fod = YE Rast iBhes : _ Yo egy fa | deep @) = fiod a= [ | 7 % » Bp op gee J © _ is APe| ie - (2) Gott Bin) = a ol! Wale | 4vvBuukaumes Grfeuin AGS 1/0 or350 pe Hi he | Oo Magnitude. of Loop garr *s uontiy I dell © phase angle of bap gar is ‘3 or “wd z (548) (ori JI648) [lost = 1 80" Bi AahZP=I ~ r yhenautos OO . : 0+6-+ 120 =360 P= | seeing bog Phase shite : |" ope. ane os] ° ¥ [Aza Qe fn ag © fr Sustained Osco gol ea teee. a 1K A Or fad the value of Recashane © — a =—_ Re Me gue -Paequena) of fos We we, ask th quae Sinusardos Cscibtatnrs ¢ Ks & -. e 7 afro Fire The -Faqquences cot these cae Batons: 0B ew eA ON OOPYnoO aa ROO CO OOF 0008840060088 OO TT OTH Weve 4 ¥ Pras, We =o. 0.5K A= Vo 2 1+ 98 x yp Ye 1K 5) -- we loop gan = 7 Aee| tw) f a — “t ! Hee yey t Sac AD be tz 1 +5 (0-1) Ra. Re os aL | (8 equadiry veal f Lrragindiny pout ) tmaginay '- Q = 19C—t oh ze De: F Osea f- 1 mquery of Ccrtlalos aes te Kapa HO. 05k + Ra Re Cae Re SF kd 7 Gh Sadi gis, tac" phase shit as ip the Gee of 2 oa phase pow Spo hence the ame the - phase Ctr Lobo» boop gpie 1. Oo LeROCCO OOOH OOOH HAAG OO DO OOHROHOT ND DO: hE y @ R/U | Eta se ————— / Cae a 4) . (rece) voce “es | | I pla Smet BCR + ase ee 7 ee: Ce y > 13 RCRE HS gncke — 30 Re quale tenagi nay) pai Giuite Real pat O= BACK. — MRE (4 y te 3eeR? R 32 WORE | => 1-3) R= | = 8 , cR Re y -a >: frequeoy of Gsalletor | » R | RE= QR | RC, PHBE SHIT SHC LMTER tov larg amples=> Re phase Shifk Osatator ts ated odin Frequercy Cscilotor c wohueas Wer bridge Oselintor ts a voou'able audio -frequensy : Osatlalor = for bgh Frequency of Osatislors we. ge for vide band ampitée ‘ A with Le Network, ce ee Step@® - fd Bo He of _—_ Vo. ce Mee Mee ec 4 EE ap ewe. ste cf * &) 2'e) Qe v SOB Se RT SAM Sy a C = 4 Re <4 St p@ ~ . Po eG — ; : : to eeraueneal es ny (PEK = ‘ + cn . L —— 4 cf Ft]: agp gam HE°I . & Ror ‘| Gs — ee en 7 ) FCS CRUE J FARCE | : a ey fa | sem ? b= 1S aFOR \ (E)orr) = BARC H PE RE f te wR 6 Re) wert) = FPO R ao _ a \ ROE : faqueny oF Ova . C i & All | aes-e e 2 oe 5 te agree \— &) only at Frepseny P= 1 6 anc ; 0. Design the RC Aetayed for the Gruat be Kehoe GS @D Cealieder , ° with frequeny a= + 2 RC pb aS . S e € ef € HEC CE BLO HHO EEREWp ted the Tequenay oF vena these Caucltatwins : E at a c é cs -é . cf ¢ 4 ct cf . 7 ¢ q From © £ © elnreale Va. a Be = ea | cA Yo SCR ASCRE | ce : m4 Be l i cA Se scR +l 4 SCR, ‘ ca “4 vo. “4a “4 Ling gain = ey ty ( i) oH) (Gel)roo It Re. a 5S (ore “aac ) Ry L ARC Puy quale Rei § veagirayy past _Leatng Ret pat Evang Aroq pt POOCO COOH MOO OH AAR HO 800 OOOST MHeae ee es ae ea mene ( 4 4 «f- ve. _*% _ ser a Vo aM C2 Re + SSCR +H | top qun=\ —» fe V4Re Ve - fe S45 | + | eqaste_frmagrany | Gute va | \+ Re aD ARAN RIDA a a a a a a rr€ * ROSH KEE HH AOS OOOO -8-8-9- BH HHH & tohy ee Ketmenks axe not used “to Aesigm esutiabs 8 the bagh Prquency ‘Tange . Soe the baste ampife Op-amp) Suffers a phase Lag , the mpencation hur Gime from “The F Wettaerke Cec e) to ge & Phase beads Re Networks Fave o stow vouabon o do]. » da \~ ?- BE a Lrequeney of 100% Tedsons] Sec “the error op vaLeden to Frequency 16 cumind SL ive the Frequeniy stabiutiy oF “Uni Orrtlstiy ot high Trequeny és poor. Here we ae bord ompufias mith Le araplic hy fy beh Freq of Osutlatos Prose wet Frequenuy. 2 ar eceal Osu'tatorOKPRO - Re Vee pres! = ORO 3 BA by “ 5 BA fae Uy Silfewk By the Amp. > tal 9 22 inVor'stiin of Lrequeey dae ee | ebese ta] oh & ee =) BD BR] SM Ly bp 7 AT Kredit fcc rs OAD ade A=) R vadlsec. ———7 svaueton hye 100 Kadi, “7 Vaudtuin ts As raise. Giraah Grkguitn of LC Cuttin — Spit “hank “took Casey © amet [44 a] 0 ty tind Trequenay oF Ocuttaloy ey @ tow 4 wo x Xa Po Nel % 5 | 44 ek \% 8 ® 6 ® e ¢ $ ® © bd € € € € € € © e € e e & e @ e # &).qoey ge - _—— $4 ARH 0 al, Cc, Bs Stitstet 1 <0, ( a a 7 + spree a] °° se © e a U4 = HC 4 A: 1 at tak = u cob ack V14e rn eee 10) - C Whe Leg tte CHtortey_ satan > f= ~4 —su x Sl2 la sek tank Ly yy (es)»D 9 BOO AAA B-9-0-06-8°0°S SHRM OM OHO Hom D BEER HEOE kar bas | Pera ao to et 4 Ste a Kee Ey a & | a Jaa | A= — fe sé atG ° Ry oo | Graton nl i ! eee pe 1 | obey V Ula, i Ro | Rt a Cys ae | J Gre | "= « eae 6. = _, aw VeREC Gayrets , Sthe ot “tral Inhgs the propalia of wrduhor is Gued . Gpatoe oo ON ~ R/ See Vaewin R Cor = We~ Vo ze were (al > WNe- Vr| Yo= Vin We i SCR a fn = Nie —¥o _ € R ~~ c. Ge vg [v*- | a = x sce> | = za] |%-su | K A a 4 mas — ‘ FOR se “ ANIVETIN ERO T OS Ct Tes 0 regeneTeuoe CRE Consisting oF ton Cosscoupledt, Cc Lyansistins where ‘the Opkpu oF One 1S Greed BW ye cr of the oth, Bred on The Ofp Stel, thy are clasified as c ‘ C Bist ut “ YB stable state O-dteble state Siar faphar Ct pon Tecdes forlorn ckt r eee ( cA oe Morostable a Qussi 1 stoble state, —~ One chet ( 4 / ‘ > Relobl, erat C4 arfree qunning [ {J [ o> quod: tom tna bes a — |] PSQUOE Nave geresiDoe- . fRo Ugg. required) uiy Bistante mawrrinawr a a . \" ] ] fo pt | tn a a G a} ty ee . 2 6 te rr oe tore gy o 5G fe i O: of Le, G Lf _ —~ " até \ —— a + oh Cutoff Fe Batwwahsn L i ke ~ Fein ae jr -s av an JA us assume A 1S Stightly ther— queda thao 4, hee Ser Ake = vee — Qe vq AAR GY GY : fn fy . fa P toh Melis Hv Yo, & =Nec~ HR Sy Gluutate Guvents & volkuges when 9, = off & Ga=0n . fie Ge Ve oF RAR) Ls. Of -~ (Vee) & {y= &-% Lye OR lev) +R» LOO CHC OO BHO OHHAAA D486 0 OOOH AgiC ercety ° FQ bac W be iy Sturator a | fac] |< | : ‘ % yep oe | - |) py ro 4-4 | er Thee ue tne ways oF biggeing ey ory cy 13 c Be Spometuical iggeang ones ee é ‘ « Be assymeticcns Lugguing — (ec Cup Fup) x 5) Gemetoicat (1 Fup Flop) ; a4 lea & Assymetric Haggerty cA Oe Traty Table ie 1 - exe s[gg ‘ wi} 2 § 0 | pramos stole : ‘ r Ke Orel Oe a | Volto : | LL | Boert- toy ce a \ \ <4 aise Yoh b-k}E ca 7) 3 ' { 4 NW7 PO UNL >TO BLE ATUL vi vy @ es we ne —_—— 6. we - BY & fy e L* & é ae ‘ = é ; wnstially rohen the cht 16 Qwik oF F Gris oFF ad Qo é is oO due BH "ve Supply —Vbp £ ee ae ? | y e be. en € voce ott Pr Copacily Charges bo Yee ~O-FY € “4h : 7 Vea = 0.4 € ‘ Vee Asay “ € : =a 2 OV «| i? fe € a a e tek us gwe an ertttimat “Wigga the dunde allows € Regocuuse W9q% ancl makes the bose. poken trot negate Sor © , ; & shoot wuatian - Within ne Line Qs beamnet off & &- 00 6 > pci tor chasges Aroma 0-# torte : Vea gus-fan — (vec Vep= ~(vee-09) wp then Via reaches oF , Qos & @ is BFF. The & gable stk . eo Veo Vel) = [ Anutnat Verte Ved Vintual = (Ne-0-9) © ~Nee Veinol= Veo X >Vee M= [Vevecfe'™ + Vee ao tar > Bet}= O-F¥ MOV Re = OF ON eT NER Pelee width5 ASTABLE MULTE ie nriss @ \ <7) an 4 Gore gon > G Chowges ly Yee #| | Os T= O-69C Ry ~ W]e Mea oes from Ta= 005980, * A Total peuba CL) Teer @ 1 TG Chagete ver~o- aw a goes Lr | ~ (Wee -0-9) ‘to Yee —Cee-0-5) vee. | “T Veg= oF, ~ 1 vee J oop gor —g 9 06 8 et 458 - __ Pe ama FE? eee o™ * Vox tg oo ROO OO CO 6H OHHH HHA OO 6 OMOOOHMHM M(H: @ a! 3 - v nah 95041 O409 a é ee Ara 3 {eo ee wv o—— \- oa a 3 - Vout o 7 Blutate the Chuty Ggcle of the ofp of Companatiir gio . ‘po Go Agi Ra Nps Vea A§wl {2 ——r Voz ~ Vout © t rhOOeeCCH HEH HHAMRNHMOH HHH OOOos Sera | ee during right ~ [east fe ye The schwitt Laggu bas Yio ~Unreshotd ink § ure 1s Lowe from +a be Vouk rihen Vin 15 OTP is cpp Freshald The Sp hr Sertches greater qkan OTP legs than beTineen Fe Suartehes frore ‘ure ort & uw Te re KY, Bs wise. re “Meal + Gao ‘af =3m a hung dy 1 nd . planlodeleder | As & ScHaTT TRIGGER? "Para Gerputis ov +e fete) Ure UP. “Thedold port ope choral Change whee Neat te +VSAE Shen Nie os (might) ore 9) Ma Ws is io ea) C c ¢ ¢ ee ee ee aHystice sis Loop a o. @ a 8, o, @® 5k - Via eV Wee ~ Vet ge & Mn &,COOH FORO HHRAAA 6469 -0-6-0-0.9.5.9-0.055% 5 be pH wp cama Oe ys zh | hysticsts width pee pl zr | Sy . ~ - i [ws] 5 ax +\ere | 0 Sh [ R | R R 7 ~ a at=Yo —> | vee al | 3 VA = Vere theo v= -++Vent Nap SD +15V 5 Vt= Vip nhen Vos -15¥ => Vine = _ Or Design vatue of ensbis for dhode and ap-omp Me Considet eat. Vorp= 3 LTP =-av abl veMet Vee Murr hen Vy = 1a | - — sav D.=0N { Me vay Deon. ; | cr | peek | ee cé -n& : cé | ae i ae = L bo - R+e=4 ——O) : let etki 4 Rr 6 —© i _ Rie ske cf Rs ve Be SKR cé : - Committ TRIGGER UsING BIT a “ - x _——_— a 1 | ‘ } , | & ' ( Re i cl * | as % i Quow eo? eel... aT _ Fa NOR tat Facn sn a i i teh et 4 Ne : a) oa Ka fet fe | vee Ce ___t Oo = Le ap Niyre is ‘the volluse Wie which whl moe O from oFF NS ~> Nerp is the volkage Vir which PL move G Gren ony to oF F Cr c G G006806 O FOAM 6-6.0.6.0.0,0,0,9,9,0 a vwe—| Cae |e Re [Fe renre)fen L ae Min POE -tvE “be rove G, from off tb OV Many Ure + ot + fhe WH = weFeke When O2 ts oy -frore on tate ty OFF State. Geo, Ga-0FF _ Geet, Gaver Ue ts “hat "ebay we VorveR, og yeu Art ®ve RAP Re Ge Vo-Ve (et me See Ve> 0+ +Ve Ne= Ve- OF % fhe OF VE. ay Oe -O-F Ve= OF VE Ve-0F= fee (LR wor epee] - apeVe> OFAVE a 7 Ott feke & TOF HE te) Re Lf Nes OF +! Vec~ rove) - RY oo. oo e _ « < &t& s “Re ® ( 3S a t ( ® € ( __ a 7 C palo: | € w | foe A Gonwae € =p Vee eRe « —_1+——+——+4 Gore « ee eee ee © | Q2 08 Ure a € a Vina ——v PMY Weage Blo UTES UTP Cinnot — Chorge The ckt Sth e < Astable muuvibratyy using Op-amp > ® i 7 e Le | e “iN eee a | 3k 4 - = ee oe 7 a | @ 7 ——— 5+ Neat (frat) Cs ee (ipitiat ) Pypee ty eet)= [ vet ~ Vena] et Veit Yet y= | Reva — vat Ret Re eR vou At t= F Ved) = Year & Q+e RR Re -y 1-8 (14 & \ em MAR RQ Neat Ro ~~ Ee \* ae8 Ss ° eo. ( & im) DBOHETCHCCHCHHHR CHR AABN O BHD 8 RAR Re | puud ‘T=aT, = ARG + ae] Se ee ou ee ene eee monostable multeytbratir ust6g Op-armp > Gpscrter Geo baer pos Tet i \oor 2 BR ve=ody eo? t tagge os i |) oO : = | tye fp Sesemeann fo ; fe | — - is | ~ lov aCom 7 co c e . ct Nero _ : ier’ ac cf (41> we a c é vetb)= es Vent] Vee Vpiat : ‘ —tee 4 Ye(t) fo- Cee Not ( <4 a to T Welt)= Vat c é 2 _ Vee ct Neat Ye © + Vite cs = Vee : os: © / aé patse wath ct “ - ened cl [rk Gootsteap Swe Crank ~ _ oe chaxp. Urea an tm mem . Te ct ye ~) Ye capastay nan chouge bo LL ve= | +f tat ea Le [oe 1. ~@®* i |e, *&) ——li-» 4 jo wake £ Grstork tet as Gosider a x cn anata Saute ve Rich thal Wor 4 =V4LR +H =O t St HV TER +H Verve : 7 by woh vedaseing ian Using oe & @ Noo keg Source VA fan make —— Meet uy Taaoy : Mp Ganeok Gestast v ye 1s tna i. Mrence Ne is Motus L T o +o-5 EER ve VL eve = Mae Iif ee : 6 ~ e. eo c eS. c & 3. & % e « € « € € € € e <€ & 3 @ e & é & 36 a) Yack 4% = ae u) OV Pep Hate a0 HVA ER VERA 0 Ye. ve [Gaines] naake + 1 Suntch yl Lostead of ‘inn 0¢ Sopplis vee RV rive Gn clestgn voltage Sauce th Gaston, The chorgry tine Coefack Should be fae Less as Compare ith dischuging Hence Chuge »Capacttor hough © aie. “Yet 9 cm — | ee | ' \ || zor rT ie TSMia SeeP evil ged. —-i—— { Gam # vey bob Sp Negitve feedback > Gao=t 7 fee vee} frat 2) porrkwe feedback wy Nee fe" Ee Rais ae ay ve=( Yeo) t Moe. oe CH Non inverting sehr Bagge. | ave should be < —RMeat We Santch, ve from ‘Pant ty — vent Yo | Vie, e 7 : ang thald be prone ty Bate Yo frm Nek Heat SaaS S —veat | Svat ey — fOCIa 1 oem (0) a i Ra 4. g al “fe ‘| a Woo Rive | wt ay Vero Vee bysat oe WAKO —> Vos—Voat 4 fetenO ~ 8-8 ~B-~@-.@- B~ B- O- Os Ws Gh OH Oy Nat t | | FEH GO HGHLEOHEHR ORAM—r e)> Ror R Ri Voa 41 veal | Ri c 3, ARV _ Veat( 1) Py QeRs a ya C q1a ga _Eeimritt Lug seg 298 Mores wy aL Me see -y | Deschage Output . Theshatt Reset 2 ty 5 | Guta. Be Ree 3 ‘ ae \ fe Aredld oe | 7 { Sox Lf ra Metta] | ea | — hee a tie Osea a” Sd aT : pt we sche malie Cagron 95C Brparator _—_ TS vee —e “ye BR ge FR Le tfe PO OKOKCE DOH HOA HA 1O0.66.6.008.0,0,9,0)0 Threalsta Bove —p Re tage " 7 —> Veto Soliov9 Conneain le Mavee, : ina i SP Wipe ar Se tage Angi: - Angqurd vec ~p $= lage ’o” “rate oF 65 Be fp 5 ase ag bo} o [pam rs lol jo! | rio {to — 1. | Got ty Ge tye’? ban on V3 sphngee 8 —p Har oF ee KS ooamvrr TRIG ERYee a + Mad Jee ga 6 5 ¥ aa’ os ae . tow £| 2 Biv am & cee Tepito) . se & Reset ~y . i Bits WUC OO SEES OOeCOOW OSE THGRZRRGEIHSEASTABLE PMULT WiBRATOR. aN q SN ast mite; ck - Ne t 9 Vee ee « ‘ c c G + We Prec (thresh) 6 + Ve “PT St htehatd 4 ek ey lp ———» ae 5 TOL | : Z pm ome ae | acon+ afo -ve} et + Vee yaa y=. [Maiti Vea] € -+ Vit ¢ eo mtit. St!” C Q fee ‘ (sk us assume rho; PWarasta ( On ver gue pasions) 6 iter We row O};olt eluge ras gue OEY | onsite 4 Uagye ire | Scared O1O1'o Capntor ( serge 1 \ | cage vege o |i | ' ral (tain 20 mor 070 Yt 0 eee +, 7 CHR OMHDHR OH BP SO OO -8-8 -8-0-8-9-0-8°-0°O.1.r I HO! PERKS Po ee za ee ot t-T ° R&)= vee [ear gepanp= Toney _ a a ove fe™*] ~ de a TT LIRC mick ee XC Pstabl, maleivibraty . ee eaten Yecy= [ vertiot —snat eH + Vent ag — pew iE ~e ODE Vee wt t= 7 aye 6 Vee) Pre hn rent Me FROC ‘grr Be a ~ Rv € +Ne « 3 Wy y= 96g RAC - 2 26:65 @ith) T= W412 . Stew ate ofa ap Op-cenp Ree the manienum vate of change of of robage fe a posstbhe, pate Sigrols -YMC Wyte oR= al ee dt mm et of : a a ee ioe ce VYorven at aL of Gato = p0Ven BOE , as _# lawn | ope de | 1) = 21 fogs a a : OF Jr OF cof cA ad Qs on ap-amp hut o stew wate [tex vith a gain of 4ode ' ‘ of this amapufer has Us fatrFerny —conptifier Somassidad grate fiom o-aohty nithoot acy. distin-tian rahat rat be Me 1 fondue vnpat Sigal burl . ‘ Oe sexe WY, . a. es i » > wv 7 fora VO vary ae Gr 3 = wv iS 2 OA RQO RIT AVOman= ‘ ' ” 10s G — Vina” 9 I vu. | GOGrrmon rode. Ryakin Rib (cree) Jt wa vais oF cena Guin 1 Gren mede goo ree cure = | Ad | 7 ~ Fem | 3 + ; we rang) : \ w__1|~_- . cringe aly = ely ALY a we 108) ee BEN hwo SN © mp — Hely= (oe ae te aera - Aum=o CmRe=® Qe Giutate cure from the eapoumerls grow AT, : ip pa eabewibar guie-a arth = lac . _ | My ye Ye ee + + ta one a MWe WR Ay v ent = vi va - we Wee yd 4 8 Ng = Voo— z wt ® mY bapepsile? aoe - Yo = A Rave \ Pee ye sppird + Peron a= we evs bare = Ad A “lund fi ; | Fam | eta | — ou te ' pd= AB® + Aus MUHA 5 CHAR in| ee Pi ne . a ea AOR) oeh® < 3@595B5 005,055 CHO MAAR OO -6-5-0-0-0.0 © 86 B BEE yp tra mgr dL i Vy=OV an A= vo \ Ryo vor Ry Rs A) A,= we = > be rhb Qoov 6 Va= (1hQ) ve . TR] Mee RAR.cre fora pracbical diffe Aiflerntiat ou we re a SR g Re sa He 6 Nee ~ Om Re [ya Ne9] Cprmet) Defevenial qoie (As) = Ye > My mR V4 Va Va Vo= |e] Vos Ky Vey — Keo Note © if Vyever , YOO > Ths ts under the assumphoo thot boty the GITS howe the Some ac choracte nstitc Ve (be, bye, Qn) but te ts unl kely bene we 9p for Single. ed analysts.f L em. a 4 LO & ie a os © The watwicual Groatt 1S ea ak e crare ts always c | : erasure for balf cht Re Yor k ( verte) Voz KiNey 1 52 Feegpey = Sem 9° Le (He) og” ee he Yor Le Re a) LOO KKH H ODA AAA MDH O-0-0-8-0-O8-BOODHHY HH HOCM oF Woe Meme : ake * Bromo reode. gate et : m fem = - ~K co Yom Re. c! + OFererbal gain (hate cht) * “tm a cf 4 : Cy ( cMee = Ad = ~tRI/> & —— | Re fe Re o cree = ame | Oot! . cree (an be troproved by mereasiig € mum Sa oftage Jo For Rog of 10, the mint am apply va if esrma Hence wwe 7eplace Re Should be thousand volts Goslonk — Grvwenk Gowee or Guveql err r Neu@) é qos ww a — 4 | +e be Je phe Gust Analeg CkE fos an &C WAY yew fy an colgpated Crt, fubricahon of sesichow of aK Q and Gapuitor of Me Faad ange Is Af ticutt « Hence The desigo has fo be Change , | vee YT Bchve ta J. Jeet “tronstfs) Neae= eh Vee }—1r +. R oe + menue a? yifeveertal mode Gpattfos 19 jo Sapetenpose Vo. %|RAR) , we Go (nnect ‘The puspose of}, & and Guphog a Steal Signal Vio ovr a Ac oF To the absence of ths Gropeneel BRN LOO HO 00-6 -4-9-O.6-0-0-0-8-0.0 x -8-8- @-8.O. 0-9 negate Suppl ‘) PP. Wee ws | ef wu vy | » b ewe Lo5 + ste on . : ea Y y Se~ fe “eee g ¥ i | ee QE fe cnenier = erThe pupse of Res te gue Le (any be weptared by Grebot Giewent- GQarvent mirror CRE tm { 2kie ! Sieg = i al bf O & ge Pr cs le oe oh é a inde peecent of pt. Fe Qurct oy Gisrenk mivror . foe Sy ee ah B ee ocecc| {fcetme may J. ae + ifo Gstont Garr ent: : | fas Ig ot a eS (% giving prep br00) Bar debmes a carsfor « Gmeded to ave. Supply. and Opn Gurvent mevror ONC Yensfors Connected do ove Spy. : poh Gustent mrtor ale resistors e. xe 6 e ) e & ( e { ® g e € « € « « € & € & € & « a & & a oe « oDada YY Owkpat venpectonce ceeeaes Lefts to Sippy pase Greets for e371 poulielDp Lod Mm, fy LFS. Gm [Wer Te > @ fx wt [] J JJ é Xe & eo ° > eS C 9 @ 9 ac g eae niese € co: Pe ne C93) 7 fet ak. < Soe 3 P=103m—~A - « (ita the relahooship bo Bef § & « ge to wesh , 10 Gn pak as rmany as mare Joansistor but Ge Gn pak Testslors ard — Gpaurtos © an ° ia @ \ | o& | | « Suck | per i | fete. fife Rte a Vs \ ee) ‘, | lift 8 ° oY a) = Sa — ke fref - Grip 2 S | ul 7 4 ( eP 3 L | Ep, eae a a u ie e448 ee — Te he. /{rarthy ( 4 4 4 BAR _ — Watt het sot oo The painse Gf Level ghia is shat of an output Gpertos A 0 Yow ac Signal ' QC Gugled ompltin yo blotk dco ond 2 , ' we L_+ 5 3% tH 02550t x vt $ d.5mat | jPht) the eve) SNL Tm GAA OL FY CaICIONe Unc emg sett Value oF Ressdance Ro... ? 8 dot 6 & Lg & wii-k =f-O- OF FIR foot een |e YOK y @ 2 e ©. D e Cc @ e g € € « € ‘ « € « « « c € e & looMole :- 9c 6 Mock by cated a clyop atvoss 41k path C&M 709, Grenk of 1A43mP : AC Sgoal +8 peri cnict ecom dam Ampedarie oF co OA Garent — rarrvov 3S VERY tage e € OY Fd the eesistance ye the twel she rs of te ode of 68g Guan Vee = = OF ee loge o af bu. tev @ af G of Pa 4 aé ve 6, cs owe c4 3R : p Re erov (4 ce ay cA le ony ot Z mek : ms “a + Drop cons Fan FNATPEY CE | «Reads as Grsent Terbag 4 ny geststs Which biases other ( poise Ohode WH Pe Spoiled. ‘ Give» ‘ Vee = Vor OF ‘ ( > tage: yaw 7 S8 OO = OFF IR, CR eo HY acct \ Oak, Te FINFR dS V,aS -ap 8 oe — | pus we nel fies} rt “farpifes —_ | aemputie wi pee Yo Vor n(t®? Pope Proolafi fo The purpose of power amplifier ts fo foansfer marienurn power Ae A ". Gi ox public. address Sh he mrOn power bor tobe c As lead Speaker Che buxved oad Sp “ita ot) = - ak See |— Speake | [merger ce bebe — fea, | ate | c & & £ z § iG é 6 é 3 8 C g ¢ g € ¢ « « ¢« € & & © @ & & ouc _é ot Cc) : ne ke ee er ee ae se prompt : ‘ 4 c Total poss pet Ale, i ( + Brosig wjestvlor should oot be these % power a i f - cs Classification :- < oe 7 fal +} dure vegiod , ( ; Re upld —SMome =F ( vollage are pilin «— A jo0-} [Hien Gaptd rtemorl¢ 50-1. Hransbr Gupd-rfom = 71, 4 poe ampli | i fe bh pull -fransfor Guplet (Oudtin) aes Te pal i 00%. 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LE 27 open cht ‘ i % Mier Tye shal ct ¢ 4 | ry pa : va . ey Be Frepuanas ~7[law Frequensy aatygt_ gues HeF ins + Gaio high egeeny. ay ok jC hled oF Gaping Groustor 0 the cow Frequenay response ae equibelent Cerone: Dwous Ur Shp@™ Replace PAT by 8 equudatest model § Gpettow by Yee « Ye: (prefs) ——O Nae & [eee £}-9) 0 \s|+ | 7 noae= a [rec] s KS GE “se [@ +8] +59 LMP.948-8058 @- 0.0505 05 OF HHHLH OHA A POO -8-~ © 4 ty me Paw — re ~ ae 7 1 or [er bie] ic Bobshilite fem for Hee and © fors LPF to find gain Gao = breRe Ret hie don Time Grelont method arkvook Me Reo 7 [Ret bre] hed any ay Eller of Snipers Gato” on_ boot query) "Spr Bove+ fey +— a Ste a ey &. 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(@ bt nw, O Garay = 20% Gari BOs aotnq Gan Gas pA- (10) Be = 00K 10° : RO= QOKHS. = oe dy aokly adder Woe > if Shoo noth — lower gave ranaistoes awe Fhe Same tunity Frequency theo the ont ett have x uidley —bondwrdth. 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