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INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONIC
CHAPTER 1 COMMUNICATIONS
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
1830: American Scientist and professor Joseph Henry transmitted the first
practical electrical signal.
1864: James Clerk Maxwell released his paper “Dynamic Theory of the
Electromagnetic Field”, which concluded that light electricity,
and magnetism were related.
3)
1865: Dr. Mahlon Loomis became the first person to communicate wireless
through the Earth’s atmosphere.
1876: Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson Invented the telephone.
1888: Heinrich Hertz detects and produces radio waves. Heinrich Hertz
conclusively proved Maxwell’s prediction that electricity can travel
in waves through the Earth’s atmosphere.
1894: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi builds his first radio equipment, a device
that rings a bell from 30 ft. away.
1898: Marchese Guglielmo Marconi established the first radio link between
England and France.
1900: American Scientist Reginald A. Fessenden the world’s first radio broadcast
using continous waves.
1910: The Radio Act of 1910 is the first concurrence of government regulation of
radio technology and services.
1912: The Radio Act of 1912 in the United States brought order to the radio
bands by requiring station and operators licenses and assigning
blocks of the frequency spectrum to the existing users.
1913: The cascade-tuning radio receiver and the heterodyne receiver are
introduced.
1920: Radio Station KDKA broadcasts the first regular licensed radio transmission
out of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
1928: Radio station WRNY in New York City begins broadcasting television shows.
1931: Major Edwin Armstrong patents wide- band frequency modulation (FM).
1941: Columbia University Radio Club opens the first regularly scheduled FM
radio station.
1945: Television is born. FM moved from its original home of 42 MHz to 50 MHz to
88 MHz to 108 MHz to make room.
1948: John Von Neumann created the first store program electronic digital
computer. Bell Telephone Laboratories unveiled the transistor, a joint
venture of scientist William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain.
1952: Sony Corporation offers a miniature transistor radio, one of the first mass
produced consumer AM/FM radios.
1954: The number of radio stations in the world exceeds the number of
newspapers printed daily.
Federal
In the United States, assigns frequencies and
38) Communications
communications services for free-space radio
Commission ( FCC )
propagation.
39)
Are signals in the 300Hz to 3000Hz range and include Voice Frequencies
41)
frequencies generally associated with human speech. ( VF )
Are signals in the 30kHz to 300kHz range and are used Low Frequencies
43)
primarily for marine and aeronautical navigation. ( LF )
Are signals in the 30GHz to 300GHz range and are Extremely High
49) seldom used for radio communications except in very Frequencies
sophisticated, expensive, and specialized applications. ( EHF )
Light-wave
52) Used for optical fiber systems.
Communications
54)
56)
The first symbol is a letter that designates the type of modulation of the
main carrier.
The second symbol is a number that identifies the type of emission.
The third symbol is another letter that describes the type of information
being transmitted.
68) Noise that is generated outside the device or circuit. External Noise
73) Noise generated directly from the sun’s heat. Solar Noise
77) A frequency two times the original signal frequency. Second Harmonic
78) A frequency three times the original signal frequency. Third Harmonic
81)
Signal-to-Noise Power
Ratio ( S/N )
Noise Factor ( F )
Figures of merit used to indicate how much the signal-
85) and
to-noise ratio deteriorates as a signal passes through a
Noise Figure ( NF )
circuit or series of circuits
86)
87)
NF ( dB ) = 10 log F
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Time-domain
7) A description of signal with respect to time.
Representation
29) An amplifier where the output is simply the original Linear Amplifier
input signal amplified by its gain.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
The VCO’s output frequency when the PLL is not Preset/Natural Free-
36)
locked. Running Frequency
51) PLL that are used to track digital pulses rather than Digital PLL
analog signals, such as in clock recovery circuits.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
10) Any frequency within the upper sideband is called? Upper Side Frequency
20) Are used for observing the modulation characteristics Trapezoidal Pattern
of AM transmitters.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
51) Ability of one coil to induce a voltage in another coil. Mutual Inductance
52) The ratio of the secondary flux to the primary flux. Coefficient of Coupling
A circuit that compensates for minor variations in the Automatic Gain Control
63)
received RF signal. ( AGC )
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Crystal Lattice,
Ceramic,
23) Types of single-sideband filters.
Mechanical,
Saw Filters
27) Reflected energy that aids the incident wave energy. Constructive Interference
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
25) Modulation indices greater than 1 and less than 10. Medium Index
Varactor Diode,
Three common methods for producing direct
41) FM Reactance,
frequency modulation.
Linear IC Modulations
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Limiter,
The envelope (peak) detector common to AM
Frequency Discriminator
11) receivers is replaced in FM receivers by a ________,
and
________, and ________.
De-emphasis Network
Slope Detector,
Foster-Seely Discriminator,
Ratio Detector,
14) Circuits used for demodulating FM signals.
PLL Demodulator,
and
Quadrature Detector
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Is binary FSK except the mark and space frequencies Continuous-Phase FSK
28)
are synchronized with the input binary bit rate. ( CP-FSK )
41) The advantage of OQPSK is the _________ that must Limited Phase Shift
be imparted during modulation.
Converts the I/C and Q/C bit pairs to serial, Q, and C Parallel-to-Serial
45)
output data streams. Logic Circuit
Noncoherent
( Asynchronous )
59) Two types of FSK systems. And
Coherant
( Synchonous )
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
The analog signal is sampled and then converted to Pulse Code Modulation
12)
a serial n-bit binary code for transmission. ( PCM )
Quantization
26) The magnitude difference between adjacent steps.
Interval or Quantum
Quantization Eror
Any round-off errors in the transmitted signal are
(Qe )
28) reproduced when the code is converted back to
Quantization Noise
analog in the receiver.
(Qn)
Two problems associated with delta modulation that Slope Overload and
39)
do not occur with conventional PCM. Granular Sudivision
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Time-Division
Multiplexing;
Three most predominant methods of multiplexing Frequency-Division
7)
signals. Multiplexing;
Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing
12) One eight-bit PCM code from each channel TDM Frame
(16 total bits).
CRC-6
23) Used for an error detection code. ( Cyclic Redundancy
Checking )
Added-Digit Framing
Robbed-digit framing
53) Digital carrier frame synchronization. Added-channel framing
Statistical framing
Unique-line code framing
Analog Sampling;
57) Three functions of codec. Encoding / Decoding;
Digital Companding
Short Haul;
64) AT&T’s communications network is subdivided into 2:
Long Haul
Diffraction Grating ;
70) Three basic types of WDM couplers: Prism ;
Dichroic Filter
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Unguided Transmission
2) Emitted then radiated through air or a vacuum.
Media
longitudinal and
6) Two basic kinds of waves.
transverse
26) Uniformly distributed throughout the length of the line. Distributed parameters
28) Impedance seen looking into an infinitely long line. Surge impedance
35) Transmission line with no reflected power. Flat or non resonant line
Unmatched or
38) Incident power returned (reflected) to the source.
mismatched line
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Optical communications
1) Uses light as a carrier of information.
system
1. interfacing cost
2. strength
3. remote electrical
power
9) Disadvantages of Optical Fiber cables.
4. optical fiber cables are
more susceptible to losses
introduced by bending
the cable
5. specialized tools,
equipment, and training
28) Caused mainly by small bends and kinks in the fiber. Radiation losses
1. increase in current
density generates a more
brilliant light spot.
1. responsivity
2. dark currents
4. spectral response
5. light sensitivity
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
2) Electrical energy that has escaped into free space. Electromagnetic wave
Horizontal Polarization
5) Forms of Linear polarization
and Vertical Polarization
16) The permittivity of air or free space is approximately. 8.85 x 10 -12 F/m
Refraction, Reflection,
30) Optical properties of Radio Waves.
Diffraction and
Interference
Specular (mirrorlike)
46) Reflection from a perfectly smooth surface.
reflection
Relative
Surface
Conductivity
Seawater Good
Flat, loamy soil Fair
Relative Conductivity of Earth Surfaces Large bodies of
56) Fair
freshwater
Rocky terrain Poor
Desert Poor
Jungle Unusable
Line-of-Sight (LOS)
60) Space wave propagation with direct waves.
transmission
MUF = critical
72)
Secant law. frequency/cosθi
78) Occurs simply because of the inverse square law. Spreading loss
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Vertical Monopole or
8) Another name for quarter wave antenna.
Marconi
18) Lobes in a direction exactly opposite the front lobe Back Lobe
The ratio of the front lobe power to the back lobe Front to Back Ratio
19)
power.
20) The ratio of the front lobe to a side lobe. Front to Side Ratio
Omni-directional
Antenna that radiates energy equally in all directions.
22) Antenna
Feedpoint
34) Another name for antenna input terminal
37) Any dipole that is less than one-tenth wavelength Electrically Short
Must be close
40) Main disadvantage of Marconi Antenna.
to the Ground
7 dB and 9 dB
52) Typical directivity of a yagi-uda antenna.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
12) Helps prevent the speaker from talking too loudly Sidetone or Talkback
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Two components
The primary caused of attenuation and phase found on local loops:
8) distortion on a telephone circuit.
Loading Coils
Bridge Taps
Distribution Cable
The location where individual cable pairs within a
and Drop
15) distribution cable are separated and extended to
Wire Cross Connect
the subscriber's location on a drop wire.
Point
Transmission
The optimum level of a test tone on a channel at som
Level Point
23) point in a communications system. It is used for
(TLP)
voice circuits.
0 dBm
25) The reference for TLP.
dBmO
27) dBm reference to a zero transmission level point.
Basic Voice-Band
It satisfies the minimum line conditioning
38) Channel
requirements
40) Specifies the maximum limits for attenuation distortion C-type Conditioning
and envelope delay distortion.
Classifications of C-type:
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
Phase Delay
50) The delay measured in angular units.
C-message Noise
Measurement that determine the average weighted
58) Measurement
rms noise power.
63) A sudden, random changes in the phase of a signal. Phase Hits (Slips)
Terminating Set
Another name for hybrid set.
71)
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Station Equipment
9) The instrument is often referred.
The location of the equipment.
10) Station
Subscriber
11) The operator or user of the instrument.
The dedicated cable facility used to connect an
instrument at a subscriber's station to the closest Local Loop
12)
telephone office.
22) Simply the path over which voice, data, or video signals Circuit
propagate.
Tandem Trunk or
30) Trunk circuits that terminates in tandem switches.
Intermediate Trunk
North American
Provides telephone numbering system for the United Telephone
32)
States, Mexico and Canada. Numbering Plan (NANP)
Class 4 office having only outward and inward calling Class 4P Switching
37)
service. Office
Common Channel
A global standard for telecommunications defined by
43) Signaling System No. 7
the ITU.
(SS7 or C7)
Refers to the exchange of information
between call components required to Signaling
44)
provide and maintain service.
Service Switching
Local telephone switches equipped with SS7
51) Points
compatible software and terminating signal links.
52) The packet switches of the SS7 network. Signal Transfer Points
54) Another name for service control points. Signal Control Points
# DEFINITION TERMS
26) Two cells using the same set of frequencies. Co-channel cells
37) Placing two receive antennas one above the other. Space Diversity
41) It handles all cell-site control and switching functions. Cell-Site Controller
Four stages:
44) Handoff (Handover)
Initiation
Resource reservation
execution
completion
X.25
58) A datalink protocol at a transmission rate of 9.6 kbps.
63) The radio receiver that detects the strongest signal. Receiver Diversity
types of calls:
Mobile to wireline
mobile to mobile
wireline to mobile
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Bell Telephone
5) Proposed the cellular telephone concept in 1971.
Laboratories
Cellular Geographic
17) Specified frequencies in a small geographic area.
Serving Areas (CGSA)
22) VIN
Stands for Vehicle Identification Number.
SMS point-to-point
It is used to transmit information from base stations Paging and access
66)
to specific mobile stations. response
Channel (SPACH)
paging messages
67) Paging Channel (PCH)
message-waiting messages
user alerting messages
call history count updates
shared secret data updates
Extended Broadcasts
Carries less critical broadcast information than F-
72) Control Channel (E-BBCH)
BCCH intended for mobile units.
It consists of an eight bit digital voice color code Coded Digital Verification
76)
number between 1 and 255 appended with four Color Code
Integrated Services
88) All-digital data Network.
Digital Network (ISDN)
Absolute Radio-Frequency
The available forward and reverse frequency
91) Channel Numbers
bands are subdivided into 200 KHz wide voice
(ARFCN)
channels.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Information
2) Knowledge or intelligence.
1. Sir Charles
12) Allegedly invented the first telegraph in England. Wheatstone
2. Sir William Cooke
In 1874, he invented the telegraph multiplexer
which Emile allowed up to six different telegraph machines to
13) be
Emile Baudot
transmitted simultaneously over a single wire.
14) Telephone
It was invented in 1875 by Alexander Graham Bell
27) Defines the procedures that the systems involved in the Protocols
communications process will use.
28) Sets of rules governing the orderly exchange of data Data Communications
within the network or a portion of the network. Protocols
American National
38) The member of ISO from the United States. Standard
Institute (ANSI)
51) Decapsulate
It means to remove from a capsule or other protected
environment.
64) Source
Provides means to enter data from humans.
71) Two-Point
It involves only two locations or stations
Configuration
72) Multi-point
It involves three or more stations.
Configuration
81) Computers that access and use the network and Client
shared network resources.
An expansion card and prepares and sends data, Network Interface Card
85) receives data and controls data flow between the (NIC)
computer and the network.
92) Describes how the network is actually laid out Physical Topology
105) A network connection used to carry traffic to and from Campus Backbone
LANs located in various buildings on campus.
Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 146
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
It separates the left and right halves of the label and Center Guard Frame
16)
consists of two long bars in the center of the label.
Errors with only one bit within a given a given string is Single Bit Errors
18)
in error.
Vertical Redundancy
27) The simplest error-detection scheme and is generally
Checking (VRC)
28) referred to as character parity.
31) The parity bit which is not sent or checked Ignored Parity
Longitudinal
A redundancy error detection scheme that uses
Redundancy Checking
33) parity to determine if a transmission error has
(LRC)
occurred with n a message.
Message Parity
34) An error occurred within a message.
Block or Frame of Data
35) The group pf characters that comprise a message
Block Check Sequence
(BCS) or Frame Check
36) The bit sequence for the LRC. Sequence (FCS)
One that never arrives at the destination or one that Lost message
39)
is damaged to the extent that it is unrecognizable.
The combination of the data bits and the hamming Hamming Code
55)
bits.
POTS
65) Plain old Telephone system
Types of DCE:
channel service units (CSUs)
Digital service units (DSUs)
data modems
Data Circuit-terminating
73) Another term for DCE.
Equipment (DCTE)
Station Controllers
76) Line control units at secondary stations.
(STACOs)
Asynchronous
A special purpose UART chip manufactured by
Communications
78) Motorola.
Interface Adapter
(ACIA)
An n-bit data register that keeps track of the status of Status Word
80)
the UART’s transmits and receive buffer registers.
Set when a character in the receive buffer register is Receiver Overrun (ROR)
84)
written over by another receive character.
In, 1969, the third revision which was published and RS-232C
93)
remained the industrial standard until 1987.
It converts the internal voltage levels from the DTE Voltage-Leveling Circuits
99)
and DCE to RS-232 values.
Pin 13
113) Secondary clear to send.
Secondary transmit data or secondary send data
114) Pin 14
Two categories:
Category I
Category II
Used by the DTE to request a local loopback from the 10 CIRCUITS IN RS-449
127) DCE.
1.Local Loopback
Allows the DTE to select the DCE’s transmit and 3. Select frequency
receive frequencies.
5. Receive Common
130) Common return wire for unbalanced signals
propagating from the DCE to the DTE
V.34 Innovations:
V.fast
156) Nonlinear coding
multidimensional coding and
constellation shaping
Reduced complexity
precoding of data
line probing
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
36) Bisync
Another name for BSC.
79) This field identifies the number of eight bit Facilities Length Field
octets present in the facilities field.
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
stations.
Each station requires the purchase or
lease ofonly a small area of land.
Because of their high operating
Prepared By : MARY JANE R. ROGELIO 178
BOOK REVIEW IN COMMUNICATIONS Electronic Communications System By Wayne Tomasi
Baseband Frequencies
18) Generally less than 9 MHz.
IF frequencies
19) The range id 60 MHz to 80MHz.
Diversity Protection
33) It has two working channels, one spare
channel, and an auxiliary channel.
Reliability Objectives
It is where the number of repeater stations between
35) of the Systems
protection switches depends.
It prevents the power that “leaks” out the back and High/Low-Frequency
46) sides of a transmit antenna from interfering with the Scheme
signal entering the input of a nearby receive antenna.
Surface Wave
50) It consists of the electric and magnetic fields
associated with the currents induced in earth’s surface.
Carrier-to-Noise
The ratio of the wideband “carrier” to the wideband
60) Ratio (C/N)
noise power.
Postdetection Signal-
63)
The carrier-to-noise ratio after the FM demodulator. to-Noise Ratio
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Satellite
1) A celestial body that orbits around a planet.
Consists of :
3) Transponder
input Bandlimiting device (BPF)
input low-noise amplifier (LNA)
frequency translator
low level amplifier
output bandpass filter
Radio Beacon
Used by passive satellites for tracking and ranging
9) Transmitters
purposes.
Apogee
22) The point in an orbit farthest from the earth.
26) crosses the equatorial plane travelling from north to Descending Node
south
# DEFINITIONS TERMS
Demand Assignment
3)
Voice channels are assigned on an as-needed basis.
Anik-E communications
6) Domestic Satellites operated by Telsat Canada. Satellite
Demand-Assignment
Assigning carrier frequency on temporary basis using a
9) Multiple Access
statistical assignment process.
11) SCPC
Stands for Single-Carrier-Per-Channel.
Common Signaling
A time division-multiplexed transmission that is
12) Channel
frequency division multiplexed.
(CSC)
Carrier Recovery
It is where all receiving stations recover a frequency
16) Sequence
and phase coherent carrier for PSK demodulation
(CRS)
Correlator
20) It compare two signals and recover the original data.
Time-Assignment
A form of analog channel compression that has been Speech Interpolation
23)
used for sub oceanic cables for many years. (TASI)
Pseudorandom Noise
47) A unique integer number that is used to encrypt the (PRN) Code Number
signal from that satellite.
Error in the receiver’s clock which affects the accuracy Clock Bias Error
49)
of the time-difference measurement.