OE EERUAT TEL REN Ua he KL) BIOLOGY Sele ae TARGET “SS 2017 es Rapid Concept Revision Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom CNS PD TINY Human Reproduction Reproductive Health ieadiarel (Mena al a\-aleo1nve Tae AVA-Tar-Valola Rare) EEL TITY MEDi QUEST-FOR NEET TEST DRiVE FOR BOARD JUVENILEZ GOLDEN OLDIES Locomotion & Movement MEGA FUN ARCADE S ISSUE 2 = More Featres More Practiceyaa | 4 QUESTION | ld ait) Ae oe Physic cs 3 ll : 123Ce English Corectrum whole year stretching out ahead of me. Slowly, 2016 is winding down and 2017 is knocking at our doors. Dear Aspirants, ‘A.New Year always brings new hopes, new plans, new strategies and new Pp resolutions to our life. Ike January, because itis the month in which, can seea Publisher PARUL TAIN Charman YCIARS Science has growth ints oot, Weare ways inthe proces of giving new - dimensions to our knowledge. Every part and particle of nature is constantly busy aie soon sana in doing its work The more ou work the mote time you wil ev o full new ishing Manager i commitments. The present world has become so competitive, you will have to do. Projet Head ZEBA SMDIQUE your best to secure your share of success ‘CoondnatorPRACHI SINGH SAINT x yur Produtin Manager SHISHAL SINGH From now all of you must be in the phase of revision. Tis last lap of 90 days is Chadaten NILA GDR, very crucial for any aspirant and from the side of spectrum family I personally Aibetsenent S1S218958 assure you that we will try to create more and more to help you out. Along with all General Manager Cover Layout Design SHANU MANSOORE age Designer _ANITBANSAL Diagram BRAID peseing MAYAN conyite smast sc refs KASH woth al Ofce antoan MEA movoTens TRUM IP CAR MEU 2 Fix o121-2401648 Email speceum@arhanibocks. com Website wrewaribantbooks com relation ARIANT MEDIA PROMOTERS Regd Ofce 457115, AGARWAL ROAD, DDARYA GAN}.NEW DELI. Rapid Concept Revision @ Class XI (02) PH ou-47630600, these, one personal piece of advice from my sideis “Try to manage your Time as you manage your Money! The spectrum team will be anxiously waiting for your feedbacks and comments. Good luck Medi Quest (23) © Publisher: Prnted and Published by Paral infor Chromatic Probes : Transport in Plants (82) ‘Arihant Media Promoters Printed at rshant Publications dia 1d TENagan Meerut (UP). Visualise Biology (36) aight No pat of tis agsne an be printed in wha input iol he wits periin a he BRAIN publi 1 Theis and pblisher ofthis magsie dtr bet ‘ether pase bt ol tke any ‘pen te olnesccy oes BLOG RAPIICS (4) 1 Al pts subject to Meera (UP) justo on EASERS (38) Do You Know (42) Golden Oldies : Locomotion & Movement (45) CONCEPT MAP (48) Sobel Rapid Concept Revision @ Class XI (52) oy ATIMS Capsule : Environmental Issues (84) Test Drive Board Exam Prep Up (88) ‘Test Drive Board Exam Seale Up (90) Fun Areade (94) QUIZZER (96) https://vk.com/readinglecture@ CLASS XI SYLLABUS Rapid CONCEPT REVISION (By PLANT KINGDOM ALGAE + Algae are chlorophyll containing thallophytes Classification of Algae and their relatives Algae are usually differentiated on the basis of their pigments, + They are characterised by the absence of flagellation and storage products. They are of three types; red embryo stage and the presence of algae (Rhodophyceae), brown algae (Phacophyceae) and green ckated gametangia, algae (Chlorophyceae). + ‘They may be unicellular, colonial, filamentous, Differences amongst Red, Brown and Green Algae parenchymatous or pseudoparenchymatous, Red algae Brown algae Green algae + They lack vascular tissues, Mostly marine. Morly marine, Mostly freshwater and + Nutrition is photosynthetic. Grana are absent aici atise””" Wade spaces” Unicalllar apacios in chloroplast. fewer. absent. abundant. + Vegetative and asexual methods of reproduction “‘Thylakais are” Thylakoids occur in” Thylakoid ae saked in are abundant, Asexual spores are of two types; _nstacked roupsotthee, groups of 220, meiospores and mitospores. Ciilorophsia aad” Chiorophsita ade Chioropya and’ spe + Sexual reproduction involves isogamy, YP: SRE. anisogamy and oogamy in ieront groupe Faia beac” Rica at * Life eyele could be haptontic, diplontic or “Piycobiins presen” Phycobiins shat.” Phycsbilin buen haplo-diplontic. Reserve food is Reserve food is Reserve food is starch. flordoan starch, laminin Chara : Ancestor of Plant ‘Motile stages are Present; flagella 2, Present; flagella 2-8, apical On th bass of malar staat, comaratve absent lateral und unequal and equal: ee a ee Gali Wail”"oniains all wail confaine Gall wal is of clos. concluded that plats have evaled from Charalike ancestors. cellulose and _sulp- cellulose and Both plants and green algae have ehlrophy-b and ated phys," non-sulphated Bcarotan as accessory pigment. The chloroplast DNA of Phycocollods. Rares eRee HUERTA eg. Geld, eg. Dictyota, Fucus eg. Chidamydomonas, algae, Charophytes are the only algae wit peroxisomes, Gracilaria Ulothrix, Chlorelia, matching the etme composition of plant peroxisome, 6 Similarity is found among certain genes and DNA of tharophytes and plants. 02 » JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM https://vk.com/readinglectureEconomic Importance of Algae + Food About 70 species of marine algae are used as food, e.g. Porphyra, Laminaria, + Food supplements Chlorella and Spirulina are rich in proteins and used as food supplements. + Photosynthesis Nearly 50% of total CO, fixation of the world is carried out by algae. + Primary producers Algae are primary producers of food in large bodies of fresh, brackish and sea water. + Phycocolloids-Agar (Gelidium and Gracilaria) is used as a culture medium. Algin (Laminaria, Fucus and Sargassum) is used in stabilising emulsions, flameproof plastics, security glass and artificial fibres. + Sewage disposal Chlamydomonas, Chlorella, ete, are used during sewage disposal to provide’ aerobic conditions to decomposers, Alternation of Generations Different plant groups including algae complete their life cycles in different patterns, They usually possess two phases in their life cycle, a diploid sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte. The two follow each other rigidly. ‘The phenomenon is called alternation of generation Life eycles can be of following types: () Haplontic ‘There is a single vegetative individual or somatic phase. Itis haploid and is often called gametophyte, eg, Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Spirogyra, ete. a (ji) Diptontic somatic phase or { vegetative individual Itis diploid and a et, Fucus, Sargassum, ete. Diplonti lite history {© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION (ii) Haplo-diptontic This type of life history involves sequential recurrence of ‘two well developed somatic phases, i. gametophyte and sporophyte, e.g. Dictyota, bryophytes, pteridophytes. Saeco — Sts “ns 5 emma i a) fee sae ages sept Haplo-siplonatic alternation of generation Practice ‘SHOTS, 1. Which one of the following statements is incorrect? INEET phase It 2016] (a) Algae increase the level of dissolved oxygen in the immediate environment fo) Algin is obtained from red algae and carrageenan from brown algae (c) Agar-agar is obtained from Gelidium and Gracilaria (d) Laminaria and Sergassum are used as food 2. An alga which can be employed as food for human beings is ICBSE AIPMT 2014] (@) Ulothrix (©) Chioretta (©) Spirogyra (@) Polysiphonia 3. Which one of the following is incorrect about Chara? [CBSE AIPMT 2014] (a) Upper oogonium and lower round antheridium (6) Globule and nucule present on the same plant f¢) Upper antheridium and lower oogonium (d) Globule is male reproductive structure 4. Which one of the following shows isogamy with non-flagellated gametes? ICBSE AIPMT 2014] (a) Sargassum (6) Ketocarpus (c) Ulothrix (a) Spirogyra 5. Select the incorrect statement, INEET 2013] (q) Tsogametes are similar in structure, function or behaviour (©) Anisogametes differ either in structure, function or behaviour (e) Inoogamous reproduction female gamete is smaller and ‘motile, while male gamete is larger and non-motile (4) Chlamydomonas exhibits both isogamy and anisogamy and Fucus shows oogaray 6. Isogamous condition with non-flagellated gametes is found in INEET 2013] (e) Chlamydomonas (©) Spirogyra (0 Voluox (d) Fucus BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 03{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 7. Monoecious plant of Chara shows occurrence of INEET 2013], (@) antheridiophore and archegoniphore on the same plant (@) stamen and carpel on the same plant () upper antheridium and lower oogonium on the same plant (@) upper oogonium and lower antheridium on the same plant 8. Which of the following groups of algae belongs to class-Rhodophyceae? (a) Laminaria, Fucus, Porphyra, Volvox (6) Gelidium, Porphyra, Dietyota, Fucus (6) Gracilaria, Gelidium, Porphyra, Polysiphonia (@ Volvor, Spirogyra, Ulathriz, Sargassum Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column I Column Ir (Allgac type) (Example) Greonalga [1 Dielyota Brown alga |2. Porphyra Rod alga Spirogyra Codes ABC ABC @a24 ws 12 231 W123 10. Alga, which forms motile colony is (a) Volvox () Nostoe (©) Spirogyra (d) Chlamydomonas 1]. From which of the following algae, agar-agar is commercially extracted? LGracilaria I, Fucus III. Sargassum IV. Gelidium V.Turbinaria Choose the correct option. (q Mand Iv (Mand mt (IV andV @lanav 12, The alga rich in protein is (a) Chlorella () Ulothri« (©) Laminaria (@) Nostoe 13. Chloroplasts of Spirogyra have (@) toothed margin (@) waxy margin (6) smooth margin (a) None ofthe above 14, Which of the following is known as pond silk? (o) Spirogyra () Ulothrix: (o)Nostoc (@) Anabaena 15. Consider the following statements regarding the ‘major pigments and stored food in the different groups of algae and select the correct option. 04 » JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 16. 17, 19. 20. https://vk.com/readinglecture I.In Chlorophyceae, the stored food material is starch and the major pigments are chlorophyll-a and d. I1.In Phacophyceae, laminarin is the stored food and major pigments are chlorophyll-a and 6. III. In Rhodophyceae, floridean starch is the stored food and major pigments are chlorophyll-a, d and. phycoerythrin, (a) Vis correct, but If and II are incorrect (6) Land Il are correct, but IITs incorrect (o) Land II are correct, but Il is incorrect (4) Tis correct, but I and TI are incorrect Find out the miss-matehed pair. (@) Agar — Polymer ofgincose and sulphur containing carbohydrates ®) Chitin — Polymer of glucosamine (e) Peptidogiyean _ — Polysaccharide linked. to peptides (d) Lipopolyssccharides — A complex of lipid ‘and polysaccharide Ifyou are asked to classify the various algae into distinct groups, which of the following characters you should choose? ‘a) Types of pigments present in the call (6) Nature of stored food materials in the cell {c) Structural organisation of thallus {d) Chemical composition ofthe cell wall, Which one of the following, formed in Spirogyra is, different based on its nucleus? (a) Zypospore (©) Azygospore (6) Aplanaspore (d) Akinete Which one of the following is a parasitic algae? (@ Volvex (6) Ulothrix (6) Porphyra (d) Cephateuros The given figures are showing the thallus and sex organs of Chara. Read the following statements, about it and choose the correct option. i a mn ie y Me, I. Chara can be used as manure. II, Mosquito larvae do not occur in Chara waters, TILA in the given figure is male sex organ called antheridium or globule. IV.B in the given figure is female sex organ called cogonium or nueule. fo) Land It (o) Land IIL (@)IlLand Vv (@) Mand lv{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Bryophytes + Bryophytes are non-vascular, terrestrial plants of moist habitats, + The multicellular, diploid sporophyte of bryophytes lives as a parasite on an independent, multicellular, haploid gametophyte. + They lack roots, Instead unicellular or multicellular + Vegetative reproduction is quite common through fragmentation, tubers, gemmae, buds and adventitious branches, + Sex organs are multicellular and jacketed; male antheridium and female-arehegonium, + An external layer of water is essential for the swimming of male gametes to the archegonia. Types of Bryophytes Bryophytes are of following three types; Hepaticopsida (liverworts), Anthocerotopsida thornworts) and Bryopsida (mosses). (i) Hepaticopsida (Liverworts) + The thallus is dorsiventral flattened, dichotomously branched, with or without leaf appendages. + They have multicellular rhizoids and multicellular scales. + The sporophyte is completely parasi Porella, Pellia, ete. eg Marchantia, Vegetative thalus of Marchantia Male thallus of Marchantia Bryophytes : Terestrial Amohibians Brophytos ao alld terres amphibians as thoy require an extemal ayer of water onthe sil surface for their existence, The water Is nacessary forthe dehiscence of antheida and archegoria, swimming of male gametes to archogonia protection ftom vanspiration and ‘esicaton inthe absence of cuticle Female thallus of Marchant (@) Anthocerotopsida (Honworts) + The common name, ie, hornworts, refers to the elongated, horn-like structure which is the sporophyte. + They grow in damp or humid places, e.g. Anthoceros, Nothoceros, ete. (iil) Bryopsida (Mosses) + They are foliose bryophytes having radial symmetry. + They possess multicellular rhizoids with oblique septa. + Their branched, filamentous, juvenile stage is called protonema. + Sex organs occur in clusters over the tips of branches. + Sporophyte or sporogonium has a central columella, an assimilatory tissue and acellular peristome which help in spore dispersal, eg. Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum. Funaria + Itisa common moss of 8-5 em having radial symmetry. + It possesses a once branched stem or axis, a number of spirally arranged leaves and branched, colourless, multicellular rhizoids, + Funaria multiplies vegetatively through fragmentation, formation of secondary protonema, gemmae and tubers. + Sex organs occur in male and female receptacles at the tips of male and female shoots respectively. The condition is known as monoecious and autoecious. + The male receptacle, surrounded by perigonial leaves, possesses club-shaped, stalked antheridia and ‘knonbbed or capitate green filaments called paraphyses. + Female receptacle, covered by perichaetial leaves, contains stalked archegonia and pointed green filamentous paraphysis. + Sporophyte has an embedded foot, an elongated, curved seta and a terminal, pyriform, asymmetrical eapsule. + Capsule has three parts; basal photosynthetic apophysis with central non-photosynthetic columella, middle spore producing theea and an upper lid or operculum. ‘+ Operculum is separated from theca by annulus on the outside and peristome on the inner side. + Peristome consists of $2 acellular teeth, outer hygroscopic and inner non-hygroscopie. Moss plant BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 05© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION LS of archegonial head of Funavia An archegonism of Funaria Ls of matur capsule of Funaria Economic Importance of Bryophytes + Bryophytes, especially mosses, form dense mats over the soil and prevent soil erosion by running water. + Mosses take part in building soil in rock crevices formed by lichens. + Due to high water absorbing capacity of Sphagnum, itis used to keep seedlings and cut plants moist during transportation and propagation. + Peat obtained from mosses is a good manure. It ‘overcomes soil alkalinity and increases its water retention capacity as well as aeration. + Mosses are a good source of animal food in rocky and ice clad areas. + Adecoction of Polytrichum commune is used in removing kidney stones. 06 » JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM. 21. 22, 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32, Practice ‘SHOT: Y Which one of the following is common to ‘multicellular fungi, filamentous algae and protonema of mosses? [CBSE AIPMT 2012] (a) Diplontie life eyele (@) Members of kingdom-Plantac (©) Mode of nutrition (@) Maltiplication by fragmentation Arehogoniphore is present in (CBSE AIPMT 2011] (@) Chara (6) Adiantum () Funaria (@) Marchantia Choose the correct statement. (a) Bryophytes can live in soil, but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction (&) The sex organs in bryophytes are unicellular (©) In bryophytes the main plant body is a gametophyte which is differentiated into true root, stem and leaves (@) Common example of liverworts is Polytrichum Elaters are absent in (@) Funaria () Pellia (6) Marchantia (a) Porelta Which of the following is known as ‘bog moss”? (@) Polytrichum (6) Funaria (o) Sphagnum (a) Porella In bryophytes, the sporophytic phase is represented by (@) spores (©) antheridium () spore mother cell (ogg Calyptra develops from (a) venter wall of archegonium (@) outgrowth of gametophyte () neck wall of archegoniam (@) paraphysis ofthe archegonial branch Gametophyte is dominant stage in the life cycle of (a) Bryophyta (6) Preridophyta () Angiosperms (@) Gymnosperms Protonema is the stage in the life eycle of (a) Cycas (©) Funaria () Seloginella (@) Mucor In capsule of moss, shock absorbers are (@) trabeculae (©) peristome teeth (o) seta (@) annulus At the base of seta of capsule, there is a haploid brownish growth called (a) calyptra (6) perigonium (o) vaginula (4) perichaetial Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by (@ claters (©) indusium () calyptra (4) peristome teeth https://vk.com/readinglecture33. Chloroplasts with pyrenoid-like structures are found in the leaves of (o) Funaria ©) yeas (e)Selaginelta (@) Zea mays 34, The positive evidence of aquatic ancestory of bryophytes is indicated by (a) liated sperms (©) gamotophytic body (@) flagellated sperms (@) peristomial teeth 35. Moss peat is used as a packing material for sending flowers and live plants to distant places because (a) Wis easily available () ibis hygroscopic (©)it reduces transpiration (d) it server axa 36. Mossos are attached to substratum by (a) roots () capsule (c)thizoids (@) main axis infoctant © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Protonema is formed in (a) moss (ferns 37. ) liverworts (d) Cycas 38. Mosses occur in moist places because (a) they cannot grow on land (©) their gametes fuse in water (6) they lack vascular tissue {@) they lack root and stomata 39. Have capacity of absorbing water, used to replace cotton and as a fuel is (@)Morchantia ®) Riecia (0) Sphagnum |. Ina moss, the sporophyte (@) is partially parasitic on the gametophyte (@) produces gametes that give rise to the gametophyte (6) arises from a spore produced from the gametophyte (@) mamufactures food for itself as well as for the gametophyte (@) Funaria Pteridophyta + Ptoridophytes are 6 vascular or eryptogamie plants having sporophytic plant body. ‘The inconspicuous gametophytes contain small, sessil antheridia and partially embedded archegonia neck containing row of 4 cells. + Meiospores are formed inside sporangia by sporie meiosis. Leaves bearing sporangia are called sporophylls. + Spores may be similar (homosporous), e.g. Pieris, Adiantum or dissimilar (heterosporous) with ‘microspores and megaspores, e.g. Selaginella, Salvinia, Marsilea. + Sporms are bi or multi-flagellated. They require an external supply of water to reach archegonia. + Heteromorphie or heterologous alternation of generation is present in the life-cycle. Classification of Pteridophyta Pteridophytes are classified into four classes namely-Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida (Filicopsida). Pteridophytes Strona toast Poe, femmt aro: nares, Seeman hme fon eu rg rm saectn pte wt “Gece sey sont wanega sot sy radosah 2 Lreopostun Stig ae sercorgonstarna ail et ate cauatam (waking frm, Saline. A: ‘Setginota ‘Common pteriophytes Economic Importance of Pteridophytes + Sporocarps of Marsilia yield starch that is cooked and eaten by certain tribals, Pteridophytes bind the soil even along hill slopes and protect it from erosion. + Equisetum stems are used in scouring (cleaning of utensils) and polishing of metals. + Azolla (a water fern) has a symbiotic association with Nefixing cynobacterium, Anabaena azollae. It is inoculated to paddy fields to function as biofertiliser. + An antihelminthic drug is obtained from rhizomes of Dryopteris. + Ferns are grown as ornamental plants. BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 07{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Practice ‘SHOTS, 41. Im bryophytes and pteridophytes, transport of male gametes requires INEET phase 12016) (©) birds (a) wind Which one of the following is a correct statement? [CBSE AIPMT 2012], (a) Pteridophytic gametophyte has a protonemal and leafy stage (@) In gymnosperms, famale gametophyte is free-living () Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are present in pteridophytes (2) Origin of seed habit can be traced in pleridophytes ‘Most primitive living vascular plants are (a) eycads () mosses (c) red algae @ ferns (a) insects (eo) water 42. 43. 44, Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column I Column IT ‘A. Coleorhiza ‘Development of sporophyte directly from gametophyte ‘without intervention of gametes, B. Apogamy |2. Development of gametophyte directly from sporophyte without the involvement of reduction, division, ©. Indusium |8. An unbranched columnar stem ‘with a erown of leaves, D. Caudex. Protective covering of radiel. 5. Protective structure of a sorus, Codes AB @s5 2 36 41s ep ABCD 4a a 24 @2915 ‘Sanjeevani booti’ is (a) Selaginella kraussiana () Selaginella chrysoeailos (6) Selaginelta bryopteris, (@) None of the above 46. Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column Column Ir ‘K Rhynia 1. Hleterosporous B. Adiantum 2. Homosporous ©. Selaginelia | 8. Found in fossil state D._Peeris 4. Walking forn Codes ABCD ABCD @1234 4312 @aaie2 @aaad 08 » JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. x 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. ‘The peristome of sporophyte of Funaria consists of 82-acellular teeth which remain arranged in two whorls, (a) outer hygroscopic and inner non-hygroscopie (©) outer non-hygroscopic and inner hygroscopic (e) Both hygroscopic (a) Both non-bygroscopic Dispersal of spores in fern takes place through () annulus @) stomium () Both (a) and () @ indusium A fern differs from a moss in having (@) swimming archaegonia (6) swimming antherozoids (6) independent gametophytes (@) independent sporophytes In Selaginella, trabeculae are the modification of (@) epidermal cells cortical cells () endodermal cells (@ periegele cells In ferns and mosses, movement of antherozoids towards female component is called (@) phototaxis| () chemotaxis (e) bydrotropism (@ thigmotropism In the prothallus of a vascular cryptogam, the antherozoids and eggs mature at different times. As.arresult (a) there is no change in success rate of fertilisation (©) there is high degree of sterility (6) one can conclude that the plant is apomictie (a) sel-fertilisation is prevented - Which one of the following is considered important in the development of seed habit? (a) Dependent sporophyte (6) Heterospory () Haplontic life-cycle (d) Free-living gametophyte ‘Which of the following propagates through leaf-tips? (a) Walking fern @) Sprout-leaf plant. () Marchantia (d) Moss |. Which of the following has multiflagellated sperms? (a)Equisetum (6) Riceia (Lycopodium (dl) Anthoceros Fern gametophyte bears (@) archegonia (6) sporangia @) antheridia (@) Both (a) and (0) Indusium is found in faalgas —b)ferns.—_(@) moss (@) Cyeas ‘The kidney-shaped covering of sorus in Dryopteris is called (@) placenta Seed habit is linked to (a) homospory (o) parthenogenesis (©) ramentum (e)sporophyll (d)indusium (0) heterospory (@ parthenocarpy Meiosis in Dryopteris takes place during (@) gamete formation (6) spore germination (6) zygote formation (@ spore formation© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Gymnosperms Gymnosperms (Gk, Gymnos-naked; sperma-seed) are plants whose seeds remain exposed over the surface of the megasporophylls. Gymnosperms are represented by only 900 living species. All gymnosperms are perennial and woody, forming either bushes or trees. Sporophylls are of two types microsporophylls (form pollen cones or male cones) and megasporophylls (form seed cones or female cones). Stigma is absent and the pollen grains directly reach the micropylar ends of ovules. Seeds are naked and do not occur inside a fruit. Male gametophyte produces only two male gametes or sperms. Generally one of them is functional. Water is not required for the transport of male gametes. Instead, a pollen tube is formed by male gametophyte. Seeds contain endosperm for the future growth of embryo into seedling. ‘The tissue represents the female gametophyte, ‘They lack xylem vessels (except some gnetophytes). Phloem is without companion cells and sieve tubes. Sieve cells are not arranged end to end in rows. Classification of Gymnosperms Gymnosperms are classified as follows: Gymnosporms Coyedopsiéa — Ginkgops Conteopess —_Gntopisa Beem) aceon “ona” Ogre yeas Conifers : Adapted to Cold Conditions Conifers are adapted ta dy cold cantons in several ways. Conifers retain geen leaves throughout the year. Therefore these plants can do photosynthesis and can grow sly during times when many other Plants become dormant. Cont are often called evergreens fr tis reason Conifer leaves ae actually thn needles covered witha thick cuticle whose small waterproof surface minimises evaporation. Conifrs produce an antifreeze in thar sap that enables thom to continue ansporing nutents in subtoaz ng temgeratures This substance give them ther fragrant piney seent. Economic Importance of Gymnosperms + Seeds of Pinus gerardiana are edible. + The softwood of gymnosperms is used in the preparation of light furnitures, plywood, packing eases, mateh sticks, te. +A number of gymnosperm woods are used in the manufacture of paper. They include Picea, Pinus, Larix and Abies. + Needles of Pinus and other conifers are used in making fibre boards for packing eases. + Saw dust is employed in making linoleum and plasties. + Resin obtained from gymnosperms is used for various ‘purposes like as solvent in paints, ete. + Drug ephedrine is obtained from Ephedra. The drug is used in curing respiratory ailments including asthma. Practice'SHOTS: 61, Select the correct statement. _[NFET phase 12016] (@) Salvinia, Ginkgo and Pinus all are gymnosperms () Sequoia is ono of the tallest troos (o) The leaves of gymnosperms are not well adapted to extremes of climate (@ Gymnosperms heterosporous fare both homosporous and 62. Conifers are adapted to tolerate extreme environmental conditions because of INEET phase 12016] (a) broad hardy leaves (@) superficial stomata (6) thick cuticle (@) the presence of vessels 63. Gymnosperms are also called soft wood spermato- phytes because they lack ICBSE AIPMT 2012] (a) cambium (©) phloem fibres () thick-walled tracheids (@) xylem fibres 64, Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having [CBSE AIPMT 2012] (a) seeds (6) motile sperms (©) cambium. (@) vessels 65. ‘The gametophyte is not an independent, free-living generation in [CBSE AIPMT 2012] (a) Adiantum (@)Marchantia (c) Pinus (4) Polytrichum 66. A prokaryotic autotrophic nitrogen-fixing symbiont is found in ICRSE AIPMT 2011] (a)Cycas —(®) Cicer (e) Pisum (d) Alnus BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 09{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 67. Choose the incorrect statement. (@) Gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem (@) The coll wall of collenchyma is made up of cellulose and pectin (c) The first formed primary xylem elements are called protoxylem (@) The cell wal of parenchyma is made up of pectin 68. In Pinus, male cone bears a large number of (a) ligules (©) anthers (6) microsporophylls (d) megasporophylis 69. Pinus belongs to the class (a) Gnotopsida (©) Cyacadopsida (@)Coniferopsica (@) Sphenopsida 70. Living fossil is (a) Ginkgo biloba (©) Gnetum ula (c) Pinus roxburghit (@ Cyeas revoluta 71. In gymnosperms, the pollen chamber represents (a) cell inthe pollen grain in which the sperms are formed (©) a cavity in the ovule in which pollen grains are stored after pollination () an opening in the megagametophyte through which the pollen tube approaches the egg (d) the microsporangium in which pollon grains develop 72. Flagellated male gametes are present in all the three of which one of the following sets? (a) Anthoceros, Funaria and Spirogyra (0) Zygnema, Saprolegnia and Hyerilla () Fucus, Marsilea and Calotropis (@) Riccia, Dryopteris and Cyeas 73. Among the following which possesses the largest sperms? (@) Pinus (6) Cycas () Ephedra (@) Gnetum 74. Coralloid roots are found in (a) Cy0as (0) Pinus (0) Ginkgo (@) Ephedra 75. Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column I Column I ‘A. Apospory in Pieris | 1. Sporophyte ‘takes place in| B. Endosperm in Gyeas |2. Gametophyte ©. Calyptra in Funaria |3. Sporophyte D. Nucellus in Cyeas Gametophyte Gametophyte AMAZING REALITIES 40 > BANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM Codes ABCD ABCD 1453 1534 4153 wma21.4 76. Sperm of Cyeas is (@) multiflagellated and very large (6) small and biflagellated (6) mltifiagellated and small (4) large and biflagellated In Pinus, the third tier of embryonal cells formed below is known as (a) rosette tier (e) embryonal tier (©) suspensor tier (@) free-nuclear tier 78. Consider the following statements regarding, gymnosperms and choose the correct option. T.In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes have an independent existence. II, The multicellular female gametophyte is retained within the megasporangium. III, The gymnosperms are heterosporous. (a) Land IL are correct, but IIL is incorrect (6) Land II are correct, but IT is incorrect {c) I.and II are incorrect, but Is correct (d) Wand IM are correct, but Tis incorrect 79, ‘umber of archegonia in Cycas is/are @s 4 one 80. Gymnosperms lack fruits, why? (@) Seeds absent (6) Ovule absent 2 (6) Ovary absent (ad) Ovary fused Answers 1.0) 2.(0) 4.(0) 5.(0) 6.0) 7.) 8.{0) —10.(@) iid) 12.6) ia 15.14) 161) 17.(3) 19.6) 20.(a) 21(d) 22.1) 24.(a) —28.(6) 26.()—27.(a) 29.0) 30.(a) 310) a.) 34.(c) 95.0) 36.(c) 97.48), 39.() 40.) at) 42.(0) 44.(0) 45.0) 46.(0) 47.(a) 49.(6) —80.(0) 51.0) 82.(¢) 54(a) 58.) 56.(d) 87.0) 58.(c) 88. (0) 60. (ah BI) 620) BBG). ) BBL) 66.0) 67.(0) 6B.) 9.)_—— 70.8) 71.) 72.(d) 730) 74.L@)— 75a) 76(a) 77a) TBS) 78.) BOLL) Remarkably, frogs actually use their eyes to help them swallow food. When the frog blinks, its eyeballs are pushed downwards creating a bulge in the roof of its mouth. ‘This bulge squeezes the food inside the frog's mouth down the back of its throat.MASTER STROKES 81. Pyrenoids are made up of (a) core of starch surrounded by sheath of protein (©) core of protein surrounded by fatty sheath (6) proteinaceous centre and starchy sheath (@) core of nucleic acid surrounded hy protein sheath 82. Bryophytes resemble algae in one of the following aspects (@) Filamentous body, the presence of vascular tissue and autotrophie nutrition Differentiation of plant body into root, stem and leaves Thallus-tike plant body, the presence of root and autotrophie nutrition ‘Thallus-ike plant body, lack of vascular tissue and autotrophie nutrition 83. In the diagrams given below, the algae have been labelled as A, B,C, D and E. These algae are respectively identified as o i) @ 86. 87. Codes A BOD 8 @é 5 1 3 5 4 3 2 @5 1 2 4 @3 21 6 . In two adjacent filaments of Spirogyra affinis, each 10 cells are participating in reproduction. How ‘many new Spirogyra plants are produced during sexual reproduction? @s @10 (20 (aao Haploid structure of Funaria is (a) calyptra (©) protonema (©) apophysis| (@) operealum ‘The heart-shaped prothallus represents {@) divecious gametophyte (6) monoecious sporophyte {e) monovcious gamotophyte(d) None of these . Which of the following is/are grouped under phanerogams? (@) Angiosperms (¢) Pteridophytes (©) Gymnosperms (d) Both (a) and () Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column I Column IT (a) ADictyota, B—Polysiphonia, C—Porphyra, So ote plore, sof chloroplast) (Algne) ©) A—Porphyra, B—Dictyota, C—Laminaria, ‘A Cup-shaped 1 Dottie D—Fucus, E-Polysiphonia B. Girdle-shaped 2 Oedogonium (e) A—Dietyota, B—Polysiphonia, C—Porphyra, C. Stellate 38. Chlamydomonas D—Laminaria, E—Fucus D.__ Retieulate 4. Zygnema (d) A—Fucus, B—Porphyra, C—Dietyota, Codes D—Polysiphonia, E—Laminaria ABCD ABCD 84, Match the following Columns and choose the @24 34 3142 correct option from the eodes given below. @sard @4a12 Column | Column I 90. Transfusion tissue is present in the leaves of ‘A. Anthoceros 1. Walking form (a) Dryopteris (©) Cycas B. Adiantum 2 Alga (o) Pinus () Both () and (e) © Sargassum 3. Inforae D. Prothallue 4. Gametophyte Answers EB. Anerales 5. Hornwort Bi.) 820) 8.6) 8.) 85.0) 6._Livewort 86.0) 87.(0)—8B.()—8B.H}——90. 10) CHEETAH ‘The cheetah i the fastest land animal in the world. They can reach atop speed ofaround 113 7 km per hour. Cheetahs are the only big cat that cannot roar. They can purr though and usually purr most loudly when they are grooming or sitting near other cheetahs. While lions and leopards usually do their hunting at night, cheetahs hunt for food during the day. A cheetah has amazing eyesight during the day and can spot prey from 5 km away. Cheetahs only need to drink once every three to four days. BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 11(1B) ANIMAL KINGDOM BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION Inspite of differences in structures and forms, animals show some common fundamental features also. These features are used as the basis of animal classification. Some of them are as follows: Levels of Organisation Animals show four levels of organisation: + Cellular level (e.g. sponges). + Tissue level (e.g. cnidarians, ctenophores). + Organ level (eg, Platyhelminthes). + Organ system level (eg, Aschelminthes to chordates) Body Plans ‘Animals have three types of body plans: + Cell aggregate plan Body consists of a cluster of cells, eg, sponges. + Blind sac plan The body has a single opening to the outside which functions as both mouth and anus, e.g cnidarians and flatworms + Tube within a tube plan The body has two tubes, one formed by the body wall and the second is formed within it by the digestive tract, e.. fish Protostomes and Deuterostomes In protostomes, the mouth ofthe digestive tract develops ist the ‘embryo and anus is formed later, e.g, flatworms,roundworms, anni, molluscs and arthropods, In deuterostomes, the anus ofthe digestive trac develops first inthe ‘embryo and the mouths formed later, 9. echinoderms, hamichordates and chordates. Body Symmetry It is the similarity of parts in different regions and directions of the body. ‘ogy Symmetry Spherical Symmetry Ral Syrnaty—_—ateraSyety asec te ‘ea.s03e0 site aly hy Spider 412 > BANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM Diploblastic and Triploblastic Organisation + In diploblastic animals, the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, ectoderm and endoderm, eg. coelentrates. They possess mesoglea in ‘between the ectoderm and endoderm. + Triploblastic animals have a third germinal layer, mesoderm in ‘between the ectoderm and endoderm. Detobiste ‘Germinal layers ‘pone Segmentation Itis of two types; metamerie or true segmentation (c.. Annelida, Arthropoda and Chordata) and pseudome- tamerism or false segmentation (e.g. tapeworms). Body Cavity or Coelom Animals are of three types on the basis of coelom: + Acoelomates These animals lack coclom, cg sponges, cidarians, ctonophores and flatworms. + Pseudococlomates Mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and mesoderm, e.g roundworms. + Eucoelomates or Coclomates Mesoderm of the embryo provides a cellular lining to the body cavity, eg. eoqem___ Eloser Msosematpeun Eade on eros 1p Sipe act ‘reno sarge Acosmaten, Pmcoseely Sdccahes wee Pounce) bomen) Body eavty or Coelom “Types ot Tue Gociom Ssenaaclom recat “eynie gut as hatow outgrow na ooocoms we Soria sector 09, ork, aepedeDevelopment of Tue Coston {ne carter) {navorebyate Notochord Animals with notochord are called chordates. Animals which do not form this structure are called non-chordates, e.g. Porifera to Echinodermata. Practice ‘SHOTS, 1. Which one of the following kinds of animals are triploblastic? (@)Flatworms (%)Sponges (c)Ctenophores (d) Corals 2. Which one of the following statements about certain given animals is correct? (a) Roundworms (Aschelminthes) are peeudocoslomates (@) Moluses are acoelomates (6) Insects are paeudococlomates (@ Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) are coelomates 3. Ascaris is characterised by the (@) absence of true evelom, but the presence of metameris (©) presence of nether true coelom nor metamerism. (e) presence oftruceoelom, but the absence of metamerism (d) presence of true coelom and (metamerisation) 4. Which one of the following groups of animals is, bilaterally symmetrical and triploblastic? (a) Coclenterates (enidarians) (©) Aschelminthes (roundworms) () Ctenophores (a) Sponges 5. The animal with bilateral symmetry in young stage and radial pentamerous symmetry in the adult stage belongs to the phylum metamerism 7. 8. % 1. 12. 13. 14. © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION () Annelida (e) Cnidaria (©) Mollusea (d) Behinodermata ‘True coclom is the space lying between the alimentary canal and body wall, enclosed by the layers of (@) ectoderm on both sides (6) endoderm on one side and ectoderm on the other (6) mesoderm on one side and ectoderm on the other 4) mesoderm on both sides Radial symmetry is often exhibited by animals having (a) one opening of alimentary canal (©) aquatic mode of living (c) benthosisedentary (@) ciliary mode of feeding, Coelom derived from blastocoel is known as {@) enterocoelom (©) schizocoelom (©) pseudocoelom (@) haemacoelom Cellular organisation of body is present in (a) Annelida (@) Platyhelminthes (6) Poritera (@) Urochordata Coelom produced by splitting of mesoderm is (@ hydrocoe! () enterocoe! (6) schizovoel (@) None of these In organisms belonging to Echinodermata, Hemichordata and Chordata, the anus of the gestive tract develops first in the embryo and mouth is formed later. Animals possessing this body plan are called as fa) pseudostomes (c) eustomes (©) deuterostomes (ad) protostomes In diploblastie animals, ectoderm and endoderm are separated by an undifferentiated layer called as (@) peritoneum (6) mesoderm (6) mesoglea (a) sehizocoat ‘The kind of coelom represented in the diagram is, characteristic of es Ce}... o@ (a santworn (entra rite omreans Choose the correct match pair. () Radial symmetry ®) Coslomates — Coclenterates — Aschelminthes (@) Motamerie segmentation — Mollusca (@) Motagonesis — Echinoderms (@) Triploblastie — Sponges BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 13{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 15. An opening serving as both mouth and anus is found in (@) coclenterates and poriferans @)coolenterates and aschelminthes (6) coelenterates and annelids (d) coelenterates and platyhelminthes 16, ‘The animal which shows metameric segmentation is (a) housetly (o)oundworm (@) earthworm (@ Planaria 17 Annelids possess (@) tube-within-a-tube plan, unsegmented body and Ihaemocoe! () blind-sae-plan, segmented body and true coelom (6) tube-within-actube-plan, metamerie segmentation and ‘rue coelom (d) tube-within-e-tube-plan, enterocoelom 18, Radial symmetry is depicted by (a) Porifera (@) Porifera and Coelenterata () Behinodermata and Platyhelminthes, (d) Behinodermata and Coelenterata pscudosogmentation and 19. Read the following statements. I. Sagittal section is the vertical section passing through the middle line of body. II.Flatworms and protochordates intracellular digestion, III, Body of sponges have a single cavity with one opening to outside. IV. Tapeworms show pseudometamerism. Choose the option with all incorrect statements. fe)MandIIl ()11,IMandIV (e)Land ll (@) Allof these show only 20. Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column 1 chizocoelom Enterocoelom Mesogloea Cellular organisation Column 1 INVERTEBRATES Broad Classification of Invertebrates Kingdom —_Lovalot_— Symmetry ‘Body Cavly Phylum organisation orctaom opnant Phylum-Porifera-The Sponges (Pore Bearing Animals) Gk. Porus-pore; ferre-to bear John Ellis (1765) first recognised sponges as animals. Robert Grant (1825) finally proved animal nature of sponges and gave the name Porifera. Unique Features + Ostia and oscula present + Asexual reproduction by budding and gemmules, 44 > BANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM + Development includes free-swimming larva, the amphiblastula (Sycon) or parenchymula (eucosolenia). + Skeleton made up of spicules and spongin fibres. + Choanocytes. + The presence of canal system. ‘Ascon Type Canal System con Type Cana stom Ingressing 270, eure PSOE, pay Sree oma” cna cals lacvles ‘To outside +222 spongocoal Leucon Type Canal System Irgressing Loy rosrart SOROEMS, cgatod ator 05 7 ara ‘amecr Fea sone «SSE eat Example Euplectelta (the Venus's flower basket), Hyalonema (the glass rope sponge), Spongilla (freshwater sponge), Cliona tthe boring sponge), Chalina (the deadman's Singers or the mermaid's gloves)ibe Sef fFoscun ‘yeon Levcosolenia —Chalina Phylum-Cnidaria (Coelenterata) Gk. Knide-nettle or sting cells Peyssonel (1723) and Trembley (1744) proved cnidarians to be animal. The phylum includes about 9000 species, Unique Features + The presence of enidoblasts for defence and offence. + Network of nerve cells, acting as ‘Primitive Nervous System’ + Polymorphism + Incomplete digestive trac. + Statocyst present. + Reproduction asexual (budding) and sexual. + Direct or indirect (Planula Iarva- Obetia) development. Examples Physalia (the Portuguese-man-of war), Velella (the sail-by-the wind), Pennatula {the sea pen or sea feather), Gorgonia (the sea fan) Phylum-Ctenophora (The Comb Jellies or Sea Walnuts) Gk. Kiene-comb; phors-bearing ‘This group was recognised by Esescholtz (1829), © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Unique Features + Comb-tike eiliary plates for swimming. + Special adhesive cells, the colloblasts for capturing the prey. “+ Mesogioea with amoebocytes and smooth muscle cells. + Two anal pores Example Hormiphora (the sea walnut), Pleurobrachia (tie sea gooseberry), Cestum (the Venus’ girdle). Phylum-Platyhelminthes (The Flatworms) Gk, Platys-broad or flat; helmin-worm Flatworms were classified as Platyholminthes by Gegenbaur (1859). This phylum includes about 19000 species. Unique Features + Parenchyma present. + Flame cells + Ladder-like nervous system, + Self-fertilisation in some flatworm,+ Hydroskeleton present. eg, tapeworm, + Digestive tract incomplete. + Fertilisation in eross and internal, + Regeneration (e.g. Planaria) Life Cycle of Liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) Young ke \ loots wth metacorcaring eat by Sheep or oat \ Setatachod to water weeds Meaciiu 1st ana} shal Metacerarias (th vas) ‘Sporoeyt 2nd ana} Come out of sna pate EP edie (lave wth coma iat pcan one Lite Cycle of Tapeworm (Jaen Solum) ses nmave Develops into young Prdenss ha Ka ct capa onancy ee one ste ops i : SIS ncrun ne) Ipmusctes of ig ers hegre coo ESHER Moats a panera me Pregetae Fasc won Socosphoree ougoe Conga Sor ach onerosphne contains heaeantn "ge =") ‘Scolox ) Example Schistosoma (blood fluke), Dugesia (Planaria), Fasciola (the liver fluke), Taenia solium (the pork tapeworm), BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 15{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Phylum-Aschelminthes or Nemathelminthes (The Roundworms) Gk, Nema-thread; helmin-worm Gegenbaur (1859) proposed the term Nemathelminthes. The phylum consists of 1000 species. Unique Features + Syneytial epidermis + Pseudocoelom present. Hydroskeleton present. + Circumpharyngeal ring present + Dioeeious organisms. resting (ah not oscpranis ‘roches pata eno ung Lena cps Pulmonary are Example Unique Features Ancylostoma duodenale (the hookworm, * Metameric segmentation. causes ancylostomiasis), Wuchereria (the + Nephridia for excretion and filarial worm, causes filariasis), Enterobius osmoregulation (the pinworm, monogenetic life cycle), Trichinella (the trichina worm, causes trichinellosis, viviparous), Ascaris lumbricoides (the giant intestinal roundworm, causes aseariasis). Phylum-Annelida (The Segmented Animals) Gk. Annulus-ring,lidos-form ‘This phylum was established by Lamarck (1801). It includes about 9000 species. 16 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM Life cycle of Ascaris 4 ote soe prnsicheracvt ‘Muscle layer of body wall consists of fibres only Alimentary canal complete with muscular pharynx. In Ascaris excretion occurs by renette cell. Sense organs-papillae, amphids, phasmids. Myrmarachne Spiders Fool Predators by Moving like Ants Spiders have their own suite of adaptations to avoid predators. They can run fast, jump high and self-amputate their ‘own legs to escape. ‘Some species do something cleverer, they disguise themselves as ants. They wave their forelegs around like antennae 4 2rd stage jel cales embeyorated o9g (etectve jen gg) Enbnoraed og onalowss ty ran who 2nd sane 2s sags vanbntobstneush tare \ Sa dechalwatinnboodcaptone | quund ke aterm Scape enin - sat veosidsenalmn | tapered bodies are Met el) Female Pheamie + shaped like those of Luna et “hcare it ants, Due to this most predators mistake them for ants and leave them alone. + Haemoglobin in plasma. + Setae present. + Possess hydroskeleton. + Digestive tract complete, + Nervous system consists of nerve ring and nerve cord with ganglia + Tactile receptors, gustatoreceptors, photoreceptors and statocysts present. + Unisexual (c.g. Nereis) or bisexual (eg. leech), Earthworm in dorsal viewExamples Nereis (clamworm or sandworm, its reproductive phase is called Heteronereis), Pheretima (earthworm), Hirudinaria granulosa (the cattle leech), Polygordius, Bonellia. Phylum-Arthropoda (The Animals with Jointed Feet or Appendages) Gk. Arthron-joint; podos-foot Von Seibold (1845) proposed the term Arthropoda and established it as phylum. This is the largest phylum of kingdom-Animalia with 900000 species. Limulus, the king era or hrse-shoe er is known a ‘living fos. It continues to remain unchanged forthe past about 190 milion years. Unique Features + Jointed appendages + Pheromones + Haemocoel present + Compound eyes + Thick exoskeleton + Respiration by tracheae, gills, book gills and book lungs. + Excretion and osmoregulation by antennary glands, Malpighian tubules and coxal glands. Digestive tract complete. Blood vascular system open type. Dioecious organisms. Show parental care. Parthenogenesis (c.g. honey bee). Peripatus : The Connecting Link Itpossesses charactors of both phylum—Annalida and sresrenna piyrivsea foc te seomectngtin SSS aaa bettn Ata a vp a soy on Wome otyandvemetay enemies? a PPR Invade Teepe cheers ete gle presence of antennae onthe head ard acheae for gas exchange Example Cancer, Scolopendra, Lepisma (silver fish), cockroach, mosquitoes, butterflies, ete. Phylum-Mollusca (The Soft bodied Animals) L, Molluses-soft ‘The term Mollusca was given by Johnston. It is the second largest animal phylum with 60000 species, Unique Features + Mantle covers the body. + Mantle may be surrounded by shell + Nervous system consists of cerebral, visceral, pleural and pedal ganglia. + Haemocoel present, + Digestive tract complete. &)_ RAPID CONCEPT REVISION + Blood contains haemoeyanin. + Respiration by gills (ctenidia), mantle and pulmonary sae. + Excretion by kidneys, gills. + Ommatophores, osphradium present. Example ‘Aplysia (eeu hare), Doris (ea-lemon), Pinctada (pear! ayste, Sepia, Octopus 2 "lving fess’ named Nooplina shows charactors ofboth anpelds and molluscs, tis a eanneeting link betwen Annelida and Mollusca Phylum-Echinodermata (The Spiny Skinned Animals) Gk. Bchinos-spines; derma-skinicovering Jacob Klein (1738) introduced the term Echino- dermata, This phylum consists of 6000 species. Unique Features + The presence of spines and pedicellariae. + Ambulacral system + Mesodermal endoskeleton of calearcous plates. + Bilateral symmetry in the larva and radial symmetry in the adult. + Digestive tract complete. + Haemal and perihaemal systems. + Respiration by dermal branchae or papilae (star fish), peristominal gills (sea urchins), genital bursae (brittle stars) and cloacal respirator trees (holothurians). + Specialised excretory organs absent. + Nervous system consists of nerve ring and radial nerve cord + Sexes are separate, + Show autotomy and regeneration Example BANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34, 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. {c) Prawn, scorpion, Locusta {d) Spongo, soa anomone, starfish One of the representative of phylum-Arthropoda is INEET 2013] (cuttlefish () silver fish (@) puffer fish (4) fying fish Which one of the following have the highest number of species in nature? (CBSE AIPMT 2011] (a) Insects () Birds (¢) Angiosperms (@) Fungi Which one of the following groups of three animals each is correctly matched with its one characteristic morphological feature? Animals ‘Morphological feature (a) Liver Duke, sea Bilateral symmet anemone, sea cucumber (©) Centipede, praven, sea Jointed appendages urchin (©) Scorpion, spider, ‘Ventral solid central cockroach nervous system (@) Cockroach, locust, Taenia Which one of the following does not have an excretory system? (a) Myxine {e) Balanogiossus ‘Metamerie segmentation (6) Carcharodon (d) Asterias ‘Tube-feet are the locomotory organs of (@ Platybelminthes (©) Behinodermata {e) Mollusca (d) Arthropoda With reference to phylum-Echinodermata, identify the classes which have Pedicellariae (a) Crinoidea and Holothuroidea (6) Holothuroidea and Behinoidea (6) Asteroidea and Echinoidea {d) Opbiuroidea and Holothuroidea A molluscan with calcareous spicules is (a) Lepidepleurus (6) Doris fe) Neopilina (@) Chaetoderma Sensory cells of Hydra possess fa) flagellum (6) hair-like processes (oelia (d) psoudopodia Acoclenterate without medusoid stage in life eyele is (a) Obetia (6) Aurelia (o) Physalia (d) Metridium Fasciola hepatica is (a) hermaphrodite with sulf-fertilisation () hermaphrodite with preferably cross fertilisation (o) unisexal (d) sexually sterile ‘Tube feet is the locomotory organ in (@) starfish (6) jellyfish (6) seolidon, (4) silver fish Which of the following phylum is characterised by the presence of water vascular system? (a) Mollusca (6) Arthropoda (6) Behinodermata (@) Annelida&)_ RAPID CONCEPT REVISION HEMICHORDATES AND CHORDATES Phylum-Hemichordata Gk, Hemi-half, chordata-notochora + They mostly live in burrows and are exelusively marine. + Body is divisible into proboscis, collar and trunk. + They are enterocoelous + In proboscis buccal diverticulum is present. + Digestive tract is eomplete. + Respiration occurs through branchial portion of pharynx. + Blood vascular system open’ “nn type and excretion occurs through proboscis gland. + Nervous system is of primitive type. + Reproduction is mostly sexual. Development is usually indirect through tornaria larva, e.g. Balanoglossus, Saccoglossus, Cephalodiseus Phylum-Chordata All the chordates possess four diagnostic characters either in the embryonic or adult stage. + Notochord + Pharyngeal gil slits Balanoglossus + Dorsal hollow nerve cord + Tail (ase Cyeestoata + Subphyla-Urochordata and Cephalochordata are often referred to as protochordates. They are exclusively + In Urochordata, notochord is present only in larval tail, while in Cephalochordata, it extends from head to tail region. It is persistent throughout life in cephalochordates. + The members of subphylum-Vertebrata possess notochord during the embryonic period. It is replaced by a cartilaginous or bony vertebral column in the adult, Thus, all vertebrates are chordates, but all chordates are not vertebrates. Class-Cyclostomata (The Circular Mouthed Fishes) Gr, Cyklos-cireular; stome-mouth + They occur in the sea and large rivers. + The mouth is circular and jawless, They are also called Jawless fishes. * They have 6-15 pairs of gill slits. + Their head and brain-poorly developed, fins-umpaired, endoskeleton-eartilagenous, kidneys-mesonephrie, stomach-absent, heart-two chambered. + Fortilisation is external, Life history may include a larva named ammocoete, o.g. Petromyzon (lamprey), Myxine Chagtish) Class-Placodermi Body had an external protective armour of bony scales or plates, e.g. Climatius. Class-Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes Chondrichthyes fishes have cartilaginous skeleton while osteichthyes possess bony skeleton, Comparison between Ci jous and Bony Fishes Characteristics Cartilaginous Bony fishes ishes ‘marine Marine and fresh Mouth Ventral Anterior Ventral Dorsal Seales Placoid Genoid, eyeloid and ctenoid Opereulum Absent except Present Chimacra Caudal fin Heterocereal Usually homocereal symmetrical) (symmetrical) Cloaea Present except Absent Chimaera Partly or wholly bony BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 19{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Characteristics Cartilaginous Bony fishes fishes Sprial valve Present inthe Usually absent in (seroll valve) intestine intestine Gill “pairs 4 pairs ‘Swim bladder Absent Present (air bladder) jeretory matter Urea “Ammonia Class-Amphibia (The Vertebrates with Dual life) Gk. Amphi-two or both; bios-life + They are amphibious in nature, ie. ean live on land and in water. + Body is divisible into head and trunk. + Skull is dieondylic. + Kidneys are mesonephric. + Heart is three chambered having two auricles and one ventricle + Alimentary canal, urinary and reproductive tracts ‘open into a common chamber called cloaca which opens outside through cloacal aperture, + Fertilisation is external. They are mostly oviparous. Salamandra salamandra is viviparous. fenthyophis Inian oa Class-Reptilia (The Creeping Vertebrates) L. Reptare-to creep + The skin is dry, rough and without glands, bearing epidermal seales or seutes. + Skull is monocondylic. + Heart consists of two auricles and a partially divided ventricle. Renal portal system is less developed. RBCs are nucleated + Kidneys are metanephric. + 12 pairs of eranial nerves are present + A typical eloaea is present, + They are usually oviparous. They lay macrolecithal ges. AMAZING REALITIES far as 500 metres away. 20 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM Class-Aves (The Birds) L. Avis-bird Birds are bipedal, feathered and warm blooded animals, ‘Expect uropygial or preen gland, at the base of the tail, no skin gland is present. ‘The upper and lower jaws are modified into beak which lack teeth, ‘The alimentary canal has additional chambers, the erop and gizzard. Respiration is by lungs. ‘The heart is four chambered. ‘The kidneys are metanephric. ‘They have 12 pairs of cranial nerves. Many birds show sexual dimorphism, All are oviparous. Archaeopteryx : A Missing Link econatueton ot ‘rchaoptry alton Archacopteris considered as a missing link between reptiles and birds. I possessed characters of Bot reptiles land birds. I had a reptile- Ike tall. ks foraimas ware \wing-tke with less reduced lower hand bones. tis an important ink from the ‘evolutionary point of view. Ie-suggests that bids must have developed ftom reptiles. Class-Mammalia (The Mammals) L, Mamma-breast ‘These animals are worm blooded, hairy and have mammary glands. Oil and sweat glands are present in skin. ‘The skal is dieondylie. ‘Mammals usually possess 12 pairs, of cranial nerves. Respiration occurs through lungs. ‘The heart is four chambered. Except egg laying mammals, all are viviparous. A ‘well-developed placenta is present. mthormchas gg laying mammals Sharks have outstanding hearing. They can hear a fish thrashing in the water from asPractice ‘SHOTS, 411. Which of the following characteristic features always holds true for the corresponding group of animals? INEET phase 1 2016] (@) Viviparous — Mammalia (@) Possess a mouth with an upper — Chordata and a lower jaw (o) Schambored heart with one — Reptilia incompletely divided ventricle (@) Cartilaginous endoskeleton — — Chondrichthyes 42. Correct match of the name of the animal (Column 1) with its one characteristic (Column II) and the phylum/class (Column III) to which it belongs is INEET 2013], (Column 1 Cyclostomata Reptilia Pisces Column 1 Eetoparasite ‘Terrestrial Body covered by chitinous exoskeleton Radially symmetrical Column I (a) | Petromyzon @) | Iehthyophis (6) | Limulus @ Adamsia Porifora 43. What will you look for to identify the sex of the following? [CBSE AIPMT 20111, (a) Male frog-A copulatory pad on the ist digit of the hindlimb (@) Female cockroach-Anal ceri (@) Male shark-Claspers borne on pelvie fins (@) Female Ascaris-Sharply curved posterior end 44, ‘The chordate features shared by the non-chordates are (a) bilateral symmetry 6) triploblastic condition and bilateral symmetry () metamerism (a) All ofthe above Which of the following characters is present essentially in chordates? (a) Dorsal heart ) Pharyngeal gil slits (6) Ventral spinal chord (@ Blood flow in forward direction is ventral blood vessels Ovoviviparity is seen in this eaecilian (a) Wuchereria (b) Typhlonectes (ei Iehthyophis (d) Uravotyphlus Acoustic spots in frog are present in (a) ossious labyrinth (b) carotid (@) membranous labyrinth (dl) All of these Which of the following vertebrates show the formation of middle ear (Eustachian recess) for the first time? (a) Fxocoetus (eo) Behis Dry skin with scales or scutes without gland is a characteristic of (a) Fishes (6) Reptilia 46. 47. 48. () Rana (@) Hippocampus 49. () Amphibia (@) Aves 50. 51. 52. 53. 54, 55. 56. 57. 58. &)_ RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Neopallium is found in the brain of {) amphibians (6) advanced reptiles () mammals (a) Both (b) ane The snake eating snake is (a) black cobra (6) king cobra (c) rattle snake (d) anaconda Which one of the following match is incorrect? (@) Garden lizard — Hemidactylus flaviviridis (©) Mountain lizard = — Varanus (e) Worm lizard = — Rhinewra (d) Collared lizard — Iguana Identify the correct pair of birds with a raft-like ‘keel and lacking green gland and syrinyx. (a) Tinamus and Apteryx (6) Rhea and Dromeous (e) Casuarius and Struthio (d) Kiwi and Rhea Which character is not same in aves and mammals? (a) Single systemic arch (6) Motanephrie kidney {c) Seven cervieal vertebrae (d) Homeotherms Identify and select the correct match in the Column I, Il and Column IIL Column! [Column 1 | Column 1 (@) Earthworm |Annelida | Super-class @) Frog Rana Species (@) Lancelot | Vertebrata _| Division (a) Walrus Mammalia | Class Pouched mammals are (@) prototherians {e) eutherians (6) motathorians (qd) thorians Which one of the following is not a mammalian character? (a) The presence of milk producing gland (©) Thoy have two pairs of limbs (6) Skin is unique in possessing hair {) Homodont type of dentition Which of the following statements are correct/incorreet? [In torpedo, the electric organs are capable of generating strong electric shock to paralyse the prey. II. Bony fishes use pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal and caudal fins in swimming. IIT, Amphibian skin is moist and has thick scales, IV. Birds are poikilothermous animals. V.The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of milk producing mammary glands by which the young ones are nourished. () 1, and II are correct, but IV and V are incorrect (1, Hand V are correct, but III and IV are incorrect (o)I, Wand I aro incorrect, but IV and V are correct ()1, Mand IV are incorrect, but IIT and V are correct BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 21{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 59. Which of the following is an exclusive character of class-Mammalia? (a) Homoiothermy (@) Internal fertilisation (@) Tho presence ofa four-chamborod heart (@) The presence of a muscular diaphragm 60. In mammals, the secondary palate is formed by the ‘union of (a) premaxilla, pterygoid and squamosal bones () maxilla, quadrate and palatine bones (c) promaxilla, maxilla and palatine bones (@) premaxilla, quadrate and squamosal bones Answers 4h 5@ 8) 7H) 1.) Ke 8 160) 7] =.) 20.18 2410) 25.) 266) 27.00) 28.) 28.) LA 361) 35.) 98.0) 97.16) 98.) 9) aD. 4) AB) ATI) aH) AD). — 5.) 5A) 55) 580) 87.16) 5B) BR) OE 61. Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below Cohamn Cohan Ht Column Column it K Buplesela—|7.Seapen B Physalia 2. Pinworm Green glands 1 Seolopenra : ‘Amphids and phasmids | 2. Respiratory organ See | Venue wer basket cenit fo ee agans E._Abtes 5._ Portuguese man of war Conchotn 5. Sense orzana Codes Sodee A BCDB ABCD E ae cp ek @5 4321 5 3 421 we PEP EGR ESRE OLE T Ea Ms gta t (2 4 5 3 1 @a 4 5 2 1 66, Which ofthe following statement is correct 62. Pheromone is regarding Dentalium? ” (aja product of endocrine gland (a) Tein a freshwater Mallusca (b) used for animal communication (6) Itis also known as “grief slug” mRNA (o) Tehears flamentous tontacesusefUl in feeding @ alwaya protein (d) The shell of Dentalium yields an excellent quantity oflme 63. Match the following Columns and choose the 67. Which of the following belongs to class- Arachnida’ ee ea a cheese @)Mite @)Sikmoth —(¢)Peripatus—(@.Julus a a oT 68, The feature peculiar to Platyhelminthes is (a the presence of rede locomotory organs 1K heanoies Ply (dpe tm of Patel we developed B Goloblats 2 Clenophora (@) Platyhelminthes are hermaphrodite © Flame & Pein (a prglottds show the presence of mouth and anus E. Comb plates 5. Annelida: 69. The long bones are hollow and connected by air passage. These are characteristic of Codes Scope A Be De (@)Mammalia @)Aves ——(¢) Reptilia () Sponges @2 1 4 5 3 62 4 1 5 8 70. The body of rohu fish is covered by @5 1324 @3 415 2 (a yoo seae, but the tall is homocereal place sale, but the ais heterocoreal 64. The point by which Annelida advanced over (eh eyeloidccale but the til is heterocorcal (a) true coalom (@) closed circulation 65. Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. @ All ofthese 22 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM (6) motamerie segmentation (a) placoid scale, but the tail is homocercal Answers 6tle) 62.0} Bal). 5.) 66.0) 67.a)68.(0) 6.0) 70.4a),&) TARGET NEET 2017 MEDI QUEST Ce eee Re Ena NEET (PAPER ONE SCALE UP) Questions from Complete Syllabus to Measure Your Problem Solving Skills INS FULL TEST (Complete Syllabus) WITH ANSWER KEY RUCTIONS + This test consists of 90 questions and each question is allotted 4 marks for correct response. + Candidates willbe awarded marks as stated above for correct response of each question. 1/4 marks willbe deducted for indicating incorrect response of each question, No deduction from the total scae will be made ifno response is indicated for an item inthe answer sheet + There is only one correct response for each question, Fling wp mote than one response in any question will be treated as wrong response and marks for wrong response wil be deducted according as per instructions. 1. Which of the following have porous body and are diploblastic? (a) Aurelia and Obelia (@) Adamsia and Euplectella (6) Lewcosolenia and Spongia (@ Syeon and Hydra 2. Which of the invertebrate? (a) Ophiothriz following is an enterocoelie (6) Sepia (c) Polygordius (d) Cimex 3. Which characteristic of fungi does not match with its classes? (@) Spores are endogenously — Phycomycetes produced () Some of the members are — Ascomycetes coprophilous (@) Spores are exogenously — Basidiomycetes produced in fruiting body (@) Members reproduce only by — Douteromycetes sexual mode of reproduction 4. Which of the following organisms is scientifically correctly named, correctly printed according to the International Rules of Nomenclature and correctly described? (a) Rattus ratus — House rate, a mammal (@) Plasmodium falciparum — A protozoan pathogen causing the most serious type of malaria, (©) Felis tigris — Woll protected in Gir forost (@ E.coli — Full name Entamoeba coli, a commonly occurring bacterium in human intestine 5. The following diagram indicates the reflex are. Identify the parts labelled as A,B,C, D, E, F and G. Choose the correct option (@) A—Sense orang B—Sensory nerve C—Dorsal horn = D—Internouron E-Ventral horn F-Motor nerve C—Bifector () A-Sense organ B—Sensory nerve Ventral horn D—Interneuron E—Dorsal horn‘ F-Motor nerve G—Effector (© A-Sense organ B—Motor nerve "Dorsal horn D—Interneuron Ventral horn G—Bftector (@) A-Bifector 0—Ventral horn E—Dorsal hora Sense organ BMotor nerve D=Interneuron F-Sensory nerve BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 23,& TARGET NEET 2017 6, Select the incorrect statement amongst the following, (a) Fucus exhibit the diplontic type of life cycle (0) The plant of Ginkgo has two morphological diferent shoots onthe eae branch (©) The stems are unbranched in Cyeas and Pinus and branched in Cedrus (d) The development of seed habit in Selaginella is considered ae an important step in plant kingdom towards evolution /. Cellulose digestion in termites is carried out by (a) Monoeystis () Trichomonas (@) Trichonympha (@) Lophomonas ‘The correct sequence of types of corolla in the given figures is, (a) A—Caryophyllaccous B—Papilionaceous (CPersonate D—Tabular E—Bellshaped/Campanulate () A—Papilionaceous "Tubular E—Caryophyllaceous (©) A-Personate (C—Caryophyllaceous Tubular (@ A—Caryophyllaceous (C—Papilionaceous B—Personate D—Bell-shaped B—Papilionaccous D—Bell-shaped B—Personate D—Tabular ;—Bell-shaped 9. Glisson’s capsule is the characteristic feature of (a) mammals () birds () reptiles (@) arthropods 10. Three of the following statements regarding cell organelles are correct while one is incorrect. Select the incorrect one. (@) Lysosomes are single membrane vesicles budded off from Golgi apparatus and contain digestive enzymes Endoplasmic reticulum consists of a network of ‘membranous tubules and helps in transport, synthesis ‘and secretions (©) Leucoplasts are bound by two membranes, lack Pigment, but contain their own DNA and protein synthesising machinery Sphaerosomes are single membrane bound and are associated with synthesis and storage of lipids o @ 24 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 11. 12, 13. 14, 15, 16. 17. 18. 19, Select the incorrect statement from the following. (@ Both chloroplast and mitochondria have an internal compartment, the thylakoid space bounded by the ‘thylakoid membrane () Both chloroplast and mitochondria contain DNA () The chloroplasts are generally larger than mitochondria (@) Both mitochondria and chloroplast contain an inner and ‘an outer membrane Which of the following statements regarding cilia is not correct? (@) Cilia contain an outer ring of nine doublet microtubules surrounding two singlet microtubules (©) The organised beating of cilia is controlled by fluxes of a" across the membrane (c) Cilia are hair-like cellular appendages (d) Microtubules of cilia are composed of tubulin Which is the correct statement regarding the fruit of Anacardium (cashew nut) shown in the figure. (6) the upper part isa false fruit (@) the upper part isa true fruit (@) the lower partis asoed (@) there is no fruit at all cashew nut Goldfussia is an example of... Where the leaves of different sizes are present in opposite phyllotaxy (@) heterophylly @) anisophylly (6) opposite decussate (@ None of the above In which stage of its life eycle malarial parasite is ‘transferred to human body? () Gametocyte () Trophozoite (6) Sporozoite (a) Ookinete ‘The fleshy mesocarp of a plant is the source of palm oil which is now in common use as an edible oil. The botanical name of this plant is (@ Metroxylon rumphit (b) Elavis guineensis (c) Phoenix sylvestris (d) Calamus rotang ‘The CO, compensation point will be (@ higher in, pl ()higher inC, plants (equal inCyandC, plants (d) zero for both type of plants Vessels are absent in which pair of angiospermic plants, (@) Cucurbita — — Mangifera @) Trochodendron — — Wintera (© Drimys = Dillenia (@) Magnolia — — Buphorbia The phenomenon of heterophylly where two different types of leaves are found is exhibited in which one of the following plants? (@) Ranunculus aquatilis (b) Limnophila heterophylla () Cabomba sp. (a) Allof these20. Which statement about photosynthesis is false? (@) the enzymes roquired for carbon fixation are located only in the grana of chloroplast (@) in plants, both PS I and PS Il are required for the formation of NADPH +H" (©) the electron carriers involved in photo-phosphorylation are located on the thylakoid membranes (@ photosynthesis is a redox process in which water is oxidised and CO. is reduced 21. In the Krebs cycle the FAD electron transport system operates during the conversion of (a) succiny! CoA to succinie acid (@)ocketogiutarate to succinyl CoA () succinic acid to fumarie acid (@ fumarie acid to malie acid 22. Given below is a pedigree chart showing the inheritance of a certain sex-linked trait in humans. — ———@) cowwme [] [ é Uratlectad ale Qpratestes erat ‘The trait traced in the above pedigree chart is (a) dominant X-linked () recessive X-linked (©) dominant Y-linked (@) recessive Y-linked 23. Thigmotropie movements are best shown by (e) movements in roots {@) movements in tendrils (c) insectivorous plants: (@ movement in Mimosa pudica 24, During muscle contraction which of the following 1. H-2one disappears TL, Acband windens. UI, Land shortens. IV. Width of A-band is unaffected, V. Miline and Z-line come closer. (@)1,10,1V,V @LILV OULN,Y @1n,m 25. Which ofthe following statements does not apply to (a) It is a passive process (b) Ibis an active process {6 Iie used for water purification (Pressure grater than osmotic pressure is applied {S] TARGET NEET 2017 26, Match the biological molecules listed under Column Iwith their biological functions given under Column II, Choose the answer which represents correct alpha-numeric combination of the two Columns. Column 1 Column 1 Biological molecules) (unetions) A Starch 1. Protein synthesis B. Haemoglobin 2. Sexhormone cRNA 3. Storage product D. 4,_Transport of gases ABCD Msard @sai2 27. Identify the origin of sympathetic nerve fibres and origin of their ganglia (0) they arse from thoracolumbar region of spine and form ganglia just lateral to it (0) they arze from thoracocervical region of pine and form ganglia jst lateral vo i (©) they arie from eranial part as well as from the sacral part of spine and form ganglia just lateral to the spine (@) they arse from thoracolumbar region of spine and form ganglia very close to thelr effector organ 28. A leaf peeling of Tradescantia is kept in a medium having 10% NaCl, After a few minutes, if we observe the leaf peel under the microscope we are likely to see (o)entry of water into the cel (b) the cells bursting out (©) diffusion of NaC! into the cell (d) exit of water from the cell 29. Among the following characteristics, indicate the correct combination in relation to conditional reflex. 1. Acquired by practice or learning, TL. Not present at birth. TIL Does not abolish by lack of practice. IV. Participation of ereberal cortex. V. Originates spontaneously. (1, Mand 1 1, MandV (1, Wand V (d) 1, Wand V 30, Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column | jolumn Tr A Leaves TL Antictranspirant B. Seed 2. Transpiration C. Roots 3, Negative osmotic potential Aspirin 4, Imbibition Plasmolysed cell | 6. Absorption Codes ABCDE ABCDE @245138 @Ms2415 @12345 @s4a21 BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 95& TARGET NEET 2017 31. On an investigator place an isolated neuron in a calcium free medium, gives the neuron a subthreshold stimulus and then performs an assay to test whether neurotransmitter was released. Which of the following outcomes would you predict? (@) No neurotransmitter is detected since the influx of calcium into synaptic knob is required for neurotransmitter release No neurotransmitter is detected since influx of ealeium js required for the neuron to conduct action potential Neurotransmitter is detected since calcium is not required for the conduction of action potential ‘The initial stimulus is subthreshold, so the response of neuron will never be generated Choose the correct statement about neurohypophysis. (a) It stores hormones produced by adenohypophysie () Itis poorly developed and is functionless in human (6) stores and releases hormones secreted by hypothalamus (@) It secretes its own hormone o o @ 32. 33. Choose the mismatched pair from the following. (a) Insulin Gluconeogenesis: @) Glucagon — Glyeogenolysis {Oxytocin — Contraction of uterine muscle (@ Prolactin — Milk production in mammary gland 34. In the diagram given below, parts labelled as A,B,C, D and # respectively represent (@) A-Stratum granulosum, B-Sweat gland, C-Stratum fgerminativum, D-Sebaceous gland, | E-Stratum () A-Stratum spinosum, B-Sebaceous gland, C-Stratum Iucidum, D-Sveat gland, E-Stratum corneum (© A-Stratum germinativum, B-Sweat gland, C-Stratum lucidium, D-Sebaceous gland, Z-Stratum corneum (@ A-Stratum cornoum, B-Sweat gland, C-Stratum lucidium, —-D-Sebaceous gland," -E-Stratum, germinativum, Which substance is responsible for the dilation of blood vessels and capillary leaking during anaphy- -lactie shock? (@) Adrenaline (©) Albumin 35. (©) Benadeyl (@ Histamine 26 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41, 5. Choose the incorrect statement. (@) Lipetee apd nucleases are not predentin pancreatic (©) Goblet cols secrete mucus (©) Brunner's glands are sub-mucosl glands (@) Carborypeplidase calalyses conversion of proteins, peptones and proteases to dipeptides Which of the following would result in haemolysis in foetus? (@) 80 incompatbiity @)RK- incompatibility (© AB incompatibility ()B0 incompatibility Match the theories given in Column I with the names, of scientists listed in Column II. Choose the answer which gives the correct combination ofthe alphabets. ‘Column T Column I (Names of theor (Name of scientists) ‘A’ Relay pump theory [1 Stocking B. Transpiration 2. SirJC Bose cohesion theory C. Mass flow Godlewski D. Pulsation theory Dixon and Jolly st Munch Codes ABCD ABCD @3452 4312 ©8252 W215 3 Choose the right option for mycorrhizal symbioti association of fungus with roots which help in 1. absorption of water 11, mineral nutrition IIL translocation TV. gaseous exchange Codes (@ Only (©) Both I and IT (@ Only (@ Both Mand 11 The nerve cord in earthworm originates from (6) supra-pharyngesl panglia and has a pair of fused ganglia {in each sogment from 3rd to last (©) supra-pharyngesl ganglia and has a fused pair of ganglia in each sogment from 4th to the last (c) sub-pharyngeal ganglia and has fused pair of ganglia in ‘each segment from the 5th to last (@) sub-pharyngeal ganglia and has fused pair of ganglia in ‘each segment from 6th to last Apiculture is associated with which of the following ‘groups of plants? (Grapes, maize, potato @) Sugarcane, paddy, banana (©) Guava, sunflower, strawberry (@) Pineapple, sugarcane, strawberry42, Which statement about breeding is incorrect? (a) By inbreeding the homozygosity is suppressed () Continued inbreeding especially close inbreeding resiuces fertility and productivity (© Incross breeding superior males of one breed are mated with superior females of another breed (@) In breeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are liminated by selection 43. Consider the following statements about reproduction in lower animals and choose the best option. 1. Organisms like yeast and Planaria reproduce asexually by budding. I True regeneration is seen in Hydra III. The protonema of mosses fragmentation, 1V. In unicellular organisms like-bacteria, algae and Ameoba, reproduction is synonymous with growth, ie. an increases in the number of cells. multiply by (a) Land Tare correct (&) Land IV are correct (©) and IV are correct (@Tand IV are correct 44, Match the following Columns and choose the correct ‘option from the eodes given below. Column T Column T (Organism) (ifespan) ‘A Butterfly [71.60 years B. Crow 2, 140 years ©. Parrot 3. 15 years D. Crocodile | 4, 1-2 weeks Codes ABCD ABCD @1234 4312 @2941 saat 45. In Drosophila, the XXY condition leads to femaleness whereas in human beings the same condition leads to Klinefelter’s syndrome in males, It proves (@) inhuman beings Y-chromosome is active in sex determination () Y-chromosome is active in sex determination in both human beings and Drosophila (0) in Drosophila Y-chromosome decides femaleness (@) Y-chromosome of man has genes for syndrome 46. Select the correct with regard to Periplanta americana. (@) Nervous system located dorsally, consists of segmentally arranged gunglia joined by a pair of Iongitudinal connectives () Males bear anal styles (© There are 16 Malpbigian tubules present on the junction of midgut and hindgut (@ Grinding of food is done by mouth parts statement {S] TARGET NEET 2017 47. Read the following statements and choose the incorrect one, 1. Blood cells secrete fibres of proteins called collagen and elastin. TL Neuroglial cells protect and support the neuron, IIL Osteoeytes are present in spaces called lacunae. IV. Striated muscle fibres are bundled together in a parallel fashion. (0) I and TV are incorrect (@)TLand IV are neorvect (©) Lana Il are incorrect, (411 and IL are incorrect 48. An organism is able to live on a culture medium containing nutrient A, by the enzyme catalysed reaction, A+*~»B oc ‘A mutant failed to survive on this medium but grew when nutrient B was added to it, Which gene of this mutant was defective? (@ Only X ()Both X and (@ Onlyy (@Noither XnorY Select the mismatched pair among the following. 49. (@) Amyloplast. — () Blaioplast = — (© Chloroplasts — (@ Chromoplasts — Stores protein granule Stores oils or fats Contain chlorophyll pigments Contain coloured pigments other ‘than chlorophyll 50. Sperm of species A cannot fertilise ovum of species B because (6) fertlizin of A and antifertligin of B are not compatible (@) antiferilzin of A and fertlisin of B are not compatible (6) fertlisin of Aand B are not compatible (a) antifertilizin of A and B are not compatible 51. Which among the following are the devices to ensure self-pollination? (@) dicliny or unisexuality (2) dichogamy @boterostyly (@ None of these 52. An orthrotropous ovule is one in which micropyl and chalaza are (0) in a straight line of funicle (@) at right angles to the funicle (6) parallel along with ovule (@) parallel to the funicle 53. If an egg cell in aposporie embryo sac is diploid, it develops directly into diploid embryo fertilisation. This process is called (@ parthenocarpy (6) parthenogenesis (©) geitonogamy (a) adventive embryony without, BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 27& TARGET NEET 2017 54, Which of the following is incorrectly matched? (@) TUL — Semen collected from husband is artificially introduced into uterus (®) GIRT — Transfer of embryo with more than B blastomeres into the Fallopian tube (© TFT — Transfer ofembryos with upto & blastomeres into Fallopian tube (@ ICSI — Sperm injected into ovum. 55. Read the following statements and choose the correct option. I. Increase in melanised moths —_ after industrialisation in Britain is proof of natural selection. II, When more individuals of a population aequire a mean character value, it is ealled disruption. II, Changes in the allelic frequency in a population will lead to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. IV Genetic drift changes the existing gene or allelic frequency in future generations. (a) Only Lis correct () Only IV is correct (©) Both I and IV are correct (d) Both I and III are correct 56. Match the evolutionary concepts with the name of the scientist who proposed them. Column It Darwin Column I ‘A. Saltation 1 1B. Formation offife was | 2 preceeded by chemical Louis Pasteur evolution ©. Reproductive fitness | 3, Hugo de Vries ._ Life comes from 4. Oparin and Haldane pre-existing life Codes ABCD ABCD @s4i2 4321 @423a1 @1234 57. The extinct human predecessor, who was a forager and hunted with stone weapons was (a) Ramapithecus (0) Australopithecus (c) Dryopithecus (d) Homo eretus 58. Which of the following is the correct group of vestigial organs in man? (a) ear muscles, eye lids, covey () appendix, coceyx, ear muscles, elbow joint (©) wisdom tooth, coceyx, body hair, ear muscle (@) wisdom tooth, body hairs, ‘nictating membrane, ‘vermiform appendix 59. Evolutionary convergence is characterised by (development of dissimilar characteristics in closely related groups () development of common set of characteristics in groups of different ancestry (6 development of characteristics by random mating (@ replacement of common characteristics in different groups 28 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 60. ‘The common feature of Euglena, Amoeba, Trypanosoma and Entamoeba is (binary fission (@) muiple fission (bolozoie nutrition —_(d) contractile vacoule 61. The maurer’s dots are observed in the erythrocytes of men if they are infected with (6) Plasmodium malariae (b) P. vivax (OP. faleiparum @P. ovale 62. Compare the statements A and B. Statement A Renikhet disease affect the poultry farm animals. Statement B It is caused by a bacterium, (Ais false, but Bis true (2) Bis false, but Ais true (Both Aand Bare false (@) Both Aand Bare true 63. ‘Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. Column I ‘A. Electro: 1. Graphic recording of encephalography electrical activity of heart Graphic recording of the clectrial activity of brain, Column T B. Electrocardiography | 2 C. Endoscopy 3. Atechnique that gives ‘mage automatically in ‘multiple planes. D. MRI 4. To view within the body without cutting through the overlying tissue. Codes ABCD ABCD 1234 4321 @2143 ws4ie2 64. Which of the following is not a cancerous tissues in our body? ()Contact inhibition (4) Neoplasin (0) Metastasis (@) Inability for differentiation character of 65. In poultry industry, production of hatching eggs is more expensive than production of market eggs mainly because (0) the cost of male and their depreciation in value ia high (0) the eggs produced by hatchery flocks are to be sold only fs market ogg (©) the mortality among females is usually lower when they fare matod with malea (@) some of the eggs produced by hatchery flocks are not accepted for incubation 66. Population termed as r-strategists (o) have J-shaped growth curve (©) are usually pioneer species (6) have type II survivorship curve (@) Allof the above 67. Which of the following is not a homeotherm? (o) Aptenadytes (0) Testudo (c)Delphinus (@) Neophron68. Choose the incorrect pair amongst the following pair. (a) Detrivores — Bacteria @) Hume — @ PAR = — 400-700. nm (W Producer — First trophic level 69. Read the following statements and choose right option. Dark coloured amorphous substance I. The energy flows only in one direction in an ecosystem, IL Forest, grassland, desert and estuaries are some examples of terrestrial ecosystem. III, AG Tansley coined the term ecosystem. IV. The entire biosphere is a global ecosystem. (@)1, TI, Tare true but IV is false (@)1, IIL IV are true but ILis false (and IV are true but I, Tare false (@1, Tare true but IIL, IV are false 70. Pineal body originates from (a) Dorsal part of diencephalon (&) Ventral part of diencephalon (©) Vontral part of cerebellum (@ Dorsal part of cerebellum 71. The covered smut of Sorghum is caused by (a) Sphacelotheca sorghi () Sphacelotheca reiliana ()Sphacelotheca eruenta (dl) Tolyposporium chrenbergi 72. In which of the following options, the BOD of sewage(s), Distillery EMluent (DF), Paper Mill Effluent (PE) and Sugarmill Effluent (SE) have been arranged in ascending order? ()SE JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM The blue whale can produce the loudest sound of any animal. At 188 decibels, the noise can be detected over 800 kilometres away.(a f aX arihant wit SOLVED PAPERS & PRACTICE SETS FOR NEET NATIONAL ELIGIBILITY CUM ENTRANCE TEST TIYEARS' SOLVED PAPERS zm SOLUTIONS os"{&) CHROMATIC PROBES Dr, Anamika Tripathi TRANSPORT IN PLANTS Figure Based Learning Boosters 1. Refer to the given figure showing 9 3. Match the different types of membranes given in simple diffusion. It occurs. Column I with their permeability in Column II and (a) from the region of higher concentration to choose the correct option from the codes given below. lower concentration stnone tne correct option om Mhecesse gente. (6) from the region of lower concentration to Column ‘Column IL Higher concentration {o) whenboth the soitons areinequiibrum (d) only when two solutions are separated by “ 1. Permeable semipermeable membrane fe) 2. The given figure is showing osmosis. Read the following statements about it and choose the correct option. B 12. Selectively permeable senate. grow « 3. Semipermeable oe 4 Impermeable I. The direction and rate of osmosis depend upon Codes the sum of two forces; pressure gradiont and A BC D A Be D concentration gradient. wea gt rsa IL. The net force or gradient is determined by the o 8 0 difference in the water potentials of solutions 4- Refer to the given figure separated by a semipermeable membrane. showing hythmie autonomic IIL. A solution which can cause an osmotic entry of EN ee ie Telenr ‘ea leaflets of Indian’ Telegraph Water into Wis said to be osmotically active —_‘Tealts of dian “Telegraph solution. Fue to IV. The osmotically ative solution possesses a high water potential helene ee (a) Land IE (®) various environmental factors et 4 @yttandiv Ike temperature humidity i itand i (0) inereased concentration of x . (a) All ar correct tun in lealets (4) regular turgor changes in the leaflet bases 32> JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM7. Refer to the given figure showing different pathways of water and ions transport across the root. Identify A,B,C and D in the figure and choose the correct option. A B c D (@ Symplastic Apoplastie Endodermis Casparian path. path strip (@) Apoplastic Symplastic Endodermis Casparian path path strip (©) Apoplastic Symplastic Pericyele Endodermis path path (@) Symplastic Apoplastic Endodermis Perieycle path path ‘The figure given below is showing plant cell as an osmotic system. It is followed by some statements. Read them carefully and choose the option having all the incorrect statements. yes I. Wg is a nogative force which causes entry of water into the cell. IL. yp is a positive force that opposes the entry of ‘water into the cell. IIL, Cells gain or lose water among themselves on. the basis of their solute or osmotic potentials and not on the basis of their water potential. IV. Wall Pressure (WP) is commonly equal and opposite to Osmotic Potential (OP) (@)Yand 1 (@) Manav (o) Mand I (Land 1V Identify the given figure and choose the correct option regarding it. 1S) CHROMATIC PROBES (a) The given figure is showing simple diffusion which occurs along the concentration gradient (©) The given figure is showing facilitated diffusion which cccurs against concentration gradient (@) Tho givon figure is showing activo transport which occurs against concentration gradient (a) The given figure is showing facilitated diffusion which usually occurs along the eoneentration gradient ‘The given figure is demonstrating guttation in garden nasturtium. If you do chemical analysis of guttated liquid, you will find that, (a) itis pure water (6) it contains only organic solutes like onganie acids, amino acids, enzymes, ete (@) it contains only inorganic solutes like Ca’ *,Mg**,K*, Na’ ete, (a) Both (b) and (o) Match the following Columns and choose the correct ‘option from the codes given below. Column 1 Column I A 1. Endosmosis Fypetoncsotzon 2. Exosmosis ‘8, Equilibrium ABC 231 @1 32 BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 33,© CHROMATIC PROBES 10. Refer to the given figure showing active transport. Choose the incorrect statement about it omer rane] i i 7\\ ao & deer, (@) In active transport, the movable carrier proteins are called pumps: () tis an uphill transport () The rate of active transport reaches the minimum when all the protein pumps are being used in transport (@) Carrier proteins are highly specific like enzymes 11. Consider the given figure showing pathways of water movement inside the root, Read the statements following it and choose the option having all the correct statements, conn Tome co Apooes: —Syrtet 1. The apoplastic path provides the least resistance to movement of water. Il. Symplastie movement is aided by cytoplasmic streaming, hence faster than apoplastic movernent, III. Apoplast pathway is also known as, transmembrane pathway. IV. Both the pathways are involved in the movement across the root. Water flows via apoplast in cortex and enters the symplast pathway in endodermis, (@) Land I (©) and ut (e)Tand Iv (aT and I 12. Carefully observe the given figure of a section of leaf showing hydathode, Choose the correct option for the labels A, B,C, D and B. 34> JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM A B © D e (a) Epithem Water Guard coll Intercellular Cuticle cells pore space (©) Subsidiary Water Bpithem Intracellular Cuticle call pore calls space (©) Guard —Bpithem Subsidiary Intercellular pidermis cells cells eall space (@ Epithem Water Subsidiary Cortex Cuticle cells stoma cell 13. The given figure is showing path of water through the plant. Choose the incorrect statement about it. — es xpi cater Post Perel alae’ (@) There is a continuous column of water from root through the stem and into the leaves (6) Water molecules remain attached to one another by a strong mutual force of attraction called eohesion force fo) On account of tension created by transpiration, the water column of the plant is pulled up actively from Ihelow to the top of the plant like a rope (a) Atonsion of 1 atmosphere is sufficient to pull water toa height of about 10 metres 14. Carefully observe the given experimental setup showing mass flow of fluids. If the solutes are replenished in the ‘A’ osmometer and immobilised in. the ‘B’ osmometer then (a) the mass flow will start occurring in the opposite direction (©) the mass flow will stop immediately (6) there will be no effect on the mass flow (a) the mass flow can be maintained indefinitely15. ‘The given figures (A-D) are showing the different stages of plasmolysis. Identify them and match with the correct sequence of occurrence. EY A B D Sequence of (o) Limiting Bvident _Turgid cell Incipient 444D-48 plasmolysisplasmolysis plasmolysis () Turgid cell Evident Limiting Incipient 4840-5 plasmolysis plasmolysis plasmolysis (o) Incipient Limiting Evident Turgideell 40-54-98 plasmolysis plasmolysis plasmolysis (@) Bvident Incipient Turgid-call Limiting 40-50-54 plasmolysia plasmolysis plasmolysis 16. ‘The given figure is showing the translocation of organic substances according to pressure flow hypothesis. Read the following statements about it and choose the correct set from the options given below. meer 1m sive tubes the sacle are fly permeable caine ofthe aan of tonepa 1. The organ ubetanees prevent nso al are pats into the seve tubes though the companion sls by pase pose UL The sieve ter aborts wate rom the surrounding ‘plo and deep low turgor prose 1v. A low turgor pecoice iy tnziined fa the sk Feglnhy converting soluble organic ubetanee nto insoluble tor (tana) Handy (tana Mand 17. Consider the given 1S) CHROMATIC PROBES figures showing girdling of a tree ic trunk. What conclusion can be / drawn from it? A Mantious (a) Xylem is involved “ jn the movement of water () Translocation of food and water stops due to removal of vascular tissue (o) Phloem is involved in the movement of organic solutes (@ Figures are incomplete, therefore no conclusion ccan be drawn from i, 18. Refer to the given figure. Choose the incorrect statements regarding it, om om a — an cee Poses | 2 ° pe o eS BS ores oe > a" SS) Sr SSS I. The figure is showing transport of an extracellular molecule to the inside of cell through facilitated diffusion. TL. This type of transport is very specific and allows cell to select substances for uptake UL In this transport, special proteins help to move substances across membrane with expenditure of energy. IV. This type of transport remains unaffected even in the presence of inhibitors also. @)MandV ()Tand MM (@)Mand IV (@)Tand TV 19. Carefully observe the given figure. The water vwill move from () Coll Btocell A (@)Cell Ato coll B (@)No movement will occur (4) Data insufficient Answers 1@ 26 38@ 4@ 5@ 6) 7 8 86) 06) 1} 12) 13.6) 15.) 161) 1726) 18) 19. ©) BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 35| VISUALISE BIOLOGY JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 3. ‘The given figure shows parts of two cells from the same flowering plants in the process of division, cal cane (@ Name the structures labelled as A, B and C. State the type of nuclear division and the stage of division in each eel (ii) Explain the functions of the two types of nuclear divisions occurring in cell 1 and 2, In 1905, the Duteh botanist Hugo de Vries in an experiment to test Mendel’s rediscovered work, found that when a red-flowered, three-leaved clover plant was crossed with a white-flowered, fiveleaved plant, the following offeprings were produced: 36 red-flowered, five-leaved 41 red-flowered, three-leaved 40 white-flowered, five-leaved 38 white-flowered, three-leaved ‘The alleles for red flowers and five leaves are dominant, () Using the symbols R for red flowers, x for white flowers, L for five leaves and I for three leaves, draw a genetic diagram to explain these results. Gi) When these plants were self-pollinated, explain why only the white+flowered, three-leaved plants bred true. (iii) Describe how pure-breeding, red-flowered, fivelleaved clover plants could be produced using the offspring of the original cross.5. The given figure shows a diagram of a section through a cholinergic synapse. The labels A, B and C indicate the location of the main stages in the transmission of a nerve impulse across the Ox 0 %050° goo 6) Explain what happens at each stage. (i) Explain why synaptic transmission is slow compared to the transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon. (iii) Suggest why nerve impulses can travel only in one direction across a synapse. 6. The given figure shows an unfertilised secondary () Name A-D. (i) Explain how the secondary oocyte was produced in the process of oogenesis, (iii) Describe briefly the events in the secondary oocyte after it has been penetrated by a sperm, 7. ‘The figure given below, shows the absorption and release of gases by an animal and by a leaf of a plant during the day. AD ( Name (a) gasA (b) gasB (©) On the given figure place arrow heads on the four lines to indicate the movement of the same gases during the hours of darkness. 9 {© BRAIN TEASERS i) Explain, why in the early morning and in the evening, there is no overall movement of gases into or out of the leaf. (iii) The animal eats the leaf, Name a chemical substance in the leaf that (a) will provide the animal with energy (b) the animal will use for growth ‘The figure A and B show two tissues found in plants, a Identify the tissues and describe their functions. Your descriptions should make appropriate reference to the importance of G, H, J and K. In the electron transport chain in mitochondria, several protein complexes traverse the mitochondrial inner membrane. Mark the figure that shows correct topology of these complexes. intermembrane ap03 O) doa [mate] CComphl ATPase. ADP varsporer Term errane o co-0f Wain | CComplll ATPase. ADP tansparer remerbrane Co-@ | Matrix ‘comple ATPase. ADP vansporer Irrermerrane apo | dog! Matrad Ccomphicl ATPase. ADP varspoter TINBO 2012] ). Consider a chemical reaction in which substrate A is ‘enzymatically converted to product. The rate of change of substrate to product with increasing concentration of substrate is shown by broken line. The rate of BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 39© BRAIN TEASERS reaction with increasing concentration of substrate A with a fixed amount of substance B is shown by unbroken line, ra {A809 amour: of (5) Velocity O Concenvaon > Ifthe same reaction is carried out with fixed quantity of substrate A and increasing concentration of B, the expected result will be Velie Canara 0 Concerta aw t ‘ZI g| © Conconvanon—> Answers with Explanation La Trieefaty aid tas (i) Triglycerides are non-polar molecules that are insoluble, This is due to their incapability of forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules, Glycerol and fatty acids are the products of their hydrolysis, Glycerol isan aleohol that is soluble, but fatty acids are insoluble, This is due to their long hydrocarbon tails that are non-polar and hydrophobic. Gi) This is because they have a higher proportion of hydrogen compared to carbohydrates. As a result, the breakdown of triglycerides yields more energy: This is ue to the lower proportion of oxygen to carbon that requires more oxygen for complete oxidation to occur. 2. (i) With reference to the given figure it ean be seen that as the concentration of the sucrose solution is Inereased from 0.0 mol dm“ to 0.6 mol dm”, there is 1 proportional increase in the amount of reducing ‘sugar produced. However, when the concentration of AMAZING REALITIES 40 » JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM sucrose is increased beyond 0.6 mol dm“, the amount of reducing sugar produced does not increase and peaks at about 0.7 mal dm~ of sucrose. When the ‘concentration of sucrose solution is increased further beyond 0.7 mol dm”*, the amount of reducing sugar produced steadily decreases. Gi) {@) From 0.0 mol dm~* to 0.6 mol dm~* of sucrose solution, we see an increasing rate of reaction because’ at low sucrose concentrations, all. the active sites of the sucrase molecules are not used ‘up. This is because there are not enough sucrose ‘molecules to occupy them all. As the concentration of sucrose is increased, more and more sites come into uso, thereby increasing enzyme activity From 0.6 mol dm~ to 0.8 mol dm~ of sucrose solution, we start to see a tailing-off in the increase of reducing sugar produced because most of the active sites of the sucrase molecules have been ceupied. ) 3. i A~Chromatid, B- Spindle fibres, C—Centromere Cell 1 Type of division is mitosis. Stage of division is metaphase Cell 2 Type of division is meiosis. Stage of division ie metaphase I. ii) Cell 1 The function of mitosis is to produce daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell by maintaining the same chromosome number in the ‘nueleus. This will allow the plant to grow or repair damaged tissues Cell 2 The function of meiosis is to produce daughter cells that have half the chromosome number of the parent cell, This will allow the plant to produce gametes and provides a means of variation in the offeprings that are produced, Great whites are the deadliest shark in the ocean. These powerful predators can race through the water at 30 km per hour.iS) BRAIN TEASERS 40) Gi) When a sperm penetrates the secondary oveyte, the Paprtalphenolpe Redloered, x White meres lysosomes in the oocyte release enzymes that eause the rosie freleaved zona pelhicida to harden and thicken becoming an Parental genotype Pr “ 4 ‘impenetrable fertilisation membrane. The secondary joss / oN ‘oocyte is also stimulated to undergo meiosis to form cametes a a i fan ovum and second polar body. Thus, the male ‘nucleus will fuse with the female nucleus ofthe ovum to form a diploid zygote. Frgenoype Ll " 7. () (a) Gas A~Carbon dioxide Fr phenat Fed Red Write Gas B ~ Oxygen preneyr® nes, lane towered (0) Gas B - Oxves ‘veleaves theeleaved theleaved tee kaved © Phonetypicrato 1 1 1 i This is due to only double homozygous recessive genes present for the whiteflowered and three-leaved characteristics. ‘The other F-plants contained. Gi) During carly morning and evening, rate of heterozygous conditions for the genes in either the photosynthesis and respiration is almost equal or plant. red-flowered or the five-leaved characteristic. is at compensation point. Due to lesser light intensity, Gi) Firstly, select only the red-flowered, fiveleaved stomata are usually closed, hence rate of F, offsprings and selfpollinate these plants. From the photosynthesis slows down and gets closer to the rate Fyplants of this selfpollination, select only the ‘of respiration, rod-flowered, fiveleaved F, offeprings and doa it) (a) Sucrose (b) Amino acids backeross with a homozygous recessive plant (the g “ty. .ove shew in fig Ais wylem white-lowered, three-leaved plant). "The F, offspring that produces only red-lowered, five-leaved plants from the backcross will be the pure breeding plants Description Wall (G) of xylem vessels or cells is strengthened by deposition of lignin. It provides support to ‘xylem and keeps its wall firm or straight. Xylem has hollow 5, () Stage A During this stage, the synaptic vesicle Tumen of its vessels, which helps in carriage of water containing acetylcholine fuses with the presynaptic ‘Mineral ions or salts are also soluble in water, soa solution membrane and releases the acetylcholine into the of salta/minerals i transported by xylem synaptic let The tissue shown in fi. is palisade mesophyll Stage B During this stage, the acetylcholine molecules Description ‘This tissue is found. in. leaves and diffuse across the synaptic cleft photosynthesis occurs here to make carbohydrates. is the Stage C During this stage, the acetylcholine fuses cell membrane of mesophyll cells, which is selectively with receptor molecules on the posteynaptie membrane permeable. So, itallows entry of water and minerals into or and opens the ion channels on the membrane, hence ut of cell by osmosis or diffusion. Water is used in causing it to be depolarised, The acetylcholine is then Photosynthesis. K is a space representing a vacuole hydrolysed by the enzyme avetylcholinesterase into Containing call sap. Due to photosynthesis, soluble ethanoie acid (acetyl) and choline, substances make eell sap containing sucrose, amino acids and water. Due to difference of water potential, water may i Synaptic transmission is slow, compared to the anata to difference of wate transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon due to the time required for the synaptic vesicles to fuse with _9. (@) The correct sequence of ETS in inner membrane of the presynaptic membrane and release the mitochondria is acotyleholine. More time is aso taken for the diffusion 0-0 Comploct of acotylcholine across the synaptic cleft before fusing Commie ADP anspor With the receptor molecules on the postaynaptic Complex membrane ii) Nerve impulses can travel only in one direction across a synapae duo to the release of acetylcholine from only cope one side ofthe synapse to the other. This is because the «Complex NADH reductase donates two protons and two synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine are found cocirons to FMN, only in the presynaptic knob, + Complex-II Succinate Q reductase 6. G)A-Nudleus + Comples-IlQH, cytochrome reductase complex 'B Zona pellucida, C~ Granulosa cell, D Lysosome + Complex-V Cytochrome oxidase complex Germinal epithelial cells undergo repeated eal divisions + Complex ATPase complex to form many oogonia, These oogonia undergo mitosis 19, fe) From the graph it is clear that substrate B has a to form primary oocytes that are diploid As the FSH negative effet on substrate A reuction. If (A) substrate stimulates the development of the primary follicle, each concentration is constant and concentration of substrate B primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to produce is increasing then the rate of reaction will slow down Secondary ooeyte which is haploid according tothe decrease of substrate A into product. BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 41DO YOU KNOW? The largest lizard, the Komodo dragon has a special kind of bacteria in its saliva that paralyses its prey. This means that either an individual or a group can bring down large animals such as pigs, deer and even cattle Amazingly, it has been known for a Komodo dragon to target, kill and eat humans, Men's hair is about twice as thick as women's. You breathe in approximately ten thousand litres of air every single day. Your fingernails grow quickest on the hand that you write with. There is enough iron in your body to make a nail 8 cm long If your head was chopped off it would still remain conscious for around fifteen seconds. Komodo dragon ‘The reason that a male dog lifts its leg up whilst urinating is that it wants other dogs to think it is tall. Amazingly, a behaviour has been observed in wild dogs whereby they run up tree trunks whilst relieving themselves so that they appear huge. A dog's noseprint is as unique as your fingerprint. Some butterflies never eat anything as adults because they don't have mouths. They must live on the energy they stored as caterpillars. You use 200 muscles to take one step. Your teeth are the only bones that can not repair themselves. Long-tailed skinks eat their own eggs. The ring tailed lemur that smells the worst is incharge of the entire group.Ifa baby stork is not happy with the way it is being reared, it sometimes abandons its parents and wanders into another nearby nest to be fed by anew family. Fire salamander When star tortoise eggs hatch at cold temperatures more males are | born, and at warm temperatures more females are born. | A strange condition known as ‘alien hand syndrome’ can affect people who have suffered brain trauma, This is where someone can feel sensation in their hand as normal, but cannot control it. It moves around seemingly with a life of its own, The fire salamander is of black colour with yellow spots or stripes to a varying degree. They at their siblings. When you're born, your head is around a quarter of the length of your entire body. But by the time you are fully grown, itis just one eighth. Seah SOEs Seahorses have no teeth and no stomachs. ‘They live in pairs and travel holding each other's tai. When your dog's paw is twitching when itis asleep, it really is dreaming, Scientists have discovered that dogs have the same stages of sleep as humans and when they are in the REM (Rapid Eye Movement) stage, this is when they dream. Humming birds are incredible flyers. These tiny birds can fly forwards, hover and are the only known birds to fly backwards as well. They have the highest metabolism of any homeothermic animal. Cows can sleep standing up, but they can only dream lying down. They don't experience full REM sleep unless they lie down Ants never sleep. Also they don't have lungs.BIOGRAPHICS Microscopy at Nano Levels Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Electron microscopy is the best method available to study the ultrastructure of a cell. The Scanning Electron Micrascope (SEM) gives a surface view of structures by forming an image with the secondary electrons reflected by those structures. Fixation ‘Spscimen ed in 43 ghtaaldshycs,Karnovshy's hate or 1% osmium tevacxide. G-E—E-G-8 Fixation Bulferwasn Pastfnaon Wath BOO ehysraton nehanal sres| Drying For EM, dying of samples + | apreeauiste a5 requires a hgh vacoum ervronmont ‘The. twee. most common sratheds of ying a Freeze Drying \Yapor tation and quick reeing nd Nee use for fatgl hyphaceke sof sbuctutes, whi loose tat "gio ioversy wren come m cortact wth Kqules Critical Point Drying ‘ir Drying For this method, tid CO, Isusod (ear foo. HMDS or TS ao usea tnsmethed, Faire vaper Mroguees ited xportise Pranctete soaked ns ow fn equoments. a wih same Grape ctasmium ‘Specimen on lanchete, Sad a HMOs = — fos Foxamatylislazare Ait luduian ms lestcatar Freeze any - Tevametntsiene Mounting ‘SEM Ina scanning election microscope, primary electrons ‘Samples ae moun on SEM stubs. ‘Ath lye of metals apustered with ? 3 | ‘ho nap of sults coat, Spur coat sweep actoss the specrnen an knack electrons rom [fs satace, These secondary electrons ae pcked uD by a colbcio, arpiiled and tarsmiftod ono a ening screen or photographie ple Ektron cole Secondary ‘lecrone Soecimen ‘aerpttert 44> JANUARY 2017» BIOLOGY SPECTRUM©) GOLDEN OLDIES LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT , A collection of Best Questions of Medical Entrance Exams. 1. Select the correct matching of the type of the joint with the example in human skeletal system, [CBSE AIPMT 2014) Exampl Between frontal and parietal 'Belwoen third and fourth, ‘cervieal vertebrae ‘Between humerus and pectoral girdle ‘Between earpals ‘Types of Joint (@ Cartilaginous joint ) Pivot joint () Hinge joint @) Gliding joint 2. Choose the incorrectly matched pair. [W8 JE 2014) (@) Portion of myofbril”~Sarcomere between two Z-lines )lsotropicband~Actin {c)Anizotropicband—_— Myosin (Contra part of Eband — Mele Match the following Columns. IEAMCET 2014] Column I Column It ‘A. Dygomatic bone 1. Keystone bone of cranium B, Lacrimal bone |2, Cheek bone of eranium ©. Parietal bone —_|3, Smallest hone of face D. Sphenoid bone |4. Roof of cranium 15. Floor of eranium Codes ABCD ABCD 1352 2451 2413 @23465 4. Which option is correct for the region labelled as A,B,C and D in the given diagram? (Guj. CET 2014) Ele (@) Scapula Clavicle = Humerus Ulna () Clavicle Seapula Humerus Radius (©) Clavicle Uina Radius Humerus (@)Clavicle Glenoid cavity Radius Ulna 5. Select the correct statement regarding the specific disorder of muscular or skeletal system. [NEET 2013] (@) Muscular — Age related shortening of muscles dystrophy () Osteoporosis Decrease in bone mass and higher chances of fractures with advancing, age (©) Myasthenia — Autoimmune disorder which inhibits mravie sliding of myosin filaments @ Gout = Inflammation of joints due to extra deposition of calcium 6. The main differonce between bone and cartilage is of INEET 2013] (4) mineral salts (6) Haversian canals (e)lymph vessels (4) blood vessels 7. Chemical ions responsible for musele contraction are INEET 2013] fa)Ca?” and K* fe)Na* and Ca** ()Nay and (d)Ca** and Mg** 8. Osteomalacia is a deficiency disease of WB JFE 2012), (o) infants due to protein energy malnutrition (6) adults due to protein energy malnutrition (¢) adults due to vitamin-D deficiency (4) infants due to vitamin-K deficieney 9. Which of the following options shows correct order of some stages of muscle contraction from the beginning to the end of the process? —[Guj. CET 2012] (@) Stimuli» Nouroteansmiter secretion» Release of Ca”! — Cross bridges formation + Excitation of Tsystem-> Sliding of actin filaments (&) Stimuli-> Neurotransmitter seerelion-» Excitation of ‘Tayatem > Relon of Ca" > Cross bridges formation © Sliding of actin filaments > “H"band diminishes (©) Stimuli» Excitation of system -» Neurotransmitor sceretion > Cross bridges formation > Sliding of atin filaments» 1 band diminishes (@) Stimall-> Neurotransmatar secretion» Cross bridges formation > Excitation of Taystem> Sliding of actin filaments 10. Which is common to kidney and skeleton in mammals? (BHU 20121 (a) Cortex (@ Radius (@)Medulla (6) Pelvis, BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 45© GOLDEN OLDIES 11. Zygomatie arch of rabbit is formed of (UP CPM 2012) ‘(@) maxilla, periotic and jugal (@) perioti, jug and palatine {c) maxilla, aquamosal and jogal (@ maxilla, peemaxilla and aquamosal 12. The sensation of fatigue in the muscles after prolonged strenuous physical work is caused by [MMT CET 2011) (a decrease in the supply of oxygen (@) minor wear and tear of muscle fibres (6) the depletion of glucose (@ the accumulation of lactic acid 13, Scapula is a large triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal part of the thorax between the [kerala CEE 2011) (2) second and seventh ribs (d) third and eighth ribs (a) second and fitth ribs (6) third and sixtn ribs (@) fourth and seventh ribs 14, The joint found in head of upper arm and pectoral girdle is (oyee 2010 (a) hinge joint (dy ball and socket joint {© gliding joint (saddle joint 15, Read the following statements regarding muscle proteins IKerala CEE 2010} I. Actin is a thin filament and is made up of two F-actins, IL. The complex protein, tropomyosin is distributed at regular intervals of troponin. ‘Myosin is a thick filament which is also a polymerised protein, IV. The globular head meromyosin consists of Light ‘Meromyosin (LMM). Which of the above statements are correct? (a), Wand IIL @)1, Mand 1V (oiTand IIT (@ Mand v (Ui, Manav 16. Which one of the following is incorrectly matched? [Kerela CEE 2010), site (a) Myosin = Contractile protein () Tendon = Connective tissue (o} Smooth muscle — Involuntary muscle (@)Red muscle =~ Myoglobin (@ Troponin = Fibrous protein 17, Which of the given bones divide olfactory eapsules in rabbit into left and right halves? TEAMCET 2009] I. Nasals IL. Premaxillae TIL. Maxillae TV. Mesethmoid Codes wt ow om @m 18, Which one of the following items gives its correct total number? {CBSE AIPM 2008) (a) Plating ribs in humans ~ 4 (@) Amino acids found in proteins ~ 16 (c) Types of diabetes — (@) Cervical vertebrae in humans ~ 8 46 > JANUARY 2017 > BIOLOGY SPECTRUM, 19. In the pelvie girdle of man A, B,C, D and E respectively represent. [Kerala CFE 2008) (@) A-Pubis, B-Acetabulum, C-ium, D-tschium, E-Pubie symphysis (atta, symphysis (©) ATschiam, B-Acstabulum, C-Pubis, D-Iium ,E-Pubie symphysis (@) AcTium, B-Pubis, C~Acstabulum, D-Pubic symphysis, Btschium (©) A-Tlum, B-Acstabulum, C-Pubie symphysis, D-lechism, E-Pubis 20. Study the following statements. (EAMCET 2008) 1. The accumulation of pyruvic acid in the muscle causes fatigue. IL. ATP is resynthesised in the muscle by the phosphorylation of ADP by a phosphogen. UI, Cori’s eycle occurs in the muscles. IV. The phosphogen in the vertebrate muscle is arginine phosphate. The correct set of answers for muscle contraction is (@)tand it and IV (@ttand (Mand Mt 21. Sigmoid notch is formed by [DUMET 2008) (a) cavity formed by humerus (©) cavity formed by radio-ulna (© cavity formed by tbio-bula (a) cavity formed by femur }-Acstabulum, C-Pubis, D-lechium, E-Pubie 22, From outer to inside, the sequence of three bones present in the middle ear of mammals is (BHU 20071 {@) malleus tapos and ineus stapes, malleus and incu (e) malleus, ineus and stapes) inca, malleus and stapes 23. Consider the following statements. (Kerala CEE 2007) 1. Inman, vertebral column has 38 bones organised as 28 bones. IL Pelvie girdle is made up of two fused bones only. ILL. Osteoporosis is characterised by micro-architectural deterioration of the bone, Codes {ol Lis correst fo) Wis correct, fo) Wis ncoreect (0) Tis correct, (a) Tis incorrect 24. ‘This joint is made for power (@) joint between vertebrae (e) knoe joint [Gui, CET 2007] (6) mandibular joint (d) suture in cranium 25. Striped muscles are characterised by (@) syncytial (©) spindle shape (c) uninucleate (d) None of these 2006)Answers with Explanation 1. (a) Gliding joint isa type of synovial joint, found between carpal bones and tarsal bones. ‘Whereas, cartilaginous joint is found between surfaces of| sul bones, pivat joint is found between the atlas and axis and hinge joint is found in elbow, knee, ankle and interphalangeal joints, 2. (a) L-band is considered asa light band and contains a protein actin. It has a dark membrane called Z-line (not ‘Mline) which isan elaste fbr, Its also called Z-dise or Dobie's line. The part of the _myofibril between two successive Z-lines is called sarcomere (functional unit of contraction). 3. (@) The zygomatic bone, also called cheek bone or malar bone, is a diamond-shaped bone below and lateral to the orbit (eye socket). The lacrimal bone, the smallest and ‘most fragile bone of the face is situated at the front part of ‘the medial wall of the orbit. The parietal bones are bones in the human skull which, when joined together form the sides and roof of the eranium, Sphenoid bone is « prominent, irrogular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull, The sphenoid bone is also, Jknown as the keystone of the cranial floor because, itis in contact with all of the other eranial bones. 4, ) The given diagram shows the bones of hand (forelimb), The different labelled parts are uma) ‘A-Clavicle It isa long bone that serves as an articulation ‘between the scapula and sternum, I is the only bone in the body that lies horizontally. Also known as collar bone, B-Scapula It isthe bone that connects humerus with the clavicle, In human, itis a flat bone, roughly triangular in shape. It is also called upper arm bone. (C-Humerus It isa long bone in the arm (forelimb) that runs from the shoulder to the elbows It connects primarily to ulna, [D-Radius It is the shorter ofthe two bones ofthe forearm (the other is ulna), Ibis the bone on the thumb side of the arm, It contributes to the movement of the wrist 5. (b) Osteoporosis is an age related disease in which bones loose minerals and fibres from the matrix causing decreased bone mass and highor chances of fractures with advancing ‘age, Major causative factors of osteoporosis are imbalance of | ‘hormones like caleitonin of thyroid, parathormone of pparathyroids, sex hormones and deficiencies of ealeium and vitamins 6. () Cartilage isa solid but semi-rigid and flexible connective tissue while bone is a solid, rigid and strong connective tissue. Haversian canals are found in bones of ‘mammals only: Thus, itis the main difference between them. 7. (d) Ca®* and Mg® are necessary for muscle contraction. Myosin + Actin "2 Actomyosin ATP+H,0 "5 ADP + Pi+ Eneney 8. (e)Defcieney of vitamin-D causes weak bones, bone deformities, rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults Marasmus is caused due to protein energy malnutrition 9. (The contraction of skeletal muscle includes ulteastrictral and biochemical event, Utrastractral events lead with stimuli excitation of system followed by eross bridge formation (myosin and actin filaments involved) and the eros bridge breakage. The biochemical events explain tht stimuli leads to neurotransmitter secretion, excitation of system and release of Ca” 10. (e) The term ‘pelvis’ is common to both kidney and skeleton in mammals, In relation to kidney, it ean be described as a chamber in the kidney into which the urine drains from renal tubules before passing to the ureter. For skeleton, it is related with pelvic girdle or hip girdle. 11. (@) Jugal is narrow wavy bone. It connects zygomatic processes of squamosal and maxilla forming ‘zygomatic arch" in rabbit. 12, (a) The reduction in foree of contraction of a muscle after prolonged stimulation is called musele fatigue. The accumulation of lactic ueid leads to muscle fatigue. 13. () Scapulais large triangular flat bone situated in the dorsal part ofthe thorax botween the second and t seventh ribs. The dorsal, lat, triangular hody of seapula has aslightly elevated ridge called the spine which projects as a flat, expanded process called acromion, 14, () Head of humerus (upper arm) and glenoid cavity of pectoral girdle form hall and socket joint, ball of one bone articulates in socket of another hone allowing free movement, imall planes. 15. (e) Statements I and III are correct. ‘The other statements in correct form are: ‘Tropomyosin is fibrous molecule that attaches to F-actin in the groove between its filaments. Troponin-T binds to ‘tropomyosin as well as to troponin-I and troponin-C. The globular head of meromyosin consists of HMM (Heavy meromyosin). 16. e) Troponin is a component of thin filaments (alongwith actin and tropomyosin) and is the (globular) protein to which calcium binds to accomplish the regulation of musclo (cardiac and skeletal) contraction. 17. (b) The olfactory capsule in case of mammals (e. rabbit) is taken into the facial region. These capsules are dorsally bounded by an elongated, flat, membranous, nasal bone; ventrally by Y-shaped vomers and laterally by ‘premaxilla and maxilla bone, Medially the two chambers are separated by a cartilaginous internasal septum of rmesethmoid bone. To be Continued at Page 63 BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 47CONCEPT MAP Revision Too! MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE Microbes are small organisms which are not visible to naked eyes because of thee very sll sie. Though, microbes are caul agents of most ofthe infectious diseases, they have aleo been used by man nd natare formany important processes. © HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS Microbes are wied in the producion of many household products. Some of them areas allows @airy PRopUcTs Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) like-Lactobcilue are added to milk Tey convertacos sugar of mk into lactic acid, Lactic cid cases coagulation ad prt AHO, + ci, co coon +) (eeeat mete el eaten meric diet oma ts ne wih be ea eae + Bag ima pf methane (50709), carbon dioxide (30-40%) with traces ofnitrogen, hydrogen supheandbydrogen cea erecta tee caeeneet digestion of animal and other organic wastes. The paar ed eae set = [ene sompoura) ‘rMoramr Saget! Decopaset snes ‘Stages in anarobic digestion during biogas formation ‘Aiogas plant + Gluconic acid is prepared by the activity of Aspergillus niger and Pencil species. + Butyric acid is produced during fermentation activity ofbacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum. B ALCOHOLS + Ethanol, methanol, propanol and butanol an be produced by fermentation activity of some fengi eg yeast, Mucor, Rhizopus) and bacteria {€ Clostrdium acetobutylicum) + The alcohols are important industrial solvents © ENZYMES + Proteases ae obtained fom Morierlla renspora, Aspergillus and Baca

MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE Practice 'SHOTS) |. Which of the following is incorrectly matched in the given table? [NEET phase 1 2016] Microbe Product Application (@) Monascus ‘Statins Lowering of blood purpureus cholesterol ®) Streptococcus Stroptokinase Removal of clot from blood vessel () Clostridium — Lipase Removal of oil butyticum stains (@) Trichoderma Cyelosporin-A_Immunosuppressive polysporum drug 2. Match the Column I with Column II and select the correct option using the codes given below. INEET phase 1 2016] Column T Column Tr A Citric acd 1. Trichoderma B. Cyclosporin 2. Clostridium ©. Statins 8. Asperltes D._Butyrc acid 4 Monascus Codes ABCD ABCD (3124 marae @142s ws 412 3. Which gases are produced in anaerobic sludge digesters? {CBSE AIPM 20141 (a) Methane and CO, only (@) Methane, hydrogen sulphide and CO, () Methane, hydrogen sulphide and O,, (@ Hydrogen sulphide and CO,, 4. Which one of the following is an example of carrying out biological control of pestsidiseases using mierobes? [CBSE AIPM 20121 (a) Trichoderma sp. against certain plant pathogens (@) Nucleopolyhedrovirus against white rust in Brassiea (6) B cotton to increase cotton yield (2) Lady bird beetle agninst aphids in mustard ;. ‘The most abundant prokaryotes helpful to human in making curd from milk and in production of antibiotics are the ones categorised as (@ cyanobacteria [CBSE AtPMT 2012], (@) archacbacteria (6) chemosynthetie autotrophs (@ heterotrophic bacteria 50 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 6. 10. mM. 12, 13. 14. Monascus purpureus is a yeast used commercially in the production of [CBSE AIPMT 2012} (a) othanol (@) stroptokinase for removing clots from the blood vessels (6) citrie acid (@) blood cholesterol lowering statins ‘Yeast is used in the production of (CBSE AIPMT 2012] (citric acid and lactic acid (@) lipase and poctinase () bread and beer (@) cheese and butter In gobar gas, the maximum amount is that of [CBSE AIPMT 2012] (a) butane () methane () propane (@) carbon dioxide Nitrifying bacteria [CBSE AtrM 2011} (@) convert feo-nitrogen to nitrogen compounds (© convert proteins into ammonia (6) reduce nitrates to free-nitrogen (@ oxidise ammonia to nitrate Ethanol is commercially produced through a particular species of [CBSE AIPMT 2011] (@) Clostridium (6) Trichoderma () Aspergillus (d) Saccharomyces ‘An organism used as a biofertiliser for raising soyabean crop production is [CBSE AIPMT 2011] (@) Azospirillum (6) Rhizobium () Nostoc (4) Azotobacter ‘The plant most commonly used as green manure is (a) Delbergia sissoo (6) Polyalthea (e) Sesbania aculeata (a) None of those Biogas is pathogen free because (a) anaerobic digestion removes pathogens and bacteria, (@) itis toxie to pathogens () during decomposition, it produces antibioties (@) cattle dung is pathogen free Azolla is used as a biofertiliser because it (a) multiplies vory fast to produce massive biomass (b) has association of nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium {o) has association of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria (@) has association of mycorrhiza15. 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 26. Which is a bioinsecticide? (a) Cactoblastiscactorum (6) Anabaena (e) Bacillus thuringiensis (d) Rhizobium Which one of the following is used as biological insecticide? (a) Tiger beetle (@) Silkmoth (@) Caterpillar (d) Majra poka Which of the following aquatic weeds is not used in production of biogas? (a) Bichhornia erassipes (6) Pistia stratiotes (b) Hydritta (@ Spirulina Rotenone is a (a) bioherbicide (©) commonly used biofertiliser (@) bioinsocticido (@ juvenile hormone Among the following free-living nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium is (@) Azospirillum (@) Stigonema () Autosire (@) Both (b) and (&) ‘Statins are obtained by the fermentation activity of (a) Trichoderma (6) Aspergillus (@) Monascus @ Bacillus Pasteurisation temperature is (@) 72°C for 20 min (6) 63°C for 18 see (©) 10°C for 18 see (@ 65'C for 30 min ‘Non-symbiotie nitrogen-fixation takes place by (a) Anabaena, Nostoc, Rhizobium (@) Nostoc, Azotobacter, Clostridium (6) Azotobacter, Nitrosomonas, Rhizobium (@) Anabaena, Nitrosomonas, Preudomonas Pollution from animal excreta and organic waste from kitchen can be most profitably minimised by (@) storing them in underground storage tanks (@) using them for producing biogas (@) vermicalture (@) using them directly as biofertilisers A good example for organic fertiliser, which improves phosphorus uptake, is (a) VAM fangs () Rhizobium (6) Azospirillum (@) None of these “Ploes' is (a) The primary shudge produced in sewage treatment ®) atype of biofortified food () a meshslike structure formed by the association of bacteria and fungal filaments in sewage treatment (@) the effluent in primary treatment tank obtained during sewage treatment Which one of the following pesticides is banned now-a-days? (@DDT () Bldrin () Aldrin @ Toxaphene {© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 27. Match the following Columns, Column 1 Column 1 ‘A BOD I, ‘Treatment of sewage B, KVIC 2, Measure of organic matter in water . LAB 3. Biological methods for controlling plant diseases D. STPs 4. Increases vitamin-B,, Production of biogas Codes ABCD ABCD 4325 5281 2145 2541 28. Microorganism used for commercial production of acctic acid is (a) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (0) Aspergillus niger (c) Acetobacter (@) Clostridium butylicwm 29. Viruses of the genus-Nucleopolyhedro virus are employed as (a) gobar gas producers (6) biological control agents (6) anacrobie sludge digesters (d) antibiotics 30. ‘Roquefort cheese’ is ripened by using a (a) type of yeast (6) fungus (0) bacterium (@) eyanobacteria Answers 102) 8) B.A 6) 2) BH) 8G} TL) 11.(0) 12. (0) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (c) 180) 1) 18.64) 20.(0) Zi) 220) 2A) AD —-25.EC) 26.(0) 27.16) 2B) 28) 80.06) ELEPHANTS Elephants are the largest land-living mammal in the world. An elephant’s trunk can grow to be about 2m long and can weigh up to 140 kg. Some scientists believe that an elephant’s ‘trunkis made up of 100000 muscles, but no bones. The clephant’s trunk is able to sense the size, shape and temperature of an object. An elephant uses its trunk to lift food and suck up water then pour it into its mouth. BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 51@ CLASS XII SYLLABUS Rapid CONCEPT REVISION (> HUMAN REPRODUCTION REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Male Reproductive System 2. Testes ‘The male reproductive system is located in the pelvis. It includes a pair of testes along with accessory ducts, glands and external genitalia, The diferent parts of human male reproductive system are as fellows: 1. Serotum + It is pouch of deeply pigmented skin. + It contains testes as its temperature is about 2-2.5°C lower than the normal body temperature. This temperature is ideal for the developing. sperms. Male reproductive system inside viow Male reproductive system infront view 52 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM ‘These are primary sex organs ‘Testes remain suspended in the serotum by the spermatic cords. Each testis has about 250 compartments called testicular lobules. Each testicular lobule contains 1-3 highly coiled seminiferous tubules, In the wall of seminiferous tubule Sertoli cells are found These cells secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) and bin, In between seminiferous tubules in the connective tissue, interstitial or Leydig's cells are found. They — secrete androgens (e.g. testosterone). The seminiferous tubules are closed at one end, but on the other side they join rete testis. From here fine ciliated duetules, vasa efferentia arise.Median logtusinal section of mammalian testis (heaatock) useraruy ces) acorn mente Bray sperstoote Seemats Seamatzss ection of mammalian Tests showing seminiferous tubules 8, Epididymis It stores sperms and secretes a fluid to nourish the sperms. 4. Vasa deferentia It carries sperms. 5. Ejaculatory duets They carry sperms and secretion of seminal vesicle. 6. Urethra It provides a common pathway for the flow of urine and semen. 7. Penis It is the male genitalia. 8. Male accessory glands There are three accessory glands: + Seminal vesicle + Prostate gland + Bulbourethral glands or Cowper's glands. Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive System GnRH, secreted by the hypothalamus, stimulates anterior lobe of pituitary gland to secrete LH (in males called ICSH, ic. Interstitial Cells Stimulating Hormone) and FSH. © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION + LIL stimulates testes to secrete androgens, eg. testosterone, + FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to secrete Androgen Binding Protein (ABP) and inhibin. + Inhibin suppresses FSH synthesis. FSH acts directly on spermatogonia to stimulate sperm, production. ee ara ‘egosrors 9] SS tee Hormonal conta of male reproductive system Estrogens are Male Sex Hormones Estragons (eg estradiol are generally considered tobe female sex hormones bt it uns out that estrogens play important roles in the reproductive biology and sowal behaviour of malas as well. For estrogens to act as mala hormones, they must be present in male tissues, bind oestrogen receptors (ER-x and ERY) and induce biological responses in mala cells, The male reproductive tac is loaded with ‘estrogen receptors, They are present inthe testis, epididymis, prostate and seminal vesicles Female Reproductive System Human female reproductive system consists of following parts: 1. Ovaries + ‘They are primary sex organs in human female. + ‘The ovaries are located one on each side of the lower abdomen. + ‘They produce ova and several steroid hormones. + ‘The ovary is covered by germinal epithelium. + Beneath the epithelium is tunica albuginea and underlying t is ovarian stroma. It consists of outer cortex and inner medulla. BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 53© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION wage aren, QS hm on ee ee vies Internal 0S: 2. Fallopian Tubes (Oviduets) + Each Fallopian tube consists of infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus and the uterine part. 3. Uterus + It isa hollow, muscular and inverted pear-shaped structure. + It comprises of four parts, viz. fundus, cornua, body and + The wall of uterus consists of perimetrium, ‘myometrium and endometrium. + After puberty the uterus goes through the menstrual eyele. 4. Vagina + Tt isa tube (about 10 em long) that extends from the cervix to the outside ofthe body. 5, External genitalia (Vulva) + It consists of mons pubis, clitoris, labia majora, labia minora and perineum, Laois Female reproductive system in atral view 54 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 6. Breasts + Mammary glands are paired structures containing glandular tissue and variable amount of fat. FFemale's breast in saggital section + The glandular tissue of each breast is divided into 15-20 mammary lobes. containing clusters of cells and alveoli + The alveoli open into mammary tubules which join to forma mammary duet. + Mammary ducts join to form mammary ampulla which is connected to lactiferous duet through which milk is secreted. Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive System ‘The growth, maintenance and functions of the female reproductive organs are under hormonal control. It is summarised in the given figure. = L-[ semiese] pe J ee J eS Hormonal cont of fomPractice ‘SHOTS, |. The shared terminal duet of the reproductive and urinary system in the human male is [CBSE AIPMT 2014], (a) urethra (6) vas deferens (ureter (d) vasa efferentia ‘The testes in humans are situated outside the abdominal cavity inside a pouch ealled scrotum, ‘The purpose served is for ICRSE AIPMT 20111, (a) escaping any possible compression by the visceral organs (@) providing more space for the growth of epididymis, (6) providing a secondary sexual feature for exhibiting the ‘male sex (@) maintaining the serotal temperature lower than the internal body temperature 3. The figure given below depicts a diagrammatic sectional view of the female reproductive system of humans. Which one set of three parts out of A-F have been correctly identified?” [CBSE AMT 20111 “a Cc Selo : 3 Vhs Pu, (o) C-Infundibulum, D-Fimbriae, E-Corvix (©) D-Ovidueal funnel, B-Uterus, P-Carvix (6) APerimtrium, B-Myometriam, C-Fallopian tube (@) B-Endometeium, C-lnfundibuluen, D-Fimbriae 4, Vasa offerentia are the ductules leading from {CBSE AIPM 2010] (a) testicular lobules to rete testis (@) rote testis to vas deferens (6) vas deferens to epididymis (@) epididymis to urethra 5. Seminal plasma in human males is rich in [cBSE AIPMT 2010], (@) glucose and calcium (@ ribose and potassium [CBSE AIPMT 2010], (@) fructose and calcium (@) DNA and testosterone 6. Sertoli cells are found in (a) ovaries and secrete progesterone (®) adronal cortex and secrete adrenaline (6) seminiferous tubules and provide nutrition to germ cells (d) pancreas and secrete cholecystokinin /. The part of Fallopian tube closest to the ovary is [CBSE AIPMT 2010], () infundibulum @ ampulla Labium majora ofa female mammal is homologous to (a) serotal sae (©) epididymis () prostate gland @ seminal gland 1. The endometrium is the lining of (a)bladder (vagina (a) isthmus (c) corvie fo)utorus (a) oviduct 10. m, 12, 13. 14. 15. 16. 17, 18. &)_ RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Ostium is the aperture present in (@ oviduct (b) uterus at uterotubal junetion (d) cloaca In scrotum, for sperm formation temperature should be (a) 3-4°C above body temperature (6) 2-25°C below body temperature (6) 4°C below body temperature (@) at body temperature Sperms are produced in (@) seminiferous tubules (o) glans penis (©) prostate gland (@) ureter ‘The secretion of the seminal vesicles contains (a) fructose (©) prostaglandins (c) clotting proteins (@) All ofthese Serotal sacs of man and rabbit are connected with ‘the abdominal cavity by (@) inguinal canal (o) vaginal cavity (6) Hlaversian canal (4) spermatic canal Given below is a diagrammatic sketch of a portion of human male reproductive system. Select the correct set of the names of the parts labelled as A,B,C and D. \ ~ ptf ¢ D TH A B © D (@ Ureter Prostate Seminal __Bulbourethral vesicle gland (6) Vas Seminal Prostate _Bulbourethral deferens vericle sland (©) Vas Seminal Bulbourethral Prostate deferens vesicle gland (@) Ureter Seminal Prostate _Bulbourethral vesicle land Clitoris in a fomale mammal is (a) non-functional (0) a overgrown structure {6) analogous to penis of male {d) homologous to penis of male Expended proximal part of oviduet is (a) clitoris (6) Fallopian tube (e) fimbriated funnel —_(d) vaginal orifice ‘The inner glandular layer of the uterus is (@) endometrium (©) myometrium (6) Fallopian tubes (d) porimetrium BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 55© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 19. The central vascular tissue of 20. The ovary remains attached to the abdominal wall by a mammalian ovary is called igament called (a) stroma (@) medilia (o) mesonchium (Fallopian tube (@ theca interna (@) corona radiata (©) mesovarium (@) None ofthese GAMETOGENESIS AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE Spermatogenesis Kallmann Syndrome : Kalimann syndrome is ono ofthe mary posible causes of human infers, People * The process of formation of sperms is called with this syndrome exhibit acutous association of infrilty with anosmia ithe spermatogenesis, inaityt9 smo Kallman eyntars sinha: cones associat with ns dsoder + Iboces ‘ofthe 3 loated one X-eomosome (sx kad) rae autosomal. arly of Kallman Ttoceursin the seminiferous tubules ofthe Si seivesuterors can be restored wi tho asmiisation of GH stimulatory testes. agonists, but they woul stl remain anosmc for life, GnRH ells originate nthe + Spermatogenesis includes formation of {eyeloping nasal cavity ofthe embryo. These GnRH cells migrate along the olfactory spermatids and spermatozoa ‘nerves and acts to hypothalamus. They play a oe in contvling pituitary FSH and LH (Gpermiogencsis) secretion and reproduction in adult People with Kallmann syndrome do at develop a otra olfactory system and this afacts the frit. + After spermiogenesis, sperm heads become embedded in the Sertoli cells. Oogenesis + Finally, they are released from the seminiferous tubules by the process called * Iti8 the process of formation of a mature female gamete, spermiation. + It consists of three phases; multiplication, growth and maturation. Spermatozoon Pram Connors, Teel, peal See + The sperms are microscopic and motile cols. i O--OO) te 2 xfEsG(0) sa Son Maruretion| joss fernoe—_Fendice ae te porch ‘re ate @ CeTineoonen Cs os Soe tame) ge ferment . (@)ene sages in oogeness(lgrammate) + An oogonium produces one ovum and three polar bodies. Ovulation + Ovulation is the release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary. The wall of the ovary gets ruptured to release the oocyte. ‘Armarmalon sperrataooon as seen + In humans, it occurs about 14 days before the onset of the next ‘Under electron microscope menstruation. + Sperms remain alive and retain their ability Premenstrual Syndrome to fertilise an ovum from 28-48 hrs after About 70-90% of all women experience some physical and/or emotional difficulties sing been released in the female genital Sf nensuston bps, ath ese spo ae sean of women having been released in the female genital ‘These difficulties are called Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and usually begin 2-10 tract. ays before menstruation. The various physical symptons include cramps, backache, + Atypical mammalian sperm consists ofhend, nausea, dizziness, faigu, breast tendemess, unpleasant tingling or sweling n Manas neck, middle piece and tai ‘and feet, Neurological components of this syndrome include tension, mtbity, pression, anxiety, fod cravings and lack of concentration. 56 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Ovum Cals ofthe Zona peace + The mature ovum is spherical in shape. The human ovum is almost free of yolk "8 2 ervnaline space: and is said to be alecithal. + Its cytoplasm is called ooplasm which contains a large nucleus. Menstrual Cycle + Menstruation is bleeding from the uterus of adult females at intervals of one lunar month, + In human females, the menstruation is repeated at an average interval of about 28/29 days. + The eycle of events starting from one menstruation till the next is called menstrual eycle. The menstrual eycle consists of four phases, viz., menstrual phase, proliferative phase, ovulatory phase and secretory phase. + It is regulated by cortain hormones. The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland influence ovary and hormones secreted by the ovaries affect the walls of the uterus. Frases oe Cr Fane oe Folica Phase ovina Paso conan Corer Son eonadatophe te morsveaes pons ‘mone iors eo Tien LB «Dd nth wh arate o pn ovarian ge, i) CB) Co (Ge tou onan, omen ana oe pS y EP Gee le cae Ovarian in the cycle triggers the antenor puitary 10 ‘Smare ‘ews wie eaves ewan re "Corpus loom secretes vostogon Sno progesterone forthe develooment focur ke dsinogratos hhomones coases ee ‘i 1920 and progesterone, he re iout oostrogen and progesterone, ot fendometum steaks ann Sn menstuakon eccurs As progesterone and oestrogen levels (Gecease, secon of FSH begin 2d anaines foci sevelops Phases ofthe |, Pesaive Sectoy Phase Uterine cycle ewe ses semper t ENE, CO) ae \ DAYS ah 7 The menstrual cycle ° BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 57{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION ‘Menstrual phase Follicular phase (Proliferative phase) Ovulatory phase About Lith Day Luteal phase 15-28 (Secretary phase) ‘Endometrium breaks down, ‘menstruation begins. The cells of ‘endometrium, secretions, blood ‘and the unfertilised ovum constitute the menstrual flow. Progesterone production is redtced, In fact menstrual flow is associated with the withdrawal of progresterone ‘Endometrium rebuilds, FS secretion and oestrogen’s secretion increase, ‘Both LH and FSH attain a peak level. Concentration of oestrogen in the blood is also high and reaches its peak. Ovulation ‘Corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Endometrium thickens and uterine glands become secretory. Menarche and Menopause Beginning of menstruation or first menstruation is called menarche, Menopause is a phase in woman's life when ovulation and menstruation stop, Practice ‘SHOTS 21. Identify the correct statement about ‘inhibin’. INEET phase | 2016] (a) Itis produced by granulosa cells in ovary and inhibits the secretion of FSH (@) Itis produced by granulosa cells in ovary and inhibits the secretion of LIT (©) It is produced by nurse cells in testes and inhibits the secretion of LH (@) IWinhibits the secretion of LH, PSH and prolactin Select the incorrect statement. _{NEET Phase | 2016] (a) LH and PSH trigger ovulation in ovary (6) Lif and FSH docrease gradually during the follicular phase (c) LHI triggers secretion of androgens from the Leydig’s cells (d) FSH stimulates the Sertoli cells which help in spermiogenesis Which one of the following is the correct matching of the events oceurring during menstrual cycle? [CBSE AiPMT 2014), 22. 23. (@) Ovulation — Lif and FSH attain peak level and sharp fall in the seeretion of progesterone @) Proliferative — Rapid regeneration of phase ‘myometrium and maturation of Graafian follicle (@) Development of — Secretory phase and increased corpus luteum secretion of progesterone (@) Menstruation Breakdown of myometrium fand ovum not fertilised 58 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. ‘The second maturation division of the mammalian ICRSE AIPMT 2014] (a) shortly after ovulation before the ovum makes entry into the Fallopian tubo () ntil after the ovum has been penetrated by a sperm (6) until the nucleus ofthe sperm has fused with that ofthe (@) in the Graafian follicle following the first maturation ‘Menstrual flow occurs due to lack of (FSH What is the correct sequence of sperm formation? INEET 2013] (a) Spermatid, Spermatocyte, Spermatogonia, Spermatozoa (@) Spermatogonia, Spermatecyte, Spermatozoa, Spermatid (c}Spermatogonia, Spermatozoa, Spermatocyte, Spermatid (@Spermatogonia, Spermatocyte, Spermatid, Spermatozoa INEET 2013] (@) progesterone (c)oxytocin (a) vasopressin Which one of the following statements is false in respect of viability of mammalian sperms? CBSE AIPM 20121 (a) Sperms are viable for only upto 24 hrs (b) Survival of sperms depends on the pH of the medium and i more ative in alkaline medium (e) Viability of sperm is dtermined by ts motility (4) Sperms must be concentrated in a thick suspension If for some reason, the vasa efferentia in the human reproduetive system get blocked, the gametes will not be transported from CBSE AIPM 20111 (a) epididymis to vas deferens () ovary to uterus (6) vagina to uteras (d) testes wo epidéymis Which one of the following statements about human sperm is correct? CBSE AIPM 20101 (a) Scrosome has a conical pointed structure used for Piercing! and penetrating the egg, resulting in fertilisation (©) Tho sperm Iysins in the acrosome dissolve the og envelope facitatingferstisation (o) Acrosome serves a6 a sensory structure leading the sperm towards the vim () Aerosome serves no particlar function Which option is correct for the region labelled as Aand Bin the given figure? 2 A SoS ws. PPPP (@) AMeiosis (©) AMitosis () AMitosis (@) AMeiosis sein — BSceondary spermatocyte B-Primary spermatocyte B-Secondary spermatocyte B-Primary spermatocyte31. At which stage of the development, ovum is released from the ovary of human female? (a) Primary oocyte (6) Oogonium (e) Secondary oocyte (d) Ootid 32, In oogenesis, all divisions are mitotic except during the formation of (a) cononia (©) primary oocytes (6) first polar body (@) second polar body Withdrawal of which of the following hormones is the immediate cause of menstruation? (Oestrogen FSH (0) FSH-LH (@) Progesterone Which hormone level reaches peak during luteal phase of menstrual eycle? (@) Luteinising hormone (0) Progesterone (c) Follicle stimulating hormone (d) Oestrogen. Match the following Columns and choose the correct option from the codes given below. 34, 35. Column I ‘Column IT A. FSH 1. Prepares endometrium wall for Implantation BOLE 2. Develops female secondary sexual characters ©. Progesterone |3. Contraction of uterine wall D. Oestrogen |4. Development of corpus luteum 5. Maturation of Graafian follicle Codes 36. 37. 38. 39. © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Which one of the following events is correctly matched with the time period in a normal ‘menstrual eycle? (a) Release of egg — Sth day (®) Endometrium regenerates. — 6-14 days () Endometrium secretes — 21-18 days nutrients for implantation (d) Rise in progesterone level — 1.15 days estrogens stimulate the proliferation of the ‘endometrium of the uterine wall during (a) menstrval phase (6) follicular phase () luteal phase {d) ovulatory phase During luteal phase, which hormone stimulates the uterine glands to produce watery mucus? (a) Progesterone (FSH La (d) GnRH Correct sequence of hormone secretion from the beginning of menstruation is (a) FSH, progesterone, oestrogen () oostrogen, FSH, progesterone (o) FSH, oestrogen, progesterone (@) oestrogen, progesterone, FSH ). Consider the given statements. I Proliferative phase is caused by the increased production of oestrogens. 1, During luteal phase endometrium is about 5mm, thiek. IIT, Menstrual flow includes blood only. TV. During ovulatory phase primary oocyte is released. Choose the correct statements. (@) Vand I (6) Land (e) Tana It (a) WandIv PREGNANCY AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Fertilisation + The fusion of a haploid male gamete and a haploid female gamete to form a diploid zygote is called fertilisation. + Fertilisation takes place mostly in the ampullary-isthmie junetion of the oviduct. + Male discharges semen into the female's vagina close to the cervix during coitus. This i called insemination. Capacitation of Sperms * The sperms in the female’s genital tract are made capable of fertilising the egg by secretions of female genital tract. + It is done by removing the substances, which are deposited on the surface of the sperms. It is called capacitation. Cotes Stages of sporm ont into the ovum during fertilisation BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 59{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Implantation + Implantation is the attachment of the blastocyst to the uterine wall. + About 30 hrs after fertilisation, the zygote divides into two cells, the blastomeres, in the upper portion of the Fallopian tube. *+ ‘The next division occurs within 40 hrs after fertilisation and third division about three days after fertilisation. + During these cleavages, the young embryo is slowly moving down the Fallopian tube towards the uterus. + Atthe end of 4th day, embryo reaches the uterus. It has 8-16 blastomeres and itis called morula. | O + Inthe embryo of about 64 cells, a cavity called blastocyst cavity (blastocoel) is formed. This embryo is termed as blastocyst. It consists of an outer envelope of cells called trophoblast and inner cell mass. + ‘The portion of the blastocyst where the inner cell mass is located lies against the endometrium of the uterus. + The blastocyst sinks into a pit formed in the endometrium and gets completely burried in the endometrium, + The embedded blastocyst forms villito get nourishment. Preganancy and Embryonic Development *+ ‘The implantation leads to the pregnancy. It is the time from conception to birth. + ‘Transformation of the blastocyst into the gastrula with primary germ layers by rearrangement of the cells is called gastrulation, am showing ovulation, feriiation age and implantation of blastocyst *+ Gastrulation involves cell movements (morphogenetic movements) to attain new shape and morphology. 60 » JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM + As a result three germ layers namely ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are formed, Placenta plays an important role in pregnancy. It is the intimate connection between the foetus and uterine wall of the mother to exchange materials. + Placenta performs following functions; nutrition, respiration, excretion, storage. + It acts as an efficient barrier and allows only necessary materials to pass into the foetal blood, + It secretes oestrogens, progesterone, human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), human Chorionic Somatomammotropin (hCS), chorionic thyrotropin, chorionic carticotropin and relaxin, Organs Formed iret cleavage starts about 24 hrs after ertilistion. A blastocyst is formed about 45 days after fertilisation with more than 100 cells. Implantation takes place 6-9 days after fertilisation, ‘The three primary germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm) develop. ‘Woman will not have a period. This may bo the first sign that she is prognant. /Boginnings of tho backbone. Neural tube develops, the beginning of the brain. and spinal cord (frst organs) Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Heart, blood vessels, blood and gut starts forming. Umbilical éord starts developing. Brain developing, ‘Limb buds’, small swellings which are the beginnings of the ‘arms and legs. Heart is a large tube and starts to beat, pumping blood. This ean be teen on an ulirasound tea, Week 5 Week 6 Eyes und ears start to form,Organs Formed All major internal organs developing. Face forming. Eyes have some colour. ‘Mouth and tongue develop, Boginnings of hands and fect. By Week 12 | Foetus fully formed, with all organs, rmuseles, bones, toes and fingers, Sex ‘organs well develop. Foetus is moving. By Week 20 | Hair boginning to grow, including eyebrows and eyelashes. Fingerprints developed, Fingernaila and toonails growing. Firms hhand grip, Between 16 and 20 weeks baby usually felt moving for first time. Week 24 | Byelids open. Legal limit for abortion in most circumstance, By Week 26 | Has a good chance of survival if born prematurely. By Week 28 | Raby moving vigorously. Responds to touch and loud noises. Swallowing amniotic fluid and urinating By Week 30 | Usually ying head down ready for birth, 40 Weeks | Birth @ months 7 days) + The act of expelling the full term young one from the mother’s uterus at the end of gestation period is called parturition. + It is induced by both nervous system and hormones secreted by the endocrine glands of the mother (oxytocin, relaxin). + The signals for child birth originate from the fully mature foetus and placenta which induce mild uterine contractions called foetal ejection reflex. + Labour pain can be divided into three stages: ( Stage of dilation Rupturing of the amniotic sac and complete dilation of cervix. (Gi) Stage of expulsion The baby passes through the cervix and vagina. Itis delivered or born. di) Placental stage Placenta or ‘afterbirth’ is expelled by powerful uterine contraction. Lactation + Production of milk in the mammary glands is called Jactation. + Secretion and storage of milk begins within 24 hrs of the birth of young one. It oceurs under the influence of hormone prolactin. + However, the ejection of milk is stimulated by the hormone oxytocin, &)_ RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Colostrum + The first milk that comes from the mammary glands of ‘the mother just after child birth for 2-3 days is called colostrum, + This is yellowish fluid which contains cells from the alveoli. + It is rich in protein (lactalbumin and laetoprotein), ‘but low in fat. + It contains IgA antibodies that provide passive immunity to the new born infant. Practice, ‘SHOTS. 41, Match the Column I with Column II and select the correct option using the codes give below. INEET phase 2016) ‘Column T Column I ‘A, Mons pubis 1. Embryo formation B, Antrum| 2. Sporm ©. Trophoectoderm |3. Female external genitalia D. Nebenkern 4. Graafian follicle Codes ABCD ABCD @s424 @sai2 jai.4a2 @i432 42. Select the correct option describing gonadotropin activity in a normal pregnant female. [CBSE AIPM 2018) (@) Tigh level of FSH and LIT simulates the thickening of endometrium (©) High level of FSH and LH facilitate implantation of the embryo (©) High level of hCG stimulates the synthesis of oestrogen and progesterone (@) High level of MCG stimulates the thickening of endometrium 8 The first movement of the foetus and appearance of hair on its head are usually observed during which month of pregnancy? ICRSE AIPMT 2010] fa) Fourth month, (6) Fifth month (e) Sixth month (d) Third month 44, Ovum receives the sperm in the region of (@) animal pole (©) vegetal pole (e) equator (d) pigmented area Capacitation of sperm occurs in (a) female genital tract (6) vas deferens (c) vas efforens (d) vagina A chemical fertilisin is produced from (a) polar bodies (6) middle piece of sperm (e) acrosome (d) mature eggs BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 61© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION 47. Secretion from which of the following structures is preparing inner wall of uterus for implantation? (a) Ovary (@) Pituitary gland (} Corpus luteum (@) Ovarian follicle 48. Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct option from the codes given below. ‘Column I Column I ‘A. Acrosomal reaction |1, Fusion of plasma membrane of oocyte and sperm [B. Cortical reaction |2, Male pronuclous ©. Sperm entry 3. Sperm lysins D._Amphitmixis 4. Cone of reception Codes ABCD ABCD @si42 Ma124 @4a2. wi2zs4 49. The phenomenon of sperm activation in mammals is known as capacitation. It takes about (a) the (O)56brs (24 bre 50. Polyspermy refers to (a) formation of many sperms by a male (©) changes in sperm mucleus () formation of many sperms (@) penetration of many sperms into an ovum simultancously 51. Identify the correctly matched pairs of the germ layers and their derivatives. (4) 10-12 brs L Eetoderm = ——_Epidermis I. Endoderm = — — Dermis TIL. Mesoderm = — Muscles TV. Mesoderm © — —Notochord V. Endoderm — Enamel of teeth (1, Mand Iv @)1,11, Wand Vv (Tana (@Vand 1 52. Which of the following hormones are secreted in large quantities during pregnancy in women? () KCG, progesterone, oestradiol and FSH (©) HCG, HPL, progesterone, oestrogen and LHL () LH, oestrogen and oestradiol (d) bCG and APL 53. The correct sequence of embryonie development is (o) Blastula - Morula - Zygote - Gastrula - Embryo (©) Zyeote- Blastula - Morula - Gastrula - Embryo (c) Zygote - Morula - Blastula - Gastrula - Embryo (d) Gastrula - Morula -Zygote - Blastula - Embryo 54. In the given figure identify A, B and C. 62» JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM. A B c (@) Plug of mucous Placental villi Umbilical cord (©) Umbilical cord Placental villi Plug of mucous in (¢) Umbilical cord Plug of mucous Placental villi (d) Placental villi Plug of mucous Umbilical cord 55. ‘The process of delivery of the foetus is called (@) parturition (6) implantation (6) fertilisation (a) lactation 56, What does A, B and C represent in the following flow chart? Somme —+ [A> [Erste (a) A-Oxytocin, B-Uterus, CSlow contraction of uterus (6)A-Progesterone, B-Oxytocin, C-Slow contraction of uterus (c)A-Placenta, B-Oxytocin, C-Vigorous contraction of uterus (@)A-Oxytocin, B-Placenta, C-Vigorous contraction of uterus 57. Hormone which causes the parturition is {@) oestrogen (©) oxytocin () prostaglandins (4) Allofthese 58. Tho process of secretion of milk from the mammary lands of human female is {@) lactation (©) gastrulation (6) lastuation (@) morulation 59. Adrenocorticotropie Hormone (ACTH) is secreted during (a) parturition (©) lactation ‘oJ menstruation (@) cleavage 60. The serotal flexibility of pubic symphysis and ligaments of the serotal and sacrococeygeal joints is caused by (a) relaxin @)lactin (©) prolactin (@) progesterone Answers 1.(@) 2d) 3.) 4.0) 5.) 6.(0) 7.0) 8.(a) 8.(c) 10.(0) 1.(0)—12,(@) 18.0) 14a) 15,00) 16.1) 17.0) 18a) 18a) 20.) 2tfa) 22.0} 28.(6) BL) 8. (a) 26.6) 27a) 28a) 8.) BO.KC) 311) 82 BB] 8A) 36.16) 97.6} 98.(a) 99.) 41) 42.6) 43.(0) 44.) 5. 46.0) 47.(0)—48.(a) 49.0) 50.0) St.fa) 52.0) 58.(b) 54,0) 85. (a) 56.(d) 87.0) 58.(a)—S8.(a) 0.)MASTER STROKES 61. The haemoglobin of a human foetus (@) has a lower affinity for oxygen than that of the adult (@) has affinity for oxygen same as that of an adult (has only two protein subunits instead of four (@) bas higher affinity for oxygen than that of an adult 62. Bggs which have yolk in the contre surrounded by cytoplasm are called (a) centrolecithal (6) microlecithal () homolecithal (@)alecithal 63. Somo important events in the human female reproduction eycle are given below. Arrange the events in proper sequence. I Secretion of FSH I. Growth of corpus luteum IIL. Growth of the follicle and oogenesis, IV. Ovulation V. Sudden increase in the level of LH @M414WV40sV WI>M+VoVo0 @I5W3MSV50 @M>IoMoWov 64. The chemical substance released by activated spermatozoa that acts on the ground substances of the follicle cells is known as (a) progesterone (hyaluronidase (orelaxin (@) gonadotropin 65. In most of the mammals the testes are extra abdominal in serotal sacs, because (a) no sperms will be produced if testes are abdominal (@) thereisittle space in the abdominal cavity for the testes Continued from Page 47 18, (a) There are 12 pairs of ribs in human which form the bony lateral walls ofthe thoracic cage. The last two pairs of ribs (otal four) are called floating ribs because their anterior ends, are not attached to either the sternum or the eartilage of another rib, The floating ribs protect the kidneys, 19. (6) In the given figure, 20. (d) The ATP is actively and continuously replenished by tenergy rich muscle phosphogen. In muscles, the pyruvie acid produced by glycolysis is transformed into lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. Accumulation of lactic acid in the muscle eauses fatigue. In the liver, 80% of lactic acid is resynthesised by 1 process called Cori's eyele, 21. (a) In rabbit, at the elbow joints, ulna projects beyond the radius as an olecranon process, which has a deep sub-terminal sigmoid notch for articulation with the distal end of humerus, (o) in the scrotum the temperature is slightly lower which helps in sperm formation (@) Allofthe above 66. Cryptochidism is a condition in which testes are (@) surgically removed {@) not developed in foetus (o) unable to produce sperms () unable to descend in serotal sacs 67. How many sperms and ova will be produced from 25 spermatocytes and 25 primary oocytes respectively? {@) 100 sperms and 100 ova (b) 100 sperms and 50 ova (©) 100 sperms and 25 ova (d) 50 sperms and 25 ova 68. In human female the fertilised egg undergoes cleavage and becomes a (a) gastrula (@)blastula (c) blastocyst (d)blastocoe! 69. In embryos of placental mammals (a) yolk sac develops but has no yolk (®) yolk sae does not develop (© yolk sac develops and has yolk (@) None ofthe shove 70. Zona pellucida disintegrates just (@) after fertilisation (0) before fertilisation (©) midway during cleavage (d) after completion of cleavage Answers 611d) 6a) 83.10) BAGO) 66.10) 67. (6 68.() 68.48) 22. (¢) The middle ear cavity in mammals charactoristically, contains a chain of three little bones called ear ossicles extending botweon the tympanie membrane and the fenestra ovalis. These are called from outside as the malleus (hammer), ineus (anvil and stapes (stirrup), so named because of their characteristic shapes, 23. (e) The pelvic girdle consists of paired hip bones, connected, in front at the pubie symphysis and behind by the sacrum. Hach is made up of three bones-ilium, iachium and pubis, 24. (b) Movements of organs occur due to pulling ofthe bones caused by the force generated by contracting muscles. ‘Movement takes place along the joints, These all functions as lever, which are divided into three categories. These levers are aimed at power and speed. The mandibular joint is for power. It is a joint between the head of mandible and the mandibular fossa and articular tubercle ofthe temporal bone, Iti also called temporomandibular joint, 25. (a) Striped muscles are also known as skeletal muscle or voluntary muscle, These muscles are made up of large ‘number of fibres, Skeletal muscle fibres are multinucleated and syncytial. BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 63© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION (> REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH-PROBLEMS AND STRATEGIES According to the World Health Organsiation (WHO) reproductive health means a total well being in physical, emotional, social and behavioural aspects in reproduction, sop ate. ExwMarags att wont) apeicwe | ih Prbioms =" vars TN au nett "EGY ESI E Strategies Different strategies that can be used to obtain reproductively healthy society are as follows: + Family planning programme. + Awareness about reproduction. + Sex education. + Knowledge of growth of reproductive organs and STDs. + Birth control devices and care of mother and child. + Prevention of sex abuse and sex related crime, + Information about reproduction related problems, + Research in reproductive health area. + Medical facilities. + Ibis a foetal sex determination and disorder test. Itis based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. Cells of foetus skin and other sources are used for this test. Chorionic Villi Sampling (CVS) Chorionic Vill Sampling [CVS is another metnod of prenatal detection of gonctic dfoes. Itcan bo perform inthe fst ‘wimester of pregnancy It can yield Some results within day ofthe test rather than the weak wait ‘equired for amniocentesis The technique invoes the insotion o a smal plastic cathatr though tho conic or transabdominally into the uterus, About 20 mg of chorionic vl tissue is withéravn for chromosomal studios of he foots Armiocontsis (64 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM. ‘+ If it is established that the child is likely to suffer from a serious incurable congenital defect, the mother should get the foetus aborted, ‘+ Amniocentesis is being misused to kill the normal female foetus. It is legally banned for the determination of sex to avoid female foeticide, Population Explosion Population is defined as the total number of individuals of a species prosent ina particular area ata given time Population Growth + Four basic processes are involved in the increase or decrease of the population size + Natality and immigration contribute an increase in population while mortality and emigration decrease the population. + The population density is the number of individuals of a species per unit area/space ata time, Number of individuals (V) ‘Space (S) Population density (D) + Natality Birth rate + Mortality Death rate + Immigration Number of individuals that have come into the population, -ation Number of individuals who left the habitat. Reasons for High Population Growth ‘The two main factors for the inerease in human population ale + Emi (i) decrease in death rate Gi) increase in span of life Overpopulation leads to a number of problems like poverty, food supply, hygienic condition, unemployment, housing problem, pollution, education problem, ete. Practice, ‘SHOTS, 1. ‘The pormissible use of the technique amniocentesis is for [CBSE AIPM 2010] (@) detecting sex ofthe unborn foetus (©) artificial insemination (c)transfor of embryo into the uterus ofasurrogate mother (detecting any genetic abnormality10. 12, In India first census was carried out in (ist 1872) 1958, Marriageable age in India is (in years) (a) male 15, female 16 (4) male 25, female 20 (o)male 18, female 21. (@) male 21, female 18 wisi Family planning programme was invented in (a 1920 (6) 1930 (1950 (@) 1951 World Health Organsiation (WHO) was set up in Geneva (Switzerland) on (a) 8th April, 1950 () 10th April, 1949 (o) Teh April, 1948, (d) Th April, 1947 ‘The term reproductive health refers to (a) healthy reproductive organs (0) fertile age of individuals (©) total well being in physical, emotional, social and behavioural aspects in reproduction (@ None of the above In amniocentesis amniotic fluid is used to determine (a) the sex of the infant ) abnormalities in the number of chromosomes (6) certain biochemical and enzymetie abnormalities (@) All ofthe above To achieve a reproductively healthy population different strategies are used. Which one is not true for the same from the given options? (a) sex education in schools (@) prevention of sex abuse (6) research in reproductive health area (@) reduction of marriageable age Amniocentesis is a technique based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo. In India it is (a) legally banned (@) permissible by government (c) legally banned for foetal sex determination (@) banned after 12 weeks of pregnancy ‘The various problems are responsible for an unhealthy reproductive population. Among the following which one is not related with the same? (@) Over population () Barly marriage () Maternal mortality rate. (@) Natality ‘The enormous increase in human population is, called (@) population density (6) population explosion () population diversity (@) All ofthese Main problem of India is its (a) reproductive health () education (6) excess population (@) people's health, 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. &)_ RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Study of population trends is known as (a) kalography (6) psychobiology (o) biography {d) demography Certain characteristic demographic features of developing countries are (a) hhigh fertility, high density, rapidly rising mortality rate and a very young age distribution (©) high infant mortality rate, low fertility, uneven population growth and a very young age distribution (c) high mortality, high density, uneven population growth and a very old age distribution (4) high fertility, low or rapidly falling mortality rate, rapid population growth and a very young age distribution Among the following which eauses the inerease in population density? (a) Natality (6) Mortality (6) Tesmigration (ed) Both (a) and (&) Match the following Columns. Column 1 AL Natality [1 Column 1 ‘Number of individuals that come into the habitat B, Emigration | C. Mortality |, Birth rate Number of individuals who left the habitat D. Immigration |4. Death rate Codes ABCD ABCD @23.i.4 @2341 (2134 @i2ze4 Consequences of overpopulation are (@) poverty (©) unemployment () housing problem (d) Allof the above Among the following which causes decrease in the population density? (a) Natality {) Emigration (©) Immigration (d) None of these ). The main factor(s) responsible for increase in 20. population isfare (a) decrease in maternal mortality rate (&) decrease in infant mortality rate (e)inerease in lifespan (@) All ofthe above If in a population, natality is balanced by mortality, then there will be (a) increase in population growth, (©) decrease in population growth (6) zero population growth (dover population BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 65{© RAPID CONCEPT REVISION BIRTH CONTROL ‘Various contraceptive methods are used for birth control, ‘They can be broadly grouped into two main types temporary and permanent, Temporary Methods of Birth Control ‘Temporary methods are commonly used to postpone or to space birth, They are as follows: 1. Natural Methods ‘These methods avoid meeting of sperm and ovum, Natural Methods ‘31 Binn Control 2. Barrier Methods In these methods ovum and sperms do not meet due to barriers. These are as follows: of Birth Control mndoms are made of thin rubber or latex sheath to cover the penis in the male or vagina land cervix in the female just ‘before coitus. They are disposable, Female condoms are callod femidoms, Tis a soft rubber eup that covers the entrance to uterus. Te prevents sperms to reach an fgg and holds spermicide, Cervical Cap Tris a miniature diaphragm that covers cervix closely. It is fairl effective and can remain J in place longer than diaphragm. cena exp ‘Vault Cap Tes a hemiapheric dome like rubber or plastic cap with a ‘hick rim, It is used for fitting S2 over the vaginal vault over the 3. Chemical Methods (Spermicides) Foam tablets, ereams, jellies and pastes are inserted in the vagina before intercourse. They prevent sperms from entering the uterus. They contain spermicides like lactic acid, citric avid, boric acid, zine sulphate, ete, 66 > JANUARY 2017 » BIOLOGY SPECTRUM 4, Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) These devices are effective and popular methods of birth, control. IUDs are inserted by doctors or expert nurses in the uterus through vagina, 'These are presently available as non-medicated IUDs (e.g. Lippes loop), copper-releasing TUDs (Cu-T, Cu-7, Multiload-375) and the hormone releasing IUDs (Progestasert, LNG-20) Male Hormonal Contraceptives can cause Impotence Development of a male hormonal contraceptive has been slow because of undesirable side effets. Contraceptives that lok testosterone secretion action are kel to decrease ine mal libido or even cause impotence, Some earl male ra convaceptivesineversbly suppressed spam production, However. a combination of oral progestin to suppress sperm production pus injected testosterone to maintain bdo could rove a promising candidate fora mae hormanal contraceptive “wo UD 5. Oral Contraceptive Pills (Oral Pills) They inhibit ovulation and implantation, They work by altering the uterine endometrium to make it unsuitable for implantation. They inhibit the motility and secretory activity of oviducts. They make changes in cervical mucus impairing its ability to allow passage and transport of sperms. “Types of Contractiv Pills 6. Subcutaneous Implants Six matchaticesned capes containing |] the steroid are inserted under the skin of | the inner arm above the elbow. ‘The capsules slowly release the synthetic \® progesterone for about five yeas. Hormone implant «set apsulos 7. Hormone Injections (Depo- Provera) These are progesterone-derived injections. Injection is given once every three months. Tt releases a hormone slowly and prevents ovulation. 8. Morning After Pills (Emergency Contraceptive) ‘These pills can prevent pregnancy if taken within 72 hrs of coitus. They can either suppress ovulation or prevent, ‘eg. pill, PILL-72 and UNWANTED-72,Termination or Permanent Methods of Birth Control Sterilisation (Surgical Method) + Surgical methods block gamete transport and hence prevent fertilisation. + Sterilisation procedure in the male is vasectomy. In it, fa small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small cut on the scrotum. + In females itis termed as tubectomy (tubal ligation). In it, asmall part of the Fallopian tube is removed or tied up through a small cut in the abdomen or through vagina. BR) vasectomy ‘Tubectomy Practice ‘SHOTS, 21. Which of the following is a hormone releasing Intra Uterine Deviee (IUD)? CBSE AlpMt 2014) (a) Maltiload-875, (@)LNG-20 (o) Cervical cap (@) Vault 22, ‘Tubectomy is a method of sterilisation in which [CBSE AIPMT 2014], (a) small part ofthe Fallopian tube is removed or tied up () ovaries are removed surgically (6) small part of vas deferens is removed or tied up () uterus is removed surgically 23. What isthe figure given below showing in particular? {CBSE AtPM 2012] (a) Ovarian cancer (Uterine cancer (@) Tubectomy (@ Vasectomy Which one of the following is the most widely accepted method of contraception in India, at present? [cBSE AIPMT 2011] (a) Tubectomy (@) Diaphragm (c) IUDs (intra Uterine Devices) (@) Cervical caps 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31, 32, 33. © RAPID CONCEPT REVISION Cu ions released from copper-releasing Intra Uterine Devices TUDs) [CBSE AIPMT 2010] (@) make uterus unsuitable for implantation (©) increase phagocytosis of sperms () suppress sperm motility (@) prevent ovulation ‘The technique used to block the passage of sperms in males is (a) tubectomy (6) coitus interruptus (©) vasectomy (@) rhythm method ‘Tablets used to prevent contraception contain (a) progesterone (6) FSH La (@) Both (b) and (e) Which of these is used to control human. population? a) Oestrogen and progesterone (@) IUDs and MTP. (o) Tubectomy and vasectomy (@) All ofthe above Oral contraceptive pill for females developed at CDRI, Lucknow is (a) Mala-D (6) Cortisol (o) Sabeli (d) None of these IUDs which are used by females (@) act as spermicidal jellies () block the entry of sperms into vagina () are implanted under the skin and they release progestogen and oestrogen (@) release copper ions in the uterus that increase phagocytosis of sperms Oral contraceptive pill is composed of {a) oestrogen and progesterone () oestrogen and testosterone () progesterone and testosterone (@) costrogon and growth hormone A contraceptive pill prevents ovulation by ‘@) blocking Fallopian tube (©) inhibiting release of FSH and LE (6) stimulating release of FSH and LIL (@) causing immediate degeneration of released ovam Match the Column I with Column II and choose the correct option from the codes given below. ‘Cohumn 1 (Column I ‘A. The pill __|1. Prevents sperms reaching cervix B, Condom —_|2, Prevents implantation C. Vasectomy |3. Prevents ovulation D. Copper-T _|4, Semen contains no sperm Codes ABCD ABCD @3 412 @2134 @3 142 @eizes BIOLOGY SPECTRUM « JANUARY 2017 < 67