Bilateral Aid Agencies Be LL O The bilateral donors are defined by the funding that goes from national governments 0 The Limits O The way aid is provided shows clear traces of a country’s public policies and respective history | O The way aid is provided shows clear traces of a ~ country's public policies and respective historyThe Recipients—How Is Aid Allocated? a O Before WW II: relatively small sums were provided to the colonies of European powers. © Currently, depending in part on how aid is defined, large numbers of countries receive aid. 0 All poor countries receive some form of aid or another; Irag, Afghanistan, and the DRC—all countries in or emerging from conflict ———O OECD DACone-third of total bilateral donor resources go to countries classified as least developed, and another one-third to other low-income countries 0 Sub-Saharan Africa: from 20% (1960) to 1/3 of total ODA (2007)Whe ee 0 largest recipients in Africa in 2007 were Sudan, Cameroon, the DRC, Zambia, Ethiopia, and Nigeria (which received a large amount of debt relief) 0 Countries in conflict, notably Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Palestinian areas, receive large amounts of aid. ___o Central and South Asia receive about 15 percent of total aid. O India receives very little aid per capita, even less than China.The consideration of Donor Choice’s on aid recipient © colonial history; British aid in India, French aid in Francophone Africa, and Dutch aid in Indonesia (the Indonesian government suspended Dutch aid in 1992). 3 political and strategic considerations that were central to aid relations during the Cold War continue to influence the directions of aid:peningkatan penerimaan ~bantuan oleh middle-income countries: Turki, Israel, Pakistan (the fact that donor countries tend to provide more aid to recipients that support them in votes in the UN)Oo recipient countries’ needs are important, both in terms of economics and levels of poverty (Aid is fairly well targeted to the poorest countries) aid flows partly follow policy performance, that is, the extent to which recipients’ policies are in line with certain political and institutional conditions. (i.e; demokrasi) donors over time have developed categorizations of aid recipients, emphasizing that many poor countries do not have the institutional capacity for development and receiving large sums of money: jenis, jumlah atau instrumen bantuan dapat berbeda (fragile/failed states vs stabil poor countries)