Ch-1 Matter in our Surroundings

Q. What is matter? What is it made up of?

A. Any substance that occupies space or volume and has mass is called as matter. Matter is made up of very tiny
particles i.e. atoms or molecules.

Q. What are the characteristic of Particles of matter?

A. 1) Every Matter is composed up of small particles.
2) Particles of matter have space between them.
3) Particles have intermolecular force of attraction between them.
4) Particles possess an intermolecular energy (kinetic energy).

Q. What are the states of matter? Differentiate them on the basis of particle theory of matter.
A. The three states of matter are: Solid, Liquid and Gas.
Solids Liquids Gases
The space between the particles is The space between the particles is The particles are farthest apart from
the least slightly more than solids, but still one another as compared to
very less as compared to gases solids and liquids.
The force of attraction between the The force of attraction between the The force of attraction between the
particles is strongest. Thus, particles is strong enough to hold particles is negligible, hence
particles in a solid are closely the particles together but not particles of a gas move freely in all
packed. enough to hold the particles in a the directions.
fixed position.
The kinetic energy of the particles is The kinetic energy of the particles is They have maximum kinetic energy.
least and so solids have an orderly more than that of solids, thus They move with high speed in all
arrangement of the particles. they can flow directions and can exert pressure
on the walls of its container

Q. What is Diffusion?
A. Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is called diffusion. The rate of diffusion
increases on increasing the temperature of the diffusing substance.

Q. What is Brownian movement?

A. The random motion of particles suspended in a fluid (liquid or gas) results from their bombardment by the fast-
moving atoms or molecules of the fluid (liquid or gas). This haphazard motion of the articles is known as Brownian
motion.

Q. Give Reasons:
1) Solids are rigid and not-compressible? Solids have least intermolecular space in between the molecules and also
maximum intermolecular force of attraction. So, they can withstand the external force applied. So, they are rigid
and non-compressible.
2) Though rubber band is solid, its shape can be changed? A rubber band changes shape under force and regains the
same shape when force is removed. Also, it may break when subjected to excess force. So, it is considered a solid
as it maintains its definite shape under normal conditions.
3) Sugar is considered solid, but still takes the shape of the container in which it is kept? Sugar crystals are very
small, hence collectively they can be stored or poured in any container. But the shape of each individual sugar or
salt crystal remains fixed; whether we take it in our hand, put it in a plate or in a jar.
4) Sponge is a solid, but still it is compressible? A sponge has minute holes, in which air is trapped, when we press it,
the air is expelled out and we are able to compress it.
5) Liquids are considered fluids i.e. they can flow and can change shape, why? Liquids have ore intermolecular space
in between the molecules and have less intermolecular force of attraction between the particles. So, they can flow
and are not rigid.
6) Substances can diffuse or dissolve in liquids but not in solid, why? Liquids have enough intermolecular space in
between their molecules. Hence they can accommodate the particles that are being diffused or dissolved into that
liquid. Moreover, the rate of diffusion of any liquid substance is more than that of a solid particle because the liquid
have less intermolecular force of attraction, hence can dissolve in a medium more freely.
7) Gases are highly compressible as compared to solids or liquids? Gases have maximum intermolecular space and
have highest kinetic energy between their molecules. So, they can be compressed to a large extent. Due to its high
compressibility, large volumes of a gas can be compressed into a small cylinder and transported easily.
8) Smell of hot food reaches our nose quicker than smell of cold food? Vapours rising from a hot food have more
kinetic energy in their particles as compared to the vapours from cold food. Hence they can diffuse quickly in the
air around us and thus reaches our nose faster.
9) Gases exert more pressure on the walls of the container in which they are stored? In the gaseous state, the
particles move about randomly at high speed. Due to this random movement, the particles hit each other and also
the walls of the container. The pressure exerted by the gas is because of this force exerted by gas particles per unit
area on the walls of the container.
10) Liquids generally have lower density as compared to solids. But ice floats on water? Water undergoes anomalous
expansion, i.e. its density goes on increasing when we cool it upto 4°C. But, if we go on cooling beyond 4°C, its
density decreases and volume increases. Hence ice at 0°C has a lesser density than water. So it floats on water.

Q. Define:
1) Rigidity: It is the property of a substance to withstand the external force that is applied to it. A rigid substance does
not change its shape or size when exerted to pressure.
2) Compressibility: It is the property of a substance to get condensed or squeezed to a smaller volume when applied
to an external pressure. When a substance is compressed, the particles of that substance get closer to each other
and thus occupy less volume as compared to earlier condition.
3) Fluidity: The ability of any substance to flow or to change its shape is termed as fluidity. The gaseous and liquid
substances are generally considered as fluid as they can change their shape.
4) Density: Density is defined as the ratio of mass per unit volume. Solids are considered denser than liquids or gases.

Q. What do you mean by change of state of matter?

A. The phenomenon of change from one state of matter to
another, and then back to the original state is called the
Inter-Conversion of states of matter.

Q. Define:
1) Melting Point: The fixed temperature at which a solid changes to its liquid state is termed as Melting Point.
2) Boiling Point: The fixed temperature at which a liquid changes to its gaseous state is termed as Boiling Point.
3) Latent Heat of Fusion: Latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change 1 kg of solid into liquid
at its melting point.
4) Latent Heat of Vaporisation: Latent heat of vaporisation is the heat energy required to change 1 kg of a liquid to
gas at atmospheric pressure at its boiling point.
5) Sublimation: The change of state of a substance directly from a solid to gas, without changing into the liquid state
(or vice versa) is called sublimation. The common substances which undergo sublimation are camphor,
naphthalene, ammonium chloride, solid carbon dioxide and iodine.

Q. What are the factors that can cause change in state?

A. The two factors that can cause a matter to change its state are:
i) Change in Temperature: When a substance is heated, its substances go on absorbing energy and start moving
faster with more Kinetic Energy. After sometime, their energy gets saturated and they have attained enough
energy to break free, so when further heat is supplied, particles break away causing change in state. Its reverse
happens when we remove heat from the substance. Eg: Melting of ice by heating.
ii) Change in Pressure: Matter is made up of particles. So, when we apply an external pressure to it, the particles
move closer and closer. After a certain point of applying pressure, the particles get so close that they lose their
characteristic kinetic energy and thus get converted to a different state. Eg: Liquefaction of air by compressing air.

Q. How can gases be liquefied?

A. Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing the temperature. When a high pressure is applied to a
gas, it gets compressed and if the temperature is lowered, the gas is liquefied.
Q. Give Reasons:
1) Burn caused by steam at 100°C is more severe than hot water at 100°C? Particles in steam have absorbed extra
energy in the form of latent heat of vaporisation. So, particles in steam i.e. water vapour at 100°C have more energy
than water at the same temperature. Thus, burn caused by steam is more severe.
2) Ice at 0°C is a better coolant than cold water at 0°C? Particles in Ice have lost more energy as latent heat of fusion
while changing its state from liquid to solid. So, particles of ice have lesser energy than water at 0°C. Hence, ice acts
as a better coolant than cold water at 0°C.
3) When a solid melts, its temperature remains the same, why? When we heat a solid, its temperature goes on
increasing. The particles of the solid goes on absorbing energy till the energy level saturate. Once the solid starts
changing into liquid, the temperature supplied is used to change the state by overcoming the forces of attraction
between the particles. As this heat energy is absorbed by ice without showing any rise in temperature.

Q. What is Evaporation? Explain the process of Evaporation?

A. The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point is called Evaporation.
We know that particles of matter are always moving and are never at rest. At a given temperature in any gas, liquid
or solid, there are particles with different amounts of kinetic energy. In the case of liquids, a small fraction of
particles at the surface, having higher kinetic energy, is able to break away from the forces of attraction of other
particles and gets converted into vapour. Thus, evaporation occurs.

Q. How is Evaporation different from boiling?

Evaporation Boiling
Evaporation is a phase transition from the liquid to Boiling is a phase transition from the liquid to gas
vapour state at temperatures below the boiling point. state that occurs at or above the boiling point.
It is a surface phenomenon. It is a bulk phenomenon.
It is a slow process. It is a rapid process

Q. What are the factors on which evaporation depends?

A. ■ Surface Area: As surface area increases, rate of evaporation increases.
■ Temperature: With an increase of temperature, the rate of evaporation increases.
■ Humidity: The rate of evaporation decreases with increase of humidity in air.
■ Windy Atmosphere: An increase in wind speed causes rate of evaporation to increase.

Q. Give Reasons:
I) Acetone when applied to our palm, makes it cold? Acetone is highly volatile; hence the particles of acetone gain
energy from your palm or surroundings and evaporate causing the palm to feel cool.
2) People sprinkle water in their surroundings on a hot day? After a hot sunny day, people sprinkle water on the roof
or open ground because the large latent heat of vaporisation of water absorbs large amount of heat from
surroundings and helps to cool the hot surface.
3) We should wear cotton clothes during summer? Cotton, being a good absorber of water helps in absorbing the
sweat and exposing it to the atmosphere for easy evaporation. This evaporation absorbs the heat from our body,
helps in cooling of our body.
4) Earthen pots help to cool off water inside it? Earthen pots have tiny pores on them, through this pores the water
oozes out and evaporates. This evaporation absorbs heat from the surroundings, resulting in the cooling of the
water.

Q. Short Notes:
Plasma - The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles. These particles are in the form of ionised
gases. The fluorescent tube and neon sign bulbs consist of plasma.
Bose Einstein Condensate - Indian physicist S. N. Bose made a study regarding the fifth state of matter. Based on
his study, Albert Einstein predicted a fifth state of matter called the Bose-Einstein Condensate. The Bose-
Einstein Condensate or BEC is formed by cooling a gas of extremely low density to super low temperatures.