Air pollution is one of the most prevalent forms of environmental pollution putting people’s health

at risk.

Various Causes of Air pollution

 The burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels like
coal, petroleum and other factory combustibles are one the major cause of air pollution.
...
 Agricultural activities. ...
 Exhaust from factories and industries. ...
 Mining operations. ...
 Indoor air pollution.
What are the main sources of air pollution?
There are four main types of air pollution sources:
 mobile sources – such as cars, buses, planes, trucks, and trains.
 stationary sources – such as power plants, oil refineries, industrial facilities, and
factories.
 area sources – such as agricultural areas, cities, and wood burning fireplaces.
six major types of air pollutants deemed especially harmful to human health. These are
carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, particulate matter and lead. Since the
Clean Air Act of 1970 and the identification of these pollutants, air pollution has decreased
markedly.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified six air pollutants that are
the most common and the most dangerous.
...
Types of Air Pollution and the Impact on Your Health
 Ozone.
 Particulate Matter.
 Carbon Monoxide.
 Nitrogen Oxides.
 Sulfur Dioxides.
 Lead.

Actions You Can Take to

Reduce Air Pollution
 Follow these Tips Every Day to Reduce
Pollution:
 Conserve energy - at home, at work, everywhere.
 Look for the ENERGY STAR label when buying home or office equipment.
 Carpool, use public transportation, bike, or walk whenever possible.
 Follow gasoline refueling instructions for efficient vapor recovery, being careful
not to spill fuel and always tightening your gas cap securely.
 Consider purchasing portable gasoline containers labeled “spill-proof,” where
available.
 Keep car, boat, and other engines properly tuned.
 Be sure your tires are properly inflated.
 Use environmentally safe paints and cleaning products whenever possible.
 Mulch or compost leaves and yard waste.
 Consider using gas logs instead of wood.

Controlling air pollution (necessity)

Reducing pollutants in the air is important for human health and the environment.

Poor air quality has harmful effects on human health, particularly the respiratory and
cardiovascular systems.

Pollutants can also damage plants and buildings, and smoke or haze can reduce
visibility.

Community
At the community level, you can reduce air pollutants by choosing to walk, cycle or take
public transport rather than drive a car.

You can also keep your car in good condition and drive to reduce fuel consumption and
minimise emissions.

You can buy items that have low-energy manufacture and use requirements, or which
can be recycled.

Good urban design and planning can also reduce pollution by having cleaner, ‘greener’
choices for the public. These may include increasing walking and cycling paths and
having urban ‘hubs’ where people work, play and shop locally, reducing their need to
travel.
Farmers
Farmers can reduce air pollution by conducting hazard-reducing burning at times when
smoke impacts are likely to be minimal.

Also, sugar cane can be harvested green, which removes the associated smoke impact.

Industry
Industries can use pollution control devices to remove pollutants by absorbing, filtering,
diluting or dispersing them.

Government licensing and regulation are effective ways to minimise emissions from
industry.

Power plants that burn fossil fuels release carbon dioxide as well as a complex soup of chemicals, including nitrogen
and sulfur. These chemicals in the air actually help keep global warming in check by reflecting sunlight back into
space

Cleaning up the air, while good for our lungs, could make global warming worse. That conclusion is
underscored by a new study, which looks at the pollutants that go up smokestacks along with carbon dioxide.

These pollutants are called aerosols and they include soot as well as compounds of nitrogen and sulfur and
other stuff into the air. Natalie Mahowald, a climate researcher at Cornell University, says so far, scientists
have mostly tried to understand what those aerosols do while they're actually in the air.

"There are so many different kinds of aerosols and they have many different sources," she says. "Some warm
and some cool. But in the net, humans are emitting a lot of extra aerosols, and they tend to cool for the most
part."

As we clean up the aerosols, which we really want to do for public health reasons, we are going to
be perhaps causing ourselves more trouble in terms of the climate situation.

Natalie Mahowald, climate researcher, Cornell University

The aerosols reflect sunlight back into space, or they stimulate clouds that keep us cool. But it turns out that's
not all they do. These aerosols also influence how much carbon dioxide gets drawn out of the air by plants on
land and in the sea.

"They can add nutrients, for example, to the oceans or to the land," Mahowald says. "But also while they're in
the atmosphere they can change the climate, and so that also can impact the amount of carbon the land or the
ocean can take up. So there are quite a few different ways that aerosols can interact."

In an article published in Science magazine, she concludes that those effects add up to quite a bit. At the
moment, aerosols are not only helping reduce global warming by cooling the atmosphere, but they're helping
reduce the amount of carbon dioxide that stays in the air once we emit it.
That's good news for now — it means the planet isn't heating up quite as fast as it could. But that's bad news
looking down the road a little bit. That's because many aerosols make people sick — heart and lung disease in
particular. So some nations are now in the process of trying to rein them in.

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"As we clean up the aerosols, which we really want to do for public health reasons, we are going to be perhaps
causing ourselves more trouble in terms of the climate situation," Mahowald says.

This is not a brand-new idea. For example, other research has found that switching from coal to much cleaner
natural gas might not do much to help with global warming because it would also be reducing the pollutants in
coal smoke that help offset warming.

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Mahowald's results suggest that reducing those pollutants could be an even bigger problem than realized, when
you consider that aerosols help remove carbon dioxide from the air by encouraging plant growth. Hard
numbers on this effect are highly uncertain at the moment, but this could turn out to be quite significant.

"This is something that's really poorly studied, and I think that the main point of the paper is we've been
ignoring this potentially important topic," she says.

And studying it is not easy because the effects aren't well understood. For example, nitrogen can be a fertilizer,
but it can stunt plant growth when nitrogen comes out of the air in acid form. Lisa Emberson at the Stockholm
Environment Institute and York University in England, who studies these biological cycles, says there are so
many subtle effects it's hard to be sure which ones will prove to be the most important.

"I think the take-home message of this paper is we need to understand those interactions far better and we
probably need to take action much more quickly than we are doing at the moment," Emberson says.

Right now it seems like we're much more likely to clean up aerosol pollution, while increasing the amount of
carbon dioxide in the air. So scientists, unfortunately, may have a chance to see how this inadvertent
experiment on our planet starts to play out.
DNA and mRNA are related in two distinct ways: ... DNA incorporates the base thymine (T),
where as RNA incorporates uracil (U), a very similar molecule.

In DNA thymine pairs with adenine, but in RNA uracil pairs with adenine.Similarities: - DNA
and RNA are made up of monomers called nucleotides. - DNA and RNA both have 3
nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Cytosine and Guanine.

What are 3 differences between RNA and DNA?

Quick Answer. DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded. RNA contains
ribose as a sugar, while DNA contains deoxyribose. Also, three of the nitrogenous
bases are the same in the two types (adenine, cytosine, and guanine), but DNAcontains
thymine while RNA contains uracil.

DNA is made up of deoxyribose sugar while mRNA is made up of ribose sugar. DNA has
thymine as one of the two pyrimidines while mRNA has uracil as its pyrimidines base. DNA is
present in the nucleus while mRNAdiffuses into the cytoplasm after synthesis. DNA is double-
stranded whilemRNA is single-stranded

Purine contains two carbon-nitrogen rings and four nitrogen atoms.

Purines have high meting point.
Pyrimidines contains one carbon-nitrogen ring and two nitrogen atoms.They have low
melting point.

Blue spheres are Nitrogen atoms and Pyrimidines is a one ring molecule.
Two Purines are Adenine and Guanine.
Two Pyrimidines are Thymine and Uracil.