习题 5.

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1.求下列曲线在指定点 P0的切线方程和法平面方程：
(1) x = t , y = t 2 , z = t 3 , P0 = (1,1,1);
(2)曲面z = x 2与y = x的交线, P0 = (2, 2, 4);
(3)柱面x 2 + y 2 = R 2 ( R > 0)与平面z = x + y的交线P0 = ( R, 0, R ).
x -1 y -1 z -1
= 1, y �
1 x�
解（） = 2t , z �
= 3t 2 , t = (1, 2,3), 切线方程: = = ,
1 2 3
法平面方程 : ( x - 1) + 2( y - 1) + 3( z - 1) = 0, x + 2 y + 3 z - 6 = 0.
x-2 y-2 z-4
(2) x = x, y = x, z = x 2 , x �
= 1, y �
= 1, z �
= 2 x, t = (1,1, 4).切线方程: = = ,
1 1 4
法平面方程 : ( x - 2) + ( y - 2) + 4( z - 4) = 0, x + y + 4 z - 20 = 0.
i j k
(3)n1 = (2 x, 2 y, 0) = (2 R, 0, 0), n1 = (1,1, -1), a = 2 R 0 0 = (0, 2 R, 2 R) = 2 R(0,1,1),
1 1 -1
x-R y z-R
切线方程: = = , 法平面方程 : y + z - R = 0.
0 1 1

�x = R cos t
�
2.求出螺旋线 �y = R sin t ( R > 0, b > 0, 0 �t �2p )在任意一
�z = bt
�
点处的切线的
方向余弦，并证明切线与z轴之夹角为常数.
解( x� , z ) = ( - R sin t , R cos t , b),
, y��
1
t = (cos a , cos b , cos g ) = ( - R sin t, R cos t , b),
R + b2
2

b
cos < t,k > = = 常数.0 << t,k >< p ,< t,k >= 常数.
R + b2
2

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3.设a = a (t )与b = b (t )是两个可导的向量函数,a < t < b .证明
d
a (t )gb (t ) = a �
(t )gb(t ) + a (t ) gb�
(t ).
dt
证设a (t ) = (a1 (t ), a2 (t ), a3 (t )), b(t ) = (b1 (t ), b2 (t ), b3 (t )),
a (t )gb(t ) = a1 (t )b1 (t ) + a2 (t )b2 (t ) + a3 (t )b3 (t ),
d d
a (t )gb (t ) = [a1 (t )b1 (t ) + a2 (t )b2 (t ) + a3 (t )b3 (t )]
dt dt
= a1 (t )b1 (t ) + a1 (t )b1�
� (t ) + a2�(t )b2 (t ) + a2 (t )b2�(t ) + a3�(t )b3 (t ) + a3 (t )b3� (t )
= [ a1�(t )b1 (t ) + a2�(t )b2 (t ) + a3�
(t )b3 (t )] + [a1 (t )b1�(t ) + a2 (t )b2� (t ) + a3 (t )b3� (t )]
= a�
(t )gb(t ) + a (t )gb�
(t ).

4.设r = r (t )(a < t < b )是一条光滑曲线, 切 | r (t ) |= C (常数).证明r (t )与切线垂直, 即

(t ) = 0.
r (t )gr �
d d
证r (t )gr (t ) = C 2 , r (t )gr (t ) = C 2 , r �
(t )gr (t ) + r (t )gr �
(t ) = 0, 2 r (t )gr �
(t ) = 0,
dt dt
(t ) = 0.
r (t )gr �