习题 5.

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1.设ABCD为一平行四边形, AB = a , AD = b.试用a , b表示
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AC , DB, MA( M 为平行四边形对角线的交点).
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解 AC = a + b, DB = a - b, MA = - AM = - AC = - (a + b).
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2.设M 为线段 AB的中点,O为空间中的任意一点, 证明
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OM = (OA + OB).
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证OM = OA + AM = OA + AB = OA + OB - OA
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= (OA + OB ).
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3.设M 为三角形ABC的重心, O为空间中任意一点,
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证明OM = (OA + OB + OC ).
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证OM = OA + AM = OA + AD = OA + � ( AB + AC )
3 3 2
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= OA + ( AB + AC ),
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OM = OB + ( BA + BC ), OM = OC + (CA + CB ).
3 3
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3OM = OA + OB + OC , OM = (OA + OB + OC ).
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4.设平行四边形ABCD的对角线交点为M , O为空间中的
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任意一点, 证明OM = (OA + OB + OC + OD).
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证OM = OA + AM = OA + ( AB + AD ),
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OM = OB + ( BA + AD ), OM = OC + ( BA + DA),
2 2
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OM = OD + ( AB + DA).
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4OM = OA + OB + OC + OD, OM = (OA + OB + OC + OD ).
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5.对于任意三个向量a,b与c, 判断下列各式是否成立 ?
(1)(a gb)c = (bgc )a;
(2)(a gb) 2 = a 2 gb 2 ;
(3)a g(b �c ) = (c �a )gb.
解(1)不成立.例如 : a = b = i,c = j.(a gb)c = j, (bgc )a = 0.
(2)不成立.例如 : a = i,b = j, (a gb) 2 = 0, a 2 gb 2 = 1.
(3)成立, 都是a,b与c组成的平行六面体的有向体积 .
6.利用向量证明三角形两边中点的连线平行于第三边,
并且等于第三边长度之半.
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证 DE = DA + AE = BA + AC
2 2
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= ( BA + AC ) = BC.
2 2
7.利用向量证明 :
(1)菱形的对角线互相垂直, 且平分顶角;(2)勾股弦定理.
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证(1) AC gBD = ( AB + BC ) g( BC + CD)
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= ( AB + BC )g( BC - CD ) =| BC |2 - | CD |2 = 0.
AB gAC ABg( AB + AD) AB gAB + AB gAD a 2 + AB gAD
cos a = = = ,
| AB || AC | | AB || AC | | AB || AC | | a | AC |
ADg( AB + AD) AD gAB + ADgAD a 2 + AB gAD
cos b = = = = cos a .
| AB || AC | | AB || AC | | a | AC |
a 与b 都是锐角, 故a = b .
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(2) | AC |2 = AC gAC = ( AB + BC )g( AB + BC )
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=| AB |2 + | BC |2 +2 AB gBC =| AB |2 + | BC |2 .

8.证明恒等式(a �b) 2 + (a gb) 2 =| a |2 g| b |2 .

证(a �b) 2 + (a gb) 2 =| a |2 g| b |2 cos 2 a + | a |2 g| b |2 sin 2 a
=| a |2 g| b |2 (cos 2 a + sin 2 a ) =| a |2 g| b |2 .
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9.试用向量 AB与 AC表示三角形ABC的面积.
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解DABC的面积= Y ABDC的面积 = | AB �AC | .
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10.给定向量a, 记a ga为a 2 ,即a 2 = a ga.现设a, b为任意向量 ,证明 :
(a + b) 2 + (a - b) 2 = 2(a 2 + b 2 ).
证(a + b) 2 + (a - b) 2 = (a + b)g(a + b) + (a - b)g(a - b)
= a ga + bgb + 2a gb + a ga + bgb - 2a gb = 2(a 2 + b 2 ).

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11.对于任意向量a , b, 证明 : (a �b) 2 �a 2 b 2 .问 : 等号成立的充分必要条件是什么?
证(a �b ) 2 =| a �b |2 = (| a || b | sin a ) 2 =| a |2 | b |2 sin 2 a �
| a |2 | b |2 = a 2b 2 .
等号成立的充分必要条件是a , b正交 .