Cartilage and Bones Cartilage

Learning Outcomes:
-Describe the structure and types of cartilage.
-Explain the process of cartilage growth.
-Describe the structure and types of bone. Cells Matrix
-Explain the process of bone growth and bone repair • Chondroblasts • fine collagen
-Name the major bones of the body. • elastin
• Chondrocytes Fibers
• thick collagen

Ground substance
Water
Chondrotin sulfates
Hyaluronic acid

Perichondrium -Covering of cartilage

-Supply nutrients by
diffusion to avascular
cartilage
Chondrocytes -Lies within lacunae
(“empty space”)
-Synthesise collagen
• In cartilage matrix, there are different cartilage fibres, water, and ground substance
hyaluronic acid, proteglycans and glycoproteins. -Activity depends on
• Fibroblast forms Chondroblast, forms Chondrocyte. growth hormone from
anterior pituitary
Hyaline cartilage • Epiphyseal plate
(thin fibers) • Articular cartilage (arm)
-reduce friction, • Larynx & trachea (at most joints!)
absorb shock • Fetal cartilage
Elastic cartilage •Outer ear
-shape, support •epiglottis
Fibrocartilage •Intervertebral discs
(thick fibers) •menisci of knee joint
•Pubic symphasis

^elastic cartilage

^ fibrocartilage
Cartilage growth
Interstitial growth • Division of existing chondrocytes
(length) • Occurs in cartilage when no
perichondrium
• Epiphyseal plate & articular cartilage
Appositional • New chondrocytes derived from
growth (diameter) differentiation of perichondral fibroblasts

Bones

Bone

Cells Matrix

• Osteoblasts
Fibers
• Osteocytes
•Collagen type 1
• Osteoclasts
Ground substance
Organic:Proteglycans &
glycoproteins
Inorganic: Calcium & phosphorus
as hydroxyapatite crystals

Periosteum and Endosteum

Functions:
Periosteum • External covering of bones
• Two layers – 1. Outer fibrous layer (collagen & fibroblasts) 1. Nutrition of
2. Inner osteogenic layer (Osteoprogenitor cells) bone tissue
• Attached to bone by Sharpey’s fibers (bundles of collagen fibers) 2. Supply of
Endosteum • Single layer of osteoprogenitor cells and collagen bone forming
• Lines the internal cavities of bone cells

Cells
Osteoblasts • Developed form the periosteal & endosteal osteoprogenitor cells
• Large cells with single nuclei
• Synthesize collagen, proteglycans & glycoproteins
• Necessary for calcium deposition
• Produce new non-calcified bone (Osteoid)
Osteocytes • Derived from osteoblasts
• Lies in spaces (lacunae) in bone matrix
• Have cytoplasmic processes
• Maintains the bone matrix
• Long lived cells
Osteoclasts • Large cells
• Multinucleated
• Derived from the haematopoetic stem cells of macrophage line
• Bone resorption (breaks down bone matrix)

•Resorptive surface lies in a depression

(resorption bay or Howship’s lacunae)
• Resorptive surface is folded ( ruffled )
• Secrets lysosomal enzymes that digest organic matrix
• Secretes H ions that dissolves Ca salts
• Phagoctose deminarilizes matrix & dead osteocytes
Types of bone: Long, Short, Flat, Irregular
Sesomoid bones: Bones embedded in a tendon (eg Patella)
<flat bone

Texture of bone
Compact bone •dense, solid, smooth & no spaces

Spongy bone •honeycomb appearance with small needle like or flat pieces of bone (trabeculae) with
spaces in-between trabeculae

Microscopic arrangement of compact bone

Strcutural unit: Osteon (Harvesian system)
• An elongated tube of bone matrix with
concentrically arranged lamellae of bone
surrounding a canal containing blood
vessels, nerves & lymphatic
• The canal is lined by endosteum
• Haversian canals communicate with
1.One another
2.Periosteum
3.Marrow cavity
• Volkmann’s cannals
Ø No lamellae around it
Ø Lined by endosteum

Arrangement of osteocytes:
•Occupy spaces (lacunae) at the junctions of
adjacent lamellae
• Minutes canals (canaliculi) connect lacunae
with each other & with central canal
• Cytoplasmic processes of osteocytes in
contact with each other & with central canal
by way of canaliculi.
Microscopic structure of spongy bone
• Irregullarly arranged lamellae in the trabeculae
• Ostyocytes lie in lacunae
• Lacunae has canaliculi
• No haversian systems

Parts of a long bone

Diaphysis •compact bone surrounding a marrow cavity

Epiphysis •outer layer of compact bone & interior spongy bone.

Joint surface covered with hyaline cartilage.

Metaphysis •area of meeting of diaphysis & epiphysis

Blood supply of bone

Nutrient artery • Medullary branches
• Periosteal branches
Epiphyseal artery

Richest blood supply is in the region of metaphysis

Bone formation ( Ossification –Osteogenesis)
Bone formation (Ossification-Osteogenesis)
Foetal skeleton
Hyaline cartilage
(before 8 weeks)

Fibrous membranes

Endochondral
Intramembranous ossification
ossification

Intramembranuos ossification Endochondral ossification

(bones of skull cap and clavicle) (all bones except skull cap & clavicle)

1. Bone collar formed

1. Mesenchymal cells
differentiate to osteoblasts.
2. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid. Osteoid calcify.
3. Blood vessels grow into the osteoid.
Covering mesenchyma becomes periosteum.
4. External layer of compact bone formed.
Spongy bone at the centre
2. Cartilage is calcified. Then destroyed.
3. Periosteal bud invades. Osteoblasts reach the
center. Osteoid formed
4. Medullary cavity formed.
5. Osteoid is calcified
• Primary centre: diaphysis
• Secondary center: epiphysis
 Bone growth
Epiphyseal side
Bone
Bonegrowth
growth
Epiphyseal side
1. Growth zone – cartilage cells multiply

2. Transformation zone-Cartilage cells

Epiphyseal plate
enlarge. Matrix calcified Thickness remains constant
Epiphyseal plate Cartilage cells die On reaching adulthood
1. Cartilage cell growth slows down & stops
3.Osteogenic zone- Osteblasts secrete
2. Epiphyseal plate become thinner & thinner
osteoid
Osteoclasts remove the calcified and disappear
cartilage 3. Linear growth stops
Diaphyseal side

Diaphyseal side

Bone repair (during fracture)

1. Blood clot forms. Bone cells die

2. Dead tissue removed. Fibroblasts invade.

Some change to chondroblasts.
Collagen & cartilage formed (soft callus)

3. Osteoblasts invade. Cartilage removed.

Replaced by bone bony callus)

4. Excess bone is removed. Bone is

remodelled.

Bones of the body

Axial skeleton • skull
• vertebral column
• ribs & sternum
Appendicular skeleton • Upper limb
• Lower limb
kull bones
Skull bones

Vault

Base

Face
Vertebral column Ribs & sternum

Cervical 7

Thoracic 12

Lumbar 5

Sacral 5

Coccygeal 4

Upper Lower
limb limb