+3997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE chap. 16,01 "628 Division IV—EARTHQUAKE DESIGN SECTION 1626 — GENERAL 1626.1 Purpose. The purpose of the earthquake provisions herein is primarily to safeguard against msjor structure! fears and loss ‘of fife, not to mit damage or maintain funevon, 1626.2 Minimam Seismic Design. Structores and portions ‘hereof shall 28 « minimum, be designed ard constructed fo resist the effects of seismic ground motions as provided in his division 1626.3 Seismic and Wind Design. When the code-presrited wind design produces greater effec, the wind design shall gov em, bot detailing requirements and limitations preseibed inthis section and referenced sections shall be followed. ‘SECTION 1627 — DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this division, certain terms are defined as fol Tows: ‘BASE is the level st which the eanthquake motions are consid- ered to be imparted to the structure or te level at which the strc. ‘ure asa dynamic vibrator is supported, BASE SHEAR, ¥; is the tia design lateral force or shear atthe base of e sirctue BEARING WALL SYSTEM is structural system without ¢ complete vertical load-carrying space fame. See Section 1679.62. BOUNDARY ELEMENT is an clement at edges of openings rat perimeters of shear walls or ciaphragms, RACED FRAME i an esseataly vertical ius sytem ofthe ‘concentric or eocentrc type tha is provide to resist nteral forces. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially complete space frame that provides suppor for gravity leads. See Section 1629.63, CANTOLEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT is column ele- ‘ment in 2 Iateral-force-essting system that cantilevers ‘rom {xed bass and has minimal moment capacity athe top, with lt- feral forcss applied essentially athe top. COLLECTOR is a member or element proves 1 transfer I eal forces ffom a portion of a structte to vertical elements of the lateral-foro-resstng system, COMPONENT is part or clement of an architectural, eletri- cal, meckanieal or structural system. COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, isa mechenical or electrical ‘component or element hat spar of 1 mechanical andor electrical system. COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attichments, having a fundamental period greater than 0.06 seo. ond. COMPONENT, RIGID, isa component, including its ateche ments, having a fundamental period less than or equal 1a 0.06 sec nd CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME isa braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces, DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground motion ‘hat has a 10 percent chance of being exceeded in 5 years as deter. mined by a site-specific hazard analysis or may be determined from a hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories with dynamic properties representative ofthe site characteristics shall be used to represent his ground motion. The dynamic effets of te Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design Response Specirum., See Section 1621.2. DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an elastic response spectrum for 5 percent equivalent viscous damping used to repre sent the dynamic effects ofthe Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures in accordance with Sections 1630 and 1631. This response spectrum may be either a site-specific spec: ttum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil cherac- teristics associated with a specific site or may be a speciram ‘constructed in accordance withthe special shape in Figure 16-3 ‘using the site-specific values af Cy and C, and mulipied by the acceleration of gravity, 3864 in see? (9'815 msec). See Sec. ‘ion 1631.2, DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE isthe minimum toll strength do- sign base shear, factored and distfbuted in accordance with Sec lion 1630, DIAPHRAGM is horizontal or nearly horizontal system act- {ng to wansmitleteral forces tothe verticalcessting elements, The term “diaphragm” includes herizonial bracing systems. DIAPHRAGM or SHEAR WALL CHORD is the bounds element ofa diphragm or shear wal tha is assumed to take aia siresses analogous othe flanges of a beam, DIAPHRAGM STRUT (éreg stot, ie, collector) isthe ele- ‘ment ofa diaphragm parallel tothe applied load that collects and ‘uansfes diaphragm shear o the vertial-resisting elements or is tsbates loads within the iaphragm. Such members may tke axial tension or compression, DRIFT See “story drift.” DUAL SYSTEM isa combination of moment-resistng fames and sheat walls or braced frames designed in accardance with the triteria of Section 1629.65. ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBP) is a steel braced frame designed in conformance with Section 2213.10. ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces ané ‘Seformations determined from an elastic dynamic analysis using an unteduced ground motion presentation, in accordance with Section 1630. ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are nec- essary for emergency operations subsequent to a natural disaster, FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or system is one whose deformation ‘under lateral load is significantly lager than adjoining paris of the system, Limiting ratios for defining specific flexible elements are Set forth in Section 1630.6, HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal trass system that serves the same function as a diaphragm. INTERMEDIATE MOMENT-RYSISTING FRAME GIMRE) isa concrete frame designed in accordance with Section 1921.8, LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that patt of ‘he stature system designed to resis the Design Seismic Fores. MOMENT-RESISTING FRAMB is a frame in which mem- ders and joints ae capable of resisting forees primarily by flexure. MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRWF) is a sasonry wall frame especially detailed to provide ductile behav for and designed in conformance with Section 2108.25. ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is a steel-braced frame designed in accordance with the provisions of Section 29ua. 16,0 7828 22138 or 2214.6, or concrete-braced fra ance wit Section 1921, ORDINARY MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRE) is ‘4 moment-essting frame not meeting special detailing require- iments for ductile bekavior. ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the earthquake load effects fn sirutural elements common tothe lateral-force-esisting sys- tems along two orthogonal axes OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the esiga strength. The degree of favertrength ie material and system-dependent PA EFFECT is the secondary effect on shears, ais forces and moments of frarte members induced by the vertical loads acting ‘onthe laterally displaced buling system. [SHEAR WALL isa wall designed to resist lateral forces p lel tothe plane of the wall (ometimes referred co as vertical di phragm oF structural wall) SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM uses combinations of shear walls ad frames designed to resist ateral {orcas in proportion to their lative rigidites, considering inter- action betwacn shear wals and frames on all ievels SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is Less chan 70 porcent ofthe stiffness ofthe story above, See Table 16-L. SPACE FRAME is 2 three-dimensional structural system, ‘without bearing walls, composed of members interconnected 50 25 to function as 2 complete self-contained uait with or without the Aid of horizontal diaphragms or floor-bracing systems. SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (SCRE) is a Stec-braced frame designed in conformance with the provisions of Section 2213.9. SPECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) is « momeni-resisting frame spectally detailed to provide ductile Dehavir and comply with the requirements given in Chapter 19, 0r22. SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STME) is momencresisting frame specially detailed to provide ductile behavior and comply withthe provisions of Section 2213.11. STORY is the space between levels, Story xs the story below Level, STORY DRUPT isthe lateral displacement of one level relative to the level above or below. STORY DRIFT RATIO isthe story drift divided by the story bight. STORY SHEAR, Ve, isthe summation of design lateral forces above the sory under consideration. STRENGTH ts the capacity of an element or a member to resist factoreé load as specified in Chapters 16, 18, 19, 21 and 22. STRUCTURE is en assemblage of raming members designed 1 support gravity foads aad resist lateral forces, Structures may be categorized a5 building structures or nonbuilding structures. SUBDIAPHRAGM is s poston ofa larger wood diaphraga: ‘designed to anchor and transfer local forces to primary dlaphrage: situs and the main diaphragm, ‘VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME ise space frame designed to carry vertical gravity loads. WALL ANCHORAGE SYSTEM js the system of elements anchoring the wall othe diaphragm and those elements within the Aiaphragm required to develop the anchorage forces, including lesigned in accord 7 a0 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE subdiaphragms and continuous ties, as specified in Sections 1635.28 and 163329. WEAK STORY it one ia which the story strength i less than 80 percent of the slory above, See Table 16-L. SECTION 1628 — SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS “The following symbols and notations apply to the provisions af this division ‘Ap = ground floor are of suc in square fet (n°) 9 {nclude area covered by all overhangs and projes- ‘ios. ‘Ac = the combined effective are, in square feet (n2), of the shear walls ia theft story ofthe structure ‘Ag = the minimum eros-sectional ate in any horizontal plane in he fest story, in square fet (mr) ofa sear wall : the tosionl amplification factor at Level umedcal costfiient specified in Seetion 1632 and fet forth in Table 160. Cz = seismic coeiciest, 5s fonh in Table 16-0. G = numerical coefficient given in Section 163022. G, = seis coeticient, a sofort in Table 16-8. D = dead load ona structural element De = the engi inet (0) of shear wal inthe Est story “he cretion parallel the applied forces. EsEin xu Eo Faw Ey = Design Svismic Force applied to Level in or =, respectively. Fp = Desiga Seismic Forces on a part ofthe structure Foc = Design Seismic Force on a diaphragm. Fy = that portion ofthe base shear, ¥, considered concen- ‘wate atthe top ofthe structure in adlition to cearthquake loads set forth in Section 1630.1. {= lateral force at Lave for use in Formula (30-10) 2 = acceleration dve to gravity. fi Ins ‘A, -= ncight in fee (x) sbove the base to Level j nor = respectively TT = importance factor given in Table 16-K. Jp = limportance factor speciied in Table 16-K. = liveload on astructarel element. Level = level of the structure refered to by the subscript & “j= 1" designates the frst level above the base. Level n = that level that is uppermost inthe main portion ofthe structure, Level = that level that is under design consideration. “x= 1" designates the frst level above the base. ‘M = maximum momect magnitude. [Ng = neat-source factor usd inthe determination of Gy in Seismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the ‘ullding or stucrae to known ful with magnitudes and slip rates a set forth in Tables 16-S and 16-U. Ny = nearsource factor wed in the determination of C in Seismic Zone 4 related to both the proximity of the ‘building or structure o known faults with magaitdes and slip rates a8 set forth in Tables 16-T and 16-U.11957 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE PI = plasticity index of soil determined in accordance with ‘approved national standards R= numerical coefficient representative ofthe inherent loverstrength and global ductiliy capacity of iateral- foree-resisting sysems, a5 set frth in Table 16-N or 16. ratio used in determining p, See Section 1630.1. Se So. Sop, Sé, Sp = soll profile types as se forth in Table 16-3, T = elastic fundamental period of vibration, in seconds, ofthe structure inthe direction under consideration, V = the total design lateral force or shear atthe base given by Formula (30-5), (20-6), (30-7) oF (30-11), Ye = the design story shear in Story x W = the tolal seismic dest load defined in Section 1630.11 1, Me = that portion of W late eto assigned to Level for x respectively. Wp = the weight ofan element or component. pe = the weight ofthe diaphragm and the element eibutary thereto at Level x, including applicable portions of ‘other loads defined in Section 1630.11 Z = seismic zone factor as given in Table 16-1, 7 4y = Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, which is the total drift or tata stoy dt that occurs when the structure is subjected to the Design Basis Ground Motion, including estimated elastic and inclastic contributions 1 the total deformation defined in Sec. tion 16308. ‘As = Design Level Response Displacement, which isthe ‘tal drift or total story drift that occurs when the structure is subjected tothe design seismic Fores, 5 = horizontal displacement at Love relative to the base due to applied lateral forces, f, for use in Formula 60-10), » = Redundancy/Reliability Factor given by Formula 0-3, Q, = Seismic Force Amplification Factor, which is required to account for sirvctural overstrengih and set {orth in Table 16-5, SECTION 1629 — CRITERIA SELECTION 1629.1 Basis for Design. The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall be determined considering seismic Zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configurtion, stractral System and height in accordance with this setion, Structres shall bbe designed with adequate strength to withstand the lateral dis placements induced by the Design Basis Ground Motion, consid ring the inelastic response of the strvcture and the inherent redundancy, overstrength and ductility of the lsteal-fores- resisting system. The minimum design strength shall be based on Seismi determined in accordance with the the Design Seismic Earces de force procedure of Section 1630, except as movified by Section 1631.5.4. Where sirength design is used the load com binations of Section 1612.2 shall apply. Whe Allowable Stess_ ‘Design is used, the Joad combinations of Section 16123 Fall apply Allowable Stess Design may be used to evsluate sliding or fovermuming st the soil-srucce interface regardless of ie design preach used inthe design ofthe siractare, provided load cour CHAP. 16,D1v,1V ey walt binations of Secdon 16123 are ullized, One- and twoctamily dwellings in Seismie Zone 1 need not conform tothe provisions of this section, 1629.2 Occupancy Categories. For purposes of earthquake- resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of te occu ancy categories ised in Table 16-K. Table 16-K assigns impor. tance factors, and Jp and structural servation requirements for cach category, 1629.3 Site Geology and Soll Characteristics, Each ste shel! be assigned a soil profile type based on properly substantiated Beotechnical daa wing ihe site categorization procedure se forth sn Division V, Section 1636 and Table 164 EXCEPTION: When he si propesti ce nt khwn scent sgphesserne tel lla. bral ie a Sle Type 5 or Sp need et be asomed nls te Belly rele tht Type See Se may be reset thes re vent tha Type Sor Seis eiablshed by geotechnical aa 1629.3.1 Soil profile type. Soil Profle Types S4, Se, Sc, Sp and ‘5g are defined in Table 16-J and Soil Profile Type Sp is defined 28 soils requiring site-specific evaluation 25 follows 1. Soils vulnerable to potential feilure or collapse under seis- ‘mic loading, such as liqueflable soils, quiek and highly sersitive ‘lays, ad collapsible weakly cemented soils 2. Peats andlor highly organic clays, where the thickness of peat or highly organie clay exeseds 10 fect 2048 min) 3. Very high plasticity clays with a plasticity inden, 22> 75, ‘where the depth of clay exceeds 25 feet (7620 mam), 4 Very thick sofvmedium stiff clays, where the depth of clay exceeds 120 fest G6 576 mm). 1629.6 Site Seismic Hazard Characteristics. Seismic hazard characteristics forth ste shall be established based on ibe sei amie zone and proximity of the sitet active seismic sources, site sil profile characteristics and the strvewure's importance factor. 1629.4.1 Seismic zone. Bach site shall be assigned a seismic zone 4n scordance with Figure 16-2. Each strucare shall be assigned = szismie zone factor Z, in aceordance with Table 16-1 1629.4.2 Seismic Zone 4 near-source factor. In Seismic Zone 4, <2ch site shal be assigned »near-source factor in accordance with ‘Table 16-5 and the Seismic Source Type sot forth in Table 16-U. The value of N, used to determine Cy need not exceed 1.) Tor structures complying with all the following conditions: 1. The soil profile type is S4, Sp, Sc oF Sp. 2, p=10. 3. Except in single-story structures, Group R, Division 3 and Groop U, Division 1 Oscupancies, moment Frame systems desig nated a part of the Intralforce-resisting system shall be special ‘moment-resisting frames, 4, The exceptions to Section 2213.7.5 shall not apply, except {or columns in one-story buildings or eolumns atthe top sary Of -ultistory buildings. 5. None of the following structure iregularites is presen ‘Type 1,4 or Sof Tble 16-L, and Type 1 or 4 of Teble 16.3. 1629.4.3 Seismic response coefficients, Each structure shall be Assigned a seismic coefficient, C, in accordance with Table 16-0 And a seismic coefficient, C, in accordance with Teble 16%. 1629.5 Configuration Requirements. 1629.5.1 General. Each structure shall be designated as being structurally regular or itregular in accordance with Sections 1629,5.2 and 1629.53. anHAR 16, OW. Seas sees82 1629.52 Regular structures. Regular sirctures have no sig- ant physical discontinuities in lan of vertical configuration fr in thelr lateral-foree-resistng systems such as te iegular fea tuces deseribed in Section 1629.53. 1629.53 Icregolar structures. I. Treg structures have significant physica discontinuities in configuration or in their ntera-force-esstng systems. fregu la features include, but are not limited to, those described in ‘Tables 16-L and [6-M- All stuctures in Seismic Zone | ard Oceu- paney Categories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2 ned to be evaluated Only for vertical irregularities of Type 5 (Table 16-1) and horzon- tal ivegutaritios of Type | (Table 16-M). 2, Sirctures having any ofthe features listed in Table 16-L shall ‘be designated as I having a ventcal irregularity EXCEPTION: Whe no story dt ratio under desig tates foyenis reer han 13 tes ie sory chr fe ry above, the retire may be sod et hve he stl ela oF ‘Tpe lor Zin Table 16: The story dit ati forte sp two sais eed ete cosidere The tory ats fer ths Staton wy Be ‘Slee oeglesting trons fect, ne 3. Steuctures having any of the features listed in Table 16-M "= shall be designated as having a plan iregulariy e 1629.6 Structural Systems. 1629.61 General. Structural systems shall be classified as one (OF the types listed in Table 16-N and defined in tis section, 1629.62 Bearing wall system. A structural system without 2 ‘complete vertical load-carying space frame. Bearing walls ot bracing systems provide support forall or most gravity loads. Re sistance (lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames. 1629.63 Building frame system. A scr system with an essentlly complete space fame providing suppor for gravity loads. Revstance {0 lateral load i provides by shear Walls or braced frames. 1629.64 Moment-resisting frame system. A structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Moment-essting frames provide resistance to it~ eral load primarily by flexural action of members. 1629.6.5 Dual system. A structural system withthe Following Features 1. An essentially complete space Frame that provides support, for gravity loads 2. Resistance to lateral lod is proved by shear walls or braced frames and moment-ressting frames (SMRF. MRE, MMRWF or steel OMRE). The moment-esiting frames shal be designed to Independently esis atleast 25 percent of the design base sheac. 3. The two systems shall be designed to resist the total design base shea in proportion to their elalive rigidities considering the Jnteraction ofthe dual system at al levels. 1629.6.6 Cantilevered column system, A structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for laterl resistance 1629.6.7 Undefined structural system. A structural system not listed in Table 16-N. 1629.68 Nonbuilding structural system. A structural system conforming to Section 1634, 1629.7 Height Limits. Height limits for the various structure symems in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 are given in Table 16-N, 92/8 tony excep whee Seton 102084, Kea applies 1897 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE EXCEPTION: Reqslarstoctues ay exceed thes init by oo suo eS esa foraroospeloutire,which are lata eto the peer! pli 1629.8 Selection of Lateral-force Procedure. 1629.8.1 General. Aay structure may be, and certain steveures defined below shall be, designed using the dveamic lateal-orce, procedures of Section 631. 1629.82 Simplified static. The simplified static lntera-foree procedare st forth in Section 1630-23 may be used forthe fol TGving suse af Oeeupaney Category $0r5:— 1, Buildings of any oscypaney Gneuing single-family well- ings) not more than thee stores in height excluding basements, that use ight-eame consivction 2. Other bullangs not more than two stories in height exclud- ing basements. 1629.83 Static. The static lateral force procedure of Section 1630 may be used forthe following strucures: 1, All strvcures, regular or irregular, in Seismic Zone 1 and in Occupancy Cargories 4 and 5 in Seismic Zone 2. 2, Regulae succes under 240 feet (73 152 mm) in height with lateral force resistance provided by systems listed in Table 3. Imegular structures not more than five stories or 65 feet (19 812 mm) in height. 4. Structures having a flexible upper portion supported on & rigid lower portion where both portions of the structure consid- cred separately can be classified as being regular, the average Story stiffness of the lower portion isa least 10 times the average Story stiffness of the upper portion and the period of the entire Sructur is not greater than I times the period ofthe upper por- tion considered as a separate structure fixed atthe Base. 1629.84 Dynamic. The dynamic lateralforee procedure of Section 1631 shall be used for all othe stretures, including the following: 4. Strucues 240 feet (73 152 mun) or more in height except as pemited by Section 1629.83, fiem 1 2, Swotures having 2 stffness, weight or geometic vertical ir. regularity of Type 1, 2 or 3, 25 defined in Table 16-L, or surucmures having iveguar features not described in Table 6. or 16-M, ex ‘cept as permitted by Section 1620.42. 23. Stnscrues aver five stories of 65 fet (19 B12 mm) in height in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 not having the same structural system 'Woughout thls height except as permited by Section 1630.4.2, 4, Sinsctures, regular or itegulay,focated on Soil Profile Type ‘Sp thas have a period greater than 0.7 second, The analysis shall inelud the effets ofthe soils atthe site and shall conform 10 Sec- ton 1631.2, tem 4 1629.9 System Limitations. 1629.9.1 Discontinuity. Structures with a discontinuity in ca- pacity, vertical imegulaity Type S as defined in Table 16-L, shall not be over wo stares or 30 feet (9144 mm) in height where the weak story has a calculated strength of less than 65 pevoent ofthe story above. EXCEPTION: Where the weak str is exable of reising to ler sei fre of imesh eign fore peeserie in Section tesa 1629.9.2 Undefined structural systems. For undefined siruc- ‘ueal Systems not listed in Table 16-N, the coefficient shall be “substantiated by approved cyclic test dats and analyses. The fol lowing itms shall be addeessed when establishing R:1907 UNIFORM BUILDING cone. 1. Dy namic response characters, 2, Lateral force resistance, 3. Overstrength and strain hardening or softening, 4, Strength and st 5. 6. ines degradation, Energy dissipation charactesics, System ductility, and 7. Redundancy. 1629.93 Irregular features. Al) structures having iregolar features desribed in Table 16 or 16M shal be designed to meet the additional requirements of those sections referenced in the 1629.10 Alternative Procedures. 1629.10.1 General. Alternative lateral-force procedures using rational analyses based on well-established principles of mechan ‘es may be used in lieu of hase prescribed in these provisions. 1629.10.2 Seismic isolation. Seismic isolation, energy dissipe- ‘ion and damping systems may be used inthe design of stuctares when approved by the building official and when special detailing is used fo provide results equivalent to those abtained by the use of ‘conventional structural systems. For altemaie design procedures ‘on seismic isolation systems, refer to Appendix Chapter 16, Divi- sion TH, Earthquake Regulations for Seismic-isolated Structures SECTION 1690 — MINIMUM DESIGN LATERAL FORCES AND RELATED EFFECTS 1630.1 Earthquake Loads and Modeling Requirements, 1630.1.1 Earthquake loads. Structures shall be designed for {ground motion producing sirictora response and seismic forces in any horizontal direction. The following earthquake loads shall be used in the load combinations set forth in Section 1612: Eaph+& 01) En O05, G02) WHERE: E = the earthquake load onan element of the strucsure esult- {ng from the cornbination ofthe horizontal component, Ey, and the vercal component, Ey = the earthquake load due tothe base shear, ¥ as st forth in Section 1630.2 or the design lateral force, Fy, a8 set forth in Section 1632, Em = the estimated maximum earthquake force that can be developed in the structure as set forth in Section 130.1. E, = the load effect resulting from he venical component of the earthquake ground motion and is equel to an addition Of OSCaID to the dead load effect, D, for Strength Design, and may be taken as zero for Allowable Stress Design 2, = the seismic force amplification factor thats required to ‘account for stnctual oversrength, asset forth in See- tien 1630.3. Relibilty/Redundancy Factor as given by the follow- ing formula: Bee ee 03) ‘onap. 16, bv. “ius 153042 WHERE: Yaar = the maximum element-story shear ratio. For given di- ‘ection of loading, the elementstory shear ratio isthe ra- For any given Story Level i, the element-story shear ra- tio is denoted as 7. The maximum element-slory shear ratio ngs is defined as the largest ofthe element story shear ratios, n, which occurs in aay ofthe story level at ‘or below the two-thirds height level of the building, For braced frames, the value ofr is equal tothe maximum hori ‘zonal force component in a single brace element divided by the total story shear. For moment frames, n shall be taken a¢ the maximum of the sum ofthe shears in any two adjacent columns in 2 moment frame bay divided by the story shear. For columns common to two bays with momentresisting connections on opposite sides a Level fin the direction under consideration, 70 pereent ofthe shea in that column may be used in the column shear summation. For shear walls, shall be taken as the maximom value ofthe product ofthe wall shear multiplied by 10/, (For SI:3.05/,) ane Givided by the total story shear, where fs the lengthof the Wall i feat (m)- Fordual systems,» shall be taken asthe maximum value ofr as defined above considering all lateral-load resisting elements. The lateral loads shal be distributed to elements based on relative ti Bidites considering the interaction of the dual system, For dual Systems, the value of p need not exceed 80 percent ofthe vee eal- culated above, shall not be taken less than 1.0 and need not be greater than 1.5, and Ap isthe ground flor area ofthe structure in square feet (m8), For special moment-resisting frames, except when used in ‘ual systems, p shall not exceed 1.25. The numberof bays of spe cial moment-ressting frames shall be increased to reduce 7 such that pis less than or equal to 1.25, EXCEPTION: Ay may be taken es he average floor area inthe ‘npr seback pron oe bling whee a are ab ren ext at the ground fae When calculating drift, or when the structure is located in Seise mic Zone 0,1 or 2, p shall be taken equal to 1. ‘The ground motion producing lateral response and design seis- imc forees may be assumed to act noncoacutrealy inthe direction ‘of each principal axis ofthe structure, except as equired by Sec- tion 1633.1 Seismic dead loud, i he total dead load and applicable por- tions of other loads listed below. 1. In storage and warehouse occupancies, a minimam of 25 percent of te floor live load shall be applicable. 2, Where a patition load is used inthe floor design, a load of not les than 10 psf (0.48 INV?) shal be included. 3. Design snow loads of 30 paf (1.44 KN/mn2) or less need not be included. Where design snow loads exceed 30 paf (144 KN/tn), the design snow load shall be included, but may be reduced up to 175 percent where consideration of siting, configuration snd load ‘uration warrant when approved by the building offical, 4 Tal weight of permanent equipment shall be included, 1630.1.2 Modeling requirements. The mathematical model of the physical structure shall include all elements of the lateral- {foree-esisting system. The model shall leo inclide the stiffness a3HAP. 16, oT. Sesoa2 360032 and strength of elements, which ae significant tothe distribution (of Forces, and shell represent the spatial dstibuon of the mass fand siffress of the structure. In addition, the model shall eomply the following: 1. Siffuess properties of reinforced concrete end masonry ele- sents shall consider the effets of cracked sections. 2. For steel moment frame systems the contribution of panel ‘zone deformations to overall sory dit shall be included. 1630,1.3 PA effects. The resulting member forces and moments and the story drifts induced by PA effects shall be considered in the evaluation of overall structural frame sabllty and shall be evaluated using the forces producing the displacements of As. PO. need not be considered wien the ratio of secondary moment to pr mary moment does nol exceed 0.10; the ratio may be evaluated for any sory asthe product ofthe total dead, floor ive and snow load, as required in Section 1612, above the story times the seismic dif in that story divided by the product of the selamie shear in that story times the height of that story. In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, PAL need not be considered wiea the sory drift ratio does not exceed 0.021R. 16302 Static Force Procedure. + [1630.21 Design base shear. The total design base shear in & | given diection shall be determined from the following formule: +1997 UNIFORM SUILOING CODE 2. Method B: The fundamental peiod T may be calculated us- {ng the sructual properties and defonmstional characteristics of the resisting elements in a properly substantiated analysis. The analysis shal bein acordance with the requirements of Section 1630.1.2. The value of T from Method B shall not exceed a value 30 percent greater than the value of T obtained from Method A in Seismic Zone 4, end 40 percent in Seismic Zones 1,2 and 3 ‘The fundamental period 7 may be computed by using the fol- Towing formule e ) com (30-14) and (30-15) or any other rational distribution, The elastic Forces, f 1630.2.3 Simplified design base shear. 1630.2.3.1 General. Surctures conforming tothe requirements of Seetion 1629.82 may be designed using this procedure. 1630232 Base shear. The total design base shear in 2 given \ diteotion shall be determined from the following formula: 30.G, y= oy eon opee y= Sly 604 ® = Ta yah ale of Gb aed on Tie 16-0 fe sl pro ) me oat design base shesr ned not xced te fll } a = Bal y ots! R ‘The toa design base shear shal not be es han the following ! v= ouciw eos) In addition, for Seismic Zone 4, the total hase shear shall also ' not be less than the follo ye My wo z 1630.22 Structure petiod. The value of T shall be determined ‘rom one of the following methods: 1. Method A: For all buildings, the value may be approxi- ‘mated from the following formula Tr Cth 60-8) 085 (0.0853) for steel moment-resisting frames. G = 01030 (0.0731) for reinforced concrete moment-resst- ing frames and eccentrcally braced frames. G = 0,020 0.0488) forall other buildings. Altematively, the value of Cfo structures with concrete or ma sonry shear wall may be taken a 0.1/ (A (For ST: 0.0743/ fhe for Az in ‘The value of Ae shall be determined from the following, for- mula: Ae = FA,[02 + Dusit") G09) ‘The value of Dey used in Formula (30-8) shall not exceed 0.9. ane =. fle type. When the soil properties are not known in sufficient Fk edatal to determine the sll profile type, Type Sp shall be used in ‘Seismie Zones 3 and 4 and Type Sr shall be used in Seismic Zones 1, 2A and 2B, In Seismie Zone 4, the Neat-Source Facion, Ne, need not be greater than 1.3 f none ofthe following structural inegular- ites are present: Type 1, 4 0r 5 of Table 16, or Type Lo 4 of Table 16M. 1630.2.3.3 Vertical distribution. The forces at each level shall be calculated using the fllowing formu 0.12) where the value of Cy shalt be determined in Section 1630232. 1630.23.4 Applicability. Sections 1630.1.2, 1630.13, 1630.2.1, 1630.22, 1630.5, 1620.8, 1630.10 and 163i shall not apply when using the simplified procedure. EXCEPTION: For bulldogs wih elatvely Mexble suctral systems the bling ofl ay equi consiéetion of Pfc Sn ait in scorns wi Sern 1620.13, 16309 an 1690.10. Ae Sal be pepe sng Sesiga sels frees rom Secon 1650232, ‘Where used, Ay shall be taken equal ro 0.01 times the story height ofall stories. In Section 1633.29, Formula (33-1) shall read SES and nee not exceed 1.0-Cy nr But shall not be tes than 5 Chi and, sal be taken from Table 16, 1630.3 Determination of Seismic Factors. 16303.1 Determination of Q. For specific elements of the structure, as specifically identified in this cod, the minimum design strength shall be the product of the seismic force over- strength factor Q, andthe design seismic forces set forth in Sec~ tion 1630. For both Allowable Siess Design and Strength Desiga, the Seismic Force Oversrength Factor, Q, shall be taken fom “Table 16-N. 1630.32 Determination of R. The notation shall be taken from, ‘Table 16-N.13997 UNFORM BUILDING CODE 1630.4 Combinations of Structural Systems. 1630.4.1. General. Where combinations of structural systems are incorporsted iio the same structure, the requirements ofthis section shal be satisfied, 1630.42 Vertical combinations. The value of R used in the de- ‘sign of any story shall be less than or egal ta he value of R used in the given direction forthe story above. EXCEPTION: This requromen eed nol be sped toa ory vine the deadweight above ha sary han 0 percent of te (otal eed wip of ie seus Structares may be designed using the procedures ofthis section under the Zollowing conditions 1. The entire stricture is designed using the lowest of the lateal-fores-resisting systems used, or 2. The following two-stage static analysis procedures may be used for structures conforming to Section 1625.83, lem 4 22 The flexible upper portion shall be designed as a sepa- sate structure, supported laterally by the rigid lower portion, using the appropriate values of Rand p. 122 The igi lower portion shall be designed as separate structure using the appropriate vals of Rand p. The reactions from the upper orion shal be those deter. ‘ined from the analysis ofthe upper porion amplified by the ratio ofthe (Rp) of the wep portion over (Rip) athe Tower poston 163043 Combinations along different axes. In. Seismic ‘Zones 3 and 4 where a sructre has bearing wall sytem in only b0e direction, the value of R used for design in the onbogona di rection shall aor be greater than that used fr the bearing wal sy- tem Any combination of bearing wall systems, building frame sys- tems, dual sysiems or moment-essting frame systems may De sed to ress seismic forces in races less than 160 feet (38 768 mm) in hefght. Only combinations of dual systems and special moment-resisting frames shal be used to reset seismic forces in structures exceeding 160 fet (48768 ram) in height in Seismic Zones 3 end 4. 1630.44 Combinations along the same axis. For other than dual systems and shear wal-fame interactive syscnts In Seismic Zones O and 1, where a combination of diferent stuctural systems {is utilized to resist lateral forces inthe sare direction, the value of 2 used for design in that sizection shal ot be gests than the Teast value for any ofthe systems alized in that same direction. 1630.5 Vertical Distribution af Force. The total force shal be istrbured over the heipht ofthe structure in conformance with Formulas (30-13), (30-14) and (30-15) in the absence of « more rigorous procedure 203) ‘The concentrated force F, atthe top, which is in addition to Fy, shall be determines from the formula: F = 001Tv or) ‘The valve of T used for the purpose af calculating F; shall be the vetiod that corresponds with the design base shear es computed sing Fonmula (20-4), F, need not exceed 0.25V and may be con- sidered as zero where Tis 0.7 second a less. The remaining par- (CHAP. 16, Div. lion ofthe base shear shall be disebuied over the height of the structure, including Level n, according tothe following formule: se 0-15) ‘Ateach level designated a5 the force F, shall be applied over the area ofthe building in accordance with the mass distibaticn at that Tevel. Strctural displacements and design seismic forces Shall be calculated a the effet of forees Fy and F; applied at the appropriate levels above the base 1630.6 Horizontal Distribution of Shear. The design story shear, Vin any slay isthe sim ofthe forces Fj and F, above that story’ Yi shall be distbuted to the various elements ofthe vertical Iatealforce-resisting system in proportion to ther rigidities, con- siering the rigidity of the disphragm. See Section 1633.24 for rigid elements that are not intended to be par of the laters-oree- ‘essing systems. ‘Whore diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each levet shall, bbe assumed to be displaced from the calculated center of mass cach direction a distance equal to 5 percent of the bulling cimen- sion at thet level perpendicular to the dtection of the foree under consideration. The effect ofthis displacement on the story shear Aistrbution shall be considered, Diaphragms shall be considered flexible forthe purposes of dis- (sibution of story shear and torsional moment when tke maximum Jateral deformation of the diaphragm is more than (wo times the average story Gift of the associated story. This may be determined by comparing the computed mipoint in-plane deflection of the laphragra itself under lateral load withthe story drift of adjoining ‘yerticaltessting elements under equivalent tfbutay lateral load 1630.7 Horizontal Torsional Moments. Provisions shall be ‘made forthe increased shears resulting from horizontal torsion ‘where diaphragms are not flexible. The most severe load combi- ‘ation for each element shall be considered for design. ‘The torsional design moment ata given story shall be the mo- ‘ent resulting from eccentricities between applied design lateral forces at levels above that story and the verticalresicting elements in that story plus an accidental torsion ‘The accidental torsional moment shall be determined by assum- ing the mass is displaced as required by Section 1630.6. ‘Where torsional iregularity exists, as defined in Table 16-M, the effects shall be accounted for by increasing the accidental tor- sion at each level by an amplification factor, Ar, determined from {he following formula: (2019) WHERE: Sieg = the average of the displacements atthe extreme points af the structure at Level x Sacr = the manimem displacement at Level x ‘The value of need not exceed 3.0. 1630.8 Overturning. 1630.8.1 General. Every structure shall be designed to resist the overturning effecs caused by earthquake forces epecified in Sec- ‘ion 1630.5. At ony level, the overturning moments tobe resisted shal be determined sing those seismic forces (F, and F) that act ‘on levels shove the level under consideration. At any level,oHap.t6, Dv. Seog tent cremental changes of the design overcuming moment shall be dis- tribute to the various resising elements inthe manner prescribed in Section 1630.6. Overtuming effects on every element shal be carried down to the foundation. See Sections 1615 and 1633 for combining gravity and seismic fore 1630.82 Elements supporting discontinuous systems. 1630821 General. Where any portion of the ltera-toad- ‘resisting system is discontinuous, such as fr vectical inegularity ‘Type 4 in Table 16-L or plan imegularty Type $ in Table 16-M, concrete, masonry, stel and wood elements supporting such die continuous systems shall have tho design strength to resist the combination loads resulting from the special seismic load com binations of Section 1612.4 EXCEPTIONS: |. The quantity fy in Secon 1612.4 nead not exced ibe maxima fret ean be fnsere ote ement ty te lateralorce esting sytem 2. Concrete slabs supporting igh-srame wood shar wal sytem ‘righ sel and wood seetua anel shear wall yom For Allowable Stress Design, the design strength may be deter mined using an allowable stress increase of 1.7 anda resistance {anctor,®, of 1.0. This increase shall not be combined wih te one third stess increase permited by Section 1612.3, but may be com- bined with the duration of load increase permitted in Chapter 23, Division ML 1630.8.22 Detailing requirements in Seismic Zones 3 and 4, In Seismic Zones 3 and 4, elements supporting discontinuous sys- tems shall meet the following detailing or member limitations 1. Reinforced concrete or reinforced matonry elements designed primarily as exal-load members shall comply with See- Non 192144.5, 2, Reinforced concrete elements designed primavily as flexural members and supporting other than light-Fame wood shear wall systes or light-frame steel and wood structural panel shear wall systems shall comply with Sections 1921.32 and 1921.3: ‘Strength computations for portions of slabs designed as suppor ing elements shall include only those portions of tesla that com ply withthe requirements ofthese sections. 3. Masonry elements designed primarily as axial-oad carrying members shall comply with Sections 2106.1.124, Item I, and 2108.26.2.6. 4, Masonry elements designed primarily as flexural members shall comply with Section 2108.25.25. 5, Steel clements designed primarily as 2xial-load members shall comply with Sections 7213.5. and 2213.53, 6, Stel elements designed primarily as flexural members oF tiusses shall have bracing Tor both top and bottom beam Flanges Or ‘chords atthe location ofthe support of the discontinuous system tnd shall comply with the cequirements of Section 2213.7.1.3 7. Wood elements designed primarily as Nexural members shall, be provided with lateral bracing oF solid blocking at each end of the element and at the connection location(s) ofthe discontinuous system, 163083 At foundation. See Sections 1629.1 and 1809.4 for ‘overturning moments to be resisted atthe foundation soil intet- face. 1630.9 Drift Drift or horizontal displacements of the structure shall be computed where cequced by this code, For both Allow- able Suess Design and Strength Desiga, che Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay. of tho structire caused by the Design Basis Ground Moti shall be determined in accordance with this section. The drifts comtesponding to the design seismic 26 1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE forces of Section 1630.21, As, shall be determined in accordance With Section 1630.9.1. To determine Ay, these drifts shall be amplified in accordance with Section 1630.92. 1630.9.1 Determination of Ag. A static, elastic analysis ofthe itera force-resstng system shall be prepared using the design seismic forces from Section 1630.21. Alteratively, dynamic analysis may be performed in accordance with Section 1631 ‘Where Allowable Sess Design i used and where rift is being computed, the oad combinations of Section 1612-3 shall be used. ‘The mathematical model shall comply with Section 1630.1.2. The resulting deformations, denoted as As, shall be determined tall critical locations inthe structure. Calculated drift shall include translational and torsional deflection, 1630.9.2 Determination of Ay, The Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay, shall be computed as follows: y= 07 Ras 017) EXCEPTION: Altemaivey, iy may be computed by nonlinear time bso aay sccedane lt Seaton (631.5. ‘The analysis used to determine the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement Ay shall consider PA effects, 1630.10 Story Dritt Limitation. 1630.10.1 General. Story drifts shall be computed using the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay. 1630102 Calcolated. Calculated story drift wing Ay shal not exceed 0.025 tines te sory height for statues having a finder ‘menial prig of less than 0.7 sesond. For structures having a fu Sarena period of 0.7 second or ees, the called story ie Shall no exceed 0.000 mes the soy height EXCEPTIONS: 1. Tes dit nts ay be exceted wie ie desosssed tha groan ete bo ancl ter nd noneeucrasonstel ee, Te i ‘Ged i the satan shal be bse upon he Maximo cae pane Dapermen Or 2 Thee shale oi linia siglo sels ance, class Grips Fen § Gospels Group H. Dont 3 Ossopani In Grup BF ads Oop the pm se Shalt lied w supe ios or wrt Ming arcay {Sc sal be slowedn seccans wih ne ews Sean 30 ‘Sct n with ths scoptn eed hl fot ave qupmon a ‘Sete ote onc ane otal eave sch eqepme aed coms the atonal on Wl ately rapport by ihe sel re lb designed wo scons the a sear ‘toc wih Sein 15. 1630.103 Limitations. The design lateral forces used to deter- ‘mine the calculated drift may cisregerd the liitations of Formula (30-6) and may be based on the period determined from Formula (0-10) negleciing the 30 or 40 percent limitations of Section 1630.22, Ilem 2. 1630.11 Vertical Component. The following requirements ap- ply in Seismic Zones 3 and 4 only. Horizontal cantilever compo- rents shall be designed for anet upward force of 0.7C,/Hy. In adition tall other applicable load combinations, horizontal prestressed components shall be designed using not moce than 50 percent ofthe dead oad forthe gravity load, alone or in combina- ‘ion with the lateral force effess, ‘SECTION 1631 — DYNAMIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURES, 1631.1 General. Dynamic analyses procedures, when used, shall conform tothe criteria established inthis section. Te sly: sis shall be based on an appropriate ground motion representation ‘nd shall be performed using accepted principles of dynamics,1997 UNIFORM BUILDING CODE Structures that are designed in accordance with this section shall comply with all other applicable requirements ofthese provisions. 1631.2 Ground Motion. Tee ground motion representation ‘hall, ss 2 minimum, be one having a 10-perent probably of be ‘ng exceeded in 50 years, shall not be reduced by the quantity and may be one of the following: 1. An clastic design response spectrum const in accad- ance with Figure 16:3, using the values of Cy and Gy consistent ‘withthe specifi site. The design acceleration ordinates chal be ute by he soon iy S84 alec! a3 niec 2. A site-specific elastic design response spectrum based onthe _sealogic, tectonic, seizmologie and sol characceristics associated ‘With Ue specific site. The spectrum shal be developed fora damp- {ng ratio of 0.05, unless a different value is shown fo be consistent ‘withthe anticipated structural bavior othe intensity of shaking talablished forthe sie ‘3. Ground motion time histories developed forthe specific site shall be representative of actal earthquake motions, Response spectra fiom time histories, either individually or in combination, shall approximate the site design spectrum conforming to Sesion 1681.2, Item 2. ictus on Soil Profile Type the following require- apply when required by Section 1629.8. Item 4 4.1 The ground motion representation shall be developed in scoordance with Hems 2 and 3. 42 Possible amplification of building response due to the cffects of sol-structure interaction and lengthening of ‘uilding period caused by inelastic behavior shall e ‘considered 5, The vertical component of gromné motion may be defined by scaling coresponding horizontal acceleration by a factor of two {hirds, Alemalivefaciors may be used when substantiated by sit specific deta, Where the Near Source Factor, Ny is greater than 10, site-specific vertical esponse specza shall Be used in He of the factor of two-thirds 1631.3 Mathematical Model, A mathematical model of the physical structure shall represent the spatiel distribution of the ‘asi and stiffness ofthe Siictre to an exient that i adequate for ‘the calculation ofthe significant festures ofits dynamic response. ‘A hree-dimensional model shal be used forthe dynamic analysis ff siructares with highly iregelar plan configurations such 2s those having a plan regularity defined in Table 16-M and having ‘rigid or semicigid disphragn. The siffess properties used in the ‘analysis and general mathematical modeling shall be in accord ‘anee with Section 1630.1.2 1631.4 Description of Analysis Procedures. 1631.4. Response spectrum analysis. An elastic dynamic analysis ofa structure ulizing the peak dyzamle response ofall odes having a significant contbution to tote structural re- sponse. Perk modal responses ae calevlated using the ordinates ‘ofthe appropriate response spectum curve which corzespond 10 the modal periods, Maximum modsl contributions ae combined ina statistical manner to obtain an approximate total structural re- sponse. 1631.42 Time-history analysis, An analysis ofthe dynamic re- ‘sponse of a structure at each increment of time when the base i subjected to a specific ground motion time history CHAP. 16, bw. 1688? 1631.5 Response Spectrum Analysis. 1631.5.1 Response spectrum representation and interpreta- tion of results. The ground motion representation stall be in ssosardance with Section 1631.2. The corresponding response parameters, including forces, moments and displacements, sh be denoted as Elastic Response Parameters. Elastic Response ‘Parameters may be reduced in accordance with Section 1631.5.4. 1631.52 Number of modes. The requirement of Section 3631.4.] that al significant modes be included may be sisted by ‘demonstrating tht for Une modes considered atleast 90 percent of the parilpating mess ofthe structure is included in the exieula- tion of response for each principal horizontal direction 1631.53 Combining modes. The peak member forces, dis- placements, sory forces, story shears and base reaction foreach ‘mode shall be combined by recognized methods. When three- imensional models are used for analysis, modal ineracton ef- {ects shell be considered when combining modal maxima, 1631.54 Reduction of Elastic Response Parameters for de- ‘sign. Plastic Response Parameters may be reduced for purposes of design in accordance with the following items, with the limita: sion that in ao case shall the Elastic Response Parameters be re- -diameter ratio of les han 8 ‘When anchorage x constructed of nonductil materials, or by use of aesive fy shall equal 1.0. “The desig letra forees determined wsing Formula (32-1) or (22-2) stall be distributed in proportion tote mass distbution of the element o& component Forces determined using Formula (32-1 0: (2-2) shall be sed to design members and connection at arse these forees to the seismicvesising systems. Members and connection design sll us te load combinations and fore specified in Seaton 1612.2 or 16123, The ReliabiiyRedundaney Factor, 0, ay be taken equal 19 10 For applicable frees and Component Response Moston Factors connectors fo exterior panels and diaphragms, rer fo Sections 163324, 163328 and 163529.