习题 5.

2
1.写出点分别到轴轴轴平面平面以及原点的距离
( x, y , z ) x , y , z , Oxy , Oyz .
解d x = y 2 + z 2 , d y = x 2 + z 2 , d z = x 2 + y 2 , d xy =| z |, d yz =| x |, d O = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 .
uuur uuu r uuur uuur
2.已知三点求的坐标与模. A = (-1, 2,1), B = (3, 0,1), C = (2,1, 2), AB, BA, AC , BC
uuu
r uuu
r
解 AB = (3, 0,1) - (-1, 2,1) = (4, -2, 0),| AB |= 20 = 2 5,
uuur uuur
| BA = - AB = -(4, -2, 0) = (-4, 2, 0) = -2 5,
uuur uuur
AC = (2,1, 2) - ( -1, 2,1) = (3, -1,1),| AC |= 11,
uuur uuur
BC = (2,1, 2) - (3, 0,1)- = ( -1,1,1),| BC |= 3.
3.a = (3, -2, 2), b = (1,3, 2), c = (8, 6, -2),
1
3a - 2b + c = (9, -6, 6) + (-2, -6, -4) + (4,3, -1) = (11, -9,1).
2
a = (2,5,1), b = (1, -2, 7),
4.设分别求出沿和方向的单位向量并求常数使 ga b , k , ka + b
xy
与平面平行 .
1 1
解a �= (2,5,1), b�= (1, -2, 7).
30 3 6
ka + b = (2k ,5k , k ) + (1, -2, 7) = (2k + 1,5k , -2, k + 7), k + 7 = 0, k = -7.
5.设两点的坐标分别为和
A, B ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) ( x2 , y2 , z2 ), 求连线中点的坐标
A, B C .
uuur 1 uuu r uuu r 1 1
解OC = (OA + OB ) = (( x1 , y1 , z1 ) + ( x2 , y2 , z2 )) = ( x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 , z1 + z2 ).
2 2 2
6.设求 a = (1, -2,3), b = (5, 2, -1),
(1)2a g3b (2)a gi (3) cos < a , b > .
解(1)2a g3b = 6a gb = 6 �( -2) = -12.
(2)a gi = 1 .
a gb -2 1
(3) cos < a , b >= = =- ,
| a || b | 14 30 105
| a |= 1,| b |= 3,| c |= 2,| a + b + c |= 17 + 6 3
7.设且求 a ^ c < a,b >= p / 3, < b,c >= ?
解17 + 6 3 =| a + b + c |2 = (a + b + c )g(a + b + c )
=| a |2 + | b |2 + | c |2 +2(a gb + bgc + a gc ) =
1
= 1 + 9 + 4 + 2(3 � + bgc ),
2
bgc 3 3 3 p
bgc = 3 3, cos < b,c >= = = . < b,c >= .
| b || c | 3 �2 2 6

1
 | a |= 2,| b |= 6,
8.设试求常数使 k, a + kb ^ a - kb.
解(a + kb)g(a - kb) =| a |2 -k 2 | b |2 = 4 - 36k 2 = 0, k = �1/ 3.

9.a = (1, -2,1), b = (1, -1,3), c = (2,5, -3)

(1)a �b (2)c �j (3)(a �b)gc (4)(a �b) �c (5)a �(b �c ).
i j k
解(1)a �b = 1 -2 1 = (-5, -2,1),
1 -1 3
i j k
(2)c �j = 2 5 -3 = (3, 0, 2).
0 1 0
1 -2 1 i j k
(3)(a �b)gc = 1 -1 3 = -23.(4)(a �b) �c = -5 -2 1 = (1, -13, -21).
2 5 -3 2 5 -3
i j k i j k
(5)b �c = 1 -1 3 = ( -12,9, 7), a �(b �c ) = 1 -2 1 = ( -23, -19, -15).
2 5 -3 -12 9 7
uuur uuur
10.在平行四边形ABCD中, AB = (2,1, 0) AD = (0, -1, 2), 求两对角线的夹角
uuur uuur
< AC , BD > .
uuur uuur uuur
解 AC = AB + AD = (2,1, 0) + (0, -1, 2) = (2, 0, 2),
uuur uuur uuu r
BD = AD - AB = (0, -1, 2) - (2,1, 0) = (-2, -2, 2).
uuur uuur
uuur uuur AC gBD 0 uuur uuur p
cos < AC , BD >= uuur uuuur = uuur uuuur = 0, < AC , BD >= .
| AC || BD | | AC || BD | 2
uuur uuur uuur uuur p
解二| AB |=| AD |= 5, 平行四边形ABCD为菱形, 故两对角线的夹角 < AC , BD >= .
2
11.已知三点A(3, 4,1), B(2,3, 0), C (3,5,1), 求三角形ABC的面积.
i j k
uuu
r uuur uuu
r uuur
解 AB = (-1, -1, -1) = -(1,1,1), AC = (0,1, 0), AB �AC = 1 1 1 = ( -1, 0,1),
0 1 0
1
三角形ABC的面积 = � 2.
2

2
12.证明向量a = (3, 4,5), b = (1, 2, 2)和c = (9,14,16)是共面的.
3 4 5
证因为(a , b, c ) = 1 2 2 = 0, 故a, b和c是共面的.
9 14 16
13.已知|a |= 1,| b |= 5, a gb = -3, 求|a �b | .
a gb -3 4 4
解 cos < a, b >= = ,sin < a, b >= ,| a �b |=| a || b | sin < a , b >= 1�5 � = 4.
| a || b | 5 5 5

3
14.设向量a的方向余弦 cos a , cos b , cos g , 在下列各情况下, 指出a的方向特征.
(1) cos a = 0, cos b �0, cos g �0;
(2) cos a = cos b = 0, cos g �0;
(3) cos a = cos b = cos g .
解(1)a与x轴垂直 .
(2)a是沿z轴的的向量.
1 1
( 3)与三个轴的夹角相等,都是
a arccos 或 p - arccos .
3 3
1
15.设 | a |= 2 ,a的三个方向角满足a = b = g , 求a的坐标 .
2
解2cos a + cos 2a = 1, 2cos a + (2 cos a - 1) 2 = 1.
2 2 2 2

1
cos 2 a = x, 2 x + (2 x - 1)2 = 1, 4 x 2 - 2 x + 1 = 1, 2 x(2 x - 1) = 0, x = 0, x = .
2
p
cos 2 a = 0, a = , a = (0, 0, - 2).
2
1 1 p 3p
cos 2 a = , cos a = � , a = , .a = (1,1, 0).
2 2 4 4
16.设a, b为两非零向量 , 且(7a - 5b ) ^ (a + 3b ), (a - 4b ) ^ (7a - 2b),
求 cos < a , b > .
解(7a - 5b)g(a + 3b) = 0, 7 | a |2 -15 | b |2 +16 | a || b | cos < a , b >= 0,
(a - 4b)g(7a - 2b) = 0, 7 | a |2 +8 | b |2 -30 | a || b | cos < a, b >= 0.
� | b |2 |b|
�-15 2 + 16 cos < a, b >= -7,
� |a| |a|
� 2
� |b| |b|
8 2 - 30 cos < a , b >= -7.
�
�| a | |a|
-7 16
|b| 2
-7 -30 |b|
= = 1, =1
|a| 2
-15 16 |a|
8 - 30
-15 -7
8 -7 1
cos < a, b > = = .
-15 16 2
8 -30