HINT:-

15- R = 𝜌L/A (L = a, A = a2) R = 𝜌 a / a2 = 𝜌/ a

16. There is no effect of middle arm that means bridge is in balance condition so no current in
middle arm. So IP =IQ and IR = IG
17. (graph) V = E – Ir take any reading of V from graph and corresponding I, r is measured
from slope.
18- Use KVL
19. V = E – Ir, at first terminal V = 0, I = ( 2E / r 1 +r2 + R ) r1
22. ½ QV
23- Use KVL
25- V = E – Ir, and I = E / R + r
29. I = dQ/dt, Q = ne , I = ne/t
30-V = 𝑥𝑙 , V = 0.7 volt, error =voltmeter reading – V,
31- x = IRp / L ……………..(i)
Rp = 10 ohm , L = 10m , I = 2V/ (R + 10) from eqn ......(i)
R = 1990 ohm
32- For heater H ∝ 1 / R, after cutting resistance of each part will be R/2, now joined in
parallel → net resistance = R/4 so that heat will be 4 times
36- use KVL from B to D
VB + 1 x 2 – 1 x 3 = VD, VB - VD = 1 volt
37- PT = V2/R
1st case –in series RT = 3R so PT = V2/3R ,
or 10 = V2/3R………………(1)
2nd case- now in parallel RT = R/3 So PT = V2 / R / 3
or PT = 3V2 / R …………………………………………………………… (2)
now equation (2) ÷ (1) you will get PT = 90W
43 (a) charge in a given time is basically current, which is constant for resistance in series
(non- uniform cross section means different resistance are joined in series combination),
hence it will be constant and doesn’t depends on cross section area.
(b) I = neAvd since ‘A’ change ⟶ Vd change
𝐼
(c) current density depends on area (𝐽 = 𝐴)
(d) free electron density does not depends on cross section area
48- equivalent circuit ………
We can remove middle 4 Ω resistor. Now potential difference
between a and c will be zero so current in all resistance is zero