nergy balanes. The general energy balances for any system tnderpoing any process can be expressed as oy bros Reowecrte Com nr a yt “pen me Tea ah be expressed in the rate form 38 Baa Bu = dali, ‘hate Mu pea ye ‘Taking heat transfer fo the system and work done by the system to be ponve quantities, the energy hance for 4 closed system ean also be expressed as -W=AU+AKE + APE where = Wa + Ws ‘AU = mtu — a) AKE = jm(V3— VB) APE = mets ~ ) Fora constant pressure process, W, * AU = AM. Tus, 0 Wang 4H + AKE + APE Noe that the relation above is limited to constant pressure processes ofa closed stm, and is NOT valid for processes tring which pressure vais “The umount of energy net ase he temperate of nit mus of a substance by one degre le called te specfc heat ot constant volume c for 4 constal-olune process and the mecifc heat a constant presur , Fora contnt- pressure process. They ae defined as For ideal gases, uf and ¢, are functions of temperature ‘alone, The Au and Ad of ideal ‘gases are expressed as enemy [ser ars 7 Ah= hy hy foemar= nte—7 oe ee eee et ea ar where R is the gas constant, The specific heat ratio kis defined as ‘ For incompressible substances (liquids and solids), oth the ‘constant ‘nd constant-volame specific heats ae ‘detical and denoted by c ‘The Aucand Ab of imcompressble substances are given by (o-recereae ae (une nnn heeicd |. ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals. SI version ‘Atlanta, GA: American Society of Healing, Refrigerating, ‘nd Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc, 1993. 2. ASHRAE Handbook af Refrigeration. SL version. ‘Adlante, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Ins, 1994, Be Moving Boundary Work SAA Nitrogen at an initial state of 300 K, 150 kPa, and 0.2 m* is compressed slowly in an isothermal process to final pres sure of B00 KPa, Detcrminc the work dame daring this proccss Pres designate by a 0" are concect questions, and studegis ee encouraged te enswe them al. Problems wih the Icon fig are cemprehonsve in nts an aro inendod tebe salve an appropiate setwae. S.2 The volume of | kg of helium in a piston-cylinder ‘device is inially $ m?, Now, heliam is compressed to 2 m* while ts pressure is maintained constant at 180 KPa. Deter- mine the initial and final temperatures of heliom as well as the work required to compress i. inkl 3 A piston-cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m? ‘of nitrogen gat at 130 kPa sad 120°C. The nitrogen is now expanded polytropically to a state of 100 KPa and 100°C. Determine the boundary work done during this process.54 A pison-cylinder device with a set of stops initially ‘conteins 0.6 kg of steam at L0 MPa and 400°C. The location ff the stops comesponds to 40 percent ofthe initial volume. Now, the steam is cooled. Determine the compression work Uf the final state is (a) 1.0 MPa and 280°C and (b) $00 kPa (©) Also determine the temperature atthe final state in part (2). =I. FIGURE P5-4 SS A plston-cylinder device initially contains 0.07 m? ff ritiogen gas at 130 KPa and 180°C. The nitrogen is nowt ‘expanded to pressure of 80 KPa polyrosically with a poly- tropic exponent whose valu is equal tothe specific heat ratio (alled isentropic expansion). Determine the final tempera tre andthe boundary work done during this process. $6 A mass of 5 kg of soturated water vapor at 300 KPa is hated at constant pressure until the temperature reaches ‘200°C. Caleuste the work done by the steam during this pro- ‘cess, Anzwer 166 4 7 Im of saturated liguid water st 200°C is expanded isothermally ina closed system uni its quality is 80 percent. Detcrmine the total work produced by this expansion, in KI $8 A gasis compressed from an intial volume of 042 m to-a final volume of 0.12 m’. During the quasi-quilibrium process, the pressure changes with volume according 10 the relation P = a + 6, where o = =1200 kPo/m? and b ‘600 KPa. Calculate the work done daring this process (a) by plowing the process oa a P-v diagram and finding the acca tnder the process curve and (6) by performing the necessary Integrations. FIGURE P5-8 5.9 Amassof 15 kg of air at 120 kPa and 24°C is contained ina gastiht, frictionless pstee-cylindr device. The aris now compressed fo a final pressure of 600 KPa. During the prozess, ‘eat i transfered from the air such thet the temperature inside the eylincer remains conan. Calculete the work input during this process. Arever: 206 1 540 During some actual expansion and compression processes in piston-cylinder deviees, the gases have been fbscrved to satisfy the relationship PU" = C. where m and C are constants, Calculate the work done when a ges expands {rom 350 KPa and 0.03 m toa final volume of 0.2m forthe ome orn = 13. SAL EY Reconsider Prob, 5-10. Using an appropriate oftware, plot the process described in the prob. lem on a P-v diagram, and investigate the effect of the paly- ‘wopic exponent n on the boundary work. Let the polytopic exponent vary from 11 to 1.6, Plot the boundary work versus the polytopic exponcat and discuss the results. 5-12 A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains 5 kx of aitrogen a! 100 kPa end 250 K. Nitrogen is now comoressed slowly according to the relaion PV = constant until reaches final temperature of 360 K. Calculate the work Input daring this process. Aner 408 kd FIGURE P5-12 5-13. The equation of state of a gas is given as WP + LOY!) ~ yf, where the units of V and P are mVkrmol and ‘kPa, respeotvey. Now, 0.2 krmolof this gas is expanded in a quas-equilibriom manner from 2 10 4 mt? ata constant tem perature of 350 K. Determine (a) the unit of the quantity 10 ‘in the equation and (8) the work dove during this isothermal expansion process Sd EO Reconsider Prob. 5-13. Using the integration festue of an appropriate softwar, calculate the ‘work done, and compare your result wth the “hand-caleulted” result obtained in Prob 5-13, Pot the process described inthe ‘problem on a P-V étagramn. SAS During am expansion process, the pressure of a gs ‘changes from 100 to 700 kPa according tothe relation P = ‘aU ~ B, where a = 1220 kPain? and b is w constant. 1° the intial volume of the gus is 0.2 m’ caleufate the work done daring the process. Answer 197 kdS16 A piston-eylinder device initlly contains 0.4 kx fof nitrogen gas st 160 KPa and 140°C. The nittogen is now expanded isothermally to & pressure of 100 kPa. Determine the boundary work done during this process. Anse 23.0 Kd IRE PS-18 S17 Hydeogen is contained in a pistoo-eyinder device at 100 kPa and 0:4 n°. At this stats, a linear spring (P % x) with a ‘sing constnt of 20.200 Nn is touching the piston but exerts ‘ho fore on it The crosesoctional area ofthe piston i 03m, Heat is transfered tothe hydrogen, causing i to expand uni its volume doubles. Determine (a) the final pressure, (b) the total work done by the hydrogen, and (c) the faction oF this work done aginst he spring. Ako, show the process on a Pv diagram. SAAN A piston-cylinder device contains 0.15 kg of si initialy ft 2 MPa aad 250°C. The air is fist expanded isotharmally 0 500 kPa, then compressed polytropically witha polytopic expo ent of 1.2 tothe inital pres, and finally compressed atthe constant pressure to the initial sate, Determine the boundary ‘work for each proces andthe net wok ofthe eye SAD 1 hg of water that is inially at 90°C with » quality of 10 percent occupies a spring-londed piston cylinder device such as tha in Fig PS-19. This device is now heated unl te pres ‘sue rises fo 800 KPa and the temperature is 250°C. Determine the total work produced during this process in KJ. Arner: 24.5 1 ° FIGURE P5—19 5.20 0.75 kg water that is initially at 0.5 MPa and 30 percent quality occupies a spring-loaded piston cylinder deviee, This device is now cooled until the water isa saturated liguid at 100°C. Caleulate the total work pro- duced during thie proce, ink S21 An ideal gas undergoes two processes in a piston- cinder device as follows: 1-2 Polytropic compression fom 7; and P, with a poytropic ‘exponent and a compression ratio of r = Vy 223 Constant pressure expansion at P, = P, until (@ Sketch the processes ona single P-v diagram, (© Obvain an expression forthe ratio ofthe compression to-cxpansion work as a function of w and r (c) Find the valve ofthis ratio for values of » (0.1 m. Heat is now transferred to the water, causing part of itto evaporate and expand. When the volume reaches 0.2 m, the piston reaches a linear spring. Whose spring constant is 100 kNim. More heat is transferred tothe water until the pis- ton rises 20 om more. Determine (a) the final pressure and temperature and (b) the work done during tis process. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram. Answers: (a) 450 Ha, 147.50, (0) 44.5 1 ° FIGURE P5~22 S23 OY Reconsider Prob. $22, Using an approprite softwar, mvestigae te effect of the spring con stanton the final prssare in the eylinder and the boundary work done, Let the spring constant vary irom 50 KNin {o 500 kiW/m. Plot the fia pressure and the boundary work agains the spring constant, and dseuss the resus. (Closed System Energy Analysis 5.24 Complete the following table on the basis of the conservation of energy principle for a closed system.5-25 A ripid container equipped with a stiming device conteing 2.5 kg of motor oil. Determine the rate of spe- eile energy increase when heat is transferred to the oll at ‘arate of 1'W, and 15 W of power is applied to the siring device, 5-26 4.0.5 m egid tank contains rfrigerant-134a initially at 160 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is now wansfered 10 the refigcrant until the pressure reaches 700 KPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant the tank and (8) the amount ‘of heat transfered. Also, show the process on a Pov diagram ‘with respect to sturation Lines 5.27 A 0.6 megid tank initially contains saturated refris- frant-134a vapor at 1200 kPa, As a result of beat transfer ‘rom the refrigerant, the pressure drops 10 400 KP. Show the process on « P-V diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine (a) the final temperature, (4) the amount of retrig- rant that hos condensed, and (c) the heat turster. S-28 A rigid 10-L vessel inital contains « mixture of liquid water and wepor at 100°C with 12.3 pereent qual ‘The mixture i then heated unl its temperature tx 150°C. CCalsulte the heat iansfer required for this process. Answer: 45940 FIGURE P5-28 5.29 A fixed mass of satunited water vapor at 400 KPa is ‘nothermally cooled unil itis @ saturated liquid. Calculate the Amount of eat rected daring this process, in Kk. 5.30 A piston-cylinder device contains stam nillly at 1 MPa, 450°C. apd 25 m'. Stcar is allowed to cool at con stant pressure unlit Gist starts condensing. Show the pro- cess on a FV diagram with respect to saturation lines and ‘determine (a) the mass of the steam, (4) the final temper ture, and (c) the amouet of heat transfer. S31 An insulated pision-cyinder device vontuins 4 L of strated guid water ata constant presse of 175 kPa. Water |s sliced by a paddle wheel while & curent of 8 A flows for 445 min trough a resistor placed in the water. If one-half of th liquid is evaporated during this constnt-pessure process and the paddle-wheel work amounts to 400 A. determine the vollaze ofthe source, Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with respect fo saturation lines. Ansaer 228 ¥ FIGURE P5-31 5-32 A piston-evlinder dovice initially contains steam at 200 KPa, 200°C, and 0.4 m’. At this state, «linear spring (= is touening the piston but exerts a0 force on it. Heat is now slowly transfered to the steam, eausing the pressure and the volume 9 ise fo 250 KPa and 0. mr, respectively. Show the process om -V diagram with reepect to saturation lines and determine (a) the fnal temperature, (B) the work done by the steam, and (e) the total heat tarsfered Aner (2 608°C, 0) 48 kc} 288.0 ° FIGURE P5-32 S33 FEY Reconsider Prob, 5-32. Using an appropriate software, investigate the effect ofthe initial teo- perature of steam on the final temperature, the work donc, fand the total heat transfer. Lt the inital temperature vary from 150 %0 250°C. Plot the final reslts against the initial temperature and discuss the resus 5-34 A piston-cylinder device initially contains 08 m of Saturated water vapor at 250 KP. At this sale, the piston isresting on a set of stops, and the mass of the piston is sueh that a pressure of 300 kPa is required to move it. Hes is now slowly transfered to the steam until the volume doubles. Show the process on a P.v diagram with respect to suture Hon Unes and detcrnioe (a) the feal temperate, Q) the ‘work doae during this process, and () the toil heat transfer. ‘esos (a) 662°C, (0) 240 kl je) 1213 k 5-35 A 40-L electrical radiator containing Beating ofl $8 placed in @ 50 m? room. Both the room end the oil in the ‘radiator are initially at 10°C. The radiator with o rating of 2 KW is now turned on, At the same time, heat i lost from ‘the room at an average rate of 0.35 Kis. Afier some time, the average temperature is measured to be 20°C for the air jn the room, and 50°C for the ol in the radintor. Taking the density and the specific heat ofthe ol to he 950 kg end 22 KIMg"C, respectively, decermine how long the heer is ‘kept om. Assume the room is wellrealed so tat there ste no sur eats ‘ewe Room | FIGURE P5-35, S36 Steom at 75 KPa and & percent quality is contained in a springtouded piston-cylinder device, a shown in Fig. PS-36, with an intial volume of 2 my. Steam is now ‘nested wn its volume is mz? and its pressure is 225 APL. Determine the heat transferred to and the work produced by ‘the steam during this process. FIGURE 5-36 ‘5.37 Saturated Re134a vapor at 40°C is condensed at con Slant pressure to a saturated liquid ina cloned pston-cylinder system, Caleulate the heat transfor and work done during this process, in kik. ‘S.A An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a pati tHon. One prt ofthe tank contains 25 kg of compressed gud ‘ater wt OC and 600 KPA while the other part i evacuated, ‘The parition is now removed, and the water expands t9 fill the entire tank. Determine the Snal temperate ofthe water fad the Volume of the tank for a final pressure of 10 KPA Portion FIGURE P5-38 S99 CY Reconsider Prob, 5-38, Using an appropscte software. invents the effet of the tial pressure of water onthe final temperate inthe tanks Let the inal peste vary fom 100 0 600 KP Plt the nal tem erature agai the nl pressre aed dacs heres Speciic Heats, Su, and Aho Weal Gases $40C 15 the ration Au = CjgAT rested to constant. ‘lume prcests only, or can it BE wed for any Kind of pro cess or an deal gas SAIC by the cation Alt ~ én, AP resticted to constant pressure procests onl. oF ean fe sed fr any Kind of po- ess of am ieal gas? SA2C Is the energy required to heat air rom 295 0 305 K fhe ame a the cacy regu to eat an 348 0 355K? ‘ASsume the peso fais coos i Poh eases. S-43C A fined mass of an del gus is heated fom 50 to 80°C at a constant pressure of (a) Ian and (6) 3 atm, For ich case do you think the enery eid wll be eae Why SHC A fiscal mass of an ial gas i heat fom 50 fo 80°C at constant volume of (a) Tm" and 3 i. For wich ease do you think the energy equied wl be rater? way? SSCA fixed mass ofan ideal gat is Rested from 5010 80°C (a) at coniant volume aad () at constant pressure. For hich eae do you think the energy required wil be gretr? Why! S46 Show that fran ideal gos, = ZR‘S47 What isthe change inthe enthalpy, in KU/Kg, of oxy- [ben at its temperature changes from 150 to 25U°C? ls there ‘ay dference if the temperature change were from 0 to 100°C? Docs the pressure atthe beginning and end of this ‘process have any effect on the enthalpy change? S48. ‘The temperature of 2 kg of acon i inereased from 20 to 180°C. Calealate the change inthe toll internal energy of| ‘the neon, in kJ, Would the intemal energy change be any di- ferent ifthe neon were replaced with argon? $49 Calculate the change in the enthalpy of argon, in ifeg. when itis cooled froma 75 to 25°C. IF neon hac under- ‘gone this same change of temperature, would its enthalpy ‘change have been any diferent? 5-50 Determine the internal energy chunge Aw of hydro- ‘gen, in KlMkg. as it is heated from 200 10 800 K, using (@) the empisial specific beat equation as a function of tea perature (Table A-2e), (6) the c, value atthe average temper ‘ature (Table A-2b), and (¢) the, valve at room temperature (Table A-20), 51 Determine the enthalpy change Ah of eitragen, in Kg, ‘ats heated from 600 to 1000 K, using (a) the empirical spe- Citic heat equation as a function of temperature (Table A-2), () the, value at the average temperature (Table A-2b), and (6) the cf vale st room temperature (Table A-20) ‘Answers |2) 447 8 Wig, (5) 248.4 Lg, (6) 418.8 KL Closed-System Energy Analysis; Ideal Gases ‘5-52C Is it possible to compress am ideal gas iothermally in an adiabatic piston-cylinder device? Explain. 53 A.3 mt rigid tank conizins hydrogen at 250 KPa and ‘580 K. The gas is now cooled until its ternperature drops {to 360 K. Determine (c) the final pressure in the tank and (© the amount of heat transfer. S-S4_A.0.285 m? tank contains oxygen intl at 101 KPa tnd 27°C. A paddle wheel within the tank is rotated pti the pressare inside ses to 140) KPa. Daring the process 20 KJ of heat is lost to the surroundings. Determine the paddle- ‘wheel wark done. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle wae S55 Niwogen gas initially at 150 kPa and 40°C cecupies a volkime of 0.025 m? ina righd container equipped witha ring paddle wheel. After 6 EI of paddle wheel work is done ‘on nitrogen, what is its final temperature? Answer 240°C ‘$56 An insulated rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by @ partion. Initially, one part contains 4 kg of am ideal ‘gas at 800 kPa and 40°C, and the other partis evacuated, ‘The panition is now removed, and the gas expands into the entire tank. Determine the final temperature and pressure in the tank, FIGURE P5-88 5-57 A.4-m X 5m X 6 m room i to be heated by @ baseboard resistance Reater. I 8 desired that the resistance heater be able to raise the ir temperature in the room ‘rom 5 to 25°C within 11 min. Assuming 99 heat losses fom the oor and an atmosphere pressure of 100 KPa, detrmine the required power of the resistance heater Assume constant specific heats at room temperature, Answer 3.28 kW S58 A staent ving in s:3 m X 4 m X 4 m dormitory oom tums on her 100. fan before she Kaves the room 0a sun= mer day, hoping that the room wil be cooler when she comes beck in the evening. Assuming all the doors and windows are tightly closed snd disregarding any heat trnsfer through the Walls andthe windows, determine the temperature in te room when she comes beck 8 hater. Use spect beat values at room emperatur, ad aasine the room tobe at 100 KPa and 20°C in ‘he moming when she leaves. Ansnes: 90:3°0 Imxamxdm FIGURE P5-58 5.89 A4.m X 5 m X 7 m room is heated by the radiator of a stcam-heating system. The steam redator transfers heat at arate of 10,000 EJ, and » 100-W fan is used to distribute (he Warm air in the room, The rae of heat los from the room fs estimated 0 be about S000 KJ. I the ‘nial temperature of the oom air i 10°C, detcrminc how long, it will take for the air temperature to rise to 20°C. Assume constant specific heats at room temperature,FIGURE P5-59 ‘$00 Argon ix compressed in «polytopes process with n = 12 from 120 kPa and 10°C to 800 kPa ina piston cylinder sevice: Determine the work produecd and heat transferred ‘cing this compression process, in MTR FIGURE P5-60 S61. An insulate piston-cylinder device comians 100 L of fi at 400 KPa and 25°C. A parle wheel within the cylinder {i rotated until 13 kJ of work is done on the air wile the prestre is held constant. Determine the Sal temperate of the alz Neglect the energy stored in te pale wheel S82 A spring-loaded piston-ylinder device contains Lg fof carbon dioxide. This system is heated from 100 KPa and 25°C to 1000 kPa end 300°C. Determine the total heat tans- fer to and work produced by this system, FIGURE P5-82 $63 A piston-cylinder device contains 0.7 m? of nitrogen at 280 KPa and 370°C. Nitrogen is now allowed to eool at ‘constant prewure unl te temperature drops to 90°C. Using. specific heats at the average temperature, determine. the mont of heat ks. 5.64 Airis comined in a vanablefoad piston-cyinder device equipped with = paddle wheel. Initially, air is at 400 KPa and 17°C. The paddle wheel is now turned by an ‘extemal electric motor until 75 klskg of work has been tans ferred t ar: During this proces, hea is tansfered to in- ‘ain a constant sir temperature while allowing the gas volurie to tnple. Calewate the required amount of heat transfer, in Weg. Arsner 16.4 ete Wm FIGURE P5-64 S65 A mass of 15 bg of air in piston-eylinder device is heated from 25 to 77°C by passing current through a ress- tance hestr imide the cylinder. The persue inside th cylin- der is held constant at 300 KPa during the proces, and a eat loss of 6 KY occurs Determine the cloctie energy supplied, Wh. Ansar 0.235 Kh FIGURE P5-85 5-66 A piston-cylinder device contains 2.2 kg of nitrogen inially of 100 KPa and 25°C. The nitrogen ie now com- pressed slowly in & polywopic process during which PU ‘constant until the Yolume is redaced by one-half. Detcrine the work done a the heal tramsfer for thin procesSo Fa fcomies ab 56, sng wn serointe software, plo: the process described in the prob- Jem on a P-Vdiagrom. and investigate the effect ofthe poly topic exponent # on the boundary work and hea! trates [Lethe polytopie exponent vary (rom 1.0 10 1, Plot the boundary work and the heat wansfer versus the polytopic ponent and diseus the esl, 5.68 A plston-cylinder device, with a set of stops on the {ops initially contains 3 kg of air a: 200 KPa and 27°C, Heat is now transferred tothe at, and the piston ris uni it bits the Stops, at which point the volume is twice the inital volume More heat is transfered uni he pressure inside the cylinder also doubles. Determine the work done and the amount of heat transfer for this process. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram, 5.49 Air ie contained in 2 eylinder device fitted with 4 piston. The piston initially ress on a set of stops, and ‘pressure of 200 kPa is required to move the piston Taitaly, the air fy st 100 KPa snd 23°C and occupies a volume of 0.25 mp. Determine the amount of heat tans: {ered tothe air im kl while increasing the temperature to 700 K. Assume air has constant specific heals evaluated at 300 K. Answer 9.3 Wd FIGURE P5-68 5.70 Airis contained ina piston-cylndc device t 600 KPa fand 927°C, and occupies a volume of 8m. The wir under. oes and isothonmal (constant tomperature) process until the resvire in relaced to 300 KPa. The piston i now Fixed in place and not allowed to move while & eat transfer process fakes place uni the air reaches 27°C. (@)Skeich the system showing the cneies crossing. the ‘boundary and the Pa digran forthe combined peoesses, () For te combined processes determine the net amount of heat transfer, in Kl, and its direction. Assume air has eostantsecific heats evaluate at 300K. 5.71 A piston-cylinder device contains 4 kg of argon at 250 kPa and 35*C. During a quasiequiibrium, isothermal expansion proces, 15 KJ of boundary work is done by the system, and 3 WF Of padile-wheet work is done on the sys tem Detcrmie the heat transfer for this proces ‘losed-System Energy Analysis: Solids and Liquids 5.72 During pisnie on a hot summer day, all the cold ‘rinks disappeared quickly. and the only available drinks ‘were those at the ambient temperature of 30°C, Th an cffot to eool a 350 ml drink in a can, a person grabs the an and staris shaking it in the iced watcr of the chest at OFC. Using the properties of water for the drink, determine ‘the mass of ie that will melt by the time the canned dein coals 193°C. LTS Consider 4 1000W iron whose base plate is mode of OS-crthick shuminum alloy 202476 (p = 2770 kg/m! land o, ~ #75 MgC). The have plate has surfce are of (0.032 Italy, the iron isin thermal equi ith the ambient air at 2°C. Ansuming 90 percet of the heat gener ‘ted in the resistance wire is transfered tothe plate, deter mine the minimums time nade for the plac lemperstire to reach 200°C FIGURE P5-73, 5-74 Stainless steel ball bearings (p = 3085 Km and = 0480 kikg°C) having a diameter of 1.2 em are to be ‘qucached in water at arate of 00 per minute. The balls leave the oven at uniform temperate of 900°C and are exposed to air at 25°C for a while before they are dropped into the ‘water. I the temperature of the balls drops to 880°C proc to {quenching, determine th rate of beat tanefer from the balls to the aie, 5275 _In-a production faciiy, 4-em-ihiek 06 m X 0.6 square bas plats (p = 8530 kgf and = 038 Wihg"C) ‘Mat we inayat wif temperature &f 24°C are Reted by passing them though an oven at 800°C at rae of 3u0\per mite IC the plats remain inthe oven wt hee average temperature roe 10 500°C, determine the re of eat transfer othe plates in the rnsras pe, 24°C FIGURE P5-75 S76 Long cylindrical sect rods (p= 7833 kgm? and = 06S kitkg°C) of Sem diameter are heat-teaied by sdeawing them aa velocity of 2 min through an oven msi tained at 900°C, IF the rods eater te oven at 30°C and leave at a mean temperature of 700°C, determine the rate of heat transfert the rods inthe oven, S77 An clectronic device dissipating 25 W has a mass of 20 g and specific heat of 850 Ikg-°C. The device Is lighly ‘used, and itis on for $ min and then off for several hous, during Which it cools to the ambient temperature of 25°C. Determine the highest possible temperature af the device fat the end of the S-min operating period. What would your answer be ifthe device were alached to 3 0-kg alma Inet sink? Assume the device and the heat sink to be nearly isothermal, 5-78 CO Reconsider Prob, 5-77. Using an sppropricte software, investigate the effet of the mass of the heat sink om the maximum device temperature, Let the mass of heat sink vary from 010 1 kg. Plot the maximum temperature agains! the muss of heat sink and discuss the results. 8.79 I you exer slapped someone or got slapped youre, ‘you probably remember the burning seasation. Imagine you hhod the unfortunate ooeasion of being slapped by an angry ‘emon, which caused the temperstue ofthe affected area of ‘your face to ise by 24°C (ouch!). Assuming the slapping Ihand as « mass of 0.9 and about 0.150 kg of the tissue on ‘the face and the hand is affected by the inden, estimate the ‘clociy ofthe hand jst before impoct. Take the specific heat (Of the tae to be 38 Kh K. S80 Tn wmamufactarng facil, Scm-liometes brats balls (9 = 8522 kgm? and ¢, = 0.385 Lag-"C) iil a 120°C fare quenched in a waterbath at SOSC for a period of 2 min At rate of 100 balls per mite. I the temperature of the balls after quenching Is 74°C, determine the rete at which heat nocd to be removed from the waer in order to keep its temperature constant at $07, ore_Smnbate FIGURE P5-80 5-81 Repeat Prob. $-80 for aluminum balls. Review Problems 5.82 The temperature of ar changes from 0 to 10°C while its velocity changes from zero to « final velocity, and is ele- vation changes from revo ta final elevation. At which yal es of final air velocity and final elevation wil the internal, ‘inci, and potential energy changes be equal? 5.83 Consider a pston-cylinder device that contains 0.5 kg ‘i Now, heats tracsfecred wo the air at constant presure and the air temperature inereases by 5°C, Determine the expan sion work done during tis proces 5.84 Airin he amount of 1 kgs contained in a welnsuated, tigi veel expppe witha sting padle-wheck The iia sie ofthis a is 210 KPa and 19°C. How much vork. in 1. must be tansered tothe ai withthe ple whee! to rab the fe pressure to 280 EP? Ala, het the final tempera of ae? FIGURE P5-84 SAS Air is expanded in a podytrope process with 12 from 1 MPa and 400°C to 110 KPa io piston-eyinder device. Determine the Final tempercture of the ai 5.86 Niogen at 100 KP2 and 28°C in a gid vessel is ‘heated until is pressure is 300 kPa. Caeulate the work done and the heat transfered during tis proces, in ik. S87 A welkinsuated rigid vessel contains 3 Kg of satu- ‘ated liquid water at 40°C. The vessel also contains an electi- cal resistor that draws 10 amperes when 50 volts a applied.Determine the final temperature inthe vessel afer the resistor thas been operating for 30 minates, Anaver: 119°C 5.88 In onder to cool I ton of water at 20°C in an insulated tun, 2 person pours 80 kx of ice at ~5°C int the water. Deter- ‘mine the final equilibrium temperature inthe tank. The melting temperature and the heat of fasion of ice at atmospheric pres sure are °C und 333.7 Kikg respectively. Ansncr 12.40 5-89 A mas of 3 kg of saturated ligud-vapor mixture of ‘waters contained in a pston-cylinderdeviee al 160 KPa Ii- ill, 1 of the water in the liquid phase and the resis in the vapor phase. Heat is now transfered the water, and the piston, which is resting on a set of stops, stats moving when the pressure inside reaches $00 KPa. Heat transfer continues ‘until the total volume increases by 20 percent. Determine (@) the ina and final temperatura, (B) the mass of Bud ‘water when the piston fist starts moving, ad (the work done uring tis process. Also, show he process on & P-v diagram. FIGURE P5-89 5.90 A mass of 12 ky of saturated refiigeant-34a vapor is contained ina piston-eylindr deviee at 240 KPa. Now, 300 kl of heat is transfered to the refigerant at constant pressure ‘while TIOLV source supplies current to a resistor witha the cylinder for 6 min, Determine the cuerent suppl if the fe temperature Is 70°C. Also, show the process ona T-v agra ‘wth respeet tothe saturation lines. Ansner 12.8 A FIGURE P5-80 S91 Saturated water vapor st 200°C is condensed to a saturated liquid at 50°C in a spring-loaded piston-eylinder device, Determine the hsat transfer fr this process, in KIJkE. ‘$92 A piston-eylinder device contains 0.8 kg of un ideal gs. "Now, the gas ie cooked at constant pressure wail ts temperature decreases by 10°C: If 16.01 of compression work is done du ing tis process, determine the gus constant and the molar mass ff the gas. Also determine the comsent-volume and constant Pressure specific heats of the gms if its specific heat rai is 1.67. FIGURE P5-92 5.93 A piston-eylinder device contains helium gas initially ‘a 100 KPa, 10°C, and 0.2 m*. The helium is now compressed in a polyiopie process (PU' = constan) to 700 kPa and. 290°C. Determine the heat loss or gnin during this process. ‘nse: 6.51 Kd oss FIGURE P5-93 {5.94 An insulated pistoo-cylinderdeviee initially contains 0.01 a’ of saturated iguid-vapor mixture with a quality of (02 at 120°C. Nom, some ie at °C is added to the cylin. saturated liquid at 120°C when ther- smal equilibrium is establitbed, determine the amount of ice telded. The micting temperate and the beat of fusion of ice ‘st atmospheric pressure are °C and 333.7 kg, respectively, ‘$95 _Niogen gas is expanded in a polyiropic proces with n 1.25 from 2 MPa and 1200 K to 200 KPa in a pston-cinde? device. How much: work is produced and heat is rastered dur ing tis expansion proces, in kag? 5.96 A passive solar house that is losing heat to the out ‘doors at an average rate of 50,000 Kh is maintsned at 22°C ‘atoll times during & wiater night for 10 b. The house isto beheated by 30 sass containers each containing 20 L of wate hat js nested to 80°C during the day by absorhing soar energy. A ttermosta-conulled 1540W backup electie resistance beter tums on whenever necessary fo keep the bouse at 22°C. (a) How Jong did the eerie eating system run ha ight (b) How long ‘Wot he eletic heater rn tha night ifthe house incorpo no sour heating? Ansners:(a) 477, (€) 9.26 URE P5-26 5.97 One tan (1000 kg) of liquid water at SO°C is brought nto a well-insulated and wetl-seted 4 m X Sm X 6 m room inily at 15°C and 95 KPa. Assuming constant specific Teas for both air and water at oom temperature, determine the final equilibrium temperature in the room, Answer 482°C ‘5.98 Wr iy bul at sea evel in x cffcc maker capped ‘with an immersionsype clctric heating clement, The coffer maker contains | L of water when fll. Once boiling stars, itis observed that half ofthe water inthe coffee maker erap- ‘rates in 25 min, Determine the power rang of the electric heating clement immersed in water. Also, determine how long it wil take for this hester to rise the temperature of 1 L of ‘cold water ‘rom 18°C to the bang temperature FIGURE P5-98 5.99 3m X 41m X 5 m room isto be heated by one ton (1000 kg) of liguid water contained in & ami Chali place in the room. The room is losing heat to the outside stan averace ‘le of 6000 ki. The rooms intially st 20°C and 100 Pa and ‘maintained al an everage temperate OF 20°C at all times. LF ‘the hot water isto meet the heating requiements of this room or 4 24 period, determine the minimum temperatare ofthe water when iis frst lrooght ito the roo. Assume constant specie heats for both sand water room temperature, 5.100 The energy content of a certain ford i to be deter mined in a bomb calorimeter that contains 3 ke of watcr by ‘burning a 2g sample of tin the presence of 100 of ai inthe reaction chamber, Ir the water temperature rises by 32°C when ‘equilibrium is established, determine the energy content of the ‘ood, in klk, by neglecting the thermal energy stored in the reaction chamber and the energy supplied by the mixer: What is ‘rough estimate ofthe erorinvoived in neglesting the thermal ‘energy stored inthe reaction chamber? Ansawr 20,050 1 FIGURE P5-100 S.101 A 68:kg man whose average body temperature is 39°C drinks L L of cold water at 3°C in an effort to coo! ‘dow, Taking the average specific heat of the human body to be 3.6 KKB, determine the drop in the average body tem erature ofthe person under the influence af this cold water. $102 An insulcted rigid tank initially coniaine 1.4-kgeatu- ‘led liguid water at 200°C and six. At this stte, 25 percent ‘of the volume is ceeapied by liquid water and the rest by ait Nom, an electric resist place in the tan i tuned on, and the tank is observed 40 contain saturated water vapor after 20 min. Determine (2) the volume of the tank, (b) the final tempzrature, and (c) the electric power rating ofthe resistor. Neglect energy added to the air. Aries: (a) 0.00688 m", Io 371°C, (6) 1.58 AW FIGURE P5~1025.103 A.0.3-L glass of water at 20°C is 1 be cooled with ice #9 5°C, Determine how mich ice needs to be added to (he wate, in grams, ifthe Ke is at (a) O°C and (2) ~20°C. ‘Alto, determine how much water would be needed if the ‘cooling is to be done with cold water at O°C. The melting (emperaure and the heat of fusion of ice at stmospherie pressure are O°C and 333.7 lug, respectively, and the den- sity of water is | ke. S104 [EY] Reconsider Prob, 5-103. Using an appropriate software, investigate the effet of the initial Aeimperaune of the ee on the Rl mane fesse. Let the oe lemperature vary from —26 10 O°C, Plot the muss of ice against the intial temperature of ice and discuss te results $105 A vvellinslated 3m X 4 m X 6 m room snially 7°C is heated by the radiator of a stear heating system. The radiator has a volume of 15 L and is lle with superheated vapor at 260 KPa and 200°C. At his moment both the inlet, and the exit valves to the raditor are closed, A 120-W fan is med to distribute the ai in the room, The presnie of the sieum is observed to drop to 100 kPa after 48 min asa result of heat transfer fo the room. Assuming constant spesifc hats for ais at roca lemperaine, determine the average lmapera+ ture of ir iS min. Assume the air pressure ie the room remains constant at 100 KP FIGURE P5-105 5.106 Two rigid tanks are coonceted by a valve. Tank A contains 0.2 of water at 400 KPa and 80 percent quai ‘Tank B contsins 0.5 m? of water at 200 kPs and 250°C. The valve is now opened, and the two tanks eventually come to the same sine. Determine the preswre and the farmount of heat transfer when the system reaches thermal ‘equilibrium with the suroundings at 25°C. Arsners: 3.17 Wa, 217001 5-107 EY Recomsier Prob, 5-100, Using an appropriate softwar, investigate the eect of the environ- rent temperature on the final presse and the heat tranfer. ‘Lat the exviroament temperature vary from 0 to SUC. Plat ‘the final results sgainst the environment temperature and ‘seus the reales sider a ell-insulated horizontal rigid cylinder ato two compartments by x pison that i fice ‘to move, but doze not allow either ges fo Leek into the oer side, Intl, one side ofthe piston contains 1 m’ of N gas 3500 KPa and 120°C while the athcr side cotsias La of He gas at 300 kPa and 40°C, Now, thermal equilibrium is ‘established inthe cylinder as a result of heat transfer tough the piston. Using constant specific heats at room fempers- ‘ure, determine the final equllvium temperature in the cyl inder. What would your answer be if the piston were not free FIGURE P5-108 $109 Repest Prob. $-108 by assuming the piston is made (of 8 kg of copper italy at the average temperature ofthe toro gates on both ses, Answer #3.7°C oa Reconsider Prob. 5-109. Using an appropri= ate software, investigate the effect of the ‘mass ofthe copper piston onthe final equilibrium tempera- ture. Let the mass of piston vary from 1 to 10 kg. Plot the final temperature agsint the mass of piston and discuss ‘the results, SAID Am insulated pistomeylinder device intially contains 1. saturated liquid water at 120°C. Now, an ccketrc resistor placed in the tank is tamed! on for 10 min ‘unl the volume cuadruples. Determine (2) the volume ofthetank, (b) the final temperatre, and (e} the elctical pow ating of the resistor. Ancwer: (2) 0.00763 rm}, (2) 120°C, (o 0.0235 x wy, FIGURE P5111 5.412. A vertiea! 12cm diameter piston-cyinder device com- tains an deal gas tthe ambien conditions of 1 bar and 24°C. Initialy, the inner faze of the piston is 20 cm from the base of the cylinder. Naw, an extemal shaft conte to the piston ‘exerts a force comesponding toa boundary work input of OL KI ‘The temperate of the ets romaine constant daring the proces Detcnnine (a) the amount of heat trans, (b) the final pressure Jn the ellndr apd (6) the dstace thatthe piston is displaced S413 A vertical 12-em dlameter piston-cylinder device ‘contains an ileal gas a the ambient conditions of | bar and 24°C. Initially, the inner face ofthe piston is 20 em from the ‘base of the cylinder. Now, an external shaft connected 10 the Piston exers a foree corresponding to a boundary work input ‘of 01 KI. The temperatre of the gas remains constant dur- ing the process. Determine (a) the amount of iat transfer, @) the Final presse inthe cylinder, and (c) the distance that ‘the piston is displaced. SAM A pistom-cylinder device initially contains O.3S-kg seam a 3.5 MPa, superheated by 74°C. Now, the steam loses heat to the suroundings and the piston moves dowa, hitting © set of stops at which point the cylinder contains saturated jiguid water. The cooling continucs until the eylin- der contains water at 200°C. Determine (a) the ial prosaic and the quality (if mixture). @) the boundary work, (€) the amount of heat transfer when the piston first hits the stops, ‘and (athe total eat transfer, FIGURE P5-114 Design and Essay Problems ‘SLALS Find out how the specific heats of gases, gulds, and rolids are determined in national laboratories. Describe the ‘expcrimental apparatus and the prcedurs usc SLATG You are asked to design a heating system for a ‘swimming pool that is 2 m deep, 25 m long smd 25 n wide “Your clit desires thatthe beating system be lunge enough to raise the water temperature from 20 to 30°C in 3h. The rate ‘of Heat loss fro the waiter the ai a the outdooe design ‘conulitions is determined to be 960 Ww, andthe healer must sso be able to mainiain the pool at 30°C a those contitions “ica losses to the ground arc expected to be small and can be disregarded. The heater considered {s a natural gas far nace whos efficiency is 80 percent. What heater size (in kW ;pat) would you recommend to your elcnt? S117 We is claimed that fits and vegctablx are cooked by 6°C for cach perentage point of weight Joss as moisture daring vacuum cooling. Using calculations, demonstrate if his claim i reasonable. S.118 Using a thermometer, measure the boiling tempera tute of water and caetate the comespooding saturation pres: sure. From this information, estimate the altiude of your town and compare it with the actual altitude value fan experiment complete with instrumen! the specific heals o? a gas using a resistance Theater Discuss how the experiment will be eoaducted, what measurements need to be taken, and how the specific heats will be determined. What are the sources of ettor in your system? How can you minimize the experimental error?