‫‪21/09/2019‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻟﯾﻛﺎ ‪ -‬اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬

‫ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﺎ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﺎ أو ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ھﻮ ﻓﺮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء ﯾﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻲ اﻟﺴﻜﻮن واﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪ .‬وﺗﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات واﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺑﺸﺮط ﺗﺤﻘﻖ ظﺮوف ﻣﻌﯿﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻐﺎزات ﻋﻨﺪ اﻧﺴﯿﺎﺑﮭﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﺿﻌﯿﻔﺔ أو ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻀﻐﻄﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻘﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء‬
‫أﺣﯿﺎﻧًﺎ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻓﺮﻋﯿﻦ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺻﻒ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﻮن‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وھﺬا ﯾﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﺪراﺳﺔ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ أﺛﻨﺎء‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾُﺪرّس ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ وﯾُﻄﺒﱠﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﯿﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺪﻧﯿﺔ واﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪﺳﻮن اﻟﻤﺪﻧﯿﻮن ﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬
‫أﺳﺎﺳًﺎ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ أو اﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ ﺟﺰﺋﯿًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﻮﻣﻮن ﺑﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺠﺴﻮر واﻟﺴﺪود ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﯿﻀﺎن اﻷﻧﮭﺎر واﻟﻘﻨﻮات وﺷﺒﻜﺎت اﻟﺮي‬
‫واﻟﺼﺮف‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺼﻤﻤﻮن ﺷﺒﻜﺎت إﻣﺪاد اﻟﻤﺪن ﺑﺎﻟﻤﯿﺎه‪.‬‬

‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪﺳﻮن اﻟﻤﯿﻜﺎﻧﯿﻜﯿﻮن‪ ،‬ﻓﯿﻮﺟﮭﻮن اھﺘﻤﺎﻣﮭﻢ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ اﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﺌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺿﻐﻂ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ آﻻت‬
‫ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﯿﻨﺎت واﻟﻤﻜﺎﺑﺢ‪ ،‬وأﺟﮭﺰة ﻗﯿﺎدة اﻟﺴﯿﺎرات ووﺣﺪات اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﺋﺮات وﺳﻔﻦ اﻟﻔﻀﺎء وﻛﺬﻟﻚ أﺟﮭﺰة اﻟﺘﺸﯿﯿﺪ‪.‬‬

‫وﺗﻌﻤﻞ آﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺑﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء أو ﺑﻀﻐﻂ أي ﺳﺎﺋﻞ آﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﯿﺮ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﯿﻨﺎت ﺑﻘﻮة ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺘﺤﺮك‪ .‬واﻟﺘﻮرﺑﯿﻨﺎت ﻋﺠﻼت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة ﯾﻤﻜﻨﮭﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﯾﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺷﻐﻞ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﻓﻲ إدارة ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ أو ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄدﯾﺔ أي ﻋﻤﻞ آﺧﺮ‪ .‬وھﻨﺎك أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﯿﻨﺎت ﺗﺴﯿﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺨﺎر أو ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ‬
‫ﻧﻮع آﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ آﻻت اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺑﺲ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة وﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻘﻮة ﺑﻮﺳﺎطﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺒﺎس إﻟﻰ ﻛﺒﺎس آﺧﺮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﮫ‪ .‬وﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺑﺲ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ وﻟﻜﺒﺲ اﻟﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﻔﻠﺰﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﺴﻤﻰ أﺣﺪ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺑﺲ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﺔ راﻓﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﮭﺮﺳﺖ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﺎ واﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺳﯿﻜﻠﻮﭘﯿﺪﯾﺎ ‪.1728‬‬ ‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ )ح‪(1870 – 1600 .‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ 3.1‬ﺑﻨﺪﺗﻮ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ 3.2‬ﺑﻠﯿﺰ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
‫‪ 3.3‬ﺟﺎن ﻟﻮي ﻣﺎري ﭘﻮازي‬
‫‪ 3.4‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬
‫أﻧﻈﺮ أﯾﻀﺎ ً‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫وﺻﻼت ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﻲ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة وﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺒﺎس ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻛﺒﺎس آﺧﺮ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷول‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺰداد اﻟﻘﻮة ﺑﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺑﺴﯿﻂ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻜﺒﺎس اﻷﻛﺒﺮ واﻟﻜﺒﺎس اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‪ .‬وﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻜﺒﺎس‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ اﻷﺣﻤﺎل اﻟﺜﻘﯿﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺳﺘﺎﺗﯿﻜﺎ‪ .‬ﺷﻲ ٌء أﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻵﻻت واﻷﺟﮭﺰة‪ .‬وﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﺑﺲ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﺔ وﺗﺸﻐﯿﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻷﺟﮭﺰة‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ وﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﺘﻜﻮن اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺲ اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﻲ اﻟﺒﺴﯿﻂ ﻣﻦ أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﺒﺎﺳﯿﻦ أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ أﺻﻐﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻵﺧﺮ‪ ،‬وﺗﻤﻸ اﻷﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺑﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬وﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺒﺎس‬
‫اﻷﺻﻐﺮ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻜﺒﺎس اﻷﻛﺒﺮ وﺗﺰداد اﻟﻘﻮة ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻲ اﻟﻜﺒﺎس اﻷﻛﺒﺮ واﻟﻜﺒﺎس اﻷﺻﻐﺮ‪ .‬وﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﻮاﺑﺢ اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺪأ‬
‫ﻣﻜﺒﺲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﯿﻨﺘﻘﻞ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ دواﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺢ ﺧﻼل ﺳﺎﺋﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺒﻘﺎب اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺢ اﻟﺬي ﯾﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺪوره ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺠﻼت اﻟﺴﯿﺎرة‪.‬‬

‫ﯾﻘﯿﺲ ﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ أو ﻏﺎز‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻜﻮن أﺑﺴﻂ أﻧﻮاع ھﺬا اﻟﺠﮭﺎز ﻣﻦ أﻧﺒﻮب ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﺪوة اﻟﺤﺼﺎن ﻣﻔﺘﻮح اﻟﻄﺮﻓﯿﻦ وﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻜﻮن زﺋﺒﻘًﺎ أو ﻣﺎ ًء‪ ،‬ﯾﻤﻸ ﻗﺎع اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‪ ،‬وﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻗﻠﯿﻼً ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺮﻋﯿﻦ‪ .‬وﯾﻠﺰم أن ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻗﯿﺎس ﺿﻐﻄﮭﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﯾﻮﺻﱠﻞ أﺣﺪ اﻟﺬراﻋﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻜﺎن اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﯿﮫ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﯾﻈﻞ اﻟﺬراع اﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﺿًﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬وﯾﺸﯿﺮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺑﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬراﻋﯿﻦ إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧًﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬اﻧﻈﺮ‪:‬اﻟﻤﺎﻧﻮﻣﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪.Moat and gardens at Sigirya‬‬
‫وﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي )اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ( ﺟﮭﺎز ﻟﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم أﺳﺎﺳًﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺘﻨﺒﺆ ﺑﺎﻷﺣﻮال اﻟﺠﻮﯾﺔ وﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﺎس ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺠﺒﺎل‪ .‬وﯾﺘﻜﻮن أﺣﺪ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻘﯿﺎس‬
‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي ﻣﻦ أﻧﺒﻮب ﯾﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ زﺋﺒﻖ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺒﺤﺮ ﯾﺘﻌﺎدل وزن ﻋﻤﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ارﺗﻔﺎﻋﮫ ‪ 75‬ﺳﻢ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة‬
‫ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‪ ،‬وﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻣﻨﺴﻮب اﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب أو ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ ،‬وﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺠﻮي‪ .‬اﻧﻈﺮ‪:‬اﻟﺒﺎروﻣﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺼﻒ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺴﻜﻮن‪ .‬وﯾﻨﺺ أﺣﺪ ﻣﺒﺎدئ ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﺷﺊ ﻋﻦ وزن‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﯾﺘﺤﺪد ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ارﺗﻔﺎع ھﺬا اﻟﻌﻤﻮد‪ .‬وﻻ ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ اﻟﻌﻤﻮد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺬي ﯾُﺤﺪﺛﮫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﺈذا اﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﻣﺜﻼً وﺟﻮد أﻧﺒﻮﺑﯿﻦ ﯾﻤﺘﺪان ﻣﻦ‬
‫أرﺿﯿﺔ اﻟﺤﺠﺮة ﺣﺘﻰ ﺳﻘﻔﮭﺎ‪ ،‬أﺣﺪھﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﺮج اﻟﺸﻜﻞ واﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺪﯾﮭﻲ أن اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ أﻗﺼﺮ طﻮﻻً ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻷول‪ .‬ﻓﺈذا اﻣﺘﻸ اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﺎن ﺗﻤﺎ ًﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﻤﯿﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺮج أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‪ ،‬وﻣﻊ ذﻟﻚ ﯾﺘﺴﺎوى ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﺎع اﻷﻧﺒﻮﺑﯿﻦ ﻷن ارﺗﻔﺎع ﻋﻤﻮدي اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﯿﮭﻤﺎ واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫وﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻄﻔﻮ اﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺟﺴﺎم اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﺪأ اﻟﻤﺬﻛﻮر آﻧﻔًﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾُﻐ َﻤ ُﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﯾﻜﻮن اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﮭﺬا اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻖ أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺤﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﯾﻜﻮن ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ أطﻮل ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻮد اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ‬
‫ﯾﻌﻨﻲ أن اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮر ﺑﻘﻮة ﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬وﺗُﺴ ﱠﻤﻰ ھﺬه اﻟﻘﻮة ﻗﻮة اﻟﻄﻔﻮ‪ .‬وھﻲ اﻟﻘﻮة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ إﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﻤﺮاﻛﺐ طﺎﻓﯿﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Aqueduct of Segovia‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪأ أرﺧﻤﯿﺪس ﯾﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﺪأ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ وﻧﺼﮫ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾُﻐﻤﺮ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻓﺈن وزﻧﮫ ﯾﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ وزﻧﮫ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار وزن اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺰاح‪ .‬وﺳﺒﺐ ﻓﻘﺪان‬
‫اﻟﻮزن ھﻮ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻄﻔﻮ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ طﻮر ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت اﻹﻏﺮﯾﻘﻲ أرﺧﻤﯿﺪس ھﺬا اﻟﻤﺒﺪأ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻤﯿﻼد‪.‬‬

‫وﺗﻮﺿﯿﺤًﺎ ﻟﻤﺒﺪأ أرﺧﻤﯿﺪس‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﻨﺘﺨﯿّﻞ أن ھﻨﺎك ﻋﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﯿﺔ ﺳﻌﺘﮭﺎ ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ووزﻧﮭﺎ ‪ 3‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﻣﻐﻤﻮرة ﺗﻤﺎ ًﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‪ .‬ﺗﺰﯾﺢ ھﺬه اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻟﺘﺮ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء وزﻧﮫ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام واﺣﺪ‪ .‬إذن ﻣﻘﺪار ﻗﻮة اﻟﻄﻔﻮ ﺛﻘﻞ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام‬
‫واﺣﺪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈن وزن اﻟﻌﻠﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮرة ‪ 2‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬أي أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ وزﻧﮭﺎ اﻟﺤﻘﯿﻘﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام واﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺴﻜﺎل وﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع ﻓﻲ وﻋﺎء ﯾﻨﺸﺮ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوي ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ اﻻﺗﺠﺎھﺎت‪ .‬اﺳﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ واﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﻲ اﻟﻔﺮﻧﺴﻲ ﺑﻠﯿﺲ ﺑﺴﻜﺎل ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﻼدي‪.‬‬

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‫ھﯾدروﻟﯾﻛﺎ‪https://www.marefa.org/‬‬ ‫‪1/4‬‬
‫‪21/09/2019‬‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻟﯾﻛﺎ ‪ -‬اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬
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‫ﻟﻨﺄﺧﺬ زﺟﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻋﻨﻘﮭﺎ ‪10‬ﺳﻢ‪ ²‬وﻟﻨﻤﻸھﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻐﻠﻘﮭﺎ إﻏﻼﻗًﺎ ﻣﺤﻜ ًﻤﺎ ﺑﺴﺪادة ﺣﺮة اﻟﺘﺤﺮك‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻧﻀﻊ ﺛﻘﻼً ﻛﺘﻠﺘﮫ ﻛﯿﻠﻮ ﺟﺮام واﺣﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﺪادة‪.‬‬ ‫وﻟﺘﻮﺿﯿﺢ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺑﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬
‫ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء ﯾﺰداد ﺑﻤﻘﺪار ‪ 1/10‬ﻛﺠﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﺳﻢ‪ ²‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺰﺟﺎﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺒﺎدئ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﺗُﻌ ّﺪ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻟﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ وﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻵﻻت‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪﺳﻮن ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮن ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﻄﯿﻂ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻘﻨﻮات وﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﺮي‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‪ ،‬وﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻨﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ آﻟﯿﺎت اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﻮرﺑﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻟﺘﻐﺬﯾﺔ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﻤﮭﻨﺪﺳﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻘﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﻨﻈﻢ‪ .‬ﻓﺎرﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺨﺰان ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﺬي ﯾﻨﺴﺎب ﻣﻨﮫ‪ ،‬وھﺬا اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﯾﺤﺪد ﺑﺪوره ﻣﻌﺪﻻت ﺗﺪﻓﻖ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ‪ .‬وﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻟﺨﺰاﻧﺎت ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ طﻮﯾﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ ﺗﺼﻞ ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﯿﺎه ﺑﺄﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬
‫‪The double-action reciprocating‬‬
‫اﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪام‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ھﺬه اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﺆﺛﺮ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻷﻧﺎﺑﯿﺐ‪ ،‬وﻛﺬﻟﻚ اﻻﺣﺘﻜﺎك ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﻤﯿﺎه وﺟﺪراﻧﮭﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب‪.‬‬
‫‪suction piston pump with a‬‬
‫‪valve and crankshaft-‬‬
‫وﺗﺆدي ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ دورًا رﺋﯿﺴﯿًﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﯿﻨﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﯿﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻌﺾ ھﺬه اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﯿﻨﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﻐﻤﻮرة ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﮭﺎر ﺣﯿﺚ ﯾُﺴﯿّﺮھﺎ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء‪ ،‬ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫‪connecting rod mechanism,‬‬
‫ﯾﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ اﻟﺴﺪود وﺣﯿﻨﺌﺬ ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﺪ ﻟﺘﻌﺠﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺪاﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺘﻮرﺑﯿﻦ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻨﺴﺎب إﻟﻰ‬
‫‪from a manuscript of Al-Jazari‬‬
‫‪.in 1206‬‬
‫طﺎﻗﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﯿﺔ دوراﻧﯿﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪات اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﯿﺪ اﻟﻜﮭﺮﺑﺎء‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺗﺼﻒ ﺳﻠﻮك اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﮭﺎ وﯾﻜﻮن اﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺒﺎ أو ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﺘﺐ‪ .‬وﯾﻨﺸﺄ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب ﻏﯿﺮ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺘﺐ ﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﯿﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪث‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ أو ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣﺮارة أو ﻓﻲ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ھﺬا اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻮاﺋﻖ‪.‬‬

‫ھﻨﺎك ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ أﺳﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺘﺐ ﻟﻠﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ھﻲ‪:‬‬

‫]‪[1‬‬
‫‪Hydraulics and other studies‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻓﻲ اﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻧﺼﮫ‪ :‬ﺗﺰداد ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺮك داﺧﻞ أﻧﺒﻮب‬
‫ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﺖ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﺗﻨﻘﺺ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازدادت ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪An open channel, with a uniform depth, Open‬‬
‫وﯾﻄﺒّﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻋﻨﺪ وﺿﻊ ﻓﻮھﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺧﺮوج اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﺮطﻮم رش اﻟﺤﺪاﺋﻖ‪ ،‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ‬ ‫‪Channel Hydraulics deals with uniform and non-‬‬
‫ھﺬه اﻟﻔﻮھﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺎس ﻓﺘﺤﺔ اﻟﺨﺮطﻮم ﻓﯿﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﻣﻨﮫ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ أﻛﺒﺮ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﺗﺴﻤﻰ أﯾﻀًﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن‬ ‫‪.uniform streams‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وھﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﯿﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻘﺎء اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‪ ،‬وﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﯾﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻧﺨﻔﻀﺖ ﺳﺮﻋﺘﮫ‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ﯾﻨﺨﻔﺾ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻛﻠﻤﺎ ازدادت اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪ .‬وﻗﺪ طﻮّر ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﺮﯾﺎﺿﯿﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺴﻮﯾﺴﺮي داﻧﯿﺎل ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺜﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﻼدي‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢ أﺟﻨﺤﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮات‪ .‬ﯾﻌﻄﻲ اﻟﺠﻨﺎح اﻧﺤﻨﺎءة ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺤﮫ اﻟﻌﻠﻮي ﺗﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﮭﻮاء ﯾﻨﺴﺎب ﻋﻠﯿﮫ أﺳﺮع ﻣﻨﮫ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ اﻟﺴﻔﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺎح‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﯾﻜﻮن‬
‫ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء أﻗﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻮاﺿﻊ اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ .‬وﻧﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء أﺳﻔﻞ اﻟﺠﻨﺎح ﻋﻨﮫ ﻓﻮق اﻟﺠﻨﺎح‪ .‬وﯾﺆدي ذﻟﻚ إﻟﻰ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮرﯾﺸﻠﻲ ﯾﻨﺺ ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻨﺴﺎب ﺑﮭﺎ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰان ﺗﺴﺎوي ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﺳﻘﻮط ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮى ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻟﻔﺘﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻛﺘﺸﻒ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻔﯿﺰﯾﺎء اﻹﯾﻄﺎﻟﻲ إﯾﻔﺎﻧﺠﻠﯿﺴﺘﺎ ﺗﻮرﯾﺸﻠﻲ ھﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﯿﻼدي‪.‬‬

‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪة ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻘﻮم ﻋﻠﻰ وﺻﻒ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻧﺴﯿﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل أﻧﺒﻮب‪ ،‬واﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﮭﻮاء ﺣﻮل‬
‫ﺟﻨﺎح طﺎﺋﺮة‪ .‬وﺑﺰﯾﺎدة ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﻀﯿﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب »أﻋﻼه« ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫أﺧﻒ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻣﺒﯿﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺒﻮب اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻲ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻷﺳﻔﻞ ﻧﺮى أن اﻧﺴﯿﺎب اﻟﮭﻮاء ﻓﻮق‬
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻨﺤﻦ ﻟﺠﻨﺎح ﯾﻜﻮن أﺳﺮع ﻣﻤﺎ ھﻮ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ‬
‫ﻓﻮق ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ ﻟﻠﺠﻨﺎح‪ .‬واﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﺰادة‬
‫ﺗﺨﻔﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﮭﻮاء‪ .‬وﯾﺆدي اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ اﻟﺠﻨﺎح إﻟﻰ رﻓﻊ اﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮة‪.‬‬
‫ووﻓﻘًﺎ ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮرﯾﺸﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮ اﻧﺴﺎب ﻣﺎء ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰان ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻖ ‪3‬م ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺗﻜﻮن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ھﺬا اﻻﻧﺴﯿﺎب ﻣﺴﺎوﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﯾﻜﺘﺴﺒﮭﺎ ﺣﺠﺮ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺳﻘﻮطﮫ ﻣﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺴﻜﻮن ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪3‬م‪ .‬وﻻ ﯾﻨﻄﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺗﻮرﯾﺸﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﺎزات‪ ،‬إذ إﻧﮫ ﻻ ﯾﻮﺟﺪ أي ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻠﻐﺎز‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻧﺴﯿﺎب ﻏﺎز ﻣﻦ ﺧﺰان‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻐﺎز داﺧﻞ ھﺬا اﻟﺨﺰان‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺼﺮ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺚ )ح‪(1870 – 1600 .‬‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﺗﻮ ﻛﺎﺳﺘﻠﻲ‬
‫‪In 1619 Benedetto Castelli (1576 - 1578–1643), a student of Galileo Galilei, published the book Della Misura dell'Acque Correnti‬‬
‫‪or "On the Measurement of Running Waters", one of the foundations of modern hydrodynamics. He served as a chief consultant to‬‬
‫]‪[2‬‬
‫‪.the Pope on hydraulic projects, i.e., management of rivers in the Papal States, beginning in 1626‬‬

‫ﺑﻠﯿﺰ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎل‬

‫‪Blaise Pascal (1623–1662) studied fluid hydrodynamics and hydrostatics, centered on the principles of hydraulic fluids. His inventions include the hydraulic press,‬‬
‫‪which multiplied a smaller force acting on a smaller area into the application of a larger force totaled over a larger area, transmitted through the same pressure (or same‬‬
‫‪change of pressure) at both locations. Pascal's law or principle states that for an incompressible fluid at rest, the difference in pressure is proportional to the difference‬‬
‫‪in height and this difference remains the same whether or not the overall pressure of the fluid is changed by applying an external force. This implies that by increasing‬‬
‫‪the pressure at any point in a confined fluid, there is an equal increase at every other point in the container, i.e., any change in pressure applied at any point of the fluid‬‬
‫‪.is transmitted undiminished throughout the fluids‬‬

‫ﺟﺎن ﻟﻮي ﻣﺎري ﭘﻮازي‬

‫‪A French physician, Poiseuille researched the flow of blood through the body and discovered an important law governing the rate of flow with the diameter of the tube‬‬
‫‪.in which flow occurred‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة‬

‫‪Several cities developed city-wide hydraulic power networks in the 19th century, to operate machinery such as lifts, cranes, capstans and the like. Joseph Bramah[3] was‬‬
‫]‪an early innovator and William Armstrong[4] perfected the apparatus for power delivery on an industrial scale. In London, the London Hydraulic Power Company[5‬‬
‫‪was a major supplier its pipes serving large parts of the West End of London, City and the Docks, but there were schemes restricted to single enterprises such as docks‬‬
‫‪.and railway goods yards‬‬

‫ھﯾدروﻟﯾﻛﺎ‪https://www.marefa.org/‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪2/4‬‬

21/09/2019 ‫ اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‬- ‫ھﯾدروﻟﯾﻛﺎ‬
ً ‫أﻧﻈﺮ أﯾﻀﺎ‬
Affinity laws
‫ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻦ ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﻲ‬
Pneumatics
‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻄﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﯿﺔ ﻟﻠﮭﻨﺪﺳﺔ واﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬

3%D8%A7&action=edit
[‫]أﺧﻒ‬ ‫ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﺎ‬
‫ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﺎ • ﻣﺎﺋﻊ ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﻲ • طﺎﻗﺔ ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﯿﺔ • ھﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت‬
Ram • Rescue tools • ‫ • ﻣﺤﺮك • ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﻗﻮة • ﻣﻜﺒﺲ • ﻣﻀﺨﺔ‬Drive system • Manifold • ‫ • ﻣﻜﺒﺢ • دارة • أﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ‬Accumulator • ‫آﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺎت‬

‫اﻟﻤﺼﺎدر‬
(http://mousou3a.educdz.com/0/095605_0.htm) ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺳﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﯿﺔ اﻟﺸﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

.NEZU Iehisa (1995), Suirigaku, Ryutai-rikigaku, Asakura Shoten, p. 17, ISBN 4-254-26135-7 ^ .1
(/Benedetto Castelli (1576-1578-1643) (http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/castelli.html), The Galileo Project (http://galileo.rice.edu ^ .2
.Joseph Bramah" (http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/technology/engineering/biography/bramah.htm). Robinsonlibrary.com. 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2014-04-08" ^ .3
William George Armstrong, Baron Armstrong of Cragside (1810-1900)" (http://www.victorianweb.org/technology/engineers/armstrong.html)." ^ .4
.Victorianweb.org. 2005-12-22. Retrieved 2014-04-08
Subterranea Britannica: Sites: Hyudraulic power in London" (http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/sites/h/hydraulic_power_in_london/index.shtml)." ^ .5
.Subbrit.org.uk. 1981-09-25. Retrieved 2014-04-08

‫وﺻﻼت ﺧﺎرﺟﯿﺔ‬

(International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research (IAHR) (http://www.iahr.org

(National Fluid Power Association (NFPA) (http://www.nfpa.com
(Pascal's Principle and Hydraulics (http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/WindTunnel/Activities/Pascals_principle.html
(The principle of hydraulics (http://www.hydraulicmania.com
(IAHR media library Web resource of photos, animation & video (http://www.iahrmedialibrary.net

‫طرق ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻣروﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋدة ﺑرﻧوﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺎس اﻟﺗدﻓق‬

‫ﺣداﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﯾﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﺎ‬ ‫ﻟزوﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻧدول‬

"https://www.marefa.org/index.php?title=‫&ھﯿﺪروﻟﯿﻜﺎ‬oldid=1735465" ‫ﺗ ّﻢ اﻻﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎع ﻣﻦ‬

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Repousse du cheveu

Une des méthodes les plus simples pour

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chez vous
Hampo

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