6.9 Exercises On Electrochemistry

6.
9: EXERCISES ON ELECTROCHEMISTRY
These are homework exercises to accompany the Textmap created for "General Chemistry: Principles and
Modern Applications " by Petrucci et al. Complementary General Chemistry question banks can be found
for other Textmaps and can be accessed here. In addition to these publicly available questions, access to
private problems bank for use in exams and homework is available to faculty only on an individual basis;
please contact Delmar Larsen for an account with access permission.
Chemical reactions can be used to produce electricity. This electricity can be used in several different
ways, and is applied in a variety of methods in our everyday lives. In studying theoretical cells and
reactions, we can get a better understanding of the flow of electrons. The following practice problems are
to assist in your mastery of the topic of Electrochemistry.
Q1
From the following observations, estimate the E ∘ from the half reaction M + (aq) + e − → M(s):
a. The metal M reacts with H SO (aq); but not with HI(aq); M displaces Au + (aq), but not Fe 3 + (aq).
2 4
b. The metal M reacts with HI(aq), producing H (g), but displaces neither Al 3 + (aq) nor Na + (aq).
2
S1
a. If the metal dissolves in H SO , it has a reduction potential that is smaller than
∘ 2 4
E SO 24 − ( aq ) / SO 2 ( g ) = 0.17 V. If it does not dissolve in HI, it has a reduction potential that is larger than
∘ +
EH +
( aq ) / H 2 ( g ) = 0 V. If it displaces Au (aq) from solution, then it has a reduction potential smaller
∘
than E Au +
( aq ) / Au ( s )
= 1.68 V. But if it does not displace Fe 3 + (aq) from solution, then its reduction
potential is larger than
∘
E Fe 3 + ( aq ) / Fe 2 + ( s ) = 0.769 V.
Therefore, 0 V < E ∘ < 0.17 V.

∘
b. If the metal dissolves in HI(aq), it has a reduction potential that is smaller than E H +
( aq ) / H 2 ( g ) = 0 V. If
it does not displace Al 3 + (aq) from solution, its reduction potential is larger than
∘
E Al 3+
( aq ) / Al ( s )
= − 1.676 V. If it also does not displace Na + (aq) from solution, its reduction potential
∘ ∘ < 0 V.
is larger than E Na + ( aq ) / Na ( s ) = − 2.7144 V. Therefore, − 1.7676 V < E
Q11 /VC
All reactants and products are in their standard states, and use data from the standard electrode
reduction potentials table to predict whether the reaction is spontaneous in the forward reaction:
a. Cu(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Ag(s)
b. 2Al(s) + 3Zn 2 + (aq) → 2Al 3 + (aq) + 3Zn(s)
c. Fe 2 + (aq) + Ag + (aq) → Fe 3 + (aq) + Ag(s)
d. 2Fe 2 + (aq) + I 2(s) → 2Fe 3 + (aq) + 2I − (aq)
S11 /VC
a. Cell reaction: Cu(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → 2Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Ag(s)
Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + + 2e −
Reduction: (Ag + (aq) + e − → Ag(s) )×2
∘
E cell = E ∘( reduction ) − E ∘( oxidation )
∘ ∘
= E Ag + / Ag − E Cu / Cu 2 +
= 0.7991 − 0.3394 = + 0.4597 V

The cell potential is positive, therefore the spontaneous reaction will occur in the forward reaction.
b. Cell reaction: 2Al(s) + 3Zn 2 + (aq) → 2Al 3 + (aq) + 3Zn(s)
12/3/2019 6.9.1 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

Oxidation: (Al(s) → Al 3 + + 3e − ) × 2
Reduction: (Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Zn(s)) × 3
∘
∘ ∘
= E Zn 2+
/ Zn
− E Al / Al 3 +
= − 0.7621 − ( − 1.676) = + 0.9139 V
c. Cell reaction: Fe 2 + (aq) + Ag + (aq) → Fe 3 + (aq) + Ag(s)
Oxidation: Fe 2 + (aq) → Fe 3 + (aq) + e −

Reduction: Ag(s) → Ag + (aq) + e −
∘
∘ ∘
= E Ag +
/ Ag
− E Fe 2+
/ Fe 3 +
= 0.7991 − 0.769 = + 0.0301 V
d. Cell reaction: 2Fe 2 + (aq) + I 2(s) → 2Fe 3 + (aq) + 2I − (aq)
Oxidation: (Fe 3 + (aq) + e − → Fe 2 + (aq) ) × 2

Reduction: I 2(s) + 2e − → 2I − (aq)
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E ( reduction ) − E ( oxidation )
= E I∘ / 2I − − E Fe
∘
2+
/ Fe 3 +
2
= 0.535 − 0.769 = − 0.234 V

The cell potential is negative, therefore the spontaneous reaction will not occur in the forward reaction.
Q19
Write cell reactions for the electrochemical cells diagrammed, and use data from the table of standard
∘
electrode potentials to calculate E cell for each reaction.
a. Fe(s) | Fe 2 + (aq) | | Zn(s) | Zn 2 + (aq)

b. Na(s) | Na + (aq) | | Cl 2(g) | Cl − (aq)
c. Co(s) | Co 2 + (aq) | | Mn 2 + (aq) | Mn(s)
d. Pt(s) | Fe 2 + (aq), Fe 3 + (aq) | | Pb 2 + (aq) | Pb(s)
S19
a. Oxidation: Fe(s) → Fe 2 + (aq) + 2e − E ∘ = − ( − 0.440 V)
Reduction: Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Zn(s) E ∘ = − 0.7621 V
2 + 2 + ∘
Net Reaction: Fe(s) + Zn (aq) → Fe (aq) + Zn(s) E cell = − 0.3321 V
b. Oxidation: Na(s) → Na + (aq) + e − E ∘ = − ( − 2.7144 V)

Reduction: Cl 2(g) + e − → 2Cl − (aq) E ∘ = 1.3601 V
∘
Net Reaction: Na(s) + Cl 2(g) → Na + (aq) + 2Cl − (aq) E cell = − 0.905 V
c. Oxidation: Co(s) → Co 2 + (aq) + 2e − E ∘ = − ( − 0.277 V)

Reduction: Mn 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Mn(s) E ∘ = − 1.182 V
Net Reaction: Co(s) + Mn 2 + (aq) → Co 2 + (aq) + Mn(s) E cell
∘
= − 0.905 V
d. Oxidation: (Fe 2 + (aq) → Fe 3 + (aq) + e − ) × 2 E ∘ = − ( − 0.771 V)

Reduction: Pb 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Pb(s) E ∘ = − 0.125 V
2+ 2+ 3+ ∘
Net Reaction: 2Fe + Pb (aq) → 2Fe (aq) + Pb(s) E cell = − 0.896 V
Q22

For each of the following reactions below, draw a voltaic cell. In your drawing include the anode, cathode,
∘
and show the flow of electrons. Balance the equation and calculate the E cell .
a. Zn(s) + Ag + (aq) → Ag(s) + Zn 2 + (aq)

b. Rb(s) + Hg 2 + (aq) → Rb + (aq) + Hg(s)
c. F 2(g) + H 2O(l) → 4F − (aq) + O 2(g) + H + (aq)
d. Zn(s) + H + (aq) → Zn 2 + (aq) + H 2(g)
S22
a. Oxidation: Zn(s) → Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − − E ∘ = 0.763 V
Reduction: (e − + Ag + (aq) → Ag(s)) × 2 E ∘ = 0.337 V
∘
Net: Zn(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → 2Ag(s) + Zn 2 + (aq) E cell = 1.100 V
b. Oxidation: (Rb(s) → Rb + (aq) + e − ) × 2 − E ∘ = + 2.93 V

Reduction: Hg 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Hg(s) E ∘ = 0.86 V
∘
Net: 2Rb(s) + Hg 2 + (aq) → 2Rb + (aq) + Hg(s) E cell = 3.79 V
c. Oxidation: 2H 2O(l) → O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e − − E ∘ = − 1.229 V
Reduction: (2e − + F 2(g) → 2F − (aq)) × 2 E ∘ = 2.866 V
Net: 2F 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) → 4F − (aq) + O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) ∘

E cell = 1.637 V

d. Oxidation: Zn(s) → Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − − E ∘ = + 0.76 V
Reduction: 2H + (aq) + 2e − → H 2(g) E∘ = 0
∘
Net: Zn(s) + H + (aq) → Zn 2 + (aq) + H 2(g) E cell = 0.76 V
Q25
What are the ΔG ∘ for the reactions below?
a. Ti(s) + Cr 2 + (aq) → Ti 2 + (aq) + Cr(s)
b. 2Cu + (aq) + Sn 4 + (aq) → 2Cu 2 + (aq) + Sn 2 + (aq)
c. 2Cl 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) → O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4Cl − (aq)
S25
a. Oxidation: Ti(s) → Ti 2 + (aq) + 2e − − E ∘ = + 1.63 V
Reduction: Cr 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Cr(s) E ∘ = − 0.90 V

Net: Ti(s) + Cr 2 + (aq) → Ti 2 + (aq) + Cr(s) E∘ = 0.73 V
cell
∘
ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell = − (2 mole e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )(0.73 V) = − 140, 868.1 J = − 1.41 × 10 2 KJ
b. Oxidation: Sn 2 + (aq) → 2e − + Sn 4 + (aq) − E ∘ = − 0.154 V
Reduction: (Cu 2 + (aq) + e − → Cu + (aq)) × 2 E ∘ = 0.159 V

∘
Net: 2Cu + (aq) + Sn 4 + (aq) → 2Cu 2 + (aq) + Sn 2 + (aq) E cell = 0.005 V
∘
ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell = − (2 mole e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )(0.005 V) = − 946.85 J = − 0.965 KJ
c. Oxidation: 2H 2O(l) → O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e − − E ∘ = − 1.229 V
Reduction: (Cl 2(g) + 2e − → 2Cl − (aq)) × 2 E ∘ = 1.358

∘
Net: 2Cl 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) → O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4Cl − (aq) E cell = 0.129 V
∘
ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell = − (4 mole e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )(0.129 V) = − 49, 786.26 J = − 4.98 × 10 4 KJ
Q27

Find E ∘ , ΔG ∘ , K, and given that the reactants and products are in their standard state, if they go to
completion or not for the following reaction:
2BrO 3− (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10SO 4
2− 2−
(aq) → 5S 2O 8 (aq) + Br 2(l) + 6H 2O(l)
S27
Oxidation: (2SO 2
4
−
(aq) → S 2O 2
8
−
(aq) + 2e − ) × 5 − E ∘ = − 2.01 V
Reduction: 2BrO 3− (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10e − → Br 2(l) + 6H 2O(l) E ∘ = 1.478 V
Net: 2BrO 3− (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10SO 2

4
−
(aq) → 5S 2O 2
8
−
(aq) + Br 2(l) + 6H 2O(l) ∘
E cell = − 0.532 V
ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell
∘
= − (10 mole e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )( − 0.532 V) = 5.13 × 10 2 KJ / mol
ΔG ∘ = − RTlnK
5.13 × 10 2 KJ / mol = − ( − 8.314 KJ / mol)(298.15 K)lnK
K = 8.13 × 10 − 1
Since K is small ( < 1) the reaction will not go to completion.
Q31
Calculate the theoretical cell voltage for the reaction between copper and zinc given that the overall
reaction is:
Zn(s) + Cu 2 + (aq) → Zn 2 + (aq) + Cu(s)
S31
Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − E ∘ = 0.340 V
2+ −
Reduction: Zn (aq) + 2e → Zn(s) E ∘ = − 0.763 V
∘
E cell = − 0.763 V − 0.340 V = − 1.103 V
Q35
A voltaic cell has an E cell value of 1.536 V. What is the concentration of Ag + in the cell?
Zn(s) | Zn 2 + (2.00 M) | | Ag + (x M) | Ag(s)
S35
∘
First, determine E cell :
Oxidation: Zn(s) → Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − E ∘ = − 0.763 V
Reduction: 2Ag + (aq) + 2e − → Ag(s) E ∘ = 0.800 V
∘
Net Reaction: Zn(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → Zn 2 + (aq) + Ag(s) E cell = 1.563 V
Second, use Nernst equation to calculate [Ag + ]

∘
0.0592 [Zn 2 + ]
E = E cell − log
n [Ag + ] 2
0.0592 2
1.536 = 1.563 − log 2
2 x
− 0.027
( −2
0.0592 ) 2
= log 2
x
2
8.168 =
x2
2
x = 0.2448
x = 0.495 = [Ag + ]
Q37
Using the Nernst equation, find E cell for the following cells:

a. Al(s) | Al 3 + (0.30 M) | | Fe 2 + (1.1 M) | Fe(s)
b. Co(s) | Co 2 + (0.6 M) | | Fe 3 + (1.0 M), Fe 2 + (0.9 M) | Pt(s)
S37
∘
a. First, determine E cell
∘
Oxidation: 2Al(s) → 2Al 3 + (aq) + 6e − E cell = 1.676 V
∘
Reduction: 3Fe 3 + (aq) + 6e − → 3Fe(s) E cell = − 0.440 V
∘
Net Reaction: 2Al(s) + 3Fe 2 + (1.1 M) → 2Al 3 + (0.30 M) + 3Fe(s) E cell = 1.236 V
Second, use Nernst equation to calculate E cell
∘
0.0592 [Al 3 + ] 2
E cell = E cell − log
n [Fe 2 + ] 3
0.0592 (0.3) 2
E cell = 1.236 − log
6 (1.1) 3
E cell = 1.247
∘
b. First, determine E cell
Oxidation: Co(s) → Co 2 + (aq) + 2e − ∘

− E cell = 0.277 V
∘
Reduction: 2Fe 3 + (aq) + 2e − → 2Fe 2 + (aq) E cell = 0.771
∘
Net Reaction: Co(s) + 2Fe 3 + (1.0 M) → Co 2 + (0.6 M) + 2Fe 2 + (0.9 M) E cell = 1.048 V
Second, use Nernst equation to calculate E cell

∘
0.0592 [Fe 2 + ] 2[Co 2 + ]
n [Fe 3 + ] 2
0.0592 (0.9) 2(0.6)
E cell = 1.048 − log
2 (1.0) 2
E cell = 1.057 V
Q41
If [Cu 2 + ] is maintained at 1.0 M, what is the minimum [Ag + ] for which the reaction from 19.2, given
below, is spontaneous in the forward direction?
Cu(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Ag(s)
S41
Remember - in order for the reaction to be spontaneous, ΔG < 0.
Important equations:
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E cathode − E anode
RT RT
0 = E∘ − lnQ ⇒ E ∘ = lnQ
nF nF
Q = [Cu 2 + / Ag + ]
Write the equation as a cell diagram:
Cu(s) | Cu 2 + (aq) | | Ag + (aq) | Ag(s)
Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − E ∘ = − 0.340
Reduction: (Ag (aq) + e → Ag(s)) × 2 E ∘ = 0.800
+ −
Net reaction: Cu(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Ag(s)

∘
E cell = 0.800 − 0.340 = 0.46 V
RT [1]
0.46 = ln
2F [Ag + ]

RT
0.46 = (ln1 − ln[Ag + ])
2F
RT
0.46 = − ln[Ag + ]
2F
(8.3145)(298)
0.46 = − ln[Ag + ]
2(96485)
Solve for [Ag + ]
[Ag + ] = 2.76 × 10 − 16 M
Q45
Solve for E cell of the following voltaic cell
Cu(s) | Cu 2 + (0.01 M) | | Cu 2 + (0.1 M) | Cu(s)
S45
∘
First solve for E cell
Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + + 2e − E ∘ = − 0.340

Reduction: Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Cu(s) E ∘ = + 0.340
∘ ∘ ∘
0.340 − ( − 0.340) = 0.68
Then use the Nernst Equation to solve for E cell
∘
0.0257
E cell = E cell − lnQ
2
0.0257 0.01 M
= 0.68 − ln
2 0.1 M
E cell = 0.7096 V
Q59
By referring back to figure 19-20, explain what would happen at each individual circumstance
a. zinc is wrapped around the head and tip of the iron nail
b. a hole is poked at the center of an iron nail
c. the nail is completely covered with copper
S59
a. Through cathodic protection, zinc would get oxidized first. The zinc would protect the nail from
oxidation.
b. Oxidation would occur even more because there would now be another head and tip. With more
strained regions, the air would be able to oxidize the nail more.
c. The entire nail will be oxidized since copper isn't a sacrificial anode. It won't protect it from corrosion.
Q63
Calculate the amount in grams of metal that is deposited at the cathode by running a current of 3.15 A for
78 min in an electrolysis reaction for an aqueous solution containing a) Zn 2 + b) Sn 2 + c) Fe 3 + d) Ni 2 +
S63
(3.15 A)(4680 sec) 60 sec
# of mols of electrons = = 0.153 mol e − , since 78 min ×
(96485 C) 1 min
1 mol Zn 65.41 g
a. 0.153 mol electrons × = 0.0764 mol Zn × = 5.00 g Zn
2 mol e − 1 mol
1 mol Sn 118.7 g
b. 0.153 mol electrons × = 0.0764 mol Sn × = 9.07 g Sn
2 mol e − 1 mol
1 mol Fe 55.85 g
c. 0.153 mol electrons × = 0.153 mol Fe × = 8.55 g Fe
1 mol e − 1 mol

1 mol Ni 58.69 g
d. 0.153 mol electrons × = 0.0764 mol Ni × = 4.48 g Ni
2 mol e − 1 mol
Q65
Assuming all reactants and products are currently in their standard states, determine which of the
following reactions occur spontaneously and which can occur only through the use of electrolysis. Also,
for those that require electrolysis, determine what the minimum voltage required is.
a. Cu(s) + Zn 2 + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + Zn(s)
b. 2Al + 3Cu 2 + → 3Cu + 2Al 3 +
c. Zn + Cl 2(g) → ZnCl 2(aq)
d. 2Fe 3 + + 2Cl − → 2Fe 2 + + Cl 2(g)
S65
a. Ox: Cu → Cu 2 + + 2e − E ∘ = 0.340 V
Red: Zn 2 + + 2e − → Zn E ∘ = − 0.763 V
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overall: Cu + Zn 2 + → Cu 2 + + Zn E ∘ = − 1.103
Since voltage is negative, it requires electrolysis with an applied voltage of greater than 1.103 V
b. Red: Cu 2 + + 2e − → Cu E ∘ = 0.340 V
Ox: Al → Al 3 + + 3e − E ∘ = − 1.676 V
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overall: Cu 2 + + Al → Cu + Al 3 + E ∘ = 2.016 V
This is a spontaneous reaction under standard conditions because it has positive V.
c. Red: Cl 2 + 2e − → 2Cl − E ∘ = 1.358 V
Ox: Zn → Zn 2 + + 2e − E ∘ = − 0.763 V
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overall: Cl 2 + Zn → 2Cl − + Zn 2 + E ∘ = 2.121 V
This is a spontaneous reaction under standard conditions because it has positive V.
d. Red: Fe 3 + + e − → Fe 2 + E ∘ = 0.771 V
Ox: 2Cl − → Cl 2(g) + 2e − E ∘ = 1.358 V
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overall: Fe 3 + + 2Cl − → Fe 2 + + Cl 2(g) E ∘ = − 0.587 V
Since the V is negative, it requires electrolysis with an applied V of greater than 0.587 V.
Q75
In the two galvanic cells created the following variations occur:
L 2 + (aq) + LO 2 + (aq) + 2H + (aq) → 2L 3 + (aq) + H 2O(l) E ∘ = 0.616 V
L 3 + (aq) + Ag + (aq) + H 2O → LO 2 + (aq) + 2H + + Ag(s) E ∘ = 0.439 V
Use other values as well as the data presented here to determine E ∘ for the half reaction:
L3 + + e − → L2 +
S75
Ox: L 3 + + H 2O → LO 2 + + 2H + + e − − E a∘
Red: Ag + + e − → Ag(s) E ∘ = 0.800 V
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overall: E ∘ = 0.439 V

0.439 V = − E a + 0.800 V
E a = 0.361 V
Ox: L 2 + → L 3 + + e − − E b∘
Red: LO 2 + + 2H + + e − → L 3 + + H 2O E ∘ = 0.361 V
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overall: E ∘ = 0.616 V
0.616 V = − E b + 0.361 V
E b = − 0.255 V
Q82
A fuel cells is based on the reaction
CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) → CO 2(g) + 2H 2O(l)
∘
The theoretical E cell of this fuel cells is 0.92 V. Calculate a value of ΔG f∘ for [CH 4(g)].
S82
Calculate ΔG ∘ : n = 8 (8 moles of e- transferred)
∘
ΔG ∘ = − 8 mol e − (96845 C / mol e − )(0.92 V)

= − 7.101 × 10 5 J = − 710.1 KJ
Now to determine ΔG ∘ for [CH 4(g)]
f
− 710.0 KJ = ΔG f∘ [CO 2(g)] + 2ΔG f∘ [H 2O(l)] − ΔG f∘ [CH 4(g)] − 2ΔG f∘ [O 2(g)]
∘
− 710.0 KJ = − 394.4 KJ + 2( − 237.1 KJ) − ΔG f [CH 4(g)] − 0
− 158.5 KJ = ΔG f∘ [CH 4(g)]
Q90
Pb 2 + (aq) and Ag + (aq) were produced when 0.978 g sample of nitric acid was dissolved. After diluting the
solution to 250.0 mL of deionized water, a silver electrode was placed in solution. The potential difference
read 0.273 V. Calculate the mass of Ag in the sample as a percent.
S90
Oxidation: H 2(g) → 2H + (aq) + 2e − − E ∘ = 0.00 V
Reduction: (Ag + (aq) + e − → Ag(s)) × 2 E ∘ = 0.800 V
∘
Net: H 2(g) + 2Ag + (aq) → 2H + (aq) + 2Ag(s) E cell = 0.800 V
0.0592 [H + ] 2
E cell = E ∘ − log
cell 2 [Ag + ] 2
0.0592 [1.00] 2
= 0.800 V − log = 0.273 V
2 [Ag + ] 2
1
log = 17.804
[Ag + ] 2
[Ag + ] = 1.25 × 10 − 9
1L 1.25 × 10 − 9 mol Ag + 1 mol Ag 107.87 Ag
mass Ag = 250 mL × × × × = 3.38 × 10 − 8 g Ag
1000 mL 1L 1 mol Ag + 1 mol Ag
3.38 × 10 − 8 g Ag
% Ag = × 100 = 3.46 × 10 − 6%
0.978 g
EXAMPLE 10.

a. Determine if the cell reaction for the following cell will proceed spontaneously in the forward direction.
Pb(s) | Pb 2 + (1.00 M) | | Cu 2 + (1.00 M) | Cu(s)
− 0.0592 [Pb 2 + ]
b. By using the Nernst equation, log must be greater than what value in order to make
2 [Cu 2 + ]
the reaction non-spontaneous?
SOLUTION 10
∘
a. Determine E cell
∘
Oxidation: Pb(s) → Pb 2 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = − 0.125 V
∘
Reduction: Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Cu(s) E cell = 0.340 V
Net Reaction: Pb(s) + Cu 2 + (1.00 M) → Pb 2 + (1.00 M) + Cu(s) ∘
E cell = 0.465 V
∘
E cell is positive, therefore the cell reaction for the cell will proceed spontaneously in the forward
direction.
− 0.0592 [Pb 2 + ]
b. log > 0.465
2 [Cu 2 + ]
Q1
a. Will MnO be able to displace Ag + from Ag(s)?
2
b. Is the cathode being diplaced in this reaction?
F 2(g) + O 2(g) + H 2O(l) → 2F − (aq) + O 3(g) + 2H + (aq)
S1
a. Reduction: MnO 2(s) + 4H + (aq) + 2e − → Mn 2 + + 2H 2O(l) E ∘ = + 1.230 V
Oxidation: 2Ag(s) → 2Ag + (aq) + 2e − E ∘ = + 0.800 V
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E reduction − E oxidation
∘
E cell = 1.23 V − 0.80 V
= 0.43 V
Therefore, Yes!
b. Reduction: F 2(g) + 2e − → 2F − E ∘ = + 2.866 V
Oxidation: O 2(g) + H 2O(l) → O 3(g) + 2H (aq) E ∘ = + 2.075 V
+
∘ ∘ ∘
= 2.866 V − 2.075 V
= 0.791 V
∘
Cathode is being displaced when E cell is > 0. Therefore, Yes!
Q2
Determine if these reactions are Endoenergonic or Exoenergonic under standard condition.
a. Na + (aq) + K(s) → Na(s) + K + (aq)
2IO 3(aq)+ 12H + (aq) + 2Mn 2 + (aq) + 8H 2O(l)
b.
→ I 2(g) + 6H 2O(l) + 2MnO 4− (aq) + 16H + (aq)
c. Mg 2 + (aq) + Pb 2 + (aq) + 2H 2O(l) → PbO 2(s) + 4H + (aq) + Mg(s)

d. O 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) + 2Mn 2 + (aq) → 2MnO 2(s) + 4H + (aq)
S2

a. Reduction: Na + (aq) + e − → Na(s) E ∘ = − 2.713 V
+ − ∘
Oxidation: K(s) → K (aq) + e E = − 2.924 V
\(\begin{align} \href{http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytic...circ}_{cell}}} &
\href{http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytic...als_Applied}{= \mathrm{E^{\circ}_{reduction}-
E^{\circ}_{oxidation}}} \\
& = \mathrm{-2.713 - (-2.924)} \\
& = \mathrm{0.211\:V} \end{align}\)
∘
When ΔG ∘ < 0 and E cell > 0, it is an exoenergonic reaction.
−
b. Reduction: 2IO 3 (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10e − → I 2(g) + 6H 2O(l) E ∘ = + 1.20 V
−
Oxidation: 2Mn 2 + (aq) + 8H 2O(l) → 2MnO 4 (aq) + 16H + (aq) + 10e − E ∘ = + 1.51 V
∘ ∘ ∘
= 1.20 − 1.51
= − 0.31 V
∘
Since E cell < 0, ΔG ∘ > 0 and the reaction is endoenergonic
c. Reduction: Mg 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Mg(s) E ∘ = − 2.356 V

2+ + −
Oxidation: Pb (aq) + 2H 2O(l) → PbO 2(s) + 4H (aq) + 2e E ∘ = + 1.455 V
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 2.356 − 1.455
= − 3.811 V
∘
Since E cell < 0, ΔG ∘ > 0 and the reaction is endoenergonic
d. Reduction: O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e − → 2H 2O(l) E ∘ = 1.229 V

Oxidation: 2Mn 2 + (aq) + 4H 2O(l) → 2MnO 2(s) + 8H + (aq) + 4e − E ∘ = + 1.23 V
∘ ∘ ∘
= 1.229 − 1.23
= − 0.001 V
∘
Since E cell < 0, ΔG ∘ > 0 and the reaction is endoenergonic.
Q3
∘
Calculate the E cell for each cell diagram. After that, determine which of the following reactions has the
lowest ΔG ∘ .
a. MnO 2 | Mn 2 + | | Cr 2O 2
7
−
(aq), Cr 3 + (aq) | Pt(s)
b. Pt(s) | H 2(g) | H + (aq) | | Pb 2 + (aq) | Pb(s)
c. I 2(s) | I − (aq) | | O 2(g) | H 2O 2(aq) | Pt(s)
S3
a. Reduction: Cr 2O 2
7
−
(aq) + 14H + (aq) + 6e − → 2Cr 3 + (aq) + 7H 2O(l) E ∘ = + 1.33 V
Oxidation: 3Mn 2 + (aq) + 6H 2O(l) → 3MnO 2(s) + 12H + (aq) + 6e − E ∘ = + 1.23 V
Overall: Cr 2O 2
7
−
(aq) + 2H + (aq) + 3Mn 2 + (aq) → 2Cr 3 + (aq) + H 2O(l) + 3MnO 2(aq)
\(\begin{align} \href{http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytic...circ}_{cell}}} &

\href{http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytic...als_Applied}{= \mathrm{E^{\circ}_{reduction}-
E^{\circ}_{oxidation}}} \\
& = \mathrm{1.33 - 1.23} \\
& = \mathrm{0.1\:V} \end{align}\)
b. Reduction: Pb 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Pb(s) E ∘ = − 0.125 V
+ −
Oxidation: H 2(g) → 2H (aq) + 2e E∘ = 0 V

Overall: Pb 2 + (aq) + H 2(g) → Pb(s) + 2H + (aq)
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 0.125 V − 0.000 V
= − 0.125 V
c. Reduction: O 2(g) + 2H + (aq) + 2e − → H 2O 2(aq) E ∘ = + 0.695 V
Oxidation: 2I − (aq) → I 2(s) + 2e − E ∘ = + 0.535 V
Overall: O 2(g) + 2H + (aq) + 2I − (aq) → H 2O 2(aq) + I 2(s)
∘ ∘ ∘
= 0.695 − 0.535
= 0.16 V
Since reaction C has the highest E ∘ value, it has the lowest ΔG ∘ value as well.
cell
Q4
Create a cell diagram for these following reaction and determine its E ∘ . Then, determine which of the
cell
following reaction has the highest ΔG ∘ .
a. K + (aq) + Li(s) → K(s) + Li + (aq)
b. Fe 3 + (aq) + Ag(s) → Fe 2 + (aq) + Ag + (aq)
c. O 3(g) + Cl(aq) → O 2(g) + OCl − (aq)
S4
a. Reduction: K + (aq) + e − → K(s) E ∘ = − 2.924 V
Oxidation: Li(s) → Li + (aq) + e − E ∘ = − 3.040 V
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 2.924 − ( − 3.040)
= 0.116 V
Li(s) | Li + (aq) | | K + (aq) | K(s)
b. Reduction: Fe 3 + (aq) + e − → Fe 2 + (aq) E ∘ = + 0.771 V
+ − ∘
Oxidation: Ag(s) → Ag (aq) + e E = + 0.800 V
∘ ∘ ∘
= 0.771 − 0.800
= − 0.029 V
Ag(s) | Ag + (aq) | | Fe 3 + (aq), Fe 2 + (aq) | Pt(s)
c. Reduction: O 3(g) + H 2O(l) + 2e − → O 2(g) + 2OH − (aq) E ∘ = + 1.246 V
Oxidation: Cl − (aq) + 2OH − (aq) → OCl − (aq) + H 2O(l) + 2e − E ∘ = + 0.890 V
∘ ∘ ∘
= 1.246 − 0.890
= 0.356 V
Pt(s) | Cl − (aq), OCl − (aq) | | O 3(g), O 2(g) | Pt(s)
∘
Reaction B has the highest ΔG ∘ because the E cell for reaction B is the lowest value among other
reactions.
Q5
Determine the anode and cathode of the following reactions. Then, calculate the reaction’s equilibrium
constant, K.
a. Ca 2 + (aq) + 2 Li(s) → Ca(s) + 2 Li + (aq)

b. H SO (aq) + 4 H + (aq) + 4 [Fe(CN) ] 4 − (aq) → S(s) + 3 H O(l) + 4 [Fe(CN) ] 3 −
2 3 6 2 6
S5
a. Cathode: Ca 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Ca(s) E ∘ = − 2.84 V
+ −
Anode: 2Li(s) → 2Li (aq) + 2e E ∘ = − 3.040 V
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 2.84 − (3.040)
= 0.2 V
0.026 V
E∘ = lnK
cell n
0.026 V
0.2 V = lnK
2
lnK = 15.38
K = 4.8 × 10 6
b. Cathode: H SO (aq) + 4 H + (aq) + 4 e − → S(s) + 3 H O(l) E ∘ = + 0.449 V
2 3 2
Anode: 4 [Fe(CN) ] 4 − (aq) → 4 [Fe(CN) ] 3 − (aq) + 4 e − E ∘ = + 0.361 V
6 6
∘ ∘ ∘
= 0.449 − 0.361
= 0.088 V
∘
0.026 V
E cell = lnK
n
0.026 V
0.088 V = lnK
4
lnK = 13.54
K = 7.6 × 10 5
Q6
Determine the ΔG ∘ and E ∘ of this reaction.
cell
2 Cl − (aq) + 2 H O(l) → 2 OH − (aq) + H (g) + Cl (g)
2 2 2
S6
Reduction: 2 H O(l) + 2 e − → H (g) + 2 OH − (aq) E ∘ = − 0.828 V
2 2
Oxidation: 2 Cl (aq) → Cl (g) + 2 e −
−
E ∘ = + 1.358 V
2
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 0.828 − 1.358
= − 2.186 V
∘
= ( − 2)(96485 C mol − 1)( − 0.2186 V)
= 4.2 × 10 5 J mol − 1
Q7
What’s the pressure of NO 2 in the reaction Pt(s) | NO 2(g) | HNO 2(0.5 M) | | Ag + (0.7 M) | Ag(s), given that
the E cell is 3.1 V and [H + ] = 10 − 6 M?
S7

Reduction: Ag + (aq) + e − → Ag(s) E ∘ = + 0.800 V
Oxidation: HNO (aq) → NO (g) + H + (aq) + e − E ∘ = + 1.07 V
2 2
Overall: Ag + (aq) + HNO (aq) → Ag(s) + NO (g) + H + (aq)
2 2
∘ ∘ ∘
= 0.8 − 1.07
= − 0.27 V
Apply Nernst Equation:
0.0592 V
E cell = E ∘ cell − logQ
n
P NO [H + ]
0.0592 2
3.1 = − 0.27 − log
1 [Ag + ][HNO 2]
56.9 = log(P NO [10 − 6]) − log0.35
2
log(P NO [10 − 6]) = 56.44

2
(P NO [10 − 6]) = 2.8 × 10 56

2
P NO = 2.8 × 10 62 bar
2
Q8
Determine the voltage of the reactions below at non standard state.
a. Na(s) | Na + (0.32 M) | | Mg 2 + (0.025 M) | Mg(s)
b. F − (0.03 M) | F 2(1.02 bar) | | Cu 2 + (0.2 M) | Cu(s)
S8
a. Reduction: Mg 2 + (aq) + 2 e − → Mg(s) E ∘ = − 2.356 V
+ −
Oxidation: 2 Na(s) → 2 Na (aq) + 2 e E ∘ = − 2.713 V
Overall: Mg 2 + (aq) + 2 Na(s) → Mg(s) + 2 Na + (aq)
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 2.356 − ( − 2.713)
= 0.357 V
0.0592 V
E cell = E ∘ cell − logQ
n
0.0592 [Na + ] 2
= 0.357 − log
2 [Mg 2 + ]
0.0592 [0.32] 2
= 0.357 − log
2 [0.025]
= 0.339 V
b. Reduction: Cu 2 + (aq) + 2 e − → Cu(s) E ∘ = + 0.34 V
Oxidation: 2 F − (aq) → F (g) + 2 e − E ∘ = + 2.866 V
2
Overall: Cu 2 + (aq) + 2 F − (aq) → Cu(s) + F (g)
2
∘ ∘ ∘
= 0.34 − 2.866
= − 2.526 V

∘
0.0592 V
E cell = E cell − logQ
n
0.0592 1.02
= − 2.526 − log
2 (0.03) 2(0.2)
= − 2.637 V
Q9
a. What’s the minimum concentration Ag + (aq) required in order for the reaction below to be
spontaneous?
b. Find the ΔG ∘ of the reaction
S9
a. Pt(s) | Sn 4 + (0.02 M), Sn 2 + (0.01 M) | | Ag + (aq) | Ag(s)
Reduction: 2 Ag + (aq) + 2 e − → 2 Ag(s) E ∘ = + 0.800 V
Oxidation: Sn 2 + (aq) → Sn 4 + (aq) + 2 e − E ∘ = + 0.154 V
+ 2+ 4+
Overall: 2 Ag (aq) + Sn (aq) → 2 Ag(s) + Sn (aq)
∘ ∘ ∘
= 0.8 − 0.154
= 0.646 V
Set E cell = 0 V
∘
0.0592 V
n
0.0592 [Sn 4 + ]
0 = 0.646 − log
2 [Ag + ] 2[Sn 2 + ]
0.0592 [0.02 M]
0 = 0.646 − log
2 [Ag + ] 2[0.01 M]
[0.02 M]
21.82 = log
[Ag + ] 2[0.01 M]
23.52 = − log([Ag + ] 2[0.01 M])
2.997 × 10 − 24 = [Ag + ] 2[0.01 M]
[Ag + ] 2 = 2.997 × 10 − 22
[Ag + ] = 1.73 × 10 − 11 M
∘
b. = − (2)(96485 C mol − 1)(0.646 V)
= − 1.2 × 10 − 5 J mol − 1
Q10
Reaction 1: Zn(s) | Zn 2 + (0.05 M) | | Pb(s) | Pb 2 + (saturated)
Reaction 2: PbI 2(s) → Pb 2 + (aq) + 2I − (aq)
Given that the E cell for reaction 1 is 1 V, determine:
a. The concentration of the saturated Pb 2 +
b. The K sp of reaction 2
S10
a. Reaction 1

Reduction: Pb 2 + (saturated) + 2 e − → Pb(s) E ∘ = − 0.125 V
Oxidation: Zn(s) → Zn 2 + (aq) + 2 e − E ∘ = − 0.763 V
2+ 2+
Overall: Pb (saturated) + Zn(s) → Pb(s) + Zn (aq)
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 0.125V − ( − 0.763)
= 0.638 V
0.0592 V
E cell = E ∘ − logQ
cell n
0.0592 [Zn 2 + ]
1 = 0.638 V − log
2 [Pb 2 + ]saturated
[0.05]
− 12.23 = log 2+
[Pb ]saturated
[0.05]
5.89 × 10 − 13 =
[Pb 2 + ]saturated
[Pb 2 + ]saturated = 8.49 × 10 10 M
b. Reaction 2: PbI 2(s) → Pb 2 + (aq) + 2I − (aq)
Since Pb 2 + is saturated, the concentration of Pb 2 + is equal to I −

Therefore, K sp = [Pb 2 + ][I − ] 2
= [8.49 × 10 10] 3
= 6.12 × 10 32
Q11
Explain
a. What is corrosion?
b. How corrosion occurs?
c. How can corrosion be prevented?
S11
a. Corrosion is a process whereby an element usually metal begins to degrade due to redox reaction.
b. It occurs due to the elements reaction with either oxygen gas, placing them in an acidic or basic
solution.
c. The metals can be protected by painting them, coat them with a second metal, or using a sacrificial
anode.
Q12
Given that an electrolysis process has taken place for 45 minutes and the grams of the lead being
deposited was 3 g. What was the reading of the ammeter?
S12
Recall that:
1 mol e −
Mol of electron = current × time ×
96485 C
1 mol Pb
207.2 g Cu
X mol of electron × × = 3 g Pb
2 mol of electron 1 mol Cu
X mol electron = 0.029 mol e −
1
0.029 e − = current × (45 minutes × 60 seconds) ×
96485
Current = 1.03 A

Q13
Determine if these reactions are spontaneous or non spontaneous. Find a method to allow the non
spontaneous reaction to take place.
a. 2 Al(s) + 3 Zn 2 + (aq) → 2 Al 3 + (aq) + 3 Zn(s)
b. PbSO (s) + Co(s) → Pb(s) + SO 2
4
−
(aq) + Co 2 + (aq)
4
c. 2 Cr 3 + (aq) + Fe(s) → 2 Cr 2 + (aq) + Fe 2 + (aq)
S13
a. Reduction: 3 Zn 2 + (s) + 6 e − → 3 Zn(s) E ∘ = − 0.763 V
Oxidation: 2 Al(s) → 2 Al 3 + (s) + 6 e − E ∘ = − 1.676 V
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 0.763 V − ( − 1.676)
= 0.913 V (spontaneous)
b. Reduction: PbSO (s) + 2 e − → Pb(s) + SO 2 − (aq) E ∘ = − 0.356 V
4
4
Oxidation: Co(s) → Co 2 + (aq) + 2 e − E ∘ = − 0.277 V
E∘ = E∘ − E∘
cell reduction oxidation
= − 0.079 V (nonspontaneous)
Solution: Drive an external voltage (overpotential) above 0.079V
c. Reduction: 2 Cr 3 + + 2 e − → 2 Cr 2 + E ∘ = − 0.424 V
2+ −
Oxidation: Fe(s) → Fe (aq) + 2 e E ∘ = − 0.440 V
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 0.424 − ( − 0.440)
= 0.016 V (spontaneous)
Q14
Determine the E ∘ of the half reaction HAsO (aq) + 3 H + (aq) + 3 e − → As(s) + 2 H O(l) knowing that the
2 2
ΔG ∘ of the overall reaction is -3.0x102 kJ mol-1 and the E ∘ of the other half reaction is -0.276 V.
Overall equation: 2 HAsO (aq) + 3 H PO (aq) → 2 As(s) + 3 H PO (aq) + H O(l)
2 3 3 3 4 2
S14
Reduction: 2 HAsO (aq) + 6 H + (aq) + 6 e − → 2 As(s) + 4 H O(l) E∘ = ? V
2 2
Oxidation: 3 H O(l) + 3 H PO (aq) → 3 H PO (aq) + 6 H + (aq) + 6 e − E ∘ = − 0.276 V
2 3 3 3 4
ΔG ∘ = − 3.0 × 10 2 kJ mol − 1
= − 3.0 × 10 5 J mol − 1
∘
∘
− 3.0 × 10 5 J mol − 1 = − 6(96485)(E cell )
∘
E cell = + 0.518 V
∘ ∘ ∘
∘
+ 0.518 V = E reduction − ( − 0.276)
∘
E reduction = 0.242 V
Q15
Determine the concentration of [Mn 2 + ] of S(s) | H 2SO 3(1.2 M) | | Ni 2 + (x M) | Ni(s) by knowing that the
E cell is -1 V and the pH is 7.

S15
Reduction: 2 Ni 2 + (aq) + 4 e − → 2 Ni(s) E ∘ = − 0.257 V
Oxidation: S(s) + 3 H O(l) → H SO (aq) + 4 H + (aq) + 4 e − E ∘ = 0.449 V
2 2 3
Overall: 2 Ni 2 + (aq) + S(s) + 3 H O(l) → 2 Ni(s) + H SO (aq) + 4 H +
2 2 3
∘ ∘ ∘
= − 2.57 − (0.449)
= − 0.706 V
∘
0.0592 V
n
0.0592 V [H 2SO 3][H + ] 4
− 1 = − 0.706 − log
4 [Ni 2 + ]
[H 2SO 3][H + ] 4
19.86 = log
[Ni 2 + ]
[1.2][10 − 7] 4
19.86 = log
[Ni 2 + ]
[1.2][10 − 7] 4
7.326 × 10 19 =
[Ni 2 + ]
[Ni 2 + ] = 1.638 × 10 − 48 M
Q16
Find the weight of MnO in grams from the following overall reaction knowing that the voltmeter reading
2
at non standard state is 0.25V, the pH of the solution is 6 and the solution is diluted to 0.6L.
2−
Pt(s) | Cr 3 + (0.2 M), Cr 2O 7 (0.15 M) | | MnO 4(x M) | MnO 2(s)
S16
Reduction: 2 MnO 4− (aq) + 8 H + (aq) + 6 e − → 2 MnO (s) + 2 H O(l) E ∘ = + 1.51 V
2 2
Oxidation: 2 Cr 3 + (aq) + 7 H O(l) → Cr O 2
7
−
(aq) + 14 H + (aq) + 6 e − E ∘ = + 1.33 V
2 2
∘ ∘ ∘
= 1.51 − 1.33
= 0.18 V
∘
0.0592 V
n
2−
0.0592 V [H + ] 6[Cr 2O 7 ]
0.25 = 0.18 − log
6 [Cr 3 + ][MnO 4− ] 2
2−
[H + ] 6[Cr 2O 7 ]
− 10.135 = log
[Cr 3 + ][MnO − ] 2
4
2−
[H + ] 6[Cr 2O 7 ]
7.3 × 10 − 11 =
−
[Cr 3 + ][MnO 4 ] 2
[10 − 6] 6[0.15]
7.3 × 10 − 11 = −
[0.2][MnO 4 ] 2
[MnO 4− ] 2 = 2.2 × 10 − 48

−
[MnO 4 ] = 1.48 × 10 − 24
1.48 × 10 − 24 2 mol MnO 2 86.94 g MnO 2

Mass of MnO produced: 0.6 L × × ×
2
1 L of solution 2 mol MnO
− 1 mol MnO 2
4
= 7.73 × 10 − 23 g of MnO 2 produced
Q17
∘
a. Identify the value of the E cell of the following reaction, and indicate if the reaction takes place
spontaneous or nonspontaneously.
I 2(s) | I − (0.6 M) | | Br 2(l) | Br − (0.80 M) | Pt(s)
[Br − ] 2
b. What is the minimum ratio of for this reaction to be spontaneous?
[I − ] 2
S17
a. Reduction: Br (l) + 2 e − → Br − (aq) E ∘ = + 1.065 V
2
Oxidation: 2 I (aq) → I (s) + 2 e −
−
E ∘ = + 0.535 V
2
Overall: Br (l) + 2 I − (aq) → 2 Br − (aq) + I (s)
2 2
∘ ∘ ∘
= 1.065 − 0.535
= 0.530 V
∘
0.0592 V
n
0.0592 V [Br − ] 2
= 0.53 − log
2 [I − ] 2
0.0592 V [0.8] 2
= 0.53 − log
2 [0.6] 2
= 0.523 V
Since E cell > 0, ΔG ∘ < 0. Therefore, the reaction is spontaneous.
b. Set E cell = 0
∘
0.0592 V
n
0.0592 V [Br − ] 2
0 = 0.53 V − log − 2
2 [I ]
[Br − ] 2
17.9 = log
[I − ] 2
[Br − ] 2
= 8.04 × 10 17 M
[I − ] 2
Q1
From the observations listed, estimate the value of E ∘ for the imaginary half reaction M 2 + + 2e − → M(s),
where M is an unknown metal to be determined under the following conditions:
a. The metal M reacts with HCl(aq).
b. The metal displaces Fe 3 + but does not displace Sn 4 + .
c. The metal reacts with HNO (aq).
3
d. The metal can displace K + (aq).

S1
a. The E ∘ value will be estimated to be less than 0. In Table P2, metals listed below hydrogen (Pb through
Li) should react with HCl. Metals with an E ∘ above hydrogen will not. These metals must be able to
displace H (g) from acidic solutions.
2
b. The E ∘ value will be between +0.771 and +0.154. Being displaced means that the ion is forced out of
solution and into metal state. The metal must be above Sn 4 + indicating it is a stronger reducing agent
(more willing to give up electrons) and below Fe 3 + .
c. The E ∘ value must be lower than 0.956, the E ∘ for NO . This follows the same reasoning in 1a, but this
3
time the metal must be able to displace NO(g) from acidic solution. Thus, the predicted E ∘ value will
be lower than 0.956.
d. The E ∘ must be lower than -2.924, meaning that the metal M will get oxidized and will push the K + ion
into solution. Thus, the E ∘ will be lower than -2.924.
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 1: Introduction".
Q11
You may assume that the reactants and products in the equations are in their standard states. Use the
information from Table P2 to predict if a spontaneous reaction will occur in the forward direction as
drawn for the following cases.
a. Zn(s) + Cu 2 + → Zn 2 + + Cu(s)
2+
b. 2Hg 2 + (aq) + 2Br − (aq) → Hg 2 (aq) + Br 2(l)
c. 2Fe 2 + (aq) + Cl 2(g) → 2Fe 3 + (aq) + 2Cl − (aq)
S11
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
a. The E cell = E ( reduction half-cell ) − E ( oxidation half-cell ) = 0.340V − ( − 0.763V) = 1.103V. Because the E cell
is positive, the direction of spontaneous change is in the forward reaction. Recognize that Cu 2 + is the
stronger oxidizing agent (see Table P2) and will be more likely to be reduced. Thus, the Cu 2 + half
reaction is where copper is reduced and will be the reduction half-cell. The Zn 2 + half reaction will be
the oxidation half-cell because Zinc gets oxidized at the anode.
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
b. The E cell = E ( reduction half-cell ) − E ( oxidation half-cell ) = 0.911V − 1.087V = − 0.126V. Because the E cell
is negative, the direction of spontaneous change is in the reverse direction.
∘ ∘ ∘
c. The E cell = E ( reduction half-cell ) − E ( oxidation half-cell ) = 1.358V − 0.771V = 0.587V. Because the E ∘ is
positive, the direction of spontaneous change is in the forward direction. Recognize that the reduction
of chlorine takes place at the cathode, making it the reduction half-cell. The oxidation of iron occurs at
the anode, making it the oxidation half-cell.
Q19
Write the cell reactions for the electrochemical cells provided below. Then use data from Table Table P2
∘
calculate E cell for each of the reactions.
a. Ag(s) | Ag + (aq) | | Hg 2 + (aq) | Hg(l)

b. Al(s) | Al 3 + (aq) | | Zn 2 + (aq) | Zn(s)
c. Pt | Ce 4 + (aq), Ce 3 + (aq) | | I − (aq), I 2(s) | C(s)
d. Mg(s) | Mg 2 + | | 2H + (aq) | H 2(g)
S19
a. Oxidation: 2Ag(s) → 2Ag + (aq) + 2e −
Reduction: Hg 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Hg(l)
Overall: 2Ag(s) + Hg 2 + (aq) → 2Ag + (aq) + Hg(l)
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E ( reduction half-cell ) − E ( oxidation half-cell )
= 0.854 V − (0.800 V) = 0.054 V

b. Oxidation: [Al(s) → Al 3 + (aq) + 3e − ] × 2
Reduction: [Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Zn(s)] × 3
Overall: 2Al(s) + 3Zn 2 + (aq) → 2Al 3 + (aq) + 3Zn(s)
∘
E cell = E ∘( reduction half-cell ) − E ∘( oxidation half-cell )
= − 0.763 − ( − 1.676) = 0.913 V
c. Oxidation: I 2(s) → 2I − (aq) + 2e −
Reduction: [Ce 4 + + e − → Ce 3 + ] × 2
Overall: 2Ce 4 + + I 2(s) → 2Ce 3 + + 2I − (aq)
E ∘ = 1.44 − 0.54 = 0.90 V
d. Oxidation: Mg(s) → Mg 2 + (aq) + 2e −
Reduction: 2H + (aq) + 2e − → H 2(g)
Overall: Mg(s) + 2H + (aq) → Mg 2 + (aq) + H 2(g)

E ∘ = 0 − ( − 2.372) = 2.372 V
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 2: Galvanic cells and electrodes".
Q22
Identify where each reaction will take place (on the cathode or anode), balance the equation if necessary,
∘
and calculate the E cell .
a. Fe 3 + (aq) + Ag(s) → Fe 2 + (aq) + Ag + (aq)

b. Cu 2 + (aq) + Zn(s) → Cu(s) + Zn 2 + (aq)
c. Cd(s) + Cu 2 + (aq) → Cd 2 + + Cu(s)
d. Fe 2 + (aq) + Cl 2(g) → Fe 3 + (aq) + 2Cl − (aq)
S22
a. Reduction: Fe 3 + (aq) + e − → Fe 2 + (aq) at the cathode (reduction occurs at the cathode)
Oxidation: Ag(s) → Ag + (aq) + e − at the anode
The equation is already balanced.
∘
E cell = (0.771 − 0.800) = − 0.029 V
b. Reduction: Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Cu(s) at the cathode, where reduction occurs

Oxidation: Zn(s) → Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − at the anode
Reaction is already balanced
∘
E cell = 0.340 − ( − 0.763) = 1.103 V
c. Reduction: Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Cu(s) at the cathode, where reduction occurs

Oxidation: Cd(s) → Cd 2 + + 2e − at the anode
Reaction is already balanced
∘
E cell = E ∘( right ) − E ∘( left ) = 0.340 − 0.743 = − 0.403
d. Balance the equation, multiplying the iron half equation by 2 to equal the electrons
Reduction: Cl 2(g) + 2e − → 2Cl − (aq) at the cathode

Oxidation: 2(Fe 2 + (aq) → 2Fe 3 + (aq) + e − ) at the anode
∘
E cell = 1.358 − ( − 0.440) = 1.798 V
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 2: Galvanic cells and electrodes".
Q25

Find the values of ΔG for the following reactions in the voltaic cells
a. 2V 3 + (aq) + Ni(s) → 2V 2 + (aq) + Ni 2 + (aq)
b. 2Al(s) + 3Br 2(l) → 2Al 3 + (aq) + 6Br −
c. 2Cu 2 + (aq) + Sn 4 + (aq) → 2Cu + Sn 2 +
S25
a. The z (moles of electrons) = 2
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E ( reduction ) − E ( oxidation )
= − 0.255 − ( − 0.257) = 0.002 V
∘
2 mol e − × (96485 C)
ΔG = − zFE cell = −
1 mol e − × 0.002 V
= − 385.94 J
b. The z (moles of electrons) = 6
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E ( reduction ) − E ( oxidation ) = 1.065 − ( − 1.676) = 2.741 V
6 mol e − × (96485 C)
ΔG = − zFE ∘ = −
cell
1 mol e − × 2.741 V
= − 1.59 × 10 6 J
c. The z (moles of electrons transferred) = 2
E∘ = − 0.0050 V
cell
∘
2 mol e − × (96485 C)
1 mol e − × 0.0050 V
= 964.85 J
Q27
∘
In the reaction given, calculate the a) E cell b) ΔG c) K d) and if the reaction goes towards completion
when the reactants and products are in their standard states:
O 2(g) + 4I − (aq) + 4H + (aq) → 2H 2O(l) + 2I 2(s)
S27
∘
a. E cell = reduction − oxidation
= (1.229) − (0.535)
= 0.694 V
∘
4 mol e − × (96485 C)
b. 1 mol e − × 0.694 V
= − 267842 J
∘
0.025693 V
c. E cell = ln(K)
z
0.025693 V
0.694 V = ln(K)
4
K = 8.38 × 10 46
d. Since k is very large, the reaction will go substantially towards completion at standard states.
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 3: Cell potentials and thermodynamics".
Q31
From the information in appendix D, calculate the theoretical voltage for the hydrogen fuel cell reaction
depicted below, and calculate the E ∘ :
cell
2H 2(g) + O 2(g) → 2H 2O(l)

S31
2 × ΔG(H 2O) − [ΔG(O 2) + 2ΔG(H 2)]
= 2( − 237.1 KJ) − 0 + 2(0) KJ (numbers found from appendix D in the textbook)
ΔG = − 474.2 − 0
ΔG = − 474.2
Then, use ΔG to calculate E ∘
cell
∘
96485 C
− 474.2 = − zFE cell = − (2 mol e − × ∘
× E cell )
1 mol e −
∘
E cell = 0.0025 V
Q35
∘
The voltaic cell in the following diagram has an E cell = 0.5464 V. Solve for the [Cl − ] in the cell
Ag(s) | Ag + (0.40 M) | | Cl − (x M), Cl 2(0.60 atm) | Pt(s)
S35
∘
First calculate E cell , the theoretical potential. This value is 0.558 V. Then plug in given values to the
Nernst formula
∘
0.0592
E cell = E cell − × logQ
n
Plugging in values gives us
0.0592 (0.40 2)(x 2)
0.5465 = 0.558 − × log
6 0.60
Using algebra to isolate the variable on one side, we find that [Cl − ] = 0.50.
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 4: The Nernst Equation".
Q37
∘
Using the Nernst equation and a list of E cell values, calculate the E cell for the following cells:
a. Al(s) | Al 3 + (0.36 M) | | Sn 4 + (0.086 M), Sn 2 + (0.54 M) | Pt

b. Sn(s) | Sn 2 + (0.01 M) | | Pb 2 + (0.700 M) | Pb(s)
S37
a. E ∘ = 0.154 − ( − 1.676) = 1.83
cell
∘
0.0592
Using the Nernst equation E cell = E cell − × logQ, we simply need to set up the Q and establish
n
that our n (moles of electrons transferred) is 2.
(0.54)(0.36) 2 ∘
Thus, the Q = and plugging in the found E cell gives us an E cell value of 1.827 V
(0.086)
∘
b. E cell = − 0.125 − ( − 0.137) = 0.012 V
∘
0.0592
Using the Nernst equation E cell = E cell − × logQ, we now need to establish our Q. The overall
n
equation would be Pb 2 + (aq) + Sn(s) → Sn 2 + (aq) + Pb(s)
0.01
Thus, the Q would be and the E cell calculates out to 0.067V
0.700
Q41
If [Cu 2 + ] is maintained at 2.0 M

What is the minimum [Ag + ] must be at to push the forward direction spontaneously. Use equation
Cu(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Ag(s).
S41
To push a reaction forward spontaneously, the E cell must be greater than 0. We find the E ∘ = 0.460 V.
cell
Next, plug in the values given to the Nernst equation. The number of moles of electrons being transferred
is 2. The equation will be set up as:
0.0592 2
0 > 0.460 − × log 2
2 x
Remember to account for coefficients in setting up the Q. Now solve for x [Ag + ] and we find that
x = 2.4 × 10 − 8 M.
Q45
The following voltaic cell is constructed:
Pb(s) | | Pb 2 + (satd PbI 2) | | Pb 2 + (0.100 M) | Pb(s). Given that the E cell = 0.0567 V, find the K sp.
S45
Set up the Nernst equation with the values appropriate for this equation. The moles of electrons
∘
transferred are 2. The E cell for this would be 0.
∘
0.0592
Thus, the Nernst equation sets up as 0.0567 = E cell − × logQ
n
∘
0.0592 x
0.0567 = E cell − × log
n 0.100
Solve for the value of x algebraically; this will yield an X value of 0.001215.
This value is not the answer; it is how much Pb 2 + needs to be saturated in the equation. To find the K sp,
note the stoichiometric values for [Pb] and [I − ] 2. The Pb and I concentrations have been found. Now plug
in your x value and K sp = [Pb][I − ] 2and K sp = 1.79 × 10 − 9.
Q59
Imagine an iron nail that is corroding in a solution. Predict the appearance of the nail under the given
conditions using your knowledge of corrosion in voltaic cells. Assume standard temperature conditions.
a. The head and tip of the nail are covered in magnesium.
b. The nail is galvanized, but there is a break in plating.
c. The nail is plated in copper, but there is a break in plating.
S59
a. Magnesium is a sacrificial anode, meaning it is extremely willing to be oxidized. The E ∘ for
cell
∘
magnesium is smaller than the E cell for iron, and it will be the metal that is targeted for oxidation.
Thus, the head and tail of the nail would not corrode as long as magnesium is present.
b. If a metal is galvanized, that means it is coated with zinc, which is more active than the iron nail and
will be oxidized. Even with a break in plating, the zinc is still more active and the iron won’t corrode.
c. If the metal is plated in copper, once the copper is broken, the iron is the more active metal and the
nail will be oxidized and begin corrosion.
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 7: Electrochemical Corrosion".
Q65
Out of the reactions given below, which of the following can occur spontaneously only through
electrolysis. For those requiring electrolysis, what is the minimum voltage required?
a. I 2(s) + Ni(s) → 2I − + Ni 2 +

b. Br 2(aq) + 2Fe 2 + → 2Br − + 2Fe 3 +
c. Ni 2 + + 2Cl − (aq) → Ni(s) + Cl 2(g)
d. Cr 2 + (aq) + Fe 3 + (aq) → Cr 3 + (aq) + Fe 2 + (aq)
S65
∘
a. First, set up reduction and oxidation half reactions and calculate the E cell for the equation.
Reduction: I 2 + 2e − → 2I − and the value is 0.535

Oxidation: Ni(s) → Ni 2 + (aq) + 2e − with a value of -0.257
∘
Thus, the E cell is 0.535 − ( − 0.257) = 0.792 and it is spontaneous under current conditions.
∘
b. Set up reduction and oxidation half reactions and calculate the E cell for the equation.
Reduction: Br 2(aq) + 2e − → 2Br −

Oxidation: 2Fe 2 + → 2e − + 2Fe 3 +
∘ ∘
Thus, the E cell is 0.32 V and the E cell is positive, so no voltage needs to be applied and the cell is
spontaneous under current conditions
∘
c. Set up reduction and oxidation half reactions and calculate the E cell for the equation.
Reduction: Ni 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Ni(s)

Oxidation: 2Cl − (aq) → Cl 2(g) + 2e −
∘ ∘
Thus, the E cell is -1.59. This E cell is negative. This means that we would need to apply a minimum of 1.59
∘
V to force the reaction to start, and get the E cell to be positive.
∘
d. Set up reduction and oxidation half reactions and calculate the E cell for the equation.
Reduction: Fe 3 + + e − → Fe 2 + (aq)
Oxidation: Cr 2 + (aq) → Cr 3 + (aq) + e −
∘
Thus, the E cell is 1.195 V so it is spontaneous at present conditions and does not need any additional
voltage.
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 8: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis".
Q72
Consider the two following reduction half reactions:
Sn 4 + + 2e − → Sn 2 +
Sn 2 + + 2e − → Sn(s)
∘
Calculate the E reduction for the reaction
Sn 4 + + 4e − → Sn(s)
S72
We will need to combine these equations, but we can’t simply add the E ∘ values together. We will need
cell
∘
to convert and find the ΔG values for each equation. First, find the E cell of the two given half reactions:
they are 0.154 V, and -0.137 V respectively from Table P2.
The ΔG of the first equation
∘
ΔG ∘ = n F E cell
Plugging in the values given will simplify to

= − 2 F (0.154)
ΔG ∘ = 2 F (0.154)
where F is Faraday's constant.

2nd equation = − 2 ∗ F ∗ ( − 0.137)
ΔG for the desired equation = ( − 0.308F)V + (0.274F)V
ΔG = ( − 0.034F)V
∘
Now to find the E cell =
( ( − 0.034F)V
4F ) ∗ ∘
V = − 0.0085 V = E cell
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 5: Applications of the Nernst Equation".
Q82
∘
The E cell is 0.323 V for the following reaction under non-standard conditions
Zn(s) + Fe 2 + (aq) → Zn 2 + (aq) + Fe(s)
Calculate a ΔG value for [Fe 2 + ].
S82
Using the Nernst equation, we find the ΔG for the overall reaction.
∘
The Nernst equation sets up as ΔG = − zFE cell and we can plug in our values. The moles of electrons
∘
transferred in the reaction is 2. After plugging in 2 for z and the given E cell along with Faraday’s constant,
we find that ΔG = − 62.3283 KJ.
Next, we find the ΔG stepwise by using our reaction along with a table of ΔG values found in the back of
your textbook.
This sets up as ΔG = ΔG[Zn 2 + ] − ΔG[Fe 2 + ] because we don’t account for the solids.
The resulting [Fe 2 + ] value is -84.77 KJ so in this specific reaction, this is the desired ΔG.
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 8: Electrolytic cells and electrolysis".
Q96
A source of Cu is recovered from lead. The percentage of Cu in lead is determined from the following
information: A 2 gram sample is dissolved in nitric acid to make Cu 2 + and Pb 2 + . A copper electrode was
immersed in 750 mL of water. The potential was found to be 0.250 V. What was the % Copper recovered
from the lead metal? Assume that Pb 2 + is ignored by the copper electrode.
S96
Identify the oxidation/reduction reactions first.
∘
Oxidation: H 2(g) → 2H + (aq) + 2e − with an E cell value of 0
∘
Reduction: Cu 2 + + 2e − → Cu(s) with an E cell value of 0.340
∘
Thus the E cell is 0.340. We know that the E cell is 0.250 V so we can use the Nernst equation.
∘
0.0592
This will set up as 0.250 V = E cell − × logQ
n
0.0592 [I] 2
Further values inputted will result in 0.250 = 0.340 − × log
2 [Cu 2 + ]
Solve for the value of Cu 2 + using algebraic methods and we find that the concentration is 0.000911. We
use this concentration and account for the mass in grams.

1 mol Cu 63.546 g 1
0.750 L (volume of solution) × 0.000911 × × × gram sample present × 100%
1 mol Cu 2+ 1 mol Cu 2
= 2.17% copper results by mass
For review on this topic, visit the page "Electrochemistry 5: Applications of the Nernst Equation".
Q10A
a. Sn(s) | Sn 2 + (0.080 M) | | Pb 2 + (0.700 M) | Pb(s)
Given the following cell reaction, will the cell proceed spontaneously as written?
[Sn 2 + ]
b. For what ratio of for the reaction above in a) will the cell not be spontaneous in either
[Pb 2 + ]
direction?
S10A
∘ ∘ ∘
a. Find the E cell first by E ( reduction ) − E ( oxidation ) .
∘
Oxidation: Sn(s) → Sn 2 + (0.080 M) + 2e − with an E cell of 0.137 V
∘
Reduction: Pb 2 + (0.700 M) + 2e − → Pb(s) with an E cell of -0.125
∘
Thus the overall E cell is 0.012 V. But this cell has specific concentrations given, so we know to use the
∘
Nernst equation to find the exact E cell .
0.0592 [Sn 2 + ]
Thus, the Nernst equation sets up as E cell = 0.012 V − × log
2 [Pb 2 + ]
[0.080 M]
X = 0.012 V − 0.0296log
[0.700 M]
X = 0.0399 V
Thus the E cell is positive, greater than 0, and will move spontaneously in the forward direction.
b. The E cell must be 0. In order for the cell not to be spontaneous in either direction, the cell must be at
equilibrium.
Thus, we set up our Nernst equation again, this time designating the entire Q as a variable (this is the
ratio we are seeking) and set our E cell to 0.
This results in the following equation:
0.0592
0 = 0.012 V − log[x]
2
− 0.012 V = − 0.0296log[x]
2.54335 = x
Thus the ratio must be 2.54 to ensure the cell is in equilibrium.
For any additional information, consult "Electrochemistry".
Q1
Estimate the E ∘ for half reaction M 2 + (aq) + 2e − → M(s). Metal M reacts with HF(aq), but not with
HCl(aq); M displaces Fe 3 + (aq), but not Sn 4 + (aq).
S1
+ 0.13 V < E ∘ < + 0.77 V
When M react (including displace) with any substance, its E ∘ is less than that substance's E ∘ and when it
doesn't react, its E ∘ is more than that substance's. Thus the answer is: + 0.13 V < E ∘ < + 0.77 V.
Q11
Predict whether spontaneous reaction in forward direction will occur at 298K for reaction:

a. Cu(s) + Br 2(l) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Br − (aq)
b. Sn 2 + (aq) + Pb 2 + (aq) → Pb(s) + Sn 4 + (aq)
c. 2Ag(s) + 2H + (aq) → 2Ag + (aq) + H 2(g)
d. 2Cl 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) → 4HCl(aq) + O 2(g)
S11
∘ ∘ ∘
Formula: E cell = E cathode − E anode
Oxidation occurs at anode. Reduction occurs at cathode.
∘
Positive E cell = spontaneous reaction at temperature given.
∘
a. Anode: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = + 0.340 V
Cathode: Br 2(l) + 2e − → 2Br − (aq) E∘ = + 1.065 V

cell
E∘ = + 1.065 V − + 0.340 V = + 0.725 V. Spontaneous reaction at 298K.

cell
b. Anode: Sn 2 + (aq) → Sn 4 + (aq) + 2e − ∘

E cell = + 0.154 V
∘
Cathode: Pb 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Pb(s) E cell = − 0.125 V
E∘ = − 0.125 V − + 0.154 V = − 0.279 V. Non-spontaneous at 298K.

cell
∘
c. Anode: 2Ag(s) → 2Ag + (aq) + 2e − E cell = + 0.800 V
∘
Cathode: 2H + (aq) + 2e − → H 2(g) E cell = 0.000 V
∘
E cell = 0.000 V − + 0.800 V = − 0.800 V. Non-spontaneous at 298K.
d. Anode: 2H 2O(l) → 4H + (aq) + O 2(g) + 4e − E∘ = + 1.229 V

cell
∘
Cathode: Cl 2(l) + 2e − → 2Cl − (aq) E cell = + 1.358 V
∘
E cell = + 1.358 V − ( + 1.229 V) = + 0.129 V. Spontaneous reaction at 298K.
Q19
∘
Write cell reaction and calculate its E cell .
a. Al(s) | Al 3 + (aq) | | Pb 2 + (aq) | Pb(s)

b. Na(s) | Na + (aq) | | Mn 2 + (aq) | Mn(s)
c. Li(s) | Li + (aq) | | F 2(g) | F − (aq) | Pt(s)
d. Pt(s) | Fe 2 + (aq), Fe 3 + (aq) | | Cu 2 + (aq) | Cu(s)
S19
∘
a. Anode/Oxidation: Al(s) → Al 3 + (aq) + 3e − E cell = − 1.676 V
Cathode/Reduction: Pb 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Pb(s) ∘

E cell = − 0.125 V
Overall: 3Pb 2 + (aq) + 2Al(s) → 2Al 3 + (aq) + 3Pb(s)

∘
E cell = − 0.125 V − ( − 1.676 V) = + 1.551 V
b. Anode: Na(s) → Na + (aq) + e − E∘ = − 2.7144 V

cell
∘
Cathode: Mn 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Mn(s) E cell = − 1.182 V
Overall: Mn 2 + (aq) + 2Na(s) → Mn(s) + 2Na + (aq)

∘
E cell = − 1.182 V − ( − 2.7144 V) = + 3.8964 V
∘
c. Anode: Li(s) → Li + (aq) + e − E cell = − 3.040 V
Cathode: F 2(g) + 2e − → 2F − (aq) ∘

E cell = + 2.866 V

Overall: 2Li(s) + F 2(g) + → 2F − (aq) + 2Li + (aq)
∘
E cell = + 2.866 V − ( − 3.040 V) = + 5.906 V
∘
d. Anode: Fe 2 + (aq) → Fe 3 + (aq) + e − E cell = − 0.771 V
∘
Cathode: Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Cu(s) E cell = + 0.340 V
Overall: Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Fe 2 + (aq) → Cu(s) + 2Fe 3 + (aq)

∘
E cell = + 0.340 V − ( − 0.771 V) = + 1.111 V
Q22
Sketch a voltaic cell. Label anode and cathode. Indicate direction of electron flow, write balanced
equation for reaction and calculate E ∘ .
cell
2+
a. Fe (aq) displaced from solution by Li(s)
b. Sn(s) + H + (aq) + NO 3− (aq) → Sn 2 + (aq) + H 2O(l) + NO(g)
c. F 2(g) + H 2O(l) → F − (aq) + O 2(g) + H + (aq)
d. Cu(s) + F 2(g) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2F − (aq)
S22
a. Anode = Li electrode. Cathode = Fe electrode
For voltaic cell, e- flow from anode to cathode. Salt bridge connects the two solutions.
∘
Anode: Li(s) → Li + (aq) + e − E cell = − 3.040 V
Cathode: Fe 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Fe(s) E∘ = − 0.440 V

cell
∘
E cell = − 0.440 V − ( − 3.040 V) = + 2.60 V
Balanced equation: 2Li(s) + Fe 2 + (aq) → Fe(s) + 2Li + (aq)

b. Anode = Sn electrode. Cathode = Pt electrode
Anode: Sn(s) → Sn 2 + (aq) + 2e − ∘
E cell = + 0.137 V
− ∘
Cathode: NO 3 (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 3e − → NO(g) + 2H 2O(l) E cell = + 0.956 V
∘
E cell = + 0.956 V − ( + 0.137 V) = + 0.819 V
Balanced equation: 3Sn(s) + 2NO 3− (aq) + 8H + (aq) → 3Sn 2 + (aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H 2O(l)
−
Cell diagram: Sn(s) | Sn 2 + (aq) | | H + (aq), NO 3 (aq) | NO(g) | Pt(s)
c. Anode = Pt electrode. Cathode = Pt electrode
∘
Anode: 2H 2O(l) → O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e − E cell = + 1.229 V
Cathode: F 2(g) + 2e − → 2F − (aq) ∘

E cell = + 2.866 V
∘
E cell = + 2.866 V − ( + 1.229 V) = + 1.637 V
Balanced equation: 2F 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) → 4F − (aq) + O 2(g) + 4H + (aq)

d. Anode = Cu electrode. Cathode = Pt electrode
∘
Anode: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = + 0.340 V
∘
Cathode: F 2(g) + 2e − → 2F − (aq) E cell = + 2.866 V
∘
E cell = + 2.866 V − ( + 0.340 V) = + 2.526 V

Balanced equation: Cu(s) + F 2(g) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2F − (aq)
Q25
Determine ΔG ∘ for reactions:
a. O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4Br − (aq) → 2H 2O(l) + 2Br 2(g)
b. Cr 2O 2
7
−
(aq) + 14H + (aq) + 6K(s) → 2Cr 3 + (aq) + 6K + (aq) + 7H 2O(l)
c. Cu(s) + Br 2(l) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Br − (aq)
S25
∘
∘
a. Oxidation: 4Br − (aq) → 2Br 2(g) + 4e − E cell = + 1.065 V
Reduction: O 2(g) + 4e − + 4H + (aq) → 2H 2O(l) ∘

E cell = + 1.229 V
∘
E cell = + 1.229 V − + 1.065 V = 0.164 V
n = 4 e−
F = 96, 485 C / mol e −
ΔG ∘ = − (4e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )(0.164 V) = − 63294.16 J = − 63 kJ
∘
b. Oxidation: 6K(s) → 6K + (aq) + 6e − E cell = − 2.924 V
Reduction: Cr 2O 2
7
−
(aq) + 6e − + 14H + (aq) → 2Cr 3 + (aq) + 7H 2O(l) ∘
E cell = + 1.33 V
E ∘ = + 1.33 V − ( − 2.924 V) = 4.254 V
cell
n = 6 e−
F = 96, 485 C / mol e −
− (6 e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )(4.254 V)
ΔG ∘ = = − 2462.68 kJ
1000
∘
c. Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = + 0.340 V
Reduction: Br 2(l) + 2e − → 2Br − (aq) ∘

E cell = + 1.065 V
∘
E cell = + 1.065 V − + 0.340 V = + 0.725 V
n = 2 e−
F = 96, 485 C / mol e −
ΔG ∘ = − (2e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )(0.725 V) = − 139903 J = − 139.9 kJ
Q27
∘
Find E cell , ΔG ∘ , K, and whether reaction goes to completion at 298 K and all substances at standard
states for:
3HClO 2(aq) + 2Cr 3 + (aq) + 12H 2O(l) → 3HClO(aq) + Cr 2O 2 7
−
(aq) + 8H 3O + (aq)
S27
Note:
∘ ∘
ΔG = − nFE cell
ΔG ∘
lnK eq = −
RT
Large K eq = reaction goes to completion
Oxidation: 2Cr 3 + (aq) + 21H 2O(l) → Cr 2O 2
7
−
(aq) + 14H 3O + (aq) + 6e − E cell
∘
= + 1.33 V
∘
Reduction: 3HClO 2(aq) + 6H 3O + (aq) + 6e − → 3HClO(aq) + 9H 2O(l) E cell = + 1.64 V
∘
E cell = + 1.64 V − + 1.33 V = + 0.31 V
− (6e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )(0.31 V)
ΔG ∘ = = − 179.46 kJ
1000

− 179.46 kJ × 1000
lnK eq = − = 72.4
(8.3145 J K − 1mol − 1)(298 K)
K = 2.86 × 10 31
Thus since K is very large, reaction will go to completion.
Q31
Calculate a theoretical voltage of silver-lead button cell at 298K.
Cell reaction: Pb(s) + Ag 2O(s) → PbO(s) + 2Ag(s)
ΔG f∘ for PbO(s) = − 187.9 kJ / mol
∘
ΔG f for Ag 2O(s) = − 11.20 kJ / mol
ΔG f∘ for 2Ag(s) = 0 kJ / mol
∘
ΔG f for Pb(s) = 0 kJ / mol
S31
∘ ∘ ∘ ∘
ΔG ∘ = ΔG f [PbO(s)] + 2ΔG f [Ag(s)] − ΔG f [Pb(s)] − ΔG f [Ag 2O(s)]
ΔG of PbO(s) = − 187.9 kJ / mol + 2(0) − 0 − ( − 11.20 kJ / mol)
= − 176.7kJ / mol
∘ ∘
Use ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell to find E cell .
∘
ΔG ∘ ( − 176.7 kJ / mol × 1000)
E cell = − = − = 0.9157 V
nF (2e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )
Q35
Find [H O (aq)] in cell if the voltaic cell's E cell = 1.500 V.
2 2
Zn(s) | Zn 2 + (aq)(1.00 M) | | H 2O 2(aq)(xM) | H 2O(l)
Hint: use Nernst's Equation.
S35
∘
Anode: Zn(s) → Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = − 0.763 V
∘
Cathode: H 2O 2(aq) + 2H + (aq) + 2e − → 2H 2O(l) E cell = + 1.763 V
∘
E cell = + 1.763 V − ( − 0.763 V) = 2.526 V
∘
0.0592 [Zn 2 + ]
E = E cell − log
n [H 2O 2]
0.0592 1
1.5 V = 2.526 V − log
2 x
x = 2.18 × 10 − 35 M
[H 2O 2(aq)] = 2.18 × 10 − 35 M
Q37
Use Nernst's Equation to calculate E cell for:
a. Al(s) | Al 3 + (aq)(0.20 M) | | Sn 2 + (aq)(0.90 M) | Sn(s)

b. Zn(s) | Zn 2 + (aq)(0.42 M) | | Cl − (0.02 M), Cl 2(g, 0.5 atm) | Pt(s)
S37
∘
Calculate E cell , then use Nernst equation to calculate E cell
a. Oxidation: Al(s) → Al 3 + (aq)(0.20 M) + 3e − ∘

E cell = − 1.676 V
∘
Reduction: Sn 2 + (aq)(0.90 M) + 2e − → Sn(s) E cell = − 0.137 V
∘
E cell = − 0.137 V − ( − 1.676 V) = 1.539 V
∘
0.0592 [Al 3 + ] 2
n [Sn 2 + ] 3

0.0592 (0.20 M) 2
E cell = 1.539 V − log
6 (0.90 M) 3
E cell = 1.551 V
∘
b. Oxidation: Zn(s) → Zn 2 + (aq)(0.42 M) + 2e − E cell = − 0.763 V
Reduction: Cl 2(g, 0.5 atm) + 2e − → 2Cl − (0.02 M) E∘ = + 1.358 V

cell
∘
E cell = + 1.358 V − ( − 0.763 V) = 2.121 V
∘
0.0592 [Zn 2 + ][Cl − ] 2
n P Cl ( g )
2
0.0592 [0.42 M][0.02 M] 2

E cell = 2.121 V − log
2 0.5 atm
E cell = 2.223 V
Q41
When [Pb 2 + ] is maintained at 1.1 M for reaction:
Pb(s) + Cu 2 + (aq) → Cu(s) + Pb 2 + (aq)
a. What is the minimum [Cu 2 + ] for reaction to be spontaneous in forward direction?
b. Will the displacement of Cu 2 + (aq) by Pb(s) go to completion? Explain reasoning.
S41
Oxidation: Pb(s) → Pb 2 + (aq) + 2e − E∘ = − 0.125 V
cell
2+ − ∘
Reduction: Cu (aq) + 2e → Cu(s) E cell = + 0.340 V
∘
E cell = + 0.340 V − ( − 0.125 V) = 0.465 V
a. Minimum [Cu2+] for spontaneous = E cell = 0 V (positive E cell)
∘
0.0592 [Pb 2 + (aq)]
n [Cu 2 + (aq)]
0.0592 [1.1M]
0 V = 0.465 V − log
2 x
x = 2.15 × 10 − 16 M
Minimum [Cu2+(aq)] for spontaneous reaction = 2.15 × 10 − 16 M
b. Work the problem backwards,
Assume: [Cu 2 + ] initial = 1.1 M and [Pb 2 + ] initial = 0.0 M,
then: [Cu 2 + ] final = 2.15 × 10 − 16 M and [Pb 2 + ] final = 1.1 M.
Thus, reaction will go to completion.
Q45
Voltaic cell: What is the value of E cell when K sp of Na 2CrO 4 = 1.3 × 10 − 12?
Na(s) | Na + (aq)(satd Na 2CrO 4) | | Na + (0.130 M) | Na(s)
S45
Find [Na + (aq)] in saturated solution of Na CrO
2− 2 4
K sp = [Na + ] 2[CrO 4 ] = (2s) 2(s) = 4s 3 = 1.3 × 10 − 12
s = 6.9 × 10 − 5 M
∘
Concentration cell = E cell = 0 V and n = 1,
[Na + ] anode = 2s = 1.38 × 10 − 4 M
Cell reaction: Na(s) + Na + (0.130 M) × Na(s) + Na + (aq)(1.38 × 10 − 4 M)
0.0592 [Na + (satd Na 2CrO 4)]
∘
n [Na + ]

0.0592 1.38 × 10 − 4 M
E cell = 0 V − log
1 0.130 M
E cell = 0.176 V
Q59
What would happen to the corrosion of iron nail under phenolphtalein indicator, if:
a. Lead wire are wrapped around the nail
b. Deep scratch occurred at the iron nail
c. Galvanized nail is substituted for the iron nail
S59
a. Weaker reducing agent (lower tendency to get oxidized) = less reactive metal. Since lead, Pb, is a
weaker reducing agent than iron, oxidation of Fe(s) would be enhanced into Fe 2 + (aq) - blue precipitate
occurs. OH − (aq) would be produced near the lead wire - pink color occurs (electron lost in oxidation).
b. Scratch exposes the metal, more susceptible to corrosion. Blue precipitate around the scratch should
occur.
c. Zinc protect iron from corrosion as it is a stronger reducing agent (better tendency to be oxidized).
Thus there should be no blue precipitate. Zinc corrodes instead. Pink color of OH − (aq) would still
continue to form.
Q63
How many grams of metal are deposited at cathode by passage of 2.30 A of current for 75 minutes in
electrolysis of aqueous solution containing:
a. Mg 2 +
b. Sn 4 +
c. Fe 3 +
d. Ni 2 +
S63
60 sec 2.30 C 1 mol e −
mol e − = 75 minutes × × × = 0.11 mol e −
1 min 1 sec 96, 485 C
Mr for Mg = 24.31
Mr for Sn = 118.71
Mr for Fe = 55.85
Mr for Ni = 58.69
1 mol Mg 2 +
a. Mass Mg = 0.11 mol e − × × (Mr for Mg) = 1.34 g Mg
2 mol e −
1 mol Sn 4 +
b. Mass Sn = 0.11 mol e − × × (Mr for Sn) = 3.26 g Sn
4 mol e −
1 mol Fe 3 +
c. Mass Fe = 0.11 mol e − × × (Mr for Fe) = 2.05 g Fe
3 mol e −
1 mol Ni 2 +
d. Mass Ni = 0.11 mol e − × × (Mr for Ni) = 3.23 g Ni
2 mol e −
Q65
Which of the following reactions are spontaneous under standard conditions? If the reaction is not
spontaneous, determine its minimum voltage applied to undergo electrolysis.
a. Sn 2 + (aq) + Zn 2 + (aq) → Zn(s) + Sn 4 + (aq)
b. Li + (aq) + Fe 2 + (aq) → Li(s) + Fe 3 + (aq)
c. 2H 2(g) + O 2(g) [in 1 M H + (aq)] → 2H 2O(l)
d. 2Al 3 + (aq) + 3Pb(s) → 3Pb 2 + (aq) + 2Al(s)
S65
∘
a. Anode: Sn 2 + (aq) → Sn 4 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = + 0.154 V

∘
Cathode: Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Zn(s) E cell = − 0.763 V
∘
E cell = − 0.763 V − ( + 0.154 V) = − 0.917 V
Minimum voltage needed to be applied to undergo electrolysis = + 0.917 V
∘
b. Anode: Fe 2 + (aq) → Fe 3 + (aq) + e − E cell = + 0.771 V
Cathode: Li + (aq) + e − → Li(s) ∘

E cell = − 3.040 V
E∘ = − 3.040 V − ( + 0.771 V) = − 3.811 V
cell
∘
c. Anode: 2H 2(g) → 4H + (aq) + 4e − E cell = + 0.000 V
∘
Cathode: O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e − → 2H 2O(l) E cell = + 1.229 V
∘
E cell = + 1.229 V − ( + 0.000 V) = + 1.229 V
The reaction is spontaneous. No need undergo electrolysis.
∘
d. Anode: Pb(s) → Pb 2 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = − 0.125 V
Cathode: Al 3 + (aq) + 3e − → Al(s) ∘

E cell = − 1.676 V
∘
E cell = − 1.676 V − ( − 0.125 V) = − 1.551 V
Q75
Using reactions below, calculate E cell for X 3 + (aq) + e − → X 2 + (aq).
X 2 + (aq) + XO 2 + (aq) + 2H + (aq) → 2X 3 + (aq) + H 2O(l) ∘

E cell = 0.789 V
X 3 + (aq) + Fe 3 + (aq) + H 2O(l) → XO 2 + (aq) + 2H + (aq) + Fe 2 + (aq) ∘

E cell = 0.243 V
S75
∘
Oxidation: X 3 + (aq) + H 2O(l) → XO 2 + (aq) + 2H + (aq) + e − − Ea
∘
Reduction: Fe 3 + (aq) + e − → Fe 2 + (aq) E cell = + 0.771 V
∘
Net: X 3 + (aq) + H 2O(l) + Fe 3 + (aq) → XO 2 + (aq) + 2H + (aq) + Fe 2 + (aq) E cell = + 0.243 V
∘ ∘
E cell = + 0.771 V − E a
0.243 V = + 0.771 V − E a∘
E a∘ = 0.528 V
Oxidation: X 2 + (aq) → X 3 + (aq) + e − − E b∘
Reduction: XO 2 + (aq) + 2H + (aq) + e − → X 3 + (aq) + H 2O(l) E a∘ = + 0.528 V

∘
Net: X 2 + (aq) + XO 2 + (aq) + 2H + (aq) → 2X 3 + (aq) + H 2O(l) E cell = + 0.789 V
E∘ = 0.528 V − E ∘
cell b
∘
0.789 V = 0.528 V − E b
E b∘ = − 0.261 V
∘
Thus X 3 + (aq) + e − → X 2 + (aq) E cell = − 0.261 V
Q82
∘ ∘
Calculate ΔG f for [CH ] using E cell = 1.191 V for fuel cell reaction:
CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) → CO42(g) + 2H 2O(l)
Given that:
ΔG f∘ [CO 2(g)] = − 394.4 kJ mol − 1
ΔG f∘ [H 2O(l)] = − 237.1 kJ mol − 1

ΔG f∘ [O 2(g)] = 0.00 kJ mol − 1
S82
∘
ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell = ∑ ΔG f∘
ΔG ∘ = − (8e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )(1.191 V)(1 / 1000 kJ) = − 919.31 kJ / mol
ΔG ∘ = ΔG f∘ [CH 4(g)] + 2ΔG f∘ [O 2(g)] − ΔG f∘ [CO 2(g)] − 2ΔG f∘ [H 2O(l)]
ΔG ∘ = ΔG f∘ [CH 4(g)] + 2(0) − 394.4 + 2( − 237.1)
− 919.31 = ΔG f∘ [CH 4(g)] + − 868.6
ΔG f∘ [CH 4(g)] = − 50.71 kJ mol − 1
Q90
% of Ag in Pb was: 1.065 g sample was dissolved in nitric acid to produce Pb 2 + and Ag + . The solution
was then diluted to 400 mL with water. An Ag electrode was immersed in solution and the potential
difference between electrode and SHE was 0.604 V. What was % Ag by mass in the Pb material?
S90
∘
Oxidation: H 2(g) → 2H + (aq) + 2e − E cell = + 0.00 V
∘
Reduction: 2Ag + (aq) + 2e − → 2Ag(s) E cell = + 0.800 V
E∘ = + 0.800 V − ( + 0.00 V) = 0.800 V

cell
∘
0.0592 [H + ] 2
n [Ag + ] 2
0.0592 [1.00] 2
0.604 V = 0.800 V − log
2 [Ag + ] 2
[Ag + ] = 4.89 × 10 − 4 M
[Ag + ] 1 mol Ag
Mass Ag = 0.400 L × × × Mr Ag
1L 1 mol Ag +
Ag + 1 mol Ag
= 0.400 L × (4.89 × 10 − 4 M) × × × 107.87 g
1L 1 mol Ag +
= 0.0211 grams
mass Ag 0.0211
%Ag = × 100% = × 100% = 1.98%
mass of sample 1.065
EX10A
Pb(s) | Pb 2 + (aq)(0.07 M) | | Fe 3 + (aq)(0.64 M), Fe 2 + (aq)(0.85 M) | Pt(s)
a. Will the cell reaction be spontaneous?
[Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
b. What ratio of will reaction will not be spontaneous in either direction?
[Fe 3 + ] 2
S10A
∘
a. Oxidation: Pb(s) → Pb 2 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = − 0.125 V
∘
Reduction: Fe 3 + (aq) + e − → Fe 2 + (aq) E cell = + 0.771 V
∘
E cell = + 0.771 V − ( − 0.125 V) = 0.896 V
∘
0.0592 [Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
n [Fe 3 + ] 2
0.0592 (0.07 M)(0.85 M) 2
= 0.896 V − log
2 (0.64 M) 2
= 0.869 V
Thus since E cell is positive, the reaction is spontaneous.

[Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
b. Ratio of for reaction to not be spontaneous is when:
[Fe 3 + ] 2
E cell is less than 0. Thus creating:
∘
0.0592 [Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
0 < E cell − log
n [Fe 3 + ] 2
∘
0.0592 [Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
− E cell < − log
n [Fe 3 + ] 2
∘
0.0592 [Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
E cell < log
2 [Fe 3 + ] 2
1250 ∘ [Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
(E cell ) < log
37 [Fe 3 + ] 2
∘ [Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
10 ( 1250 / 37 ) ( E cell ) <
[Fe 3 + ] 2
[Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
10 ( 1250 / 37 ) ( 0.869 V ) <
[Fe 3 + ] 2
[Pb 2 + ][Fe 2 + ] 2
Or precisely for this cell reaction, ratio > 2.281 × 10 29.
[Fe 3 + ] 2
Q1
Using the table of Standard Reduction Potential and the following clues, determine the metal M.
a. M will be oxidized by F (g), but will be reduced by Fe 2 + (aq)
2
b. M will reduce Br (l), but will oxidize I (s)
2 2
S1
a. Because M will be oxidized by F (g) and reduced by Fe 3 + (aq) the reduction potential will be between
2
2.866 and 0.771.
b. Because M will reduce Br (l), the reduction potential of M must be less then 1.065. M will have a
2
reduction potential of 1.065 to .077.
Q2
Use the table of Standard Reduction Potential to predict whether these reactions will happen
spontaneously.
a. 2Ag + (aq) + Cu(s) → 2Ag(s) + Cu 2 + (aq)
b. Fe 3 + (aq) + Na(s) → Fe 2 + (aq) + Na + (aq)
c. Zn 2 + (aq) + 2I − (aq) → Zn(s) + I 2(l)
S2
a. The reduction potential of Ag + (aq) is 0.8
The oxidation potential of Cu(s) is -0.34
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E Cat + E An : 0.8 + ( − 0.34) = 0.46
∘
E cell is positive, Yes it will happen spontaneously
b. The reduction potential of Fe 3 + (aq) is 0.77
The oxidation potential of Na(s) is 2.71
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E Cat + E An : 0.77 + 2.71 = 3.48
∘
E cell is positive, Yes it will happen spontaneously
c. The reduction potential of Zn 2 + (aq) is -0.763
The oxidation potential of is -0.54
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E Cat + E An : ( − 0.763) + ( − 0.54) = − 1.303
∘
E cell is Negative, No it will not happen spontaneously

Q3
∘
For the electrochemical cells shown below, write the cell reactions and find E cell using the Standard
Reduction Potential table
a. Cu(s) | Cu 2 + (aq) | | Ag + (aq) | Ag(s)
b. Cu(s) | Cu 2 + (aq) | | Fe 2 + (aq), Fe 3 + (aq) | Pt(s)
c. PbO 2(s) | Pb 2 + (aq) | | Mn 2 + (aq) | MnO 2(s)
d. Cu(s) | Cu 2 + (aq) | | O 2(g) | H 2O 2(aq) | Pt(s)
S3
a. 2 Ag + (aq) + Cu(s) → 2 Ag(s) + Cu 2 + (aq)
The reduction potential of Ag + (aq) is 0.8
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E Cat + E An : 0.8 + ( − 0.34) = 0.46
b. 2 Fe (aq) + Cu(s) → 2 Fe 2 + (aq) + Cu 2 + (aq)
3+
The reduction potential of 2 Fe 3 + (aq) is 0.77

∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E Cat + E An : 0.77 + ( − 0.34) = 0.43
c. PbO (s) + Mn (aq) → Pb 2 + (aq) + MnO (s)
2+
2 2
The reduction potental of PbO (s) is 1.455
2
2+
The oxidation potental of Mn (aq) is -1.229
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = E Cat + E An : 1.455 + ( − 1.229) = 0.43
d. Cu(s) + O (g) + 2 H O(aq) → H O (aq) + Cu 2 + (aq)
2 3 2 2
The reduction potential of O (g) is 0.695
2
∘ ∘ ∘
E =E + E : 0.695 + ( − 0.34) = 0.355
cell Cat An
Q4
Sketch a voltaic cell for each of the following conditions, labeling the anode, cathode, and electron flow.
∘
Balance the redox equation if necessary. Calculate E cell for each cell.
a. Cu 2 + (aq) + Sn 2 + (aq) → Cu(s) + Sn 4 + (aq)

b. Mg(s) displaces Sn 2 + (aq) from solution
c. Zn(s) donates e- to acidic solution to form H (g)
2
d. Pb 2 + (aq) + Sn(s) → Pb(s) + Sn 2 + (aq)
Q5
Determine ΔG ∘ for the following voltaic cell reactions:
a. Pb 2 + (aq) + Sn(s) → Pb(s) + Sn 2 + (aq)
b. O 2(g) + 2H + (aq) + 2F − (aq) → H 2O 2(aq) + F 2(g)
c. Br 2(l) + 2Fe 2 + (aq) → 2Br − (aq) + 2Fe 3 + (aq)
Q7
Write and balance the net reaction using the two following half reactions. Find the Voltage for this
reaction
BrO − (aq) + H 2O(l) + 2e − → Br − (aq) + 2OH − (aq)
Mg(s) + 2OH − (aq) → Mg(OH) 2(s) + 2e −
Q9
Calculate E cell using the Nernst equation for the following cells.

a. Zn(s) | Zn 2 + (aq)(0.1 M) | | Sn 2 + (aq)(.8 M) | Sn(s)
b. Cu(s) | Cu + (aq)(0.4 M) | | F − (aq)(O.9 M) | F 2(g)(0.5 atm) | Pt(s)
Need help? Visit the page "Cell Potential".
Q1
From the observation listed, estimate the value of E ∘ for the half reaction.
M 2 + (aq) + 2e 2 − → M(s)
a. The metal M reacts with HNO and HCl, and M can replace Ag + but not Cu 2 + .
3
b. The metal reacts with HNO and it can not produce H ; however, it can interact with Fe.
3 2
S1
a. 0.223 < x < 0.340
b. − 0.440 < x < 0
Q2
Assuming all the reactants and products are in their standard state, use Table P2 to predict which
reactions are spontaneous (in the forward direction).
a. Zn 2 + + Cu(s) → Cu 2 + + Zn(s)
b. Fe 3 + (aq) + Cu(s) → Fe 2 + + Cu 2 + (aq)
c. 2Fe 2 + (aq) + Cl 2(g) → 2Fe 3 + (aq) + 2Cl − (aq)
d. Cu 2 + + e − → Cu 2 +
S2
a. Half reaction:
Reduction: Zn 2 + + Cu(s) → Cu 2 + + Zn(s) E ∘ = − 0.763 V

Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + + 2e − E ∘ = − 0.340 V
∘
= − 0.763 − 0.340
= − 1.103 V (Spontaneous)
b. Half reaction:
Reduction: Fe 3 + + e − → Fe 2 + E = 0.771 V
2+ −
Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu + 2e E = 0.340 V
∘
= 0.771 − 0.340
= 0.431 V (N. S)
c. Half reaction:
Reduction: Cl 2(g) + 2e − → 2Cl − E = + 1.358 V

2+ 3+ −
Oxidation: 2Fe → 2Fe + 2e
∘
= 1.358 − 0.771 V
= 0.587 V (N. S)
d. It’s already half reaction
Reduction: Cu 2 + + e − → Cu + E = + 0.159 V (N. S)
Q3
Write cell reactions for the electrochemical cells diagrammed here, and use data from Table P2 to
calculate E ∘ for each reaction.
cell
3+
a. Al(s) | Al | | Zn 2 + (aq) | Zn(s)

b. Pt(s) | Fe 2 + (aq), Fe 3 + (aq) | | Cu 2 + (aq) | Cu(s)
c. Pt(s) | Cr 2O 7, Cr 3 + (aq) | | Ag + (aq) | Ag(s)
d. O 2− (aq) | O 2(g) | | H + (aq) | H 2(g) | C(s)
S3
a. Half reaction:
Reduction: Al(s) + 3e − → Al 3 + E = − 2.310 V

2+ −
Oxidation: Zn → Zn(s) + 2e E = − 0.763 V
E = E cathode − E anode
= − 2.310 − − 0.763 V
= 1.447 V
b. Oxidation: Fe 3 + + e − → Fe 2 + E = 0.771 V
2+ −
Reduction: Cu(s) → Cu + 2e E = 0.520 V
= 0.520 − 0.771 V
= 0.149 V
c. Cr 6 + + 3e − → Cr 3 + E = 1.33 V
Ag(s) → Ag + + e − E = 0.800 V
= 0.800 V − 1.33 V
= − 0.53 V
d. O 2 + 4H + + 4e − → 2H 2O(l) E = 1.229 V
H 2 → 2H + + e − E = 0V
= 0 − 1.229 V
= − 1.229 V
Q4.
Use thermal dynamic data from Appendix D to calculate a theoretical voltage of Electrolysis cell
∘
Cu(s) + Zn 2 + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + Zn(s) E cell = − 1.103 V
S4
The electrolysis is not thermodynamically favored.
E cell = E Zn 2 + / Zn − E Cu 2 + / Cu + = − 0.763 − 0.340 V = − 1.103 V
Q5
A voltaic cell represented by the following cell diagram has E cell = − 0.119 V
Ag(s) | Ag + (0.075 M) | | Hg( ? M) | Hg(l)
S5
Oxidation: 2Ag(s) → 2Ag + (aq) + 2e −
Reduction: Hg(aq) + 2e − → Hg(s)
Overall: 2Ag(s) + Hg 2 + (aq) → 2Ag + (aq) + Hg(l)
∘ ∘ ∘
= 0.845 V − 0.800 V
= 0.054 V

∘ ∘
= 0.854 V − 0.800 V
= 0.054 V
∘
0.0592 V [Ag + ] 2
E = E cell − log
2 ?
[0.005625]
− 0.173 V = − 0.029log
x
[0.005625]
5.844 = log
x
x = 0.706
Q6
In each of the following examples, write the cell diagram and cathode. Indicate the direction of the
electron flow; write a balanced equation.
a. Al(s) + Cu 2 + → Cu(s) + Al 3 +
b. Fe 3 + + Ag(s) → Ag + + Fe 2 +
c. Cu(s) + 2Fe 3 + → Cu 2 + + 2Fe 2 +
S6
a. Half reaction:
Reduction: Al(s) + 3e − → Al 3 + E = − 2.310 V
Oxidation: Zn 2 + → Zn(s) + 2e − E = − 0.763 V
= − 2.310 − − 0.763 V
= 1.447 V
b. Oxidation: Fe 3 + + e − → Fe 2 + E = 0.771 V
2+ −
Reduction: Cu(s) → Cu + 2e E = 0.520 V
= 0.520 − 0.771 V
= 0.149 V
c. Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + + 2e − E = 0.340 V
Fe 3 + + e − → Fe 2 + E = 0.771 V
= 0.771 V − 0.340 V
= 0.431 V
Q7
Determine the value of the ΔG ∘ for the following reactions carried out in voltaic cells. [Use the equations
of 22]
a. Al(s) + Cu 2 + → Cu(s) + Al 3 +
b. Fe 3 + + Ag(s) → Ag + + Fe 2 +
c. Cu(s) + 2Fe 3 + → Cu 2 + + 2Fe 2 + (aq)
S7
To solve the problem, you have first write the balanced equation.
∘
a. ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell
= − 6 mol ∗ 96485 C mol − 1 ∗ 2.106 V

= − 1.2 ∗ 10 6 J
∘
b. ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell
= − 1 mol ∗ 96485 C mol − 1 ∗ 0.029 V
= − 2605.095 V

∘
c. ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell
= − 2 mol ∗ 96485 C mol − 1 ∗ 0.029 V
= − 83170.07 J
Q8
For the reaction
2−
Cr 2O 7 (aq) + 14H + (aq) + 6Ag(s) → 2Cr 3 + + 6Ag + (aq) + 7H 2O(l)
Use the data table to determine

∘
a. E cell
b. K
c. ΔG ∘
d. Whether the reaction goes substantially to completion when the reactants and products are initially in
their standard state.
S8
a. Half reactions:
Cathode: Cr 2O 2 − + 14H + + 6e − → 2Cr 3 + + H 2O E = + 1.33 V
7
Anode: Ag(s) → Ag + + e − E = 0.800 V
= 1.33 − 0.800 V
= 0.53 V
b. Standard conditions:
ΔG ∘ = − nFE ∘
cell
= − 6 mol ∗ 96485 C mol − 1 ∗ 0.53 V
= − 30682.23 V
RT
c. E cell = − lnK
nF
K = e ( − nFE cell ) / ( RT )
K = 6.43 ∗ 10 54
d. The reaction can be spontaneous. ΔG ∘ is very negative.
Q1.
For the half reaction, M 2 + (aq) + 2e − → M(s), what range of E 0 is possible if:
M displaces MnO 4− (aq), but not AgCl(s). M is unable to react with HCl, but reacts with HNO .
3
S1.
Since the reaction can displace MnO 4− (aq), it would be able to have a standard reaction up to +0.56.
However, since it cannot displace AgCl(s), its standard reaction potential would be above +0.2223.
Therefore:
+ 0.2223 V < E 0 < + 0.560 V
Q2.
A Lithium-ion battery has a theoretical E 0 cell of 1.5 V. Find the E 0 for the reduction half-reaction:
Li + (aq) + e − → Li(s)
S2.

The E ∘ for the reaction Li + (aq) + e − → Li(s) equals -3.040 according to the Standard Electrode Potential
Table.
Q3.
Write the voltaic cell for the reaction between I (s) and Sn 4 + (aq). Determine which half reaction is the
cathode and the anode and calculate the reaction2standard potential.
S3.
I 2(s) + 2e − → 2I − (aq)
Sn 4 + (aq) + 2e − → Sn 2 + (aq)
E ∘ : + 0.535 V Reduction ⇒ Cathode
E ∘ : + 0.154 V Oxidation ⇒ Anode
⇒ Pt(s) | Sn 2 + (aq), Sn 4 + (aq) | | I 2(s) | 2I − (aq)
Note: Pt(s) serves as an electrode conductor and does not affect the overall reaction. Since both the Sn
reactant and product are both aqueous solutions, Pt or other metal conductors can be used in place.
E∘ = E∘ − E∘
( cathode ) ( anode )
E ∘ = ( + 0.535 V) − ( + 0.154 V)
E ∘ = + 0.0381 V
Q4.
Given the reaction:
2MnO 4− (aq) + PbO(s) + 6H + (aq) → 2MnO 2(s) + 5PbO 2(s) + 3H 2O(l)
∘
E cell : + 1.23 V
What does E ∘ PbO (s) equal?

2
S4.
MnO 4− → MnO 2(s)
PbO(s) + 6H + (aq) → 2MnO 2(s) + 3H 2O(l)

Mn oxidation number:
Reactant: +7 Product: +4
⇒ Mn is the reduction reaction: Mn is the cathode
⇒ E ∘ = 1.51
∘ ∘ ∘
∘
1.23 = 1.51 − E anode
∘
E anode = + 0.28 V
Q5.
Determine whether a forward reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous:
a. Ag 2 + (aq) + Cr 2 + (aq) → Ag + (aq)
b. Sn 4 + (aq) + 2I − (aq) → Sn 2 + (aq) + I 2(aq)
S5.
∘ ∘ ∘
a. E cell = E cathode − E anode
∘ ∘ ∘
E cell = (E Ag 2+
/ Ag −
) − (E Cr 3+
/ Cr 2 +
)
∘
E = 1.98 V − ( − 0.424 V)
cell
∘
E cell = + 2.404 V
⇒ Spontaneous

b. Sn 4 + (aq) reduced, 2I − (aq) oxidized
E∘ = ( + 0.154 V) − ( + 0.535 V)
cell
∘
E cell = − 0.381 V
⇒ Non-spontaneous
Q6.
Given the following voltaic cell diagram and using the standard gold electrode as the reduction half
reaction, and metal M as an oxidizing half reaction, find the E ∘ reduction half reaction:
Au 3 + (1 M) + 3e − → Au(s) E ∘ = + 1.52
M 3 + (1 M) + 3e − E∘ = ?
a. In E ∘ = 1.858 V
b. Al E ∘ = 3.20 V
c. La E ∘ = 3.90 V
d. U E ∘ = 3.18 V
S6.
Au is the reduction half reaction
∘
E ∘ = + 1.52 = E cathode
∘ ∘ ∘
a. In
∘
1.858 = + 1.52 − E anode
1.858 + E ∘ = 1.52
anode
∘
E anode = − 0.338 V
b. Al
∘
3.20 = 1.52 − E anode
∘
3.20 + E anode = 1.52
∘
E anode = − 1.68 V
c. La
∘
3.90 = 1.52 − E anode
3.90 + E ∘ = 1.52
anode
∘
E anode = − 2.38 V
d. U
∘
3.18 = 1.52 − E anode
∘
3.18 + E anode = 1.52
∘
E anode = − 1.66 V
Q7.
Calculate ΔG ∘ for the following reactions and determine if spontaneous:
−
a. NO 3 (aq) + Al(s) + 4H + (aq) → NO(g) + Al 3 + (aq) + 2H 2O(l)
b. F 2(g) + 2Li(s) → 2F − (aq) + 2Li + (aq)
S7.
∘
a. ΔG ∘ = − nFE cell

∘ ∘ − ∘
E cell = (E NO 3 / NO
− ) − (E 3 +
Al / Al
)
∘
E cell = (0.956) − ( − 1.676)
∘
E cell = 2.63 V
N = 3 since:
N oxidation: reactant = +5 product= +2
Al oxidation: reactant = 0 product= +3
F = 96, 485 C / mol e −
ΔG ∘ = − [(3)(96, 485 C / mol e − )(2.63 V)]
ΔG ∘ = − 761 kJ Spontaneous
∘
b. E cell = (E F∘ / F − ) − (E Li
∘
+
/ Li
)
2
∘
E cell = 2.866 + 3.040 = 5.906 V
N = 2 since:
F 2 + 2e − → 2F −
2Li + + 2e − → 2Li(s)
ΔG ∘ = − [(2 mol e − )(96, 485 C / mol e − )(5.906 V)]
ΔG ∘ = − 1, 140 kJ
Spontaneous
Q8.
Find ΔG ∘ by combining the following half reactions to calculate the E ∘ cell at:
Ag 2 + + 2e − → Ag(s)
Ag 2 + (aq) + e − → Ag + (aq) E ∘ = + 1.98 V
Ag + (aq) + e − → Ag(s) E ∘ = + 0.800 V
S8.
Ag 2 + (aq) + e − → Ag + (aq) ΔG ∘ = − (1 × F × (1.98 V))
Ag + (aq) + e − → Ag(s) ΔG ∘ = − (1 × F × (0.800 V))
_ _
Ag 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Ag(s) ΔG ∘ = − (1.98 V)F − (0.800 V)F
ΔG ∘ = ( − 2.78 V)F
∘
∘
( − 2.78 V)F = − 2FE cell
( − 2.78 V)F
E∘ =
cell − 2F
∘
E cell = + 1.39 V
Q9.
A voltaic cell with E cell = 1.500 V has what [Ag + ] in the cell?
Zn(s) | Zn 2 + (1.50 M) | | Ag + ( ? M) | Ag(s)
S9.
Solve for E cell:
Oxidation reaction: Zn(s) → Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − E ∘ = − 0.763
Reduction reaction: (Ag + (aq) + e − → Ag(s)) × 2 E ∘ = 0.800 V
∘
Net Ionic Equation: Zn(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → Zn 2 + (aq) + 2Ag(s) E cell = 1.563 V
Use Nernst equation to solve for [Ag + ]:

∘
0.0592 [Zn 2 + ]
E = E cell − log
2
[Ag + ] 2
0.0592 1.5 M
1.500 V = 1.563 − log
2 x2
1.5 M − 2(1.500 − 1.563)
log =
x2 0.0592
1.5 M
log = 2.13
x2
x = 0.4222
[Ag + ] = 0.4222 M
Q10.
[Zn 2 + ] = 1.2 M
What [Cu 2 + ] will allow a forward spontaneous reaction?
∘
Net Reaction: Zn(s) + Cu 2 + → Cu(s) + Zn 2 + E cell = 1.100 V
S10.
Nernst equation setting E = 0.000 V & [Zn 2 + ] = 1.0 M
∘
0.0592 [Zn 2 + ]
E = E cell − log
2 [Cu 2 + ]
0.0592 1.2 M
0.00 V = 1.100 − log
2 [Cu 2 + ]
0.00 − 1.100 1.2 M
= log
− 0.0296 [Cu 2 + ]
1.2 M
37.2 = log
[Cu 2 + ]
[Cu 2 + ] = 8.4 × 10 − 17 M
Q11.
A voltaic cell:
Ag(s) | Ag + (saturated Ag 2CrO 4) | | Ag + (0.125 M) | Ag(s)
What is E cell if K sp = 1.2 × 10 − 11 for Ag CrO ?
2 4
S11.
First must solve for [Ag + ] in saturated solution
K sp = [Ag + ] 2[CrO 2
4
−
] = (2s) 2(s) = 4s 3
√
3
1.2 × 10 − 11
S= = 1.44 × 10 − 4 M
4
[Ag + ] anode = 2s = 2.88 × 10 − 4 M

Ag(s) + Ag + (0.125 M) → Ag(s) + Ag + (2.88 × 10 − 4 M)
∘
0.0592 2.88 × 10 − 4 M
2 0.125 M
E cell = 0.000 + 0.078 V = 0.078 V
Q12.

Describe what would happen to a nail that is in a mixture which demonstrates a pink color if there is a
base present and a blue color in the presence of Turbull's blue KFe[Fe(CN) ] in each situation:
6
a. Copper wire is wrapped around the tip of the nail
b. The center of the nail has the outer layer filed off
c. The nail is coated with Zn (galvination)
S12.
a. Iron is a stronger reducing agent than copper and so blue precipitate will form in the areas not covered
by copper (oxidation will occur). Hydroxide would be produced at the cathode (copper wire) and pink
will form.
b. Newly exposed metal will oxidize producing a blue precipitate.
c. The zinc will oxidize rather than the iron producing hydroxide ions (pink color).
Q13.
An aqueous solution containing [ a) Zn 2 + b) Al 3 + c) Ag + d) Ni 2 + ] has 2.15 A of current passed through
for 60 min, how much metal (in g) is formed at the cathode?
S13.
First calculate charge passed through and number of moles of electrons transferred:
60 s 2.15 C 1 mol e −
Mol e − = 60 min × × × = 0.08 mol e −
1 min 1s 96485 C
a. Zn 2 +
1 mol Zn 2 + 1 mol Zn 65.39 g Zn
0.08 mol e − × × × = 2.62 g Zn
2 mol e −
1 mol Zn 2+ 1 mol Zn
3+
b. Al
1 mol Al 3 + 1 mol Al 26.98 g Al

0.08 mol e − × × × = 0.72 g Al
3 mol e −
1 mol Al 3+ 1 mol Al
c. Ag +
1 mol Ag + 1 mol Ag 107.9 g Al

0.08 mol e − × × × = 8.63 g Ag
1 mol e −
1 mol Ag + 1 mol Ag
2+
d. Ni
1 mol Ni 2 + 1 mol Ni 58.69 g Ni
0.08 mol e − × × × = 2.35 g Ni
2 mol e − 1 mol Ni 2 + 1 mol Ni
Q14.
What voltage is required for the electrolysis of the following reactions? All reactants are in standards
states.
a. Zn(s) + Sn 2 + (aq) → Zn 2 + (aq) + Sn(s)
b. 2Fe 2 + (aq) + Hg 2 + (aq) → 2Fe 3 + (aq) + Hg(l)
c. Cu(s) + Sr 2 + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + Sr(s)
S14.
∘
a. Oxidation reaction: Zn(s) → Zn 2 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = − 0.763 V
∘
Reduction reaction: Sn 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Sn(s) E cell = − 0.137 V
∘
Net reaction: Zn(s) + Sn 2 + (aq) → Zn 2 + (aq) + Sn(s) E cell = 0.626 V
This reaction is spontaneous
∘
b. Oxidation reaction: 2Fe 2 + → 2Fe 3 + + 2e − E cell = 0.771 V

∘
Reduction reaction: Hg 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Hg(l) E cell = 0.854 V
∘
Net reaction: 2Fe 2 + (aq) + Hg 2 + (aq) → 2Fe 3 + (aq) + Hg(l) E cell = 0.083 V
This reaction is spontaneous
∘
c. Oxidation reaction: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2e − E cell = 0.337 V
∘
Reduction reaction: Sr 2 + (aq) + 2e − (aq) → Sr(s) E cell = − 2.89 V
Net reaction: Cu(s) + Sn 4 + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + Sn 2 + (aq) ∘

E cell = − 3.227 V
Reaction requires voltages > 3.227 V
Q15.
∘
N 2H 4(aq) + O 2(g) → N 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) E cell = 1.559 V
∘
Calculate ΔG f for [N H (aq)]
2 4
S15.
∘ ∘
96485 C
Calculate ΔG f = − nFE cell = − 4 mol e − × × 1.559 V = − 6.017 × 10 5 J = − 601.7 kJ
1 mol e −
∘
Find ΔG f for (N H ):
2 4
− 601.7 kJ = ΔG f∘ [N 2(g)] + 2ΔG f∘ [H 2O(l)] − ΔG f∘ [N 2H 4(aq)] − ΔG f∘ [O 2(g)]
− 601.7 kJ = 0.00 kJ + 2( − 237.2) + 601.7 = 127.3 kJ
′
For more information on calculating E cell check out The Cell Potential.
For more info on calculating E cell check out Nernst Equation and Electrochemical Cells under
Nonstandard Conditions.

6.9 Exercises On Electrochemistry

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6.9 Exercises On Electrochemistry

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6.

Therefore, 0 V < E ∘ < 0.17 V.

= 0.7991 − 0.3394 = + 0.4597 V

12/3/2019 6.9.1 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

Oxidation: Fe 2 + (aq) → Fe 3 + (aq) + e −

Oxidation: (Fe 3 + (aq) + e − → Fe 2 + (aq) ) × 2

= 0.535 − 0.769 = − 0.234 V

a. Fe(s) | Fe 2 + (aq) | | Zn(s) | Zn 2 + (aq)

b. Oxidation: Na(s) → Na + (aq) + e − E ∘ = − ( − 2.7144 V)

c. Oxidation: Co(s) → Co 2 + (aq) + 2e − E ∘ = − ( − 0.277 V)

d. Oxidation: (Fe 2 + (aq) → Fe 3 + (aq) + e − ) × 2 E ∘ = − ( − 0.771 V)

12/3/2019 6.9.2 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

a. Zn(s) + Ag + (aq) → Ag(s) + Zn 2 + (aq)

b. Oxidation: (Rb(s) → Rb + (aq) + e − ) × 2 − E ∘ = + 2.93 V

c. Oxidation: 2H 2O(l) → O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e − − E ∘ = − 1.229 V

Reduction: (2e − + F 2(g) → 2F − (aq)) × 2 E ∘ = 2.866 V

Net: 2F 2(g) + 2H 2O(l) → 4F − (aq) + O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) ∘

12/3/2019 6.9.3 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

Reduction: Cr 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Cr(s) E ∘ = − 0.90 V

b. Oxidation: Sn 2 + (aq) → 2e − + Sn 4 + (aq) − E ∘ = − 0.154 V

Reduction: (Cu 2 + (aq) + e − → Cu + (aq)) × 2 E ∘ = 0.159 V

c. Oxidation: 2H 2O(l) → O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e − − E ∘ = − 1.229 V

Reduction: (Cl 2(g) + 2e − → 2Cl − (aq)) × 2 E ∘ = 1.358

12/3/2019 6.9.4 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

Reduction: 2BrO 3− (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10e − → Br 2(l) + 6H 2O(l) E ∘ = 1.478 V

Net: 2BrO 3− (aq) + 12H + (aq) + 10SO 2

Second, use Nernst equation to calculate [Ag + ]

12/3/2019 6.9.5 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

Second, use Nernst equation to calculate E cell

Oxidation: Co(s) → Co 2 + (aq) + 2e − ∘

Second, use Nernst equation to calculate E cell

Cu(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Ag(s)

Net reaction: Cu(s) + 2Ag + (aq) → Cu 2 + (aq) + 2Ag(s)

12/3/2019 6.9.6 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

Oxidation: Cu(s) → Cu 2 + + 2e − E ∘ = − 0.340

12/3/2019 6.9.7 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

L 2 + (aq) + LO 2 + (aq) + 2H + (aq) → 2L 3 + (aq) + H 2O(l) E ∘ = 0.616 V

L 3 + (aq) + Ag + (aq) + H 2O → LO 2 + (aq) + 2H + + Ag(s) E ∘ = 0.439 V

12/3/2019 6.9.8 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

CH 4(g) + 2O 2(g) → CO 2(g) + 2H 2O(l)

ΔG ∘ = − 8 mol e − (96845 C / mol e − )(0.92 V)

12/3/2019 6.9.9 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

c. Mg 2 + (aq) + Pb 2 + (aq) + 2H 2O(l) → PbO 2(s) + 4H + (aq) + Mg(s)

12/3/2019 6.9.10 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

c. Reduction: Mg 2 + (aq) + 2e − → Mg(s) E ∘ = − 2.356 V

d. Reduction: O 2(g) + 4H + (aq) + 4e − → 2H 2O(l) E ∘ = 1.229 V

b. Pt(s) | H 2(g) | H + (aq) | | Pb 2 + (aq) | Pb(s)

c. I 2(s) | I − (aq) | | O 2(g) | H 2O 2(aq) | Pt(s)

\(\begin{align} \href{http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytic...circ}_{cell}}} &

12/3/2019 6.9.11 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

12/3/2019 6.9.12 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

12/3/2019 6.9.13 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

log(P NO [10 − 6]) = 56.44

(P NO [10 − 6]) = 2.8 × 10 56

12/3/2019 6.9.14 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

12/3/2019 6.9.15 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

Since Pb 2 + is saturated, the concentration of Pb 2 + is equal to I −

12/3/2019 6.9.16 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

12/3/2019 6.9.17 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

12/3/2019 6.9.18 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

1.48 × 10 − 24 2 mol MnO 2 86.94 g MnO 2

12/3/2019 6.9.19 https://chem.libretexts.org/link?61445

a. Ag(s) | Ag + (aq) | | Hg 2 + (aq) | Hg(l)