ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS LECTURE 9 TENSES236 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER VERB TENSE OVERVIEW WITH EXAMPLES Simple Present Simple Past | simple Future } | will help you lear English Lam going to study English next year. Two years ago, | studied | study English every day. Era Year tO Fra Game 7 1| Pam geht as TT | peite Coma | was studying English when you called yesterday, | will be studying English |'am studying English when you arrive tonight. now. Present Peet Past Pere | Future Peet | will have studied every La tense by the time I finish Ihave studied English in| Enoch before | moved to several different schools. FN0lsh this course. Present Perfect a Future Perfect Continuous a ertece Conmcuaed | Coaitinvoile | had been studying | will have been studying Mave Dost een English for five years English for over two hours Eralist fective yeas, before | moved to Ankara. | by the time you arrive.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com ar TENSE MARKERS CHART SIMPLE PRESENT often, generally, usually, always, never, every day, every week, every month, every year, sometimes PRESENT CONTINUOUS at the moment, now, in this week, on Sunday, this evening, tomorrow ‘SIMPE PAST yesterday, last night, x years ago, in 2002, last weekend, last month, last year PAST CONTINUOUS At this time yesterday PRESENT PERFECT since, for, just, lately, yet, already, never, ever, recently, in recent years SIMPLE FUTURE tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in 2020, next Monday, next week, next month, next year FUTURE CONTINUOUS tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, in 2020, next Monday, next week, next month, next year FUTURE PERFECT & FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS by 10 pm, by Monday, by tomorrow, by 2020, by next week, by next month, by next year28 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER TENSE MARKER WORDS 4.ago SIMPLE PAST 2. already PRESENT PERFECT 3. always PRESENT PERFECT 4. at the PRESENT CONT. moment S. currently PRESENT CONT. 6. for PRESENT PERFECT 7. forthe time PRESENT CONT. being 8. In... 2001 SIMPLE PAST 9. just PRESENT PERFECT 40. Yesterday/ SIMPLE PAST last week / month / year 11. lately PRESENT PERFECT 12. next week) SIMPLE FUTURE month / century / decade 13. never PRESENT PERFECT My grandfather died 10 years ago, I've already told him about our plans. He's always enjoyed having wine with dinner. Are you staying with your mother at the moment (= now)? He is currently directing TV sitcoms. He hasn't called me for 3 days. ‘The metal workers union is holding back the strike for the time being (for the moment / for now / at this time). We didn't pass the KPDS Test in 2007. We have just finished discussing what we should do next, Yesterday we saw Mary in London. ‘Mr. Osbourne died last month. | went to the movies three times last week. Have you seen Adam lately? We will go on a holiday next week, They will elect a new President next month ‘Many outstanding innovations will come into life in the next century, I've never been to NigeriaENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS 14, nowadays 48. over the past weeks / months! years 16. presently 47. recently 48. since 19. so far 20. soon 24. still 22. thus far 23. up till now 24. yet SIMPLE PRESENT PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT CONT. PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT ‘SIMPLE FUTURE PRESENT CONT. PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 20 Nowadays people don't dress up as much as they used to. ‘She has made a lot of changes over the past six ‘months Three of the ten boats are presently being repaired, He hasn't recently been to any country. We haven't seen Ann since six o'clock this ‘moming. So far, only two Democrats have entered the race for President Welll soon be there. Dr. Ford's fame is still expanding in academic circles. We haven't had any problems with this device thus far. Up till now, we haven't figured out where the secret files are, Has Janet finished her homework yet?240 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE (a) Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen. (b) The average person breathes 21,600 times a day, (6) The wortd és round (d) | study for two hours every night, () | get up at seven every moming () He always eats a sandwich for lunch ‘+The simple present says that something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future. I expresses general statements of fact and timeless truths. ‘+The simple present is used to express habitual or everyday activities. FORM imple Present EXAMPLE: [to run] trun you run he runs, she runs, it runs we run they run USE 1 Repeated Actions Past Present Future ‘The Simple Present is used to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens, It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do,ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 2a EXAMPLES: | play tennis. She does not play tennis. ‘The train leaves every morning at 8 am, The train does not leave at 9 am. She always forgets her purse: He never forgets his wallet. Every twelve months, the Earth circles the sun. ‘The sun does not circle the Earth, USE 2 Facts or Generalizations Past Present Future ‘The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and wil be true in the future. It is not important ifthe speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things. EXAMPLES: Cats like milk. Birds do not like milk, Ankara is in Turkey. California is not in the United Kingdom. Windows are made of glass, ‘Windows are not made of wood.2a tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER New York is a small city. (is not important that this fact is untrue.) USE 3 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) Past Present Future ‘Sometimes speakers use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs, EXAMPLES: am here now, She is not here now. He needs help right now. He does not need help now. He has a car.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 203 2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE (a) John is sleeping right now. (b) [need an umbrella because it is raining. (©) The students are sitting at their desks right now. (@) | am taking five courses this semester. (e) Susan is writing another book this vear. ‘©The present continuous expresses an activity that is in progress at the moment of speaking. It is a temporary activity that began, in the past, is continuing at present, and will probably end at some point in the future, ‘+ Often the activity is of a general nature: something generally in progress this week, this month, this year: Note (e): The sentence means that writing a book is a general activity Susan is engaged in at present, but it does not mean that at the moment of speaking she is siting at her desk with pen in hand. FORM Present Continuous [AM/IS/ ARE] + [VERB#ing] EXAMPLES: | am watching TV now, He is quickly learning the language. USE 1Now Past Present Future ‘The Present Continuous with Continuous Verbs is used to express the idea that ‘something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that ‘something is not happening now.244 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER EXAMPLES: ‘You are learning English now. You are not swimming now. am sitting, | am not standing. ‘They are reading their books. They are not watching television = USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now Past Present Future In English, now can mean “this second,” “today,” "this month,” “this year,” “this century" and so on, Sometimes we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second, EXAMPLES: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.) am studying to become a doctor. | am not studying to become a dentist. | am reading the book Tom Sawyer. am not reading any books right now. ‘Are you working on any special projects at work? Aren't you teaching at the University now?ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 25 USE 3 Near Future Past Present Future Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future. EXAMPLES: | am meeting some friends after work. | am not going to the party tonight. Is he visiting his parents next weekend? Isn't he coming with us tonight? IMPORTANT Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs Itis important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any “continuous” tenses. Also, certain *non-continuous” meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in “continuous” tenses. To express the idea of "happening now’, you must use ‘Simple Present USE 3, EXAMPLES: She js loving chocolate. Incorrect ‘She loves chocolate. Correct246 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER COMMON VERBS USED IN SIMPLE TENSES [Mental State know believe imagine want realize feel ldoubt need lunderstand |suppose |remember prefer recognize {think Horget mean [Emotional State love inate Hear mind like dislike envy care lappreciate Possession possess have own belong to [Sense Perceptions taste hear lsee |smell feel [Other Existing States [seem cost be [consist of look. lowe exist contain lappear _|weigh includeENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 27 3. SIMPLE PAST TENSE (a) | walked to schoo! yesterday. (b) John fived in Paris last year, but now he lives in Rome. (©) bought a new car three days ago. (@) Rita stood under a tree when it began to rain, (e) When Mrs. Carlson heard a strange noise, she got up to investigate. ( When I dropped my cup, the coffee spilled on my lap. ‘+ The simple past indicates that an activity or situation began and ended at a particular time in the past. ‘+ Ifasentence contains when and has the simple past in both clauses, the action in the when clause happens first. In (d): 1st: The rain began, 2nd: She stood under a tree. FORM Simple Past [VERB+ed] EXAMPLES: | visited my friends last summer. often visited my friends in college. USE 1 Completed Action in the Past Past Present Future ‘The Simple Past is used to express the idea that an action started and finished at a28 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER specific time in the past. Sometimes the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind, EXAMPLES: | saw a movie yesterday. I didnt see a movie yesterday. Last year | traveled to Japan. Last year | didn travel to Japan. He washed her car last week. He didn't wash her car last week. XXX USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions Past Present Future We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past, These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th. EXAMPLES: Yesterday | finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. ‘This moming he arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others at 10:00,ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 249 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS English verbs have four principal parts: (1) simple form (2) simple past (3) past participle (4) present participle ‘+ Some verbs have irregular past forms. REGULAR VERBS: The simple past and past participle end in -ed. (SIMPLE FORM, [SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE [PRESENT PARTICIPLE, hope hoped hoped loping ‘stop [stopped |stopped stopping listen listened listened listening study studied studied studying start started started starting IRREGULAR VERBS: The simple past and pa: ist participle do not end in ~ed. (SIMPLE FORM. [SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE [PRESENT PARTICIPLE. break broke broken lbreaking lcome lcame lcome jcoming find {found found finding hit hit hit Intting swim swam swum [swimming250 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 4. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE (g) | was watking down the street when it began to rain, (h) While | was walking down the street, it began to rain. (i) Rita was standing under a tree when it began to rain, () At eight o'clock last night, | was studying. (K) Last year at this time, | was attending school. () While | was studying in one room of our apartment, my roommate was having a party in the other room, > In @Q):|Ist: Iwas walking down the street. 2nd: It began to rain. Both actions occurred at the same time, but one action began earlier and was in progress when the other action occurred. In (): My studying began before 8:00, was in progress at that time, and probably continued. > Sometimes the past progressive is used in both parts of a sentence when two actions are in progress simultaneously as in (). FORM Past Continuous [WAS / WERE] + [VERB+ing] EXAMPLES: | was studying when she called. | was carefully picking up the snake when it bit me.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 2st USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past Past Present Future ‘The Past Continuous is used to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted, ‘The interruption is usually an action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. EXAMPLES: | was watching TV when she called, ‘When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. While we were having a picnic, it started to rain, Sally was working when Joe had the car accident. ‘While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption Past Present Future In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by an action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption EXAMPLES: Last night at 6 p.m., | was eating dinner. At midnight last night, we were still driving through the desert.2s2 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER > IMPORTANT In the Simple Past a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous a specific time only interrupts the action, EXAMPLES: Last night at 6 p.m.,1 ate dinner. (‘started eating at 6 p.m.) Last night at 6 p.m., 1 was eating dinner. (‘started earlier and at 6 p.m. | was in the process of eating dinner.) USE 3 Parallel Actions Past Present Future ‘When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. EXAMPLES: | was studying while he was making dinner. ‘While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television, ‘They were eating dinner, discussing their plans and having a good time.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 253 TIME CLAUSES adverb clause main clause (a) When the phone rang, the baby woke up. (b) INCORRECT: When the phone rang. The baby woke up, (©) The phone rang, The baby woke up. (@) When the phone rang, the baby woke up. (©) The baby woke up when the phone rang. ‘+ In (@): When the phone rang is an adverb clause of time. An adverb clause is one kind of dependent clause. A dependent clause must be attached to an independent, or main, clause. In (a): the baby woke up is the main clause, ‘+ Example (b) is incorrect because the adverb clause is not connected to the main clause. Example (c) is correct because there is no adverb clause. The two main clauses are both independent sentences, Examples (d) and (e) have the same meaning + Anadverb clause can come in front of a main clause, as in (4), or follow the main Clause, as in (e). Notice that a comma is used to separate the two clauses when, the adverb clause comes first254 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER [ TIE CLAUSE ADVERBS by the time = one event is completed before another event. ‘since = from that time to the present. until, till = to that time and then no longer (Tillis used more in speaking than in writing; it is generally not used in formal English) ‘as soon as, once = when one event happens, another event happens soon afterward as long as, so long as luring that time, from beginning to end whenever every time * After and before are commonly used in the following expressions: shortly after shortly before a short time before a litle while before not long beforeENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 255 ‘SOME TIME CLAUSE EXAMPLES PAST TENSES After she (had) graduated, she got a job. As soon as it stopped raining, we left. ‘Once it stopped raining, we left | (had) left before he came. By the time he arrived, we had already left. ‘We stayed there until we finished our work. We stayed there till we finished our work. When 1 got there, he had already left. When it began to rain, | stood under a tree, When | was in Chicago, | visited the museums. When | arrived, he was talking on the phone. While | was walking home, it began to rain, As | was walking home, it began to rain. PRESENT TENSES | haven't seen him since he left this morning. I've known her ever since | was a child Whenever | see her, | say hello. Every time | see her, | say hello.256 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER FUTURE TENSES When | see him tomorrow, | will ask him, After she graduates, she will get a job, As soon as it stops raining, we will leave. ‘Once it stops raining, we will leave. | will leave before he comes. | will never speak to him again as fong as ! live. L.will never speak to him again so long as 1 live. By the time he comes, we will have already left. © Apresent tense, NOT a future tense, is used in an adverb clause of time, as in examples (a) and (c)ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com ar 5. PAST PERFECT TENSE (@ Sam had already Teff by the time Ann got there, (b) The thief simply walked in, Someone had {forgotten to lock the door. [The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before lanother activity or time in the past. (© Sam had already left when Ann got there. in (©): first; Sam Teffl. Second: Ann got there.” (@ Sam had left before Ann got there: (e) Sam left before Ann got there (f After the quests had left, | went to bed. (g) Affer the guests left, | went to bed. If either Before oF affers used in Ithe sentence, the past perfect is loften not necessary because the lime relationship is already clear. The simple past may be used, as in (e) and (g). Note: (d) and (e) have the same meaning; (f) and (g) have the same meaning Compare: Sam left when Ann got there. — First: Ann got there. Second: Sam left COMPARE: I'd seen = Ihad seen (I'd + past participle = past perfect) Td like = would like = d+ simple form) FORM Past Perfect [HAD] + [PAST PARTICIPLE] Examples: | had studied a litle English when I came to the U.S. ‘They had never met an American until they met John.258 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in Past _@ xX Past Present Future ‘The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past. EXAMPLES: had never seen such a beautiful beach before | went to Oludeniz, Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 1992? Yes, | had been to the U.S. once before in 1988. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-continuous Verbs) X Past Present Future ‘With Non-continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past. EXAMPLES: We had had that car for ten years before it broke down, By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 250 6. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (a) The police had been looking for the criminal for two years before they caught him. (b) Eric finally came at six o'clock. | had been waiting for him since four-thirty. (©) When Judy got home, her hair was stil wet because she had been swimming. (@) | went to Jane's house after the funeral. Her eyes were red because she had been erying. ‘+ The past perfect continuous tense emphasizes the duration of an activity that was in progress before another activity or time in the past. ‘© This tense also may express an activity in progress close in time to another activity or time in the past. FORM Past Perfect Continuous [HAD BEEN] + [VERBting} EXAMPLES: | had been waiting there fortwo Rolirs before she finally arrived She had only been studying English for two years before she got the job.260 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER USE 1 Duration Before Something in the [FX Past Past Present Foture ‘We use the Past Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks” are both durations which can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous; however, the duration does not continue until, now. EXAMPLES: ‘They had been talking for over an hour before Tony arrived, ‘She had been working at that company for three years when it went out of business, James had been teaching at the University for more than a year before he left for Turkey. USE 2 Cause of Something in the Past Using the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past is a good way to show cause and effect. EXAMPLES: Jason was tired because he had been jogging. ‘Sam gained weight because he had been overeating,ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 261 IMPORTANT If you do not include a duration such as “for five minutes,” “for two weeks" or “since Friday", many English speakers choose to use the Past Continuous. There is also a difference in meaning. Compare the examples below. EXAMPLES: {was reading when my roommate returned. The reading will be interrupted. | had been reading for an hour when my roommate retumed, ‘The reading stopped just before my roommate returned.262 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 7. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE (2) They have moved into a new apartment. (0) Have you ever visited Mexico? (©) | have never seen snow. (@) | have already seen that movie (©) Jack hasn't seen it yet (9 Ann started a letter to her parents last week, but she stil hasn't finished it. (g) Alex feels bad. He has just heard some bad news. (8) We have had four tests so far this semester. (i) have written my wife a letter every other day for the last two weeks. () | have met many people since Lcame here in June. (&) | have flown on an airplane many times, () | have been here since seven o'clock, (1m) We have been here for two weeks. (a) | have had this same pair of shoes for three years. (0) | have liked cowboy movies ever singe L was.a child (0) | have known him formany vears, ‘+The present perfect expresses the idea that something happened (or never happened) before now, at an unspecified time in the past. The exact time it happened is not important, ‘© Ifthere is a specific mention of time, the simple past is used: They moved info a ‘new apartment last month, Notice in the examples: the adverbs eve-never, already, yet, stl, and just are frequently used with the present perfect. ‘+The present perfect also expresses the repetition of an activity before now. The exact time of each repetition is not important. Notice in (h): so faris frequently used with the present perfect. ‘© The present perfect, when used with for or since, also expresses a situation that began in the past and continues fo the present. * In the examples, notice the difference between since and for:ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 263 since + a particular time for + a duration of time ‘= “The verbs used in the present perfect to express a situation that began in the past and still exists are typically verbs with a stative meaning. ‘+ The present perfect continuous, rather than the present perfect, is used with action verbs to express an activity that began in the past and continues to the present: ve been sitting at my desk for an hour. Jack has been watching TV since seven o'clock. FORM Present Perfect [HAS / HAVE] + [past participle] EXAMPLES: | have seen that movie many times. | have never seen that movie. NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Present Perfect (have seen), adverbs usually come between the first part and the second part (have never seen). USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now Past. Present. Future We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with time expressions such as "yesterday,” "one year ago,” “last week," "when | was a chiid,” “when | lived in Japan,” “at that moment,” “that day” or “one day.” We CAN use the Present Perfect with expressions like “ever,264 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER times," "before," *so far," “already” and "yet." EXAMPLES: | have seen that movie twenty times, | think | have met him once before. ‘There have been many earthquakes in California, Has there ever been a war in the United States? Yes, there has been a war in the United States, People have traveled to the moon How do you actually use the Present Perfect? ‘The concept of "unspecified time” can be very confusing to English learmers. Itis best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: TOPIC 1 Experience You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. Itis like saying, "I have the experience of...” You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. EXAMPLES: | have been to France. (This sentence means that you have the experience of being to France. Maybe you have been once, or several times.) | have been to France three times. (You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence.)ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 25 have never been to France. (This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France.) | think | have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages. Have you ever met him? - No, | have not met him. TOPIC 2 Change Over Time ‘We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time. EXAMPLES: ‘You have grown since the last time I saw you. ‘The government has become more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses af the university since the Asian studies program was established My English has really improved Since | began taking classes with Hikmet Sahiner. TOPIC 3 Accomplishments ‘We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. EXAMPLES: Man has walked on the moon,266 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER ur son has leamed how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have spit the atom. TOPIC 4 An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting ‘We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action. EXAMPLES: James has not finished his homework yet. ‘Susan hasn't mastered Turkish yet, but she can communicate, Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped yet TOPIC § Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible, EXAMPLES: ‘The army has attacked that city five times. | have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. ‘We have had many major problems while working on this project. ‘She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick,ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 27 IMPORTANT ‘When we use the Present Perfect it means that something happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened is not important, Past Present Future Sometimes we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. Expressions such as “in the last week,” “in the last year," “this week,” “this month,” "so far" and "up to now” can be used to narrow the time we are looking in for an experience. Past Present Future EXAMPLES: Have you been to Paris in the last year? have seen that movie six times in the last month, ‘They have had three tests in the last week ‘She graduated from university less three years ago, She has worked for three different ‘companies so far. This week my car has broken down three times. NOTICE: "Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now. "In the last year’ means from 365 days ago until now.268 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER EXAMPLES: | went to London ast year. (I went to London in 2007.) | have been to London in the last year. (| have been to London at least once at some point between 365 days ago and now. We do not know exacily when.) USE 2 Duration From Past Until Now (Non-continuous Verb: eee Past Present Future ‘With Non-continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to shaw that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes ind "since Tuesday” are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. EXAMPLES: | have had a cold for two weeks, ‘She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 269 8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE [Right now | am sitting at my desk. (a) | have been sitting here since seven o'clock. (b) | have been sitting here for two hours. (©) You have been studying for five straight hours. Why don't you take a break? (@) It has been raining all day. Itis still raining right now. [This tense is used to indicate the duration of fan activity that began in the past and continues to the present. When the tense has his meaning, itis used with time words, such as for, since, all morning, all day, all week. (@) | have known Alex since he was a child () INCORRECT: | have been knowing Alex since he was a child, Reminder. verbs with stalive meanings are not used in the progressive. The present perfect, Nor the present perfect progressive, Is used with stative verbs to describe the |duration of a state (rather than an activity) Ithat began in the past and continues to the present. (@ | have been thinking about changing my major. (h) All of the students have been studying hard. Final exams start next week, () My back hurts, so I have been sleeping lon the floor lately. The bed is too soft, |When the tense is used without any specific mention of time, it expresses a general activity in progress recently, lately. I) have livednere since 1995 have been living here since 1995, (k) He has worked at the same store for ten years. He has been working at the same store for ten years. With certain verbs (most notably live, work teach), there is litle or no difference in meaning between the two tenses when since or for is used.270 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER FORM Present Perfect Continuous [HAS / HAVE] + [BEEN] + [VERB+ing] EXAMPLES: have been waiting here for two hours. She has only been studying English for two years, NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Present Perfect Continuous (has been studying), adverbs often come between the first part and the second part (has only been studying). USE 1 Duration from the Past Until Now Past Present Future We use the Present Perfect Continuous to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes", “for two weeks", and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect Continuous. EXAMPLES: ‘They have been talking for the last hour. She has been working at that company for three years. James has been teaching at the University since June.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com an USE 2 Recently, Lately Past Present Future You can use the Present Perfect Continuous WITHOUT a duration such as “for five minutes”, “for two weeks", and "since Tuesday". Without the durations, the this tense gives a more general meaning of "lately". We often use the words "lately" or “recently” in the sentence to strengthen this meaning EXAMPLES: Recently, | have been feeling really tired, ‘She has been watching too much television lately, Mary has been feeling a litle depressed, PAST OF INTENTION — WAS/WERE GOING TO DO ‘The PAST OF INTENTION (WAS GOING TO DO, WERE GOING TO EAT) expresses what ‘someone planned or intended to do in the past. Usually this plan was never fulfilled (completed, performed) because something convinced the person to do something else. e.g. | was going to fly to New York by Concord but after the accident | decided to go in a regular flight.ae tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER USED TO+V1 USED TO (negative, DIDN'T USE) emphasizes that something happened regularly over a period of time, but does not happen now. e.g. | used to smoke when | was younger (but | don't any more) USED TO cannot be used to say how often something happened: €.9. We went to Africa three times in my childhood (not "we used to go to Africa three times..." USED TO cannot be used with specific time periods (e.g. “for five years’): @.g. England controlled parts of France for over four centuries (not "used to contol...) USED TO vs. WOULD WOULD can be used to talk about past routine. With WOULD we have to mention a specific time (if not, it sounds like @ conditional) USED TO is used to talk about past routine (discontinued habits and past states), and is much more common in modem English, Always remember this: IF YOU ARE IN DOUBT USE "USED TO". €.g. When I was 25, | used to go on jogging every moming. €.g. | would go jogging every morning when | lived in New York e.g. Lused to have a do. (not WOULD) €.g. There used to be a post office on the comer of that street, (not WOULD) e.g. He used to be a handsome man but now he is fat and bald!! €.. Slovenia used to be part of Yugoslavia.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com a3 9. SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE (WILL & BE GOING TO) ‘The Simple Future has two different forms in English, "will" and "be going to.” Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice the differences will become clear. Both “will” and "be going to” refer to a specific time in the future. Past Present Future (2) Jack will finish his work tomorrow. (0) Jack is going to finish his work tomorrow. (0) Anna will not be here tomorrow. (@) Anna won't be here tomorrow. Will or be going to is used to express future time.” In speech, going to is often pronounced "gonna." In (d): The contracted form of will + not is won't The use of shall with / or we to express future time is possible but uncommon in American English. Shall is used more frequently in British English than in ‘American English24 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER WILL VERSUS GOING TO + To express a PREDICTION: Use either witt or BE GOING TO. (@) According to the weather report, it will be cloudy tomorrow. (b) According to the weather report, itis going to be cloudy tomorrow. (©) Be careful! You'll hurt yourself! (@) Watch out! You're going to hurt yourseit! ‘+ When the speaker is making a prediction (a statement about something s/he thinks will be true or will occur in the future), either will or be going to is possible. ‘There is no difference in meaning between (a) and (b). There is no difference in meaning between (c) and (4) + To express a PRIOR PLAN: Use only BE GOING TO. ‘A: Why did you buy this paint? B: I'm going to paint my bedroom tomorrow. | talked to Bob yesterday. He is tired of taking the bus to work. He's going to buy a car. That's what he told me. © To express WILLINGNESS: Use only WILL. ‘A; The phone's ringing B: Ml get it A; | don't understand this problem. B: Ask your teacher about it. He'll help you,ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 275 COMPARE: Situation 1 ‘A: Are you busy this evening? B: Yes. I'm going to meet Jack at the library at seven. We're going to study together, ‘+ In Situation 1, only be going to is possible. The speaker has a prior plan, so he uses be going to, Situation 2: A; Are you busy this evening? B: Well, I really haven't made any plans. I'l eat eat dinner, of course. And then I'l probably watch TV for a litle while. ‘+ In Situation 2, either will or be going to is possible. Speaker B has not planned his evening. He is “predicting” his evening (rather than stating any prior plans), ‘so he may use either will or be going to. FORM Will [WILL] + [VERB] EXAMPLES: | will help him tater. | will never help him NOTE: When you are using a verb tense with more than one part such as Simple Future (will help), adverbs usually come between the first part and the second part (will never help).276 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER FORM Be Going To IAM /IS/ ARE] + [GOING TO] + [VERB] EXAMPLES: He is going to meet Jane tonight. He is definitely going to meet Jane tonight. IMPORTANT: No Future in Time Clauses! Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with "when’, "while", "before", “after’, "by the time, "as soon as,” "if" and "unless." In this lesson, all verbs in Time Clauses are italicized, EXAMPLES: ‘When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct, USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action 'Will” often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often we use “will” to respond to ‘someone else's complaint or request for help. EXAMPLES: A; Im really hungry. B: liLmake some sandwiches, A; Im so tired. I'm about to fall asleep, B: IlLget you some coffee, ‘A: The phone is ringing. B: IILget itENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com a USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise “Wil” is usually used in promises. EXAMPLES: | will call you when | arrive, If | am elected President of the United States, | will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance. | promise | will not tell him about the surprise party. USE 3 "Be going to” to Express a Plan 'Be going to” expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person Intends to do something in the future. EXAMPLES: He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii ‘We are going 10 meet each other tonight at 6:00 PM. ‘A: Who is going to make John’s birthday cake? B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake, USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to” to Express a Prediction Both “will” and "be going to” can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples there is no difference in meaning278 tpn hikmetsahiner.com EXAMPLES: ‘The year 2000 will be a very interesting year. ‘The year 2000 is going to be a very interesting year. John Smith willbe the next President. John Smith js going to be the next President. ‘The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards. ‘The movie "Zenith" js going to win several Academy Awards. DR. HIKMET SAKINERENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 279 10. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE (a) | will begin to study at seven. You will come at eight. | will be studying when you come, (b) Right now | am sitting in class. At this same time tomorrow, | will be sitting in class. (©) Don't call me at nine because | won't be home. | am going to be studying at the library. (a) Don't get impatient. She will be coming soon. (e) Dont get impatient. She will come soon. Like all future forms, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with “when”, "while", "before", "after", "by the time”, "as soon as’, "if and ‘unless’ EXAMPLES: ‘While | am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner, Correct ‘While | willbe finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct FORM Future Continuous [WILL BE] + [VERB#ing] EXAMPLI ‘When your plane arrives tonight, | wll be waiting for you. IAM /IS/ ARE] + [GOING TO] + [VERBing] EXAMPLE: ‘When your plane amrives tonight, | am going to be waiting for you.220 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER USE 1 Interrupted Action inthe Future Past Present Future Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted. ‘The interruption is usually an action in the Simple Future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. EXAMPLES: | willbe watching TV when she arrives tonight. | wil be waiting for you when your bus arrives. ‘While | am working, Steve will make dinner. (NOTICE "am working” because of *while.") | am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me. He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives, NOTE: No future tenses can be used in Time Clauses therefore you must say "While | am working...” USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption Past Present Future In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by an action in the ‘Simple Future. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. EXAMPLES: Tonight at 6 p.m., | am qoina to be eating dinner. At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com zat IMPORTANT In the Simple Future a specific ime is used to show the time an action will begin. In the Future Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. EXAMPLES: Tonight at 6 p.m., | am going to eat dinner. am going to start eating at 6 p.m. Tonight at 6 p.m., | am going to be eating dinner. lam going to start eartier and I will be in the process of eating dinner at 6 p.m. USE 3 Parallel Actions Past Present Future ‘When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. These are Parallel Actions. EXAMPLES: | am going to be studying while he is making dinner, ‘While Ellen is reading, Tim will be watching television. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time,2e2 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 11. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (@) | will graduate in June. | will see you in July. By the time | see you, | will have graduated. (©) | will have finished my homework by the time | go out on a date tonight. ‘+The future perfect expresses an activity that will be completed before another time or event in the future, (Note: by the time introduces a time clause; the simple present is used in a time clause.) 11 have been here for six months on June 23rd. By the time you read this, Il have left. You will have finished your work by this time next week. FORM Future Perfect [WILL HAVE] + [PAST PARTICIPLE] EXAMPLE: | will have perfected my English by the time | finish this course USE 1 Completed Action Before ‘Something in the Future Present Future ‘The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another action in the future. it can also show that something will happen before a specific time in the future.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 23 EXAMPLES: By next November, | will have received my promotion, By the time he gets home, she is going to have cleaned the entire house. USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Future (Non-continuous Verbs) ao TTEsene mune ‘With Non-continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Future Perfect to show that something will continue up until another action in the future, EXAMPLES: | will have been in London for six months by the time | leave. By Monday, Susan is going to have had my book for a week.284 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 12. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE (©) | will go to bed at ten p.m, Ed will get home at midnight, At midnight | will be sleeping. | will have been sleeping for two hours by the time Ed gets home. (@) When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have taught for 45 years. (©) When Professor Jones retires next month, he will have been teaching for 45 years. ‘+The future perfect continuous tense emphasizes the duration of an activity that will be in progress before another time or event in the future. ‘+ Sometimes the future perfect and the future perfect continuous have the same meaning, as in (d) and (e). Also, notice that the activity expressed by either of these two tenses may begin in the past. Iwill have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock. By 2001 / will have been living here for sixteen years, By the time | finish this course, J will have been learning English for twenty years. Next year / will have been working here for four years, FORM Present Perfect Continuous [WILL HAVE BEEN] + [VERB+ing} EXAMPLE: | will have been waiting for two hours when her plane finally arrives. [AM/IS/ ARE] + [GOING TO HAVE BEEN] + [VERB+ing]ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 285 USE 1 Duration Before Something in the Futu che Past Present Fature ‘We use the Future Perfect Continuous to show that something will continue up until a particular event or time in the future. "For five minutes," "for two weeks" and "since Friday" are all durations which can be used with the Future Perfect Continuous. Notice that this is related to the Present Perfect Continuous and the Past Perfect Continuous, however the duration stops in the future. EXAMPLES: They will have been talking for over an hour by the time Tony arrives, ‘She is going to have been working at that company for three years when it finally closes. James will have been teaching at the University for more than a year by the time he eaves for Asia286 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER FUTURE TIME CLAUSES Bob will come soon. When Bob comes, we will see him, Linda is going to leave soon, Before she leaves, she is going to finish her work, {will get home at 5:30. After / get home, | will eat dinner. ‘The taxi will arrive Soon, As soon as it arrives, we'll be able to leave for the airport. They are going to come soon. Ill wait here until they come, While | am traveling in Europe next year, 'm going to save money by staying in youth hostels. | will go to bed after | finish my work | will go to bed after I have finished my work. TIME CLAUSES AND TENSES ‘Simple Present ‘We usually eat breakfast before my father leaves for work, ‘Simple Past Before my father let for work, we ate breakfast We ate breakfast before my father left. After my father lel for work, we ate breakfast. When my father left for work, we ate breakfast. ‘As soon as my father left for work, we ate breakfast.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com zr ‘When my father left for work, we were eating breakfast While we were eating breakfast, my father left for work. ‘We ate breakfast until my father left for work. Past Perfect/Past Perfect Continuous We ate breakfast after my father (had) left for work, ‘We (had) eaten breakfast before my father left for work ‘We had been eating breakfast when my father left for work Future/Future Continuous/Future Perfect We will eat breakfast after my father leaves for work, ‘We will be eating breakfast when my father leaves for work When my father leaves for work, we will have eaten breakfast Present Perfect/Present Perfect Continuous We have (nol) eaten breakfast since my father left for work ‘We have been eating breakfast since my father left for work.288 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER COMPLEX SENTENCE TENSE STRUCTURE [Main (Independent) Clause [Dependent Clause PRESENTFUTURE PRESENT [Simple Present [Simple Present. [Simple Future [Simple Present [Simple Future Present Perfect [Simple Future Future Perfect Present Continuous Simple Present PAST ‘Simple Past [Simple Past [Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous PAST Simple Past Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Simple Past Simple PastENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 20 [ LECTURE EXERCISES - 1 [Exercise 1. Open the brackets and write the correct form ofthe verb. 41. The driver as well as the passenger (be) hurt in the accident. 2. The salt and the pepper (be) put on the table. 3. Not only she, but also everybody (be) embarrassed by his rude manner. 4, Two hour's study (be) enough for him to prepare for a quiz. 5. Not only the teacher, but also the students themselves (be) tired. 6. He was at his wit's end. His last six pence (be) spent. 7. She as well as we (be) highly satisfied with their work. 8, Not only the earth but also the planets (move) round the sun. 9. Two thousand dollars (be) wasted by him in the casino. 10. (Be) either of them ready to go there? 411; Three Comrades (be) a novel by Remark 12. Bread and butter (be) his usual breakfast 13. If either of them (take) a leave now, we won't be able to finish the project, 114, My aim and objective (be) to make English grammar clear to everyone, 15. | can wait, four weeks (be) not so long. 46. The grey and blue blanket (be) washed today. 17. A variety of questions (be) put to the lecturer. 18. The number of books which we have to read for the exams (be) considerable. 19, A great number of students (be) present at the conference. 20. The great majority of writers, Painters, and architects (be) talented people. 21. The pair (Ann and Nick) (be) s0 absorbed in their own conversation that their surroundings were of little importance to them, 22. The majority (believe) that we are in danger of becoming extinct because of our destructive policy. 23, The majority of people (believe) that he is guity 24. The number of young people entering higher institutions (be) increasing 25. A great number of books (be) in bad condition because the building of the library needs repairing.200 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER Exercise 2, Match the sentences on the left with their replies on the right, Pay allention to the use of the verb fo be. 1) What's wrong with your son? a) Don't be in a hurry, we've got enough time. 2) The Browns are nice people b) |_am not interested in politics. 3). There is nothing to be seen. ©) 1am through with it. 4) I don't think i's difficult. You shouldn't give in. d) am sick and tired of his words, 5) Have you finished the book? €) | am against going there, 6) Itis not anybody's. fault. 1) Hels starting a cold, 7) Idon't like watching the news, ) Its a pity you haven't made up your mind yet. 8) Why haven't you finished the work in time? h) lam for inviting them to dinner. 9) He comes to see me: every day and tries to persuade me. i). The problem is worth solving. 10) | am trying to choose the topic. })_ Nobody is to blame, for my essay. 11) Why are you so rushing about? k) Who is responsible for it? [Exercise 3. Choose the right answer. 1 1. You (were being/were) very stupid last night. Why did you behave like this? 2. It (s/is being) very stuffy in here. Let's open the window, 3. He (isis being) very generous. It's strange. He is not usually like that. 4, She (was/was being) so nice towards me. | am expecting an unpleasant surprise. 5. She (is/is being) always so kind to me. 6. Itis so strange he has not made any mistakes. | think he (wasiwas being) so careful then, 7. She looks bad. — Yes. She (is/is being) very tired and depressed. 8. He (isis being) so polite to me at present.8 NGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com (Exercise 4. Give the inferrogative and negative forms ofthe following sentences. He has a lot of experience. 1 2 She has a bath every day. 3 4 5 6 7. 8 9 1 She has a lot of jewelry. They have a lot of rare plants in their garden. She usually has a rest after dinner. ‘They had late supper tonight. We have a lot of problems now. They had a pleasant voyage last summer. Her mother has a flat in the High Street, 10. The president has a bad cold. [ERE peste Sea OR Fr CONEY PORT ‘making all necessary changes. Example: They have parties on Sundays. — They are having a party now. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7. 8 8 1 ‘She has long dark hair. ‘They have a lot of friends. She has a shower every evening. Helen often has a chat with Robert. ‘We usually have a good time at the weekend, Ihave less money than before. She has a heart for pets. Does she have a telephone in her new apartment? He has a swim every evening. 0. We have a lot of fun after work. ] (Exercise 6. Give the inferrogative and negative forms ofthe folowing sentences. They have to go there. Bess has to stay here till late at night. often have to travel on business. ‘They had to buy tickets for the next train ‘They have to work a lot to earn money. She has to take another exam. We have to leave the party because of our baby, You have to get permission to go there.oe tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 9. She has to go shopping after work, 10. He has to see a dentist tomorrow. 11. We had to change our plans. 12. He had to revise the rule to write the test well 13. She has to work at the weekend, 14, They had to spend more money on this trip. 15, He has to go by underground. His car has broken down, 16. She has to keep to a diet. Exercise 7._ Choose the right variant making all necessary changes. 41. What I (be/have) to do? 2. Not a sound (be/have) to be heard. 3. They were late, they (be/have) to wait for the bus. 4, According to the plan we (be/have) to finish the work in two days. 5. Anew reader (be/tiave) to appear in the near future. 6. He (be/have) to buy a small car because he did not have enough money for a bigger one. 7. She (be/have) to buy the tickets for the next day because all the tickets had been sold out. 8. A new satellite (be/ have) to be launched in June. 8. We (be/have) to hurry because our friends were waiting for us. 10. The lecture (be/have) to begin at 11 o'clock. Exercise 8. Change the verbs in bold type by the appropriate form of the verb fo do. Peter speaks English as well as Ann does. He spent as much money as you spent. She reads as fast as you read. ‘They showed us more sights than our guide showed. Mary sang much better than Emily usually sings. He likes the same dishes as you like, She uses the same perfume as | use. He answered more questions than Pete answered, 9, The new teacher spoke much faster than our old teacher speaks. 10. She plays the piano as well as a professional plays. 11. We reached the camp earlier than our friends reached. 12. You know her as well as | know. 13, She likes to see the same films as he likes.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 23 Exercise 9, Make the sentences mare emphatic Example: Please sit down. — Do sit down, please. He went there. — He did go there. He loves her ‘Say something! Don't keep silent. want you to believe me that he is trustworthy. ‘She wanted to get an excellent mark Listen to her, i's very important, Twanted to leave. "But | mean it!" she cried. ‘Treat him more trustingly, i's your duty! They had to find the way out. 10. Stop playing the fool, please. 11. At last ho received the job he had wanted for such a long time. 12. Come, Ann; I'm waiting. | really must ask you to be reasonable and listen to what | said and say. 13. | want to show you my house today. 14, Life changed for them, Exercise 10. Complete the sentences with the words from the box using them in the proper form of the Present Simple Tense. fook be. 90. lseem nave rain start feat [take [snow speak [win 41. The child __ to school every day. His father ___him there in his car. 2. She aiways___lunch at school 3. Richard's life in Paris is a bit difficult. He___only English. 4. What's the matter? You __very sad 5. Lizis good at tennis. She___every game. 6.It__ quite reasonable. 7. Winter is warm here. It__very seldom. But sometimes it__. ]204 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 8. Helen is on a diet. She__a ite. 9.He__ ina hurry. 10. The exams at school___ in April Exercise 11. Open the brackels and use the proper tense. Linda and | (work) for a company, viich (produce) automobiles. We both (work) at an office which (be) justin front ofthe factory where cars (be made) | (start) work atten o'clock, and Linda (come) to the office at nine. She (be) good at typing, she (write) letters and reports every day. She (not know) French very well, so she often (go) tothe sixth floor where | (work) | sometimes (help) her translate letters, as | (know) French rather well Linda also (answer) telephone calls, sometimes she (show) visitors around the factory She (do) common paperwork, she (write) memos, fle) reports, (answer) letters She often (arrange) meetings for her boss and other managers of the company. 40. You (understand) wiat her job (be)? Yes, she (be) a seoretary. 11, But she (not lke) her job and (want) to be a manager. Exercise 12. Find and correct fifteen mistakes in the spelling of the following present participles. copiing, putting, translateing, telling, closing, siting, seing, giving, meetting, being, forgeting, lieing, getting, filing, swimming, betting, quiting, spreadding, eatting, begining, aing, openning, cutting, forbiding, laying, splitting, winning, dying, stoping Exercise 13. Open the brackets and put the verb info the Present Simple or the Present Continuous Tense. Be quiet, please. We (work) at the translation and you (make) a lot of noise He always (go) for a walk in the evening, ‘Where is Jack? — He (meet) his girfriend at the station. She (come) at 12 o'clock, She (cry). Is something wrong? In the moming | (have) tle time, so | (take) a shower in the evening. ‘A decade (describe) a period of ten years, Her brother (work) in Canada at present She always (dream) but (do) nothing to realize her dreams. He (be) so suspicious to me at the moment. | wonder why. 40. Hurry up, Jane! We all (wait) for you. 11. Turn off the gas. Don't you see the Kettle (bol)?ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 25 412, The children are stil ill but they (get) better gradually, 19. Don't bother her. She (take) her French lesson: she always (take) itin the morning. 414, The lving standards (change). Every month things (get) more expensive. 418. Tom and Mary (leave) for the Netherlands tomorrow. 16. | have just started English courses. | (study) English grammer. 17, Mercury (bol) at 367.23 degrees Centigrade. 18, We must buy new plates. — I's useless. You always (break) plates. 49. It (surprise) me that they cant sell their flat 20. A wornan whio (look) after other people's children is @ nanny. [Exercise 14. Correct the the verbs in bold type if the tenses are wrong. 1. The clock is striking, i's time to finish your studies. 2. They are understanding the problem now. 3. Where is John? — He prepares his lessons; he usually prepares them at that time. 4, They are glad to know that their son is coining home next week 5. The evening is warm, but you are shivering. Is anything the matter? — Nothing serious, | am feeling col. 6. Can | see Mr. Green? — | am sorry, you cant: he has dinner. 7. The soup is tasting delicious. 8. Now | am seeing what you are driving al. 8. He believes in God and is always going to church on Sundays. 10. | am hating to speak to him. He is always complaining and forgetting what to do. 11. They are being so nice to me at present. | am feeling they are liking me. 12. He often changes his political view's. Now he is belonging to the Conservative Party. 13. Look! Somebody tries to open your car. 14, Oh, I won't take this dish, It is smelling awful, 15. How can | recognize him? | haven't met him, — He is wearing a yellow leather jacket and green jeans, 16, She usually drinks tea in the morning, but today she drinks coffee. 17. The last train is leaving the station at 11.50. 18. He is wanting to buy a car, but first he must learn to drive, so he is taking his driving lessons, 19. | cant stand him. He is liking to mock at people. He is always laughing at us when we meet 20. Don't laugh at lessons, you are always laughing too much and the teachers are usually complaining of you.206 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER [Exercise 18. Open the brackets and give the proper forms ofthe Past Simple Tense 41. The building of the trade centre (begin) a month ago. 2. It (be) bitterly cold yesterday. | (put) on my warm coat but | (catch) a cold stil 3. The postman (bring) the moming mail only at 10 o'clock. 4. (see) you the other day coming out of the library with a stack of books. Are you preparing for the exams? 5. We (have) a picnic yesterday, but the rain (spoil the whole pleasure. 6. You (go) to the South when yoa (be) a child? 7. As soon as | came up, they (get) into a taxi and (90) away. 8. What sights you (see) when yon (be) in Egypt? 9. Every winter Nick (go) to the Swiss Alps to ski, 410. He (come) in, (take) off his hat, (move)a chair to the table and Goin) the conversation 11. When he (arrivey? — The plane was delayed and he (come) two hours later. 12. How much your bag (cost)? — 1 (pay) $80 fori. Exercise 16. Open the brackels and use ether the Past Simple or the Past Continuous. 41. We (walk) in silence when he suddenly (ask) me to help him, 2. |just (have) breakfast when the telephone (ring). When I came back to my coffee, it (be) cold 3. When | (finish) my letter in the hall, a tall beautiful woman with red hair (enter). A dog (follow) her. 4. Ann (drop) two cups while she (wash up) last night, but neither of the cups (break). 5. | (walk) along the street watching what (go on) around me. Fast cars (rush) in both directions and it (be) impossible to cross the street. 6. The old man who (sit) on the bench beside me (keep) silence. Then suddenly he (turn round) to me and (begin) to speak. 7. | (stand) near the fence when suddenly | (heat) the voices. 8. He well (remember) the day when he first (go) to School. 9. We (talk) about Jim when he (run) into the room. 10. The day was marvelous: the sun (shine), the birds (sing) so we (decide) to go for a walk. 11, Miss Brown's telephone (ring) when she (dress) 12. | ight) my pipe and (nod) to him to show that I (listen). 43. When he (come) into the office the secretary (do) a crosswords puzzle, 44, Why you (not listen) to me while | (speak)? 15, He (wait) for her, but she never (come).ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com or Exercise 17. Find the mistakes any. Use the proper tense. ‘When I came, he was having breakfast. ‘When she worked there, she often made mistakes, ‘When he was phoning, she had a bath, ‘While | was ironing, he read a newspaper. | cooked supper when | heard this news. He was working in this company in 1997. {could not answer your call, | worked in the garden then. They wished to stay because they enjoyed themselves. ‘Were you quarreling all evening? 10. The train was approaching the city when it was raining heavily. 11. The secretary still typed when the boss came in and was putting some documents on the table, 12. When he came up to the square, he saw a lot of people: they sang, danced and shouted. They were celebrating New Year. 13, Just as | was coming into the room, the students discussed the first report. 14, All the time | was writing, he was annoying me with silly questions, 15. The children played while the mother put the room in order.208 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER LECTURE EXERCISES - 2 [Exercise 7. A Give news about yourself and other people to a friend of yours. Use the words given to ‘make sentences in the Present Perfect Tense, Example: My sister/get married. —My sister has gotten married, 4. Mfind/a new job. 2. My fatheriretire. 3. Jane and Mike/go to work/to Australia 4. Vbuya new motorcycle. 5. My niece/start to walk. 6. The Browns/movefto another town. 7. Jack's Grandpaldie. 8. Ujoin/another football club, 9. Nick and Rita/divorce. 10. Johnireceive/ a fortune, he/become/a millionaire. B Ask your friend who is in the USA questions about what he or his relatives have seen or done (use the Present Perfect Tense). Example: You’nave/a good journey? — Have you had a good joumey? You/already/see/the Great American Lakes? ‘Youlbelto Broadway? Mike/manage to seeithe Statue of Liberty? ‘What/new places/your brotherishow to you? Annivisittthe White House? Your father/gel/ promotion? Yow/receive/your driving license? ‘Your brother/change/a car? ‘What kind of house/you/buy’ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 20 © Say what you or your friends have not done yet (year, month, etc.) Example: not befto the theatrefhis month. — /have not been to the theatre this month, ‘Sue/not read/Gone with the Windiyet. Jillnot enter/London University/this year. Larry/not produce! a new film/yet Peggy and Paul/not moverto another flat this month. Pete/not finistvhis project yet My cousin/not get married/this month. Mrs. Brown/not recover/yet. ‘They/not go/on business/this week. Exercise 2. Open the brackets and put the varb into the correct tense: the Present ‘Simple, the Present Continuous, or the Present Perfect. 4. As a rule, | (have) porridge for breakfast, but this moming I (order) an omelette 2. This is the house where I (lve). | (live) here since childhood. 3. Stop smoking! The room (be) full of smoke which (come) from your pipe. Usually nobody (smoke) here as Mother (not let) it. 4. | (write) letters home once a week, but | (not write) one this week, so my next letter must be rather long. 5, No wonder she (look) tied after the strain under which she (be) for a month, 6. Why you (not shave) this morning? —| (shave) every other day. 7. Research (show) that lots of people (absorb) new information more efficiently at some times of day than at others. A biological rhythm (affect) different people in different ways. 8. | just (ook) at the barometer and (see) that it (fall) very quickly. 9. Don't shout so loudly. Father (not finish) work and he hates if anybody (make a noise) wiile he (work), 10. regularly (see) him at the tram stop, but | (not see) him these two or three days. Exercise 3. Open the brackets and put the verb info the correct fense: either the Past ‘Simple or the Present Perfect. 1. You (find) the money which you (lose) yesterday? — Yes, | (find) itn the pocket of my coat when | (come) home. 2. The rain (stop) but a strong wind is stil blowing, 3. You (see) Nick today? — Yes, but he already (leave), 4. We never (see) him. We don't even know what he looks like,300 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 5. She (meet) them in the Globus theatre last afternoon, 6. How long you (know) him? — We (meet) in 1996, but we (not see) each other since last autumn, 7. He (live) in St. Petersburg for two years and then (go) to Siberia. 8. When he (arrive)? — He (arrive) at 2 o'clock. 8. I (read) this book when | was at school 10. I can't go with you because | (not finish) my lessons yet. 411. The clock is slow. — Itisnt stow, it (stop). 12. He (leave) for Canada two years ago and I (not see) him since 418, This isthe fith cup of coffee you (have) today! 414, Itis the most beautiful place | (visit. 45. | (not see) Nick lately. Anything (happen) to him? ~ Yes, he (get) into an accident three weeks ago. Since that time he (be) in hospital 48. Why you (switch on) the light? It isnt dark yet. 17. He (do) everything already? — Yes, he (do) his part of work long ago. 48. The last post (come)? — Yes, it (come) half an hour ago. 419. When you (meet) him last? 20. You ever (be) to Japan? — Yes; (be) there the year wen there was an earthquake. 21. The discussion already (begin). Why are you always late? 22. Why you (take) my pen while I was out? You (break) it 23. You never (tell me why you're called Tony when your name is John. 24, Her father (die) when she was a small gi 25. They (not meet) since they (leave) school. 26. The rain (stop). Come out, ! want to speak with you. Exercise 4, Malch the two halves of these sentences. 1) He caught a cold a) all day. 2) She has been interested in maths b) before. 3) They went out ©) since last year. 4) He has been in love with her ) when he was six. 5) The Nobel Fund was set up ©) up to now, 6) He has been engaged at the plant 4) when he had to wait for the bus. 7) He hasn't been abroad 4) a few minutes ago, 8) I've visited seven countries hy) in the first half of the 20” century. 9) Mary and Nick have never quarrelled lke this. i) since she began to study it. 10) My son started school D fortwo years,ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 2 Exercise 6, Choose the correct answer. 1. __ever___to this museum? — Yes, |__ it once when |__a youth, and the pictures __“a deep impression on me. Since then |___ there! a) did you be, visited, was, made, was not b) were you, visited, was, have made, was not ©) have you been, have visited, were, have made, have not been )_ have you been, visited, was, made, have not been 2.1___Jack lately. When him last? —1___ him two days ago. |_— that he _ very much. a) did not see, have you seen, met, thought, changes b) have not seen, did you see, met, think, changed ©) have not seen, you saw, met, think, changed 4) do not see, have you seen, have met, thought, would change 3. The Egyptian civilization. ___ the oldest which __us art. it___about five thousand years ago, The story of Egyptian art three thousand years and __the art of different periods. a) ‘is, left, began, covers, includes b) was, leaves, has begun, covered, included ©) Is, has left, \vas began, has covered; has included d) has be?n, left, began, covers, included 4, __ your tennis racket with you? — Yes, | am going to show you how much | _ since last summer. |___ tennis lessons now. Now it __ for you to judge if |__any progress, a) did you bring, improved, take, is, have made b) have you brought, improved, take, was, have made ©) did you bring, have improved, am taking, is, made 4d) have you brought, have improved, am taking, is, have made302 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 5. ___lunch already? — No, not yet. The waitress my order fifteen minutes ago and _ me anything yet a) have you, took, has not brought b) have you had, took, has not brought ©) did you have, has taken, did not bring d)_ have you have, was taken, was not brought Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the verbs from the box using the Present Perfect Continuous Tense. fran make. study lwork [consider do. [walk speak [wait paint [snow ly 1. He _ for two hours, tell him to rest a itl. 2."|_—a long time for you,” said my friend with a displeased air. 3. They___a noise since | came here. 4, How Tong you__to get in touch with your friend? 5. Your face is dirly with paint. What you__? You__the house? 6. They__this problem for more than two hours. 7.1 ask you to keep to the point. You__for fifteen minutes, but the subject of your report Is not clear yet. 8. He is a rather experienced specialist, He___his business for seven years, 9. There is a lot of snow in the street as it___since yesterday. 10. How long your brother__as a doctor? 11. I've got sore feet, We__for six hours already. Exercise 7. Open the brackets end put the verbs into the Present Perfect Continuous Tense or the Present Perfect Tense. 41.1 (ry) to get into contact with them for a long time, but new I (give) it up as hopeless. 2. My shortsighted uncle (lose) his spectacles. We ((ook) for them everywhere but we can't find them, 3. She (be) of great help to us since she (live) for such a long time with us.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 203 4, You ever (work) as interpreter? — Yes, that is what | (do) for the last five months, 5. They (make up) their quarrel? — | don't know. | only know that they (not be) on speaking terms since September. 6. Our pilot (ask) for permission to take off for ten minutes already, but he (get) no answer yet. 7. A skilful photographer (help) me with the development of summer films for two weeks, but we (develop) only hatf of them, 8.1 (know) them since we met at Ann's party» 8. You (open) the door at last. | (‘ing) for an hour at least, it seems to me. 10. Look, the typist (talk) all the time, she already (miss) several words. Exercise 8. Open the brackets and put the verbs info the proper tense: either the Present Continuous or the Present Perfect Continuous Tense. 1. Don't come in. He (take) an exam. He (take) his exam for half an hour already. 2. Where are the children? — They (play volleyball). They (play volleyball) since two O'clock. 3. | (learn) to type for a month and can say that my typing (improve). 4, Nick (come) round to see as tonight. 5. He (stay) at his sister's for six weeks. He (try) to find somewhere to live. 6. We can't dance as my father (work) in the study. He (prepare) a report. He (write) it for the whole day. 7. Do you see what the child (do) with your hat? Take it from him. 8. They stil (discuss) the article? But they (do) it since twelve o'clock! 9. The prices (go up)o They (rise) since 1991 10. What a strong wind (blow)! It (blow) since yesterday. Exercise 9, Open the brackets and put the verbs info the proper tense (the Present ‘Simple, the Present Continuous, the Present Perfect Continuous or the Present Perfect Tense). 4. (snow) steadily the whole week and it still (snow), 2. We (climb) for sic hours already, but we (not reach) the top of the mountain yet. 3. The pain already (go) but the cild stil (cry). 4. The workers (work) very hard these two weeks, they (be) busy with the interior decoration of the house. 5, He (Solve) the crossword puzzle for an hour and he (say) he (be) about to solve it as he (think) over the last word 6. He (work) at the language all the time and (make) great progress. His pronunciation (be) rather good, only a sight accent (remain).304 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 7. He (finish) the first part of his book and now he (write) the second. He (work) at his book for two years. 8. Dustin Hoffman, who (play) the hero, (give) a fine performance. ‘9. Why your hair (be) wet? You (swim)? 10. Doctors and scientists (show) recently the benefit of fish in the diet. Exercise 10, Choose the right variant using the Present Perfect, the Past Simple or the Past Continuous Tense, 1. While | (was waiting/waited/have waited) for him to call up, he (had/was having/have had) a good time in the bar. 2. She (has written/wrote/was writing) this exercise yesterday at 8 o'clock. 3. He (has invited/vras inviting! invited) me to the party yesterday. 4. | (passed/have passed! was passing) my exam in history today, 5. He (read/has read/was reading) a book two days ago. 6. They (have seen/ saw/were seeing) this film last week. 7. She (painted/nas painted/was painting) the picture when | came: 8. | (made/ have made/was making) my report when you entered the hall 9. They (learntiwere learning/have learnt) the new words yesterday from three till seven. 10. It (rained/has rained/was raining) this week. 41. She (was having/had’ has had) a bath at seven o'clock lastnight. 12. She (was washing/washed/has washed) dishes already. 48, They (hadshave had/were having) supper when the telephone rang, 44. | didnt meetinaven't mevwas not meeting) you for ages. 15. Last summer he (has gone/was going/ went) to the Caucasus. 46. She was thoughtfully looking at him while he (readiwas reading/has read) a newspaper. 17. While | (swept/was sweeping/has swept) the floor, Mrs, Parker began cooking. 418. | just (nad/have hadiwas having) a telegram to say that my poor fend is badly ill again 19. We (satiwere sitting/have sat) in silence for a few minutes. He (spoke/was sspeakingihas spoken) at last. 20. While she (washed/was washing/has washed up), she (was hearing/heard/has heard) the doorbell then voices 21. *She (was makingimade/has made) tea, let's goto the dining room. 22. Only two stars (shone/were shining/ has shone) in the dark blue sky. 23. On glancing at the address, he observed that it (containediwas containing/ has contained) no name. (24. He just (lef/was leaving/has left) the hall when a stranger (entered/was entering/has entered).ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 25 25. | (metWwas meeting/have met) Ann at her father’s house twenty years ago and (knew/have known! was knowing) her ever since, Exercise 11. Choose the right answer. 1. Higher education in the US __ in 1636 when the first colonists __ Harvard College. a) has begun, founded b) began, have founded ©) began, founded d) was beginning, have founded 2. Noah Webster __ An American Dictionary of the English Language in two volumes in 1828, and since then it___ the recognized authority for usage in the United States, a) published, became b) has published, has become ©) published, was becoming, ) published, has become 3. He __ at Oxford then, He was not the best student, though he __ well known among the second year students, a) was studying, became b)_ was studying, has become ©) studied, became ) has studied, has become 4. One day when he __home he __a boy who __ him from the opposite side of the street. a) was walking, saw, watched b) walked, has seen, was watching ©) was walking, saw, was watching d) has walked, has seen, has watched308 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 5. It was midnight. She ___ in her lonely room. The rain driven by the rain_ against the window. a) sat, beat b)_ was sitting, was beating ©) has sat, beat ) has been sitting, has been beating Exercise 12. Open the brackets paying attention to the use of the Past Perfodt Tense. He already (go) by the time | (come) to the party. Mother (cook) dinner before he (come) ‘When I (reach) the front door, | realized that | (loose) the key. The shop (close) by the time I (get) there. The scientists (carry) out many experiments before they (achieve) satisfactory results. When I (arrive), he (stay) in the same hotel where we first (meet) By the end of the year he (finish) research, He told me that he (not see) much of her since she (move) to another town. ‘When I (come), he already (come) and (sit) near the fireplace looking through @ magazine. 10. She said that they (meet) in 1990 forthe first time. Exercise 13. Choose the right answer. 1.1__to the USA so far. a) have not been b) had not been 2.1 never__ them when | lived in London, a) had met b) have met 3. Lcame at 2 o'clock, He __ the work by that time. a) had done b) has doneENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com or 4, [met her on Monday and __her since. a) had not seen b) have not seen 5, She said in a voice she never__ about it before, a) has heard b) had heard 6. Yes, | know Jim. |__ him for more than ten years. a) have known b) bad known 7. She tried to concentrate. She __ John since 1978, No, he could not have done it, a) has known b) had known 8. He __ in a bank before he came to our office. a) had worked b) has worked 9. We __ there since we were young, a) have not been b) had not been 10. Why __ the window? It is very noisy in the street. a) had you opened b) have you opened308 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER [Exercise 14. Open the brackets and use the required past fense. 4. twas the poorest room he ever (see). 2. No sooner she (come) at the station than a fast London train (arrive). 3.1 finish) my work by aftemioon and (sit) quietly in my armchair, thinking of the days that (pass) by, 4, The stom already (die) away, but very far off the thunder still (mutter), 5. | already (go) into the bed and (fall asleep) when my mother (knock) at the door and (ask) me to get up. 6. By the time the guests (come), she stil (not be ready) 7. | (not listen) so | missed what she (say). 8. By 9 o'clock he (finish) work. He (go) Outside. The rain (stop) but it (be) rather cool 9. By the time I (come) the shop already (close). 10. Hardly we (leave) when our bicycle (break) down: Exercise 15. Complete the sentences with the verbs from the box using the Past Perfect Continuous Tense. [consider [burn ldnve hope: {quarrel rain practice [waite work ny He __ the car for many hours before he came to the crossroads. The pianist __ the passage hour after hour till he mastered it ‘When I met her, her eyes were red. She and Mike again _ ‘When I came, they this question for more than an hour, twas evening and he was tired because he___since dawn. He __toget her on the phone for 15 minutes before he heard her voice. By 72d’clock they __a composition for two hours, The fire __ for some time before a fire brigade came. |__to meet her for ages when | bumped into her by chance, 10. When | left home, it was raining, and as it___ since moming, the streets were muddy.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 200 Exercise 16, Opan the brackets and use the proper tense. When he (arrive), | (live) in London for a week. Wee (read) while he (eat) When Jack (phone) me, | (write) a letter. When my friend (come), | (do) an exercise for an hour, The library (close) by the time | (get) there. | (drive) home when | (hear) the news on the radio. They always (have) loud parties which (go on) till the early hours, Wee (walk) for some hours before we (realize) that we (lose) our way. No sooner | (complain) that | (not hear) from them for a long time than the letter (come) 10. The concert was a great success. When the pianist (finish) his part, the audience (applaud) the orchestra for some minutes.310 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER LECTURE EXERCISES - 3 Exercise 1. Hare is the forecast of the Ife in the 21" century. Complete the sentences with the words from the box. forbid start be use ive have elect work take over replace 1, People __on the moon, 2. Children school at the age of three. 3. Computers __ teachers, 4, People __4 hours a day. 5. Houses and factories ___ solar energy. 6. Americans __a woman president. 7. Robots _“most jobs. 8. There will be a law, which __ having more than two children. 9. Six weeks ___@ normal annual holiday. 10. Great Britain a black Prime Minister. Exercise 2. Open the brackets and use either the Future Simple or the Present Continuous Tense. I've bought a typewriter, | (learn) to type. No, | (not eat) meat any more. | am a vegetarian. ‘What's wrong? — I've a flat tyre. — No problem. | (help) you. (punish) you if you continue doing it ‘The forecast says it (rain) You (air) the room? — Certainly. Nick __ my TV set is again out of order. — OK. I (fix) it. [suppose he (come). 9. He (help) you if you ask him, 10. What you (do) this evening? 11. He (be) busy tomorrow. He (sendee) his car. 12. Lucy (not go) anywhere this summer. Her son (go) to college.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com an 13, Ann is very angry with him. | am afraid she (not stay) here another minute, 14. (give) you another piece of cake? — No, thanks, that (do). 15, You (help) me with this bag? 16. | (send) the letter? 17. Lam afraid, it (be) difficult for you to stay there so long. 18, Where we (meet)? Victoria Station (be) allright? 19. In the 21st century people (fly) to Mars and other planets. 20. | (go) to the country for the weekend. — | (go) with you. 21. You (turn down) the radio, please? [Exercise 3. Open the brackets and put the Future or the Present Simple Tense. 41. | (accompany) you with pleasure as soon as I (finish) my report. 2. The performance (be) a great success if he (play) the leading role. 3. If this time (be) convenient for you, we (meet) tomorrow. 4, We (not complete) the work this week in case he (get) ill 5. We (not start till he (arrive). 6. Provided he (leave) now, he (miss) the rush hour. 7. We (not be able) to carry out the experiment unless he (help) us. 8. You may take my dictionary as long as you (give) it back on Friday. 8. As soon as he (retum) from the beach, we (have) dinner. 10. | (phone) you when she (come), 111. Providing that he (work) hard, he will finish his work on Thursday. 12. She has two keys in her bag in case she (lose) one. 13. Unless he (come), we (not go) to the country 14, He (remind) you of your promise in case you (forget) it 18, As soon as the lake (get frozen), she (go skating). 46. When you (turn) on the right, you (See) an old oak. 17. she (keep) her promise, they (be) rich. 18. Unless you (look) at the picture at some distance, you (not see) the details. 19. Providing that nothing (happen), I (return) in two weeks. 20. If the wind (blow) from the west, it (ain). 21. if you (get) there before me, wait til | (come). 2. Provided all (go) well, | (graduate) in June. 23. He (not go) for a walk until he (do) his lessons, 24. He (not catch) the train unless he (leave) immediately. 25. We (not wait) till he (make up his mind)312 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER Exercise 4. Open the brackets and use the proper tense: eiher the Future or the Present ‘Simple paying attention to when and if. 41. Well go swimming ifit (be) a nice day tomorrow. 2. L wonder if it (rain) tomorrow. 3. Youll get wet if you (not take) an umbrella 4. don't know when he (come back), 5. | doubt if he (oin) us. He is very busy. 6. She will serve the table when he (come). 7. Hbe grateful to you if you (lend) me this sum of money. 8. | am not sure if he (follow) my advice. 8. | wonder if | (Solve) this problem without anybody's help. 10. He supposes that they will buy the house if t (be) in good condition, 11. | am sure that when he (come) he will apologize for his rudeness. 42. | wonder if you (invite) the Browns if they (be) here on Sunday? 43. I's hard to say if she (find out) everything, 14. | don't know when she (go) to see them. 15. We will discuss the terms of the contract when he (come), 16. | will not deal with him if he (be) so stubborn! [Exercise 6. Choose the right answer. 1 1. He__here till he everything a) willstay, doesn't do b) will stay, does o)_ stays, will do ) stays, will not do 2. Incase the weather___ good, they __ fishing. a) will be, will go b) is, go ©) will be, go 4) is, will goENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 3. Unless he _, we_to the theatre. a) doesn't come, won't go b) comes, won't go ©) won't come, don't go d) doesn't come, don't go 4. can't decide if |__ you til!|___when they _ a) willjoin, will know, will leave b) will join, know, will leave ©) join, will know, leave 4) join, will know, will leave 5. |___you the keys to the car as long as you___the speed, a) will give, won't exceed b) give, won't exceed ©) will give, don't exceed ) give, don't exceed 6. I don't know if they _new people. Ifthey_!___ you of it. a) will hire, will, will inform b) hires, do, inform ©) hile, will wil inform 4d) will hire, do, will inform, 7. 1__ anywhere til my son __ all his exams, a) won't go, doesn't take b) don't go doesn't take ©) won't go, takes d) won't go, will take 31334 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 8.Ifshe___and we _at home, ask her when she __ the magazine. a) phones, are not, will bring b)_will phone, will not be, will bring ©) phones, will not be, brings 4) will phone, will not be, brings 9.1___the article when |__ home and __ you up when it__ ready. a) will translate, will come, will ring, will be b) will translate, come, will ring, is ©} will translate, will come, ring, will be ) translate, will come, ring, is 10. He __me the book providing | ___ it not later than Saturday. a) will give, will return b) give, retum ©) will give, return ) give, will return Exercise 6. Put the verbs into the Future Continuous Tense making all necessary changes. Example: At 6 o'clock in the morning he always sleeps. — He will be sleeping at 6 O'clock in the morning tomorrow. 1. Itis § o'clock. She is having a music lesson. 2. He is working in the garden now. 3. tis eleven o'clock. Ben is lying on the beach, 4, It’s 10 o'clock. Nick and Tom are playing tennis. 5. It's dinnertime. We're standing in the queue to enter the Canteen. 6. She is out. She always goes shopping during the break 7. Its eight o'clock. He is speaking with his partner on the telephone. 8. Granny is cooking supper. 9. His little sister is eating porridge this moming 10. It's no use inviting Tom for a walk. He is watching a football match,ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 316 Exercise 7. Opan the brackels and use either the Future Simple or the Future Continuous Tense. 1. He has come home from schoo! late today. So he can't go for a walk: He (do) his homework after dinner. 2. Today is Sunday and it does not rain. We (have) tea out in the garden. 3, The big stores (have) their summer sales soon 4, The weather is warm today. We (have) a walk out in the garden. 5. I'm leaving now, but | suppose | (see) you in the evening. 6. There is a party at Betsy's house tonight. So | (meet) you in the evening, 7. It's awful to think 1 (work) this time next week. 8. Wait a tle, | (phone) for a taxi 9..1'm very tired. | think | (go) to bed earlier today, 10. We (play) chess in half an hour. 11. When you come, he stil (work) at his report. 12. Tomorrow at this time we (go) to Scotland. 13. Can you imagine that in five days we (cross) the Atlantic on our way home. 14. What you (do) if | come at five? — | (watch) TV. 16. if they arrive at 7, | still (sleep). | usually get up at 8. (Exercise 8. Join the Tollowing sentences with if, when, after, while. of Example: Il go fora holiday. I'l not be busy. — I go for @ holiday when | am not busy. 1. Helll be back early in August. His holiday will finish. 2. He'll have a good time. The sea will be warm. 3. Ill be quite free. I'l graduate from college. 4, He will come to my birthday party. He will not forget. 5. The German students will be having their oral test. The English students will be writing their examination paper. 6. He will not go for a walk. He will not have breakfast. 7. You will be packing our things. I'll be making arrangements on the phone. 8. Well come at 2 o'clock. They will be preparing for the test. 9. You'll phone at 3, ll be having a long-distance call and the line will be engaged. 10. Theyll see the sights. They'll go home.36 tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER [ Exercise 9, Complefe the sentences with the verbs from the box in the Future Perfect Tense. 90 tidy up pack lea type uy paint receive cook see 4. She ___an urgent paper for the conference. 2. Bob —_ his room by his mother coming 3. He already ___a portrait for the exhibition 4, Peter__ dinner by the time his wife comes. 5. She "a wedding dress by the time her wedding takes place, 6. They __ by the time we come here 7. |__“aletter by the end of the week 8. The train is to leave at nine o'clock. They __ their suitcase by that time. 9. 1__the film by 9 o'clock. 10. She ___ the new words forthe spelling test, which her teacher is going to give tomorrow. ] Exercise 10, Open the brackels and put the verbs info the Future Simple, the Future Perfect the Present Simple, or the Present Perfect Tense. 1. By 8 o'clock they (have) dinner. 2. By the end of the week he (finish) the transtation. 3. Before you (come) | (do) all the work. 4, She (look) through the article by 12 o'clock. 5. They (receive) our letter by Monday. 6. By the time we (get) to the forest the rain (stop) 7. [think he (answer the letter by this time. 8. We (begin) to work after we (read) all the instructions, 9. We (not do) anything until he (take) necessary steps. 10. The committee (prepare) the plan by tomorrow. 11. | suppose when my letter (reach) you, | already (retum) from your voyage. 12. He (pass) an exam after he (learn) all the materia 13. | am afraid they (not discuss) all the questions by the time they (come), 14, We (not be able) to start the experiment before we (obtain) the necessary data.ENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com a7 15, The secretary already (look) through all the papers before the boss (come) 16. My train (leave) by the time you (come) to the station. Exercise 11. Open the brackets and use the Future Perfect Continuous Tense. 4. They already (rehearse) for an hour when we come, 2.1 (work) inthis company for 10 years next Apri 3. By next year he (witng) the novel fr three years. 4. The thieves are sure that they (drive) for 6 hours when the police discover the robbery in the moming. 5, They (study) for 3 hours when you come [Exercise 12, Find and corréct the mistakes if any (pay altention fo the use offenses). ) 1. After graduating from the institute | came to St. Petersburg, | am working here since then. 2. Ihave just left the house when you phoned me. By the time I came to the country cottage my friends have already left ‘When I came, my friend was sitting on the sofa and was reading a newspaper. It has rained since morning and | am afraid, it won't stop by Saturday, He will work at his new book during his holiday. ‘The woman who speaks with my sister is my neighbour who is living opposite us. ‘They were looking for the money since morning but they couldn't find it anywhere. 9. Yesterday when | came to see my friend he was having supper. He has just come home. 10. After he has finished the picture, he will invite his friends to look at it. Exercise 13. Choose the ght answer ] 4.When__ Ann last? 1__hersince she ___to another city. a) have you seen, haven't seen, has moved b) did you see, didn't see, moved ©) did you see, haven't seen, moved 4) have you seen, didn't see, has movedae tpn hikmetsahiner.com DR. HIKMET SAKINER 2. Ourtrain __ at 8 o'clock. If you _at 5, we __ our things. a) leaves, come, will pack b) willleave, will come, will be packing ©) is leaving, will come, are packing ) leaves, come, will be packing 3, They __ to build a new McDonalds in several days and ___ it by the end of the year. a) will start, will finish b) are starting, will have finished ©) start, willbe finishing ) start, are finishing 4. 1___the performance for twenty minutes when my friend ___at last. His car__ on his way to the theatre. ) was watching, had come, had broken down b) had been watching, came, had broken down ©) watched, came, broke down d) have been watching, had come, has broken 5. Look, what he ___on the blackboard. He __ three mistakes. a) is writing, has made b) has written, had made ©) has been writing, is making ) writes, made 6. What ___if the rain __ by evening? it___since yesterday, | wonder when it _. a) will we do, doesn't stop, is pouring, will stop b) are we doing, hasn't stopped, had been pouring, stops ©) shall we have done, won't have stopped, was pouring, will be stopping 4) shall we do, hasn't stopped, has been pouring, will stopENGLISH GRAMMAR FOR YDS. hitp:twhikmetsahiner.com 319 7. What ___when |__?—We ___the article which Mary _ just for a long time, to read it a) did you do, was coming in, were reading, has brought, have wanted b) were you doing, came in, were reading, had brought, had wanted ©) had you been doing, came in, read, brought, had been wanting ) have you done, have come in, have read, has brought, wanted 8. It__dark, evening. 's time for the children to go home, They ___ in the yard for the whole a) got, play b) has got, are playing ) is getting, have been playing ©) gels, played 9. [haven't heard you come into the room. When _’ __to disturb you, Hong ago. You_ and! a) did you come, came, were reading, was not wanting b) did you come, came, were reading, did not want ©) have you come, have come, have been reading, don't want d) were you coming, was comings read, haven't wanted 10.1 til father __. He __ his key and | will have to wait for him. ) won't be leaving, will come, had lost b) wont leave, will come, has lost ©) won't leave, comes, has lost ) aren't leaving, comes, loses