eR i 3 Re hE RARER ERRATA eI Friction The resistance to flow as a liquid is mi Friction Losses t Pipe in a loss of head or pressure and is called of liquid). This resistance to flow is due to the liquid and turbulence that occurs al roughness. The amount of head loss for a give characteristics of the liquid being handle ved through a pipe results friction (measured in feet ‘iscous shear stresses within long the pipe walls due to i system depends on the ; i.e. viscosity, size of pipe, condition (roughness) of pipe’s interior-surface and length of travel; also loss through various valves, fittings, A vast amount of research has been amount of friction loss for different con friction loss. The expression most com ete. (see page 3-110). conducted to determine the litions, and various expres- only used in present day sions based on experimental data have ni developed for caleulating practice and the one on which the tabl s in this book are based is the. *Darcy-Weisbach equation. This formula recognizes that pipe friction is dependent on condition (roughn ss of pipe’s interior surface), internal diameter of pipe, velocity of liquid and its viscosity. It is expressed as: het D 2g' where hy = friction loss—ft of liquid pe length—feet verage pipe velocity in ft/sec g = gravitational constant (32.174 ft/sec?) verage inside diameter of pipe-—feet f=friction factor—a dimensionless number which has been de- termined experimentally and for turbulent flow depends on the roughness of the pipe’s interior surfa (see page 3-5). ce and the Reynolds number For laminar (viscous) flow (Reynolds number below 2000) the roughness or condition of the pipe’s interior surface has no effect (except as it affects the cross sectional area) and the friction factor (£) becomes: 64 f= R factor is affected by both the roughness of the pipe’s interior surface + Also known as the Fanning Formula For turbulent flow (Reynolds ies above 4000) the friction | 3-3id Ingersoll-Dresser Pumps Cameron Hydraulic Data 2%. and the Reynolds Number and can be determined from an equation developed by C. F. Colebrook (1939); i.e. & Ve Soap {ake BOD VEO ee (ap RVf where R= Reynold’s Number = <=> f = Friction Factor e = Absolute Roughness—in feet—(See following table) D nside diameter of pipe—ft ie Average pipe velocity —ft/see = Kinematic Viscosity —ft*/sec Sinee the Colebrook equation is non-factorable in f, “awkward and difficult to solve, the value of f may be obtained from a graph or chart developed by L.-F..Moody (ASME. 1944).and included herein on page 8-11. This graph shows the relation between the friction factor f, the Reynolds Number R, and the relative roughness «/D, where ¢ is the absolute roughness in feet and D is the pipe diameter in feet; Note that for convenience the relative roughness is used in developing the graph on page 3-11. However, to avoid possible errors in reading the friction factor f from the Moody graph the friction loss data ‘presented in the tables on pages 3-12 to 3-88 were calculated mathematically (programmed on a digital computer) basis the following assumptions: (a) Turbulent Flow—Reynolds Numbers above 2000 except as noted (see pages 1-4 and 1-5). (b) Absolute Roughness Parameters (€)—of 0.00015 for new clean steel pipe (schedules as listed) and 0.0004 for new asphalt dipped cast iron pipe; and 0.000005 for smooth copper tubing and brass pipe. (©) Water Friction—Pages 3-12 to 3-48 based on pure fresh water at a temperature of 60°F (15.6 °C); Kinematic viscosity (v) = 0.000 012 16 ft*/sec (1.130 Centistokes.) It should be noted that since the viscosity of water can vary appreciably from 32°F to 212°F the friction can increase or decrease as much as 40% between the two temperature extremes. (d) Viscous Liquids-Friction — Pages 3-48 to 3-88, absolute roughness parameter of 0.00015 for new clean steel pipe—schedules as listed (see viscosity discussion page 4-28). For pipes with other absolute roughness parameters see the follow- ing table. PRPHLIAEI2?, PMO Pe fatten ico a ug “seid iver demey j pean aeeseaepatasn zi Ra 0. 20D Mey MENA God OchS McGO90 SVE SHOCSCCTOSSCOSCS Friction Absolute Type of pipe roughness* (new, clean, condition) € (in feet) Drawn tubing—glass, brass, plastic 0.000005 Commercial steel or wrought iron 0.00015 Cast iron—asphalt dipped 0.0004 Galvanized iron 0.0005 Cast iron—uncoated 0.00085 Wood stave 0,0006--0.0003 Concrete : 0.001-0.01 Riveted steel 0.003--0.03 0000000 0S OSS GOOCH SEOTECOSCLOS * Basis data from Hydraulic Institute Engineering Data Book. To obtain friction loss in pipes having other roughness parameters, the applicable friction factor can be obtained from the Moody chart on page 3-11 and then, if desired, checked for accuracy with the Colebrook formula. In using the Moody chart on page 3-11 the rela- tive roughness (e/D) is used where “e” ig the absolute roughness in feet and “D” is the pipe diameter in feet. Friction losses for pipe sizes between those listed in the tables may be found with reasonable accuracy using a ratio of the fifth power of the diameters; thus Desired friction loss in pipe B dia B Use of a general multiplier to correct the head loss shown in these tables to head loss for pipes of other roughness characteristics is not recommended, or safe; multipliers can bd developed, but they would apply accurately to only one flow or capacity. Instead the best pro- cedures to follow is to: Calculate the applicable Reynolds Number, select the applicable friction factor from the Moody Chart and use it in the Darcy formula to determine the head loss desired. The effect of aging and the allowances that should be made in estimating friction loss is beyond the scope of this discussion. It will depend on the particular properties of the fluid being handled and its effect on the interior pipe surface; any safety factors to allow for this effect must be estimated for local conditions and the requirements of each particular installation. CAUTION —Since the friction loss data in the tables in this book are calculated on the basis of the i ma parameters for clean new ia A\S = Known ok loss in pipe A (- =) pipe with no allowances for aging, manufacturing tolerances and other conditions which may cause variations of the interior pipe 3-5