In an Otto Engine, pressure and temperature at the beginning of compression are 1

bar and 27oC. Calculate theoretical thermal efficiency of the cycle if the pressure at
the end of adiabatic compression is 12 bar. Peak temperature during the cycle is
2500 K. Calculate (1) heat supplied per kg of air, (2) work done per kg of air and (3)
pressure at the end of adiabatic expansion. Take Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg K and γ = 1.4
(Problem # 5; Chapter # 3; Internal Combustion Engines by S. S. Thipse)

Known conditions:
P1 = 100000 Pa
T1 = 300 K
P2 = 1200000 Pa
T3 = 2500 K
γ= 1.4
CV = 717 J/kg K

Compression process: 1 - 2; isentropic compression

Inlet state:
P1 = 100000 Pa
T1 = 300 K
v1 = 0.861 m3/kg air as v1 = RT1 / P1; and R = Cv (γ - 1)

Exit state:
P2 = 1200000 Pa
v2 = 0.145935 m3/kg air as v2 = v1 (P1 / P2)1/γ
 T2 = 610.1811 K as T2 = T1 (P2 / P1)(γ-1/γ)

rc = 5.899888 as rc = v1 / v2
q1-2 = 0 J/kg adiabatic process
w1-2 = 222399.9 J/kg using w1-2 = u2 - u1 = Cv (T2 - T1)

Heat addition process: 2 - 3; isochoric heat addition

Inlet state:
P2 = 1200000 Pa
v2 = 0.145935 m3/kg air
T2 = 610.1811 K

Exit state:
v3 = 0.145935 m3/kg air
T3 = 2500 K
P3 = 4916573 Pa as P3 = P2 (T3 / T2)

q2-3 = 1355000 J/kg using q2-3 = u3 - u2 = Cv (T3 - T2)

w2-3 = 0 J/kg for isochoric process boudary work is zero

Expansion process: 3-4; isentropic expansion

Inlet state:
P3 = 4916573 Pa
T3 = 2500 K
v3 = 0.145935 m3/kg air
 Exit state:
v4 = 0.861 m3/kg air as rc = v4 / v3
T4 = 1229.143 K as T4 = T3 (v4 / v3)(γ-1)
P4 = 409714.4 Pa as P4 = P3 (v3 / v4)γ

q3-4 = 0 J/kg adiabatic process

w3-4 = 911204.3 J/kg using w1-2 = u2 - u1 = Cv (T2 - T1)

Heat rejection process: 4 - 1; isochoric heat rejection

Inlet state:
P4 = 409714.4 Pa
T4 = 1229.143 K
v4 = 0.861 m3/kg

Exit state:
P1 = 100000 m3/kg
v1 = 0.861 kJ/K kg
T1 = 300 K

q2-3 = 666195.7 J/kg using q2-3 = u3 - u2 = Cv (T3 - T2)

w2-3 = 0 J/kg for isochoric process boudary work is zero

Cycle parameter determination

vd = 0.715065 m3/kg air as vd = v1 - v2

wc = 222399.85 kJ/kg air
we = 911204.27 kJ/kg air
 wnet = 688804.42 kJ/kg air
qsupplied 1355000.1 kJ/kg air
ηf = 0.5083427 as ηfi = wnet / qsupplied
imepg = 963275.23 kPa as imepg = wnet/vd
FUEL-AIR CYCLE ANALYSIS FOR NATURALLY ASPIRATED CONSTANT VOLUME
COMBUSTION CYCLE WITHOUT EGR

Known conditions:
Pi = 100000 Pa
Ti = 300 K
Pe = 100000 Pa
rc = 10
φ= 1
QLHV = 44000 kJ/kg

Intake process: i - 1; isobaric adiabatic intake

Inlet state:
Pi = 100000 Pa
Ti = 300 K

Exit state:
P1 = 100000 Pa P1 = Pi, as intake process is assumed to be isobaric

xr,estimated = 0.02326 using xr = [1 + (Tr/Ti){rc(Pi/Pe - (Pi/Pe)(γ-1)/γ}]-1 with Tr = 1400

K and (γ-1)/γ = 0.24
T1 = 325.581 K using T1 = Tr rc xr (Pi/Pe) with Tr = 1400 K

using Pv = nuŘT; with nuŘ = 292 J/kg K for φ = 1, as taken

v1 = 0.9507 m3/kg air from Table 4-6, John b Heywood
u1 = 20 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-3 John b Heywood
Ψ1 = 90 J/K kg air using Figure 4-4 John b Heywood

Compression process: 1 - 2; isentropic compression

Inlet state:
P1 = 100000 Pa
T1 = 325.581 K
v1 = 0.9507 m3/kg air
u1 = 20 kJ/kg air
Ψ1 = 90 J/K kg air

Exit state:
v2 = 0.09507 m3/kg air as rc = v2 / v1
Ψ2 = 762.355 kJ/K kg air using Ψ2 = Ψ1 - nuŘ ln (v2/v1)
T2 = 640 K using Figure 4-4 John b Heywood
 P2 = 1965714 Pa using P1v1/T1 = P2v2/T2
u1 = 310 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-3 John b Heywood

Combustion process: 2 - 3; isochoric adiabatic combustion

Inlet state:
P2 = 1965714 Pa
T2 = 640 K
v2 = 0.09507 m3/kg air
u2 = 310 kJ/kg air

Exit state:
v3 = 0.09507 m3/kg air

u3 = 123.056 kJ/kg air as u3 = u2, and for shifting reference from thermal to
chemical datum ub = uu + ∆uof; using ∆uof = -118.2-2956xb for
φ = 1, as taken from equation 4-32, John B Heywood
T3 = 2850 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
P3 = 8000000 Pa using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
s3 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

Expansion process: 3-4; isentropic expansion

Inlet state:
P3 = 8000000 Pa
T3 = 2850 K
v3 = 0.09507 m3/kg air
u3 = 123.056 kJ/kg air
s3 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
v4 = 0.9507 m3/kg air as state 1 and state 4 are both at top dead center and
mass reamains constant from state 1 to state 4
s4 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air as process is isentropic
T4 = 1900 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
P4 = 600000 Pa using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
u4 = -1550 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

Blowdown exhaust process: 4 - 5; isochoric adiabatic

Inlet state:
P4 = 600000 Pa
 T4 = 1900 K
v4 = 0.9507 m3/kg air
u4 = -1550 kJ/kg air
s4 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
P5 = 100000 m3/kg air as gases are expanded to exhaust pressure
s4 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air as process is isentropic
T5 = 1300 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
v5 = 4 m3/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
u5 = -2300 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

Displacement exhaust process: 5 - 6; isobaric adiabatic

Inlet state:
P5 = 100000 Pa
T5 = 1300 K
v5 = 4 m3/kg air
u5 = -2300 kJ/kg air
s5 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
P6 = 100000 Pa as gases are expanded to exhaust pressure
T6 = 1300 K as properties do not change during dispalcement exhaust process
v6 = 4 m3/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
u6 = -2300 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
s6 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

xr,calculated = 0.023767 using relation xr = v2 / v5

Comment: As calculated xr is not equal to assumed xr, therefore the analysis has to be repeated by replacing old
assumed xr value with new assumed xr value equal to value of xr calculated in the last step.

Intake process: i - 1; isobaric adiabatic intake

Inlet state:
Pi = 100000 Pa
Ti = 300 K

Exit state:
 P1 = 100000 Pa P1 = Pi, as intake process is assumed to be isobaric
xr,estimated = 0.02377 value taken from last cycle calculations
T1 = 308.977 K using T1 = Tr rc xr (Pi/Pe) with Tr taken from last cycle analysis

using Pv = nuŘT; with nuŘ = 292 J/kg K for φ = 1, as taken

v1 = 0.90221 m3/kg air from Table 4-6, John b Heywood
u1 = 20 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-3 John b Heywood
Ψ1 = 90 J/K kg air using Figure 4-4 John b Heywood

Compression process: 1 - 2; isentropic compression

Inlet state:
P1 = 100000 Pa
T1 = 308.977 K
v1 = 0.90221 m3/kg air
u1 = 20 kJ/kg air
Ψ1 = 90 J/K kg air

Exit state:
v2 = 0.09022 m3/kg air as rc = v2 / v1
Ψ2 = 762.355 kJ/K kg air using Ψ2 = Ψ1 - nuŘ ln (v2/v1)
T2 = 640 K using Figure 4-4 John b Heywood
P2 = 2071353 Pa using P1v1/T1 = P2v2/T2
u1 = 310 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-3 John b Heywood

Combustion process: 2 - 3; isochoric adiabatic combustion

Inlet state:
P2 = 2071353 Pa
T2 = 640 K
v2 = 0.09022 m3/kg air
u2 = 310 kJ/kg air

Exit state:
v3 = 0.09022 m3/kg air
as u3 = u2, and for shifting reference from thermal to
u3 = 121.543 kJ/kg air chemical datum ub = uu + ∆uof; using ∆uof = -118.2-2956xb for
φ = 1, as taken from equation 4-32, John B Heywood
T3 = 2850 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
P3 = 8000000 Pa using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
s3 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
Expansion process: 3-4; isentropic expansion
Inlet state:
P3 = 8000000 Pa
T3 = 2850 K
v3 = 0.09022 m3/kg air
u3 = 121.543 kJ/kg air
s3 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
v4 = 0.90221 m3/kg air as state 1 and state 4 are both at top dead center and
mass reamains constant from state 1 to state 4
s4 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air as process is isentropic
T4 = 1900 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
P4 = 600000 Pa using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
u4 = -1550 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

Blowdown exhaust process: 4 - 5; isochoric adiabatic

Inlet state:
P4 = 600000 Pa
T4 = 1900 K
v4 = 0.90221 m3/kg air
u4 = -1550 kJ/kg air
s4 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
P5 = 0 m3/kg air as gases are expanded to exhaust pressure
s4 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air as process is isentropic
T5 = 1300 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
v5 = 4 m3/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
u5 = -2300 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

Displacement exhaust process: 5 - 6; isobaric adiabatic

Inlet state:
P5 = 0 Pa
T5 = 1300 K
v5 = 4 m3/kg air
u5 = -2300 kJ/kg air
 s5 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
P6 = 0 Pa as gases are expanded to exhaust pressure
T6 = 1300 K as properties do not change during dispalcement exhaust process
v6 = 4 m3/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
u6 = -2300 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
s6 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

xr,calculated = 0.022555 using relation xr = v2 / v5

Comment: The calculated xr is equal to assumed xr, thus values determined above are desired engine states.

Cycle parameter determination

vd = 0.860476 m3/kg air as vd = v1 - v2

wc = 290 kJ/kg air as wc = u2 - u1
we = 1671.543 kJ/kg air as we = u3 - u4
wnet = 1381.543 kJ/kg air as wnet = we - wc
qsupplied 2908.4 kJ/kg air as qsupplied = (F/A) QLHV; with (F/A) = 0.0661 for φ = 1, as taken from Table 4-6, John
ηf = 0.475018 as ηfi = wnet / qsupplied
imepg = 1605.556 kPa as imepg = wnet/vd
ment exhaust process
cycle analysis
ment exhaust process

φ = 1, as taken from Table 4-6, John b Heywood

350 mm, stroke 295 mm and clearance volume of 1600 cc, with fuel cut-off
occuring at 8% of the stroke. Assume γ = 1.4 for air.(Problem # 6; Chapter # 3; Internal
Known conditions:
P1 = 100000 Pa
T1 = 300 K
P2 = 1200000 Pa
T3 = 2500 K
γ= 1.4
CV = 717 J/kg K

Compression process: 1 - 2; isentropic compression

Inlet state:
P1 = 100000 Pa
T1 = 300 K
v1 = 0.861 m3/kg air as v1 = RT1 / P1; and R = Cv (γ - 1)

Exit state:
P2 = 1200000 Pa
v2 = 0.14593 m3/kg air as v2 = v1 (P1 / P2)1/γ
T2 = 610.181 K as T2 = T1 (P2 / P1)(γ-1/γ)

rc = 5.89989 as rc = v1 / v2
q1-2 = 0 J/kg adiabatic process
w1-2 = 222400 J/kg using w1-2 = u2 - u1 = Cv (T2 - T1)

Heat addition process: 2 - 3; isochoric heat addition

Inlet state:
P2 = 1200000 Pa
v2 = 0.14593 m3/kg air
T2 = 610.181 K

Exit state:
v3 = 0.14593 m3/kg air
T3 = 2500 K
P3 = 4916573 Pa as P3 = P2 (T3 / T2)

q2-3 = 1355000 J/kg using q2-3 = u3 - u2 = Cv (T3 - T2)

 w2-3 = 0 J/kg for isochoric process boudary work is zero

Expansion process: 3-4; isentropic expansion

Inlet state:
P3 = 4916573 Pa
T3 = 2500 K
v3 = 0.14593 m3/kg air
u3 = 2500 kJ/kg air
s3 = #REF! kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
as state 1 and state 4 are both at top dead center and
v4 = #REF! m3/kg air mass reamains constant from state 1 to state 4
s4 = #REF! kJ/K kg aias process is isentropic
T4 = 1900 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
P4 = 600000 Pa using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
u4 = -1550 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

Blowdown exhaust process: 4 - 5; isochoric adiabatic

Inlet state:
P4 = 600000 Pa
T4 = 1900 K
v4 = #REF! m3/kg air
u4 = -1550 kJ/kg air
s4 = #REF! kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
P5 = 1200000 m3/kg air as gases are expanded to exhaust pressure
s4 = #REF! kJ/K kg aias process is isentropic
T5 = 1300 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
v5 = 4 m3/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
u5 = -2300 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

Displacement exhaust process: 5 - 6; isobaric adiabatic

Inlet state:
P5 = 1200000 Pa
T5 = 1300 K
v5 = 4 m3/kg air
 u5 = -2300 kJ/kg air
s5 = #REF! kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
P6 = 1200000 Pa as gases are expanded to exhaust pressure
T6 = 1300 K as properties do not change during dispalcement exhaust process
v6 = 4 m /kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
3

u6 = -2300 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

s6 = #REF! kJ/K kg aiusing Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

xr,calculated = 300000 using relation xr = v2 / v5

replacing old assumed xr value with new assumed xr value equal to value of xr calculated in the last step.

Intake process: i - 1; isobaric adiabatic intake

Inlet state:
Pi = 100000 Pa
Ti = 300 K

Exit state:
P1 = 100000 Pa P1 = Pi, as intake process is assumed to be isobaric
xr,estimated = 300000 value taken from last cycle calculations
T1 = 8.1E+10 K using T1 = Tr rc xr (Pi/Pe) with Tr taken from last cycle analysis
using Pv = nuŘT; with nuŘ = 292 J/kg K for φ = 1, as taken
v1 = 2.4E+08 m3/kg air from Table 4-6, John b Heywood
u1 = 20 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-3 John b Heywood
Ψ1 = 90 J/K kg air using Figure 4-4 John b Heywood

Compression process: 1 - 2; isentropic compression

Inlet state:
P1 = 100000 Pa
T1 = 8.1E+10 K
v1 = 2.4E+08 m3/kg air
u1 = 20 kJ/kg air
Ψ1 = 90 J/K kg air

Exit state:
v2 = 94900 m3/kg air as rc = v2 / v1
Ψ2 = 2374.62 kJ/K kg aiusing Ψ2 = Ψ1 - nuŘ ln (v2/v1)
 T2 = 640 K using Figure 4-4 John b Heywood
P2 = 1.96923 Pa using P1v1/T1 = P2v2/T2
u1 = 310 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-3 John b Heywood

Combustion process: 2 - 3; isochoric adiabatic combustion

Inlet state:
P2 = 1.96923 Pa
T2 = 640 K
v2 = 94900 m3/kg air
u2 = 310 kJ/kg air

Exit state:
v3 = 94900 m3/kg air
chemical datum ub = uu + ∆uof; using ∆uof = -118.2-2956xb for
u3 = -9E+08 kJ/kg air φ = 1, as taken from equation 4-32, John B Heywood
T3 = 2850 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
P3 = 8000000 Pa using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
s3 = 9.35 kJ/K kg aiusing Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

Expansion process: 3-4; isentropic expansion

Inlet state:
P3 = 8000000 Pa
T3 = 2850 K
v3 = 94900 m3/kg air
u3 = -9E+08 kJ/kg air
s3 = 9.35 kJ/K kg air

Exit state:
as state 1 and state 4 are both at top dead center and
v4 = 2.4E+08 m3/kg air mass reamains constant from state 1 to state 4
s4 = 9.35 kJ/K kg aias process is isentropic
T4 = 1900 K using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
P4 = 600000 Pa using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood
u4 = -1550 kJ/kg air using Figure 4-8 John b Heywood

Blowdown exhaust process: 4 - 5; isochoric adiabatic

Inlet state:
P4 = 600000 Pa