Assi

gnment5Journal
srevi
ewon
bear
ings
ABSTRACT
Thi
spaperr evi
ewst hedetai
l
edstudyoft aperedroll
erbearings.Theli
ter
atur
erevi
ew is
car
riedondesi gnandanalysi
softaper
edrollerbeari
ngs.I
nt hispapert
herecentandpast
developments,theori
esondesignofroll
i
ngel ementbeari
ngsar epresent
ed,anal
ysi
sof
rol
l
ingel ementbeari
ngsusi
ngFEM
software’
sarerevi
ewed.

INTRODUCTI ON
Ar oll
ing-elementbear i
ng, alsoknownasar ol
li
ngbear ingisabear ingwhi chcar ri
esal oad
bypl acingr ol
lingelement s(suchasbal lsorr ol
lers)bet weent wobear ingr i
ngscal l
ed
races.Ther el
at i
vemot ionoft heracescauset herollingel ement stor ollwi t
hv eryl i
ttl
e
roll
ingresi stanceandwi thlitt
lesli
ding.Oneoft heear l
iestandbest -knownr oll
i
ng- el
ement
bear i
ngs ar eset sofl ogsl ayont hegr oundwi t
hal argest onebl ockont op.Ast hest one
i
spul led,t hel ogsrollalongt hegr oundwi thli
ttl
eslidingf r
icti
on.Aseachl ogcomesout
theback, i
tismov edtot hef rontwheret heblockthenr oll
sont oit.Itispossi bl
et oimitate
suchabear ingbypl acingsev eralpensorpenci lsonat abl
eandpl acingani tem ont opof
them.Ar oll
ingel ementr otarybear i
ngusesashaf tinamuchl ar gerhol e,andcy l
inders
call
ed" rollers"t i
ght
lyf i
llthespace bet weentheshaf tandhol e.Ast heshaf tturns,each
roll
eract sast helogsi ntheabov eexampl e.Howev er,sincet hebear ingi sr ound,t he
roll
ersnev erfalloutfr
om undert heload.

Roll
ing-el
ementbear i
ngshav etheadv antageofagood t r
adeoffbetweencost ,size,
weight,carry
ingcapacit
y,durabi
li
ty,accuracy,f
rict
ion,andsoon.Otherbearingdesigns
areof t
enbetterononespecifi
cattr
ibute,butworseinmostotheratt
ri
butes,al
thoughflui
d
bearings can someti
mes simultaneouslyout perf
orm on carry
ing capaci
ty,durabi
lit
y,
accuracy,fri
cti
on,rot
ati
onr ateandsomet i
mescost .Onlyplai
nbear i
ngsareusedas
widelyasroll
ing-
elementbeari
ngs.

Alargemaj or
it
yofrotat
ingmachi neri
esr elyonr ol
l
ingelementbear
ings(REBs).Duet o
necessi
tyandv it
alcont
ribut
iontomostr otat
ingmachineri
es,t
herequir
ementsont he
beari
ngshav ebecomest ri
cterevery
day .Thebear ingsprovi
derel
ati
vepositi
oningand
rot
ati
ngf r
eedom whil
eusual l
ytransmitt
ingal oadbet weenshaf
tandhousing.Rot ati
ng
machiner
iesarecomplexandhav enumer ouscomponent sthatcoul
dpotenti
all
yf ai
l.An
ASSI
GNMENT 5.BEARI
NGS

analysi
s should be made t oi denti
fythe bear i
ngs defects beforet hey become
catastr
ophicall
yfailwi
tht heassociat
eddownt i
mecost sandsi gnif
icantdamaget oother
partsofr otati
ngmachi neri
es.Thev i
brat
ionspectrum analysisisapopul art
echni
que
amongot herssuchast i
medomai nandt i
mef requencydomai nf ortr
ackingmachinery
operati
ngcondi t
ions.I
ntensiver
esearchhasbeendonei nrecentyearsfort
heREBsdef ect
diagnosistoensuretheper f
ormanceandext endthebearinglif
e.

Fi
g.Di
sassembl
edv
iewofcar
tri
dget
aper
edr
oll
erbear
ing

JOURNALSand LI
TERATUREREVI
EWS
Hamrock,et .al
.(1983)intheirbri
efst atusr eportonbearingtechnologyandpresentand
near
-termf utureproblemsthatwar r
antr esearchsupportispresented.Forrol
l
ingelement
bear
ingsamat eri
alwi t
hi mprovedf ract ur
et oughness,lif
edat aint helow A r
egion,a
compr ehensivefail
uretheoryveri
fiedbyl i
fedataandi ncorpor
atedintodynamicanalyses,
andani mpr ovedcorrosi
onr esi
stantalloyar epercei
vedasi mportantneeds.

Schwar
z,et
.al
.(
2006)sai
dthepur
poseoft
hispaperi
stopr
esentadescr
ipt
ionofat
win
taper
ed rol
lerbear i
ng assemblyand the measur ementsy stems f orcarryi
ng outan
exper
imentalanalysi
sont hether
malbehav i
oroft heassembl y,
takingi nt
oaccountmainly
thebeari
ngf ri
ctiontorqueandt heoper at
ingtemper aturesoft heshaf t,beari
ngsand
housi
ng.Ther esult
sareobt ai
nedforarangeofr otati
onalspeedsandl oadi
ngconditi
ons.
The temperatures ofthe beari
ng aret aken fort he innerand t he outerraceways,
simul
taneousl
ywi ththeguidefl
angeli
p/roll
erandcont act
.

Kay al,Yusuf ,et .

al.( 2009)sai dtapered r oll
erbear i
ngs,whi ch are al so known as
angul arcontactbear i
ng,ar esui tablef orsuppor ti
ng radialand axi all oads.Themor e
frequentt ypesofdef ectsinsuchbear ingsar ecausedbycont actfat
iguei nt hesemachine
component s, andt hisexami nati
onf ocusesonacont actfati
guef ail
urei nat aperedrol
li
ng
bear ing.Theexami nati
oni ncludedv i
suali nspecti
on,mi croscopicanal y si
s( opti
caland
scanni ng el ectr
on mi croscope), and mi cro har dness measur ement s. These
measur ement swer econduct edtohel punder st
andthef ai
luremechani sms.Basedont he
resul tsofv isualexami nati
onandmi cr ost
ructureandf r
acturesur faceanal ysi
s,itwas
det erminedt hatt het aperedr ol
lerbear ingf ail
edbycont actf at
iguet hatwascausedby
ov erloadi
ngoft hebear i
ng.

Ebertet .al.(2010)sai dtheai mi stooutli

net hecompl exi nterrel
ati
onofal lfundament als
witht her oll
ingcont actfatigueandt heattai
nabl ebear i
ngl if
e.Suchf undament alsincl ude,
amongstot hers,bear i
ngst ressingandl i
fecapabi li
ty.Thear ticleshowst hedi fferentt ypes
ofrollingbear i
ngst ressingandt heanal ysi
soft hest r
essdi stri
buti
on( principalst resses
andequi valentstresses)i nt hemat eri
alundert herolli
ngcont actarea.Itbecomesobv i
ous
thatthecont ami nati
onoft hebear ingwithforeignpar ti
clesl eadst oadr asticreduct ionin
bearing l i
fe.Fur thermor e,i tdemonst ratest hei mpactoft hebear ing lubr i
cation and
coatingaswel last heef fectofaddi ti
vesont heat tainablel i
feandwear .Thear ti
cle
revealst hei mpor tanceoft hecl eanli
nessofbear ingst eelsaswel lasdi fferentt ypesof
i
nclusi onsandt heireffectonr ol
li
ngcont actfatigue.Addi ti
onal l
ythear ti
cledescr ibeshow
ASSI
GNMENT 5.BEARI
NGS

t
oopt imizethemat eri
alpr
opert
ies(
str
ength,t
oughnessandr esi
dualstr
ess)byt
heheat
t
reatmentpr ocesses.Theoutcomeoft heseinvesti
gati
onsisthatendurancel
if
eofa
r
oll
ingel ementbear i
ngcanbeachi ev
edi fspecif
icoperati
ngcondit
ions,anadequat
e
l
ubricat
ion,goodsystem cl
eanl
i
nessandspecif
icbearingstr
essi
ngaremet.

Yongqi et.al.
(2012)sai dtaperrol
lerbear i
ngsar eimpor tantpar tofgearr educers,andt heir
wor kproper t
yaf fectsbehav ioroft her educers.Pr e-tighteningoft aper-roll
erbear i
ngs
affectsbot h meshi ng contactoft he gear sand l ubr i
cation between t he rollersand
raceway soft hebear i
ngs.Thei nfl
uencei sanal yzedbyf init
eel ementmet hodint hiswor k.
Fir
stly,afini
teelementmodelofr oll
erbear i
ngsisest abl i
shedbyusi ngRey noldsequat i
on
andconsi deringthesur f
acer oughness.Then,St ressf ieldsi ntherol l
erandt her aceway
arecalculatedbyaddi ngloadandsol v i
ng, obtai
ningthemaxi mum st ressandst r
ainoft he
bearings.Finally
,ef f
ectoft hepr e-
tighteningont hewor kpr oper
tyoft hebear i
ngsar e
analyzedbyt heobt ainedthemaxi mum st r
essandst rain.
GuoYiet .
al.
(2012) ,Int hisstudy ,af i
nit
eel ement /contactmechani csmodeli sdev el
oped
forroll
ingelementbear ingswi tht hefocus ofobt aini
ngaccur atebear i
ngst iffnessf ora
wider angeofbear i
ngt ypesandpar amet ers.A combi nedsur facei ntegralandf i
nite
elementmet hodi susedt osolvef orthecont actmechani csbet weent her ol
l
ingel ement s
andr aces.Thismodelcapt urest hetime-dependentchar acteristi
csoft hebear i
ngcont act
duet ot heor bitalmot i
onoft her ol
li
ngel ement s.Anumer icalmet hodi sdev elopedt o
determinethef ullbear ingst i
ffnessmat r
ixcor respondingt ot wor adial
,oneaxi al,andt wo
angularcoor dinat es;t her otati
onaboutt heshaf taxi sisf reebydesi gn.Thi spr oposed
stif
fnessdet ermi nat ionmet hodi sv al
idatedagai nstexper iment sint heliteratur eand
compar ed to exi sting anal y t
icalmodel s and wi del
y used adv anced comput ati
onal
met hods.Thef ull
y popul atedst i
ffnessmat r
ixdemonst rat
est hecoupl i
ngbet weenbear ing
radial
,axial
,andt i
ltingbear i
ngdef l
ecti
ons.

R.K.Upadhy ayet.al
.(2013)st atedthatroll
ingCont actFatigue(RCF)occur sduet othe
resultofcycli
cst r
essdev elopedduringoper ati
onandmechani sm t
hatinvolveinfret
ti
ng
fail
ureofr oll
i
ngel ementbear i
ng.Asbear i
ngr aceway sofnon- rot
ati
ngr oll
ingelement
bearingsexposedt ovibrat
ionorslidi
ngoscillati
onf alseBri
nelli
ngoccurs.Bearingsurf
ace
duet ofalseBrinell
i
ngt endst odamagewi t
hi nashor tper
iod,duetocav i
tiescreat
edon
thebear i
ng raceway .Recommendat ion t
owar dsenhancementofbear i
ng l i
feisalso
suggested.
ASSI
GNMENT 5.BEARI
NGS

TANGZhaopi nget .
al.(2013)stat
edthatthroughcont actanalysis,thechangescouldbe
showedinstress,str
ain,penetr
ati
on,sl
idi
ngdistance,fri
cti
onst ressamongt hei
nnerri
ng,
outerr
ing,
rol
lingelement sandcage.Furt
hermor e,
thesimul at
ionr esul
tsreveal
edthatthe
computati
onalv al
ueswer econsi
stentwiththeoreti
calv al
ues.Theal lshowedt hatthe
modelandboundar ycondi t
ionswerecorr
ectandr ati
onal,anditwoul dprovi
deasci ent
ifi
c

basi
sforopt
imum desi
gnofr
oll
i
ngbear
ingsundercompl
i
cat
edl
oads.

Yan-shuangWANGet .
al.(2013)sai dthatclear ancenotonl yaffectsthest art
upt orque,
rotat
ion precision and stiffness ofbear i
ng,butal so af f
ectst he load di st
ributi
on,
l
oadcar ry
ingcapaci t
yandl if
eofbear ing.Acomput at i
onalmodeli nwhi cht heclearanceof
bearingisf ir
stincl
udedi spr esentedf ordet er
mi ningt hecont actforcedi stri
but
ionand
stati
cload- carr
yingcapaci t
yofadoubl er ow f our-pointcont actballbear ingwhi chi s
subjectedtot hecombi nedr adial,axialandov erturni
ngmomentl oadings.Ther el
ati
on
betweent henegat iveaxialcl earanceandt hecont actf orcedistri
buti
on i s anal yzed.
The st ati
cl oad-carr
yingcy clicautocorrel
ationhav eimpr ovedthef aultdetecti
on.

M.Pr em Kumaret .al.(

2015)st atedt hatintherail
roadi ndust r
y,troubl edbeari
ngsi n
servicearepr i
mar il
yi denti
fi
edusi ngway sidehot-boxdet ectors( HBDs) .Several bearings
set-outfort r
endi ngandcl assifi
edasnon- veri
fi
ed, duet onov isibledamagewi thinacone
assembl y
.Subsequent l aboratory exper iment swer eper formedt odetermi nea
mi nimum t emper at ureandenv i
ronmentnecessar yt or eproducet hese
discolorati
ons whi ch ar e most ly due t o r ollercapaci tycur vesareest ablished,
andt heef fectsoft hechanges i n negative axial cl
ear ance, cur v ature
radiuscoef ficient ofr acewaygr ooveandi niti
alcont actangl eont hest at
icload- carry
ing
capaci t
yar eanal yzed.Ther esultsshowt hat
,witht hei ncreasei nt heabsolutev al
ue of
negat iv
e clear ance, t hemaxi mum cont actloaddecr easesf ir
standt heni ncreases.
Thecl earancev al uesi nther angeof0. 2mm- 0mm hav elittl
eef fectont hestat i
cl oad-
car r
yingcapaci tyofbear i
ng.Wi tht heincreaseint hecur vaturer adiuscoef fi
cientof
racewaygr oov eandt hedecr easei ntheiniti
alcont actangl e,thest aticloadcapaci t
yof
bear i
ngdecr eases.
H.

Saruhan et .
al.
(2014)st
udi ed thev ibrati
on analysisofr oll
i
ng elementbear ings( REBs)
defects.TheREBsar ethemostwi del
yusedmechani calpartsi
nr otat
ingmachi neryunder
hi
ghl oadandhi ghr otati
onalspeeds.Whent hedef ecti nar ol
li
ngel ementcomesi nt
o
contactwithanot herelementsur face,ani mpactf orceisgener atedwhichisr esulti
ngin
animpul si
v eresponseoft hebear i
ng.Adef ectatanyel ementoft heREBt ransmi tstoall
otherelement ssuchasout err ace,innerr ace,balland,t r
aincageoft hebear ing.The
defectinr oll
i
ngel ement s mayl eadt oser iouscatastrophicconsequencesr esulti
ngin
costl
ydownt i
me.Fort hispur pose, t
hev ibr
ationanalysistechniquewhi chisar el
iableand
accuratel
ydet ecti
ngdef ectinthebear ingelement sisused.

ShahDi penS.et .al.(2014)sai dt heexi st enceofev ent inydef ect sont hemat i
ngsur faces
oft hebear ingcomponent scanl eadt of ail
ur et hroughpassageoft i
me.Thei rf ail
ure
l
eadst oeconomi calandper sonall osses.Thev i
brationmoni t
or ingt echni quei smost l
y
usedi nthei ndust riesf orheal t
hmoni tor i
ngofbear ings.Si gnificantst udiesar eav ai l
able
i
nopenl i
t erat uref orv ibrationanal y sisofheal thyanddef ect iver oll
ingel ement sbear i
ngs.
Var ious r esear cher s hav e st udied t he v i
br at i
ons gener ated by bear ings t hrough
theor eti
calmodelandexper iment ations.Ther esear cher shav edev elopedt hedy nami c
modelofshaf tbear i
ngsy stemsf ort het heor et icalst udies.Thi spaperr eviewsdi fferent
dy nami cmodel sf orr olli
ngbear i
ngi npr esenceandabsenceofl ocalanddi st ri
but ed
def ects.Mor eov er, thet echni quesusedf ort hei mpr ovementoff aultdet ect i
onhav eal so
been summar i
zed.The si gnalpr ocessi ng t echni ques l ike wav elett r
ansf orm,hi gh
frequencyr esonance t echni que ( HFRT) ,env el ope anal ysis andt emper aturesgr eater
than232C( 450F)f orper i
odsofatl east4hour s.Resear chi sgoi ngont hepossi bilit
yt hat
rollersreachi ngsuchel evatedt emper atur eswi thoutheat ingt hebear i
ngcup( out err ace)
toat emper aturesi gni fi
cantenough t ot ri
ggert heHBDs.Consi dering t hepr ev ious
exper iment alandanal y ti
calwor k,ast at i
c-t her malf i
niteel ementanal ysis( FEA)ofa
railroadbear ingpr essedont oanaxl eandwasanal yzedusi ngANSYS.Anal ysisi scar ri
ed
outbyconsi der i
ngcer tainr adiall oadandt hrustl oad.Pr esentwor kshowst hest resses
atv ari
oust emper atur es,f atiguel i
fe,v ibr ati
onchar acteri
st i
csandt hedy nami cr esponse
ofast ruct ureundert heact ionoft imedependentl oads.Al soPr esentwor kev aluat est he
HotBoxDet ect or( HBD)t emper atur ebyshowi ngt hebear ingsaf et emper ature,f ail
ure
temper atur eandst r
essesundercy clicl oadi ng.
ASSI
GNMENT 5.BEARI
NGS

Fi
ndingsf r
om lit
eraturerevi
ew:Fewr esear chesi nt hef i
eldofbearingshav eal
readybeen
done.
Somer esearchersreportedstudyonBal landRol lerbear i
ngs.
Rolli
ng-el
ementbear i
ngshav et headv ant ageofagoodt radeoffbet weencost,size,
weight,carr
y i
ngcapaci t
y,durabil
i
ty,accur acy ,fr
iction,andsoon.Ot herbeari
ngdesigns
areoftenbet t
erononespeci ficattr
ibute,butwor sei nmostot herat t
ri
butes.
Somer esearchhasbeendonei nther ai
lroadi ndust ryinthebearingsector.
Cartri
dgetaperedrollerbeari
ngsar eusedf orBOXNwagonst owi t
hstandheavyloads.The
str
essanal ysi
saswel lastheanal y
sisf ort hel oadcar ryi
ngcapaci tymustbedoneont he
exist
ingdesignofcar tri
dgetaperedr oll
erbear ingt ost udyanyflawsi nthedesi
gn.

Li
teratureGap:
Analysis ofr oll
i
ng elements such as bal
l
s,roll
ers etc.is done onlyinf ew ofthe
cases.Therei sascopefordetai
ledanal
ysisi
nthi
ssect i
on.
Onlyf ew researchpapersfocusesont heanalysi
sofcar t
ri
dget aperedrol
lerbear
ings.
Detail
edst ressanaly
sishasn’
tbeendoneont hecart
r i
dgetaperedroll
erbeari
ngs.
Str
essanal y si
sofrol
li
ngelement smaybedonetost udythestr
essconcent r
ati
on.

CONCLUSI ON
From thi
sr evi
ewofresearchonst
udyof
Taperedr oll
erBeari
ngswecanconcludethatI ncr
easi
ng beari
ng di
ameterthe beari
ng
li
fe wi l
lincreasesubstant
ial
l
y.Thi
swi l
lincreasethesubsequentper
iodicoverhaul
i
ng
peri
ods.Al sot heproperst
udyofcontactstr
essesi nbear
ingswil
lhel
pi nreducingthe
beari
ngf ail
ures.