Chapter 7 Masonry (03-24-2010)

CHAPTER 7 - Masonry 7-1
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 7 – MASONRY...............................................6
SECTION 701 – GENERAL.............................................6
701.1 Scope......................................................................6
701.2 Design Methods.....................................................6
701.2.1 Alternate Strength Design...............................6
701.2.2 Strength Design...............................................6
701.2.3 Empirical Design.............................................6
701.2.4 Glass Masonry.................................................6
701.3 Definitions..............................................................6
701.4 Notations................................................................7
SECTION 702 - MATERIAL STANDARDS...................9
702.1 Quality....................................................................9
702.2 Standards of Quality...............................................9
SECTION 703 – MORTAR AND GROUT..................10
703.1 General.................................................................10
703.2 Materials...............................................................10
703.3 Mortar...................................................................10
703.3.1 General..........................................................10
703.3.2 Selecting Proportions....................................10
703.4 Grout.....................................................................11
703.4.1 General..........................................................11
703.4.2 Selecting Proportions....................................11
703.5 Additives and Admixtures....................................11
703.5.1 General..........................................................11
703.5.2 Air Entrainment.............................................11
703.5.3 Colors............................................................11
SECTION 704 – CONSTRUCTION..............................11
704.1 General.................................................................11
704.2 Materials: Handling, Storage and Preparation.....11
704.3 Placing Masonry Units.........................................12
704.3.1 Mortar............................................................12
704.3.2 Surfaces.........................................................12
704.3.3 Solid Masonry Units.....................................12
704.3.4 Hollow-Masonry Units..................................12
704.4 Reinforcement Placing.........................................12
704.5 Grouted Masonry..................................................12
704.5.1 General Conditions........................................12
704.5.2 Construction Requirements...........................13
704.5.3 Aluminum Equipment...................................13
704.5.4 Joint Reinforcement......................................13
SECTION 705 – QUALITY ASSURANCE...................13
705.1 General.................................................................13
705.2 Scope....................................................................13
705.3 Compliance with f’m.............................................13
705.3.1 General..........................................................13
705.3.2 Masonry Prism Testing..................................14
705.3.3 Masonry Prism Test Record..........................14
705.3.4 Unit Strength Method....................................14
705.3.5 Testing Prisms from Constructed Masonry.. .15
National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

7-2 CHAPTER 7 - Masonry
705.4 Mortar Testing......................................................15

705.5 Grout Testing........................................................15
705.6 Recycled Aggregates............................................15
SECTION 706 – GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 15
706.1 General.................................................................15
706.1.1 Scope.............................................................15
706.1.2 Plans..............................................................15
706.1.3 Design Loads.................................................15
706.1.4 Stack Bond....................................................15
706.1.5 Multiwythe Walls..........................................15
706.5.1 General..........................................................15
706.5.2 Wall Ties in Cavity Wall Construction..........15
706.1.5.3 Wall Ties for Grouted Multiwythe Construction. 16
706.1.5.4 Joint Reinforcement...................................16
706.1.6 Vertical Support.............................................16
706.1.7 Lateral Support..............................................16
706.1.8 Protection of Ties and Joint Reinforcement.. 16
706.1.9 Pipes and Conduits Embedded in Masonry...16
706.1.10 Load Test.....................................................17
706.1.11 Reuse of Masonry Units..............................17
706.1.12 Special Provisions in Area of Seismic Risk.17
706.1.12.1 General.....................................................17
706.1.12.2 Special Provisions for Seismic Zone 2.....17
706.1.12.3 Special Provisions for Seismic Zone 4.....17
706.2 Alternate Strength Design and Strength Design Requirements for Unreinforced and Reinforced Masonry. 18
706.2.1 General..........................................................18
706.2.2 Specified Compressive Strength of Masonry.18
706.2.3 Effective Thickness.......................................19
706.2.3.1 Single-Wythe Walls....................................19
706.2.3.2 Multiwythe Walls.......................................19
706.2.3.3 Cavity Walls...............................................19
706.2.3.4 Columns.....................................................19
706.2.4 Effective Height............................................19
706.2.5 Effective Area................................................19
706.2.6 Effective Width of Intersecting Walls...........19
706.2.7 Distribution of Concentrated Vertical Loads in Walls. 19
706.2.8 Loads on Nonbearing Walls..........................19
706.2.9 Vertical Deflection........................................19
706.2.10 Structural Continuity...................................20
706.2.11 Walls Intersecting with Floors and Roofs. 20
706.2.12 Modulus of Elasticity of Materials..............20
706.2.12.1 Modulus of Elasticity of Masonry............20
706.2.12.2 Modulus of Elasticity of Steel..................20
706.2.13 Shear Modulus of Masonry.........................20
706.2.14 Placement of Embedded Anchor Bolts.......20
706.2.14.1 General.....................................................20
706.2.14.2 Minimum Edge Distance..........................20
706.2.14.3 Minimum Embedment Depth...................20
706.2.14.4 Minimum Spacing between Bolts............20
706.2.15 Flexural Resistance of Cavity Walls...........20
706.3 Alternative Strength Design (ASD) and Strength Design Requirements for Reinforced Masonry. 20
706.3.1 General..........................................................20
706.3.2 Plain Bars......................................................20
706.3.3 Spacing of Longitudinal Reinforcement.......20
706.3.4 Anchorage of Flexural Reinforcement..........21
Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

706.3.5 Anchorage of Shear Reinforcement..............21

706.3.6 Lateral Ties....................................................21
706.3.7 Column Anchor Bolt Ties..............................22
706.3.8 Effective Width B of Compression Area.......22
SECTION 707 – ALTERNATIVE STRENGTH (ASD) DESIGN OF MASONRY 22
707.1 General.................................................................22
707.1.1 Scope.............................................................22
707.1.2 Allowable Masonry Stresses.........................22
707.1.3 Minimum Dimensions for Masonry Structures Located in Seismic Zones 2 and 4. 22
707.1.3.1 Bearing Walls.............................................22
707.1.3.2 Columns.....................................................22
707.1.4 Design Assumptions......................................22
707.1.5 Embedded Anchor Bolts...............................23
707.1.5.1 General.......................................................23
707.1.5.2 Tension.......................................................23
707.1.5.3 Shear...........................................................23
707.1.5.4 Combined Shear and Tension.....................23
707.1.6 Compression in Walls and Columns.................23
707.1.6.1 Walls, Axial Loads.....................................23
707.1.6.2 Columns, Axial Loads................................23
707.1.6.3 Columns, Bending or Combined Bending and Axial Loads. 23
707.1.7 Shear Walls, Design Loads............................23
707.1.8 Design, Composite Construction..................23
707.1.8.1 General.......................................................23
707.1.8.2 Determination of Moduli of Elasticity.......23
707.1.8.3 Structural Continuity..................................24
707.1.8.3.1 Bonding of Wythes..................................24
707.1.8.3.2 Material Properties..................................24
707.1.8.4 Design Procedure, Transformed Sections.. 24
707.1.9 Reuse of Masonry Units................................24
707.2 Design of Reinforced Masonry............................24
707.2.1 Scope.............................................................24
707.2.2 Reinforcement...............................................24
707.2.2.1 Maximum Reinforcement Size..................24
707.2.2.2 Cover..........................................................24
707.2.2.3 Development Length..................................24
707.2.2.4 Reinforcement Bond Stress........................24
707.2.2.5 Hooks.........................................................24
707.2.4 Nonrectangular Flexural Elements................25
707.2.5 Allowable Axial Compressive Stress and Force. 25
707.2.6 Allowable Flexural Compressive Stress........25
707.2.7 Combined Compressive Stresses, Unity Formula. 25
707.2.8 Allowable Shear Stress in Flexural Members.25
707.2.9 Allowable Shear Stress in Shear Walls.........26
707.2.10 Allowable Bearing Stress............................26
707.2.11 Allowable Stresses in Reinforcement..........26
707.2.12 Lap Splice Increases....................................26
707.2.13 Reinforcement for Columns........................26
707.2.13.1 Vertical Reinforcement.............................26
707.2.14 Compression in Walls and Columns...........26
707.2.14.1 General.....................................................26
707.2.16 Bond of Flexural Reinforcement.................27
707.2.17 Shear in Flexural Members and Shear Walls.27
707.3 Design of Unreinforced Masonry.....................27
707.3.1 General..........................................................27

707.3.2 Allowable Axial Compressive Stress............27

707.3.3 Allowable Flexural Compressive Stress........27
707.3.4 Combined Compressive Stresses, Unity Formula. 27
707.3.5 Allowable Tensile Stress...............................28
707.3.6 Allowable Shear Stress in Flexural Members.28
707.3.2 Allowable Shear Stress in Shear Walls.........28
707.3.3 Allowable Bearing Stress..............................28
707.3.9 Combined Bending and Axial Loads, Compressive Stresses. 28
707.3.10 Compression in Walls and Columns...........28
707.3.11 Flexural Design...........................................28
707.3.12 Shear in Flexural Members and Shear Walls.28
707.3.12 Corbels........................................................28
707.3.13 Stack Bond..................................................28
SECTION 708 – STRENGTH DESIGN OF MASONRY29
708.1General..............................................................29
708.1.1 General Provisions........................................29
708.1.2 Quality Assurance Provisions.......................29
708.1.3 Required Strength..........................................29
708.1.4 Design Strength.............................................29
708.1.4.1 Beams, Piers and Columns.........................29
708.1.4.1.1 Flexure.....................................................29
708.1.4.1.2 Shear........................................................29
708.1.4.2 Wall Design for Out-of-Plane Loads..........29
708.1.4.2.1 Walls with Factored Axial Load of 0.04 f’m or less. 29
708.1.4.2.2 Walls with Factored Axial Load Greater than 0.04 f’m. 29
708.1.4.3 Wall Design for in-Plane Loads.................29
708.1.4.3.1 Axial Load...............................................29
708.1.4.3.1 Shear........................................................29
708.1.4.4 Moment-Resisting Wall Frames.................29
708.1.4.4.4.1 Flexure With or Without Axial Load....29
708.1.4.4.2 Shear........................................................30
708.1.4.5 Anchor........................................................30
708.1.4.6 Reinforcement............................................30
708.1.4.6.1 Development...........................................30
708.1.4.6.2 Splices.....................................................30
708.1.5 Anchor Bolts..................................................30
708.1.5.1 Required Strength.......................................30
708.1.5.2 Nominal Anchor Bolt Strength...................30
708.1.5.2 Anchor Bolt Placement..............................30
708.2 Reinforced Masonry.........................................30
708.2.1 General..........................................................30
708.2.1.1 Scope..........................................................30
708.2.1.2 Design Assumptions...................................30
708.2.2 Reinforcement Requirements and Details.....31
708.2.2.1 Maximum Reinforcement..........................31
708.2.2.2 Placement...................................................31
708.2.2.3 Cover..........................................................31
708.2.2.4 Standard Hooks..........................................31
708.2.2.5 Minimum Bend Diameter for Reinforcing Bars.31
708.2.2.6 Development..............................................31
708.2.2.7 Splices........................................................31
708.2.3 Design of Beams, Piers and Columns...........32
708.2.3.1 General.......................................................32
708.2.3.2 Design Assumptions...................................32
708.2.3.3 Balanced Reinforcement Ratio for Compression Limit State. 32

708.2.3.4 Required Strength.......................................32

708.2.3.5 Design Strength..........................................32
708.2.3.6 Nominal Strength.......................................32
708.2.3.6.1 Nominal Axial and Flexural Strength.....32
708.2.3.6.2 Nominal Shear Strength..........................32
708.2.3.7 Reinforcement............................................33
708.2.3.8 Seismic Design Provisions.........................33
708.2.3.7 Dimensional Limits....................................33
708.2.3.10 Beams.......................................................33
708.2.3.10.1 Scope.....................................................33
708.2.3.10.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement.................33
708.2.3.10.3 Transverse Reinforcement.....................34
708.2.3.10.4 Construction..........................................34
708.2.3.10 Piers..........................................................34
708.2.3.11.1 Scope.....................................................34
708.2.3.11.3 Transverse Reinforcement.....................34
708.2.3.12 Columns...................................................34
708.2.3.12.1 Scope.....................................................34
708.2.3.12.3. Lateral Ties...........................................34
708.2.3.12.4 Construction..........................................34
708.2.4 Wall Design for Out-of-Plane Loads.............34
708.2.4.1 General.......................................................34
708.2.4.2 Maximum Reinforcement..........................34
708.2.4.3 Moment and Deflection Calculations.........34
708.2.4.4 Walls with Axial Load of 0.04 f’m or less. 34
708.2.4.5 Wall with Axial Load Greater than 0.04 f’m.35
708.2.4.6 Deflection Design.......................................35
708.2.5 Wall Design for In-Plane Loads....................35
708.2.5.1 General.......................................................35
708.2.5.2 Reinforcement............................................35
708.2.5.3 Design Strength..........................................36
708.2.5.4 Axial Strength.............................................36
708.2.5.5 Shear Strength............................................36
708.2.5.6 Boundary members....................................36
708.2.6 Design of Moment-Resisting Wall Frames.. .36
708.2.6.1 General Requirements................................36
708.2.6.1.1 Scope.......................................................36
708.2.6.1.2 Dimensional limits..................................36
708.2.6.1.2.1 Beams...................................................36
708.2.6.1.2.2 Piers......................................................36
708.2.6.1.2 Analysis...................................................37
708.2.6.2 Design Procedure.......................................37
708.2.6.2.1 Required Strength....................................37
708.2.6.2.2 Design Strength.......................................37
708.2.6.2.3 Design Assumption for Nominal Strength.37
708.2.6.2.4 Reinforcement.........................................37
708.2.6.2.5 Flexural Members (Beam)......................37
708.2.6.2.6 Members Subjected to Axial Force and Flexure. 38
708.2.6.2.4 Pier Design Forces..................................38
708.2.6.2.8 Shear Design...........................................38
708.2.6.2.9 Joints.......................................................39
SECTION 709 - SEISMIC DESIGN..............................39
709.1 Scope................................................................39

709.2 General.............................................................39
709.2.2 Strength of Members and Connections.........40
709.2.2.2 Nominal Strength.......................................40
709.2 .3 Anchorage of Masonry Walls.......................40
709.3 Seismic Design Category A.............................40
709.4 Seismic Design Category B.............................40
709.4.1 Masonry Walls not Part of the Lateral-Force-Resisting System. 40
709.4 Seismic Design Category C.............................40
709.4.1 Design of Discontinuous Members that are Part of the Lateral-Force-Resisting System. 40
709.5 Seismic Design Category D.............................40
709.5.1 Loads for Shear Walls Designed by the Working Stress Design Method. 40
709.5.2 Shear Wall Shear Strength.............................40
709.6 Seismic Design Category E OR F....................40
Design Category E or F..............................................40
SECTION 710 - EMPIRICAL DESIGN OF MASONRY41
710.1 Height...............................................................41
710.2 Lateral Stability................................................41
710.3 Compressive Stresses.......................................41
710.3.1 General..........................................................41
710.3.2 Allowable Stresses........................................41
710.3.3 Stress Calculations........................................41
710.3.4 Anchor Bolts..................................................41
710.4 Lateral Support.................................................41
710.5 Minimum Thickness.........................................41
710.5.1 General..........................................................41
710.5.2 Variation in Thickness...................................41
710.5.3 Decrease in Thickness...................................41
710.5.4 Parapets.........................................................42
710.5.5 Foundation Walls...........................................42
710.6 Bond.................................................................42
710.6.1 General..........................................................42
710.6.2 Masonry Headers..........................................42
710.6.3 Wall Ties........................................................42
710.6.4 Longitudinal Bond........................................42
710.7 Anchorage........................................................42
710.7.1 Intersecting Walls..........................................42
710.7.2 Floor and Roof Anchorage............................43
710.7.3 Walls Adjoining Structural Framing.............43
710.8 Unburned Clay Masonry..................................43
710.8.1 General..........................................................43
710.8.2 Bolts..............................................................43
710.9 Stone Masonry..................................................43
710.9.1 General..........................................................43
710.9.2 Construction..................................................43
710.9.3 Minimum Thickness......................................43
SECTION 711 - GLASS MASONRY.............................43
711.1 General.............................................................43
711.2 Mortar Joints....................................................43
711.3 Lateral Support.................................................43
711.4 Reinforcement..................................................44
711.5 Size of Panels...................................................44
711.6 Expansion Joints...............................................44
711.7 Reuse of Units..................................................44
SECTION 712 – MASONRY FIREPLACES................44

712.1 Definition.........................................................44
712.2 Footings and Foundations................................44
712.2.1 Ash Dump Cleanout......................................44
712.3 Seismic Reinforcing.........................................44
712.3.1 Vertical Reinforcing......................................44
712.3.2 Horizontal Reinforcing..................................44
712.4 Seismic Anchorage...........................................44
712.4.1 Anchorage.....................................................44
712.5 Firebox Walls...................................................45
712.5.1 Steel Fireplace Units.....................................45
712.6 Firebox Dimensions.........................................45
712.7 Lintel and Throat..............................................45
712.7.1 Damper..........................................................45
712.8 Smoke Chamber Walls.....................................45
712.8.1 Smoke Chamber Dimensions........................45
712.9 Hearth and Hearth Extension...........................45
712.9.1 Hearth Thickness...........................................45
712.9.2 Hearth Extension Thickness..........................45
712.10 Hearth Extension Dimensions........................46
712.11 Fireplace Clearance........................................46
712.12 Fireplace Fireblocking...................................46
712.13 Exterior Air.....................................................46
712.13.1 Factory-Built Fireplaces..............................46
712.13.2 Masonry Fireplaces.....................................46
712.13.3 Exterior Air Intake.......................................46
712.13.4 Clearance.....................................................46
712.13.5 Passageway..................................................47
713.13.6 Outlet...........................................................47
SECTION 713 - MASONRY CHIMNEYS....................47
713.1 Definition.........................................................47
713.2 Footings and Foundations................................47
713.3 Seismic Reinforcing.........................................47
713.3.1 Vertical Reinforcing......................................47
713.3.2 Horizontal Reinforcing..................................47
713.4 Seismic Anchorage...........................................47
713.4.1 Anchorage.....................................................47
713.5 Corbeling..........................................................47
713.6 Changes in Dimension.....................................47
713.7 Offsets..............................................................47
713.8 Additional Load................................................48
713.9 Termination......................................................48
713.9.1 Spark Arrestors..............................................48
713.10 Wall Thickness...............................................48
713.10.1 Masonry Veneer Chimneys.........................48
713.11 Flue Lining (Material)....................................48
713.11.1 Residential-Type Appliances (General).......48
713.11.1.1 Flue Linings for Specific Appliances.......48
713.11.1.2 Gas Appliances.........................................48
713.11.1.3 Pellet Fuel-Burning Appliances...............48
713.11.1.4 Oil-Fired Appliances Approved for Use with L-Vent. 48
713.11.1.5 Notice of Usage........................................48
713.11.2 Concrete and Masonry Chimneys for Medium-Heat Appliances. 49
713.11.2.1 General.....................................................49
713.11.2.2 Construction.............................................49
713.11.2.3 Lining.......................................................49

713.11.2.4 Multiple Passageways..............................49

713.11.2.5 Termination Height...................................49
713.11.2.6 Clearance..................................................49
713.11.3 Concrete and Masonry Chimneys for High-Heat Appliances. 49
713.11.3.1 General.....................................................49
713.11.3.2 Construction.............................................49
713.11.3.3 Lining.......................................................49
713.11.3.4 Termination Height...................................49
713.12 Clay Flue Lining (Installation).......................49
713.13 Additional Requirements................................49
713.13.1 Listed Materials...........................................49
713.13.2 Space Around Lining...................................50
713.14 Multiple Flues................................................50
713.15 Flue Area (Appliance)....................................50
713.16 Flue Area (Masonry Fireplace)......................50
713.16.1 Minimum Area............................................50
713.16.2 Determination of Minimum Area................50
713.17 Inlet................................................................50
713.18 Masonry Chimney Cleanout Openings..........52
713.19 Chimney Clearances.......................................52
713.20 Chimney Fireblocking....................................52

701.2.2 Strength Design.

Masonry designed by the strength design method shall
comply with the provisions of Sections 706 and 708.
701.2.3 Empirical Design.

Masonry designed by the empirical design method shall
comply with the provisions of Sections 706.1 and 709.
701.2.4 Glass Masonry.

Glass masonry shall comply with the provisions of Section
710.
701.3 Definitions.
For the purpose of this chapter, certain terms are defined as
follows:
AREAS:
BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of a masonry

unit which is in contact with mortar or surface of another
masonry unit in the plane of the joint.
EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the

cross-sectional area of reinforcement multiplied by the
cosine of the angle between the reinforcement and the
direction for which effective area is to be determined.
GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a

specified section.
CHAPTER 7 – MASONRY
NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional area minus the area
of ungrouted cores, notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net
SECTION 701 – GENERAL area is the actual surface area of cross section of masonry.
701.1 Scope. TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one

The materials, design, construction and quality assurance of material to a second based on the ratio of module of
masonry shall be in accordance with this chapter. elasticity of the first material to the second.
BOND:
701.2 Design Methods.
Masonry shall comply with the provisions of one of the ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between masonry
following design methods in this chapter as well as the units and mortar or grout.
requirements of Sections 701 through 705.
REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion between steel
701.2.1 Alternate Strength Design. reinforcement and mortar or grout.
Masonry designed by the alternate strength design method
shall comply with the provisions of Sections 706 and 707. BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted element within
masonry in which reinforcement is embedded.

CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area JOINTS:

greater than 967 mm2.
BED JOINT is the joint with or without mortar that is
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of a grout space horizontal at the time the masonry units are placed.
of sufficient size and spacing to allow the removal of
debris. HEAD JOINT is the joint with or without mortar having a
vertical transverse plane.
COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted space
between wythes of masonry. MASONRY UNIT is brick, tile, stone, glass block or
concrete block conforming to the requirements specified in
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical structural Section 702.
member in which both the reinforcement and masonry resist
compression. HOLLOW-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry unit whose
net cross-sectional areas (solid area) in any plane parallel to
COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical structural the surface containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less than
member whose horizontal dimension measured at right 75 percent of its gross cross-sectional area measured in the
angles to the thickness does not exceed three times the same plane.
thickness.
SOLID-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry unit whose net
DIMENSIONS: cross-sectional area in any plane parallel to the surface
containing the cores or cells is at least 75 percent of the
ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured dimensions of gross cross-sectional area measured in the same plane.
a designated item. The actual dimension shall not vary
from the specified dimension by more than the amount MORTARLESS MASONRY SYSTEM is a method of
allowed in the appropriate standard of quality in Section masonry wall construction that eliminates the use of mortar.
702.
PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units and mortar (if
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units are equal to present) with or without grout used as a test specimen for
its specified dimensions plus the thickness of the joint with determining properties of the masonry.
which the unit is laid.
REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry

SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the dimensions specified construction in which reinforcement acting in conjunction
for the manufacture or construction of masonry, masonry with the masonry is used to resist forces.
units, joints or any other component of a structure.
SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow masonry unit as
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout height within the placed in masonry.
total grout pour.
WALLS:
GROUT POUR is the total height of masonry wall to be
grouted prior to the erection of additional masonry. A grout BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which two or more
pour will consist of one or more grout lifts. wythes are bonded to act as a structural unit.
GROUTED MASONRY: CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space

with a minimum width of 51 mm and a maximum width of
GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is that form of 114 mm between wythes which are tied with metal ties.
grouted masonry construction in which certain designated
cells of hollow units are continuously filled with grout. WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener which connects
wythes of masonry to each other or to other materials.
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is that form of
grouted masonry construction in which the space between WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-masonry unit
the wythes is solidly or periodically filled with grout. as placed in masonry.
WYTHE is the portion of a wall which is one masonry unit dbb = diameter of largest beam longitudinal
in thickness. A collar joint is not considered a wythe. reinforcing bar passing through, or anchored
in, a joint, millimeter.
dbp = diameter of largest pier longitudinal reinforcing bar
701.4 Notations.
passing through a joint, millimeter.
Ab = cross-sectional area of anchor bolt, square E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal
millimeter. moments and forces.
Ae = effective area of masonry, mm2. Em = modulus of elasticity of masonry, MPa.
Ag = gross area of wall, mm2. e = eccentricity of Puf, millimeter.
Ajh = total area of special horizontal reinforcement emu = maximum usable compressive strain of masonry.
through wall frame joint, mm2. F = loads due to weight and pressure of fluids or related
Amv = net area of masonry section bounded by wall moments and forces.
thickness and length of section in direction of Fa = allowable average axial compressive stress in
shear force considered, mm2. columns for centroidally applied axial load only,
Ap = area of tension (pullout) cone of embedded MPa.
anchor bolt projected onto surface of masonry, mm2. Fb = allowable flexural compressive stress in members
As = effective cross-sectional area of reinforcement in subjected to bending load only, MPa.
column or flexural member, mm2. Fbr = allowable bearing stress in masonry, MPa.
Ase = effective area of reinforcement, square Fs = allowable stress in reinforcement, MPa.
millimeter Fsc = allowable compressive stress in column
Ash = total cross-sectional area of rectangular tie reinforcement, MPa.
reinforcement for confined core, square Ft = allowable flexural tensile stress in masonry, MPa.
millimeter. Fv = allowable shear stress in masonry, MPa.
Av = area of reinforcement required for shear fa = computed axial compressive stress due to design
reinforcement perpendicular to longitudinal axial load, MPa.
reinforcement, mm2. fb = computed flexural stress in extreme fiber due
A’s = effective cross-sectional area of compression to design bending loads only, MPa.
reinforcement in flexural member, square fmd = computed compressive stress due to dead load
millimeter. only, MPa.
a = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, fr = modulus of rupture, MPa.
millimeter. fs = computed stress in reinforcement due to design
Bsn = nominal shear strength of anchor bolt, loads, MPa.
kN. fv = computed shear stress due to design load, MPa.
Bt = allowable tensile force on anchor bolt, kN fy = tensile yield stress of reinforcement, MPa.
Btn = nominal tensile strength of anchor bolt, fyh = tensile yield stress of horizontal reinforcement, MPa.
kN. f’g = specified compressive strength of grout at age of 28
Bv = allowable shear force on anchor bolt, kN days, MPa.
b = effective width of rectangular member or width of f’m = specified compressive strength of masonry at age of
flange for T and I sections, millimeter 28 days, MPa.
bsu = factored shear force supported by anchor bolt, G = shear modulus of masonry, MPa.
kN. H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil
bt = computed tensile force on anchor bolt, kN. or related internal moments and forces.
btu = factored tensile force supported by anchor bolt, kN. h = height of wall between points of support, millimeter
bv = computed shear force on anchor bolt, hb = beam depth, millimeter.
kN. hc = cross-sectional dimension of grouted core measured
b’ = width of web in T or I section, millimeter. center to center of confining
Cd = nominal shear strength coefficient as obtained reinforcement, millimeter
from Table 708-2. hp = pier depth in plane of wall frame, millimeter.
c = distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber, h’ = effective height of wall or column, millimeter.
millimeter. I = moment of inertia about neutral axis of cross-
D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces. sectional area, mm4.
d = distance from compression face of flexural Ie = effective moment of inertia, mm4.
member to centroid of longitudinal tensile Ig, Icr = gross, cracked moment of inertia of wall cross
reinforcement, millimeter. section, mm4.
db = diameter of reinforcing bar, millimeter.

j = ratio or distance between centroid of flexural S = spacing of stirrups or of bent bars in direction
compressive forces and centroid of tensile forces of parallel to that of main reinforcement, millimeter.
depth, d. T = effects of temperature, creep, shrinkage and
K = reinforcement cover or clear spacing, whichever is differential settlement.
less, millimeter. t = effective thickness of wythe, wall or column,
k = ratio of depth of compressive stress in flexural millimeter.
member to depth, d. U = required strength to resist factored loads, or related
L = live loads, or related internal moments and forces. internal moments and forces.
Lw = length of wall, millimeter. u = bond stress per unit of surface area of reinforcing bar,
l = length of wall or segment, millimeter. MPa.
lb = embedment depth of anchor bolt, millimeter. V = total design shear force, kN.
lbe = anchor bolt edge distance, the least distance Vjh = total horizontal joint shear, kN.
measured from edge of masonry to surface of Vm = nominal shear strength of masonry, N
anchor bolt, millimeter. Vn = nominal shear strength, kN.
ld = required development length of reinforcement, Vs = nominal shear strength of shear reinforcement,
millimeter. kN.
M = design moment, kN-m. Vu = required shear strength in masonry, kN.
Ma = maximum moment in member at stage deflection is W = wind load, or related internal moments in forces.
computed, kN-m. wu = factored distributed lateral load.
Mc = moment capacity of compression reinforcement in s = horizontal deflection at mid height under factored
flexural member about centroid of tensile force, kN- load, millimeter.
m. u = deflection due to factored loads, millimeter.
Mcr = nominal cracking moment strength in masonry,  = ratio of area of flexural tensile reinforcement, A s, to
kN-m. area bd.
Mm = moment of compressive force in masonry about b = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain
centroid of tensile force in reinforcement, kN-m. conditions.
Mn = nominal moment strength, kN-m. n = ratio of distributed shear reinforcement on plane
Ms = moment of tensile force in reinforcement about perpendicular to plane of Amv.
centroid of compressive force in masonry, o = sum of perimeters of all longitudinal reinforcement,
kN-m. millimeter.
Mser = service moment at midheight of panel, including P f ’m = square root of specified strength of masonry at
effects, kN-m. the age of 28 days, MPa.
Mu = factored moment, kN-m. Φ = strength-reduction factor.
n = modular ratio.
= Es/Em
P = design axial load, kN. SECTION 702 - MATERIAL
Pa = allowable centroidal axial load for reinforced
masonry columns, kN. STANDARDS
Pb = nominal balanced design axial strength, kN.
Pf = load from tributary floor or roof area, kN. 702.1 Quality.
Pn = nominal axial strength in masonry, kN.
Po = nominal axial load strength in masonry without Materials used in masonry shall conform to the
flexure, kN. requirements stated herein. If no requirements are specified
Pu = factored axial load, kN. in this section for a material, quality shall be based on
Puf = factored load from tributary floor or roof loads, generally accepted good practice, subject to the approval of
kN. the building official.
Puw = factored weight of wall tributary to section under
consideration, kN. Reclaimed or previously used masonry units shall meet the
Pw = weight of wall tributary to section under applicable requirements as for new masonry units of the
consideration, kN. same material for their intended use.
r = radius of gyration (based on specified unit
dimensions or Tables 710-1, 710-2 and 710-3), 702.2 Standards of Quality.
millimeter. The standards listed below labeled a “UBC Standard” are
rb = ratio of area of reinforcing bars cut off to total area of also listed in Chapter 35, Part II of UBC, and are part of
reinforcing bars at the section. this code. The other standards listed below are recognized
S = section modulus, mm3. standards. See Sections 3503 and 3504 of UBC.

1. Aggregates. 6.2 ASTM C 73-85, Calcium Silicate Face Brick

1.1 ASTM C144, Aggregates for Masonry Mortar (Sand-lime Brick)
1.2 ASTM C404, Aggregates for Grout 6.3 ASTM C 216, C 62 or C 652, Unburned Clay
1.3 A1.3 STM___, Recycled Aggregates Masonry Units and Standard Methods of
Sampling and ASTM C 67, Testing Unburned
2. Cement. Clay Masonry Units
2.1 ASTM C91-93, Cement, Masonry. (Plastic 6.4 ACI-704, Cast Stone
cement conforming to the requirements of UBC 6.5 ASTM E 92b, Test Method for Compressive
Standard 25-1 may be used in lieu of masonry Strength of Masonry Prisms
cement when it also conforms to ASTM C 91-
93). 7. Connectors.
2.2 ASTM C 150, Portland Cement 7.1 Wall ties and anchors made from steel wire
2.3 ASTM C270, Mortar Cement shall conform to UBC Standard 21-10, Part II,
and other steel wall ties and anchors shall
3. Lime. conform to A36 in accordance with UBC
3.1 ASTM C 5-79, Quicklime for Structural Standard 22-1. Wall ties and anchors made
Purposes from copper, brass or other nonferrous metal
3.2 ASTM C 207-91, Hydrated Lime for Masonry shall have a minimum tensile yield strength of
Purposes. When Types N and NA hydrated 207 Mpa
lime are used in masonry mortar, they shall 7.2 All such items not fully embedded in mortar or
comply with the provisions of UBC Standard grout shall either be corrosion resistant or shall
ASTM C 270-95, Section 21.1506.7, excluding be coated after fabrication with copper, zinc or
the plasticity requirement. a metal having at least equivalent corrosion-
resistant properties.
4. Masonry Units of Clay or Shale.
4.1 ASTM C 34, Structural Clay Load-bearing Wall 8. Mortar.
Tile 8.1 ASTM C 270-95, Mortar for Unit Masonry and
4.2 ASTM C 56, Structural Clay Nonload-bearing Reinforced Masonry other than Gypsum
Tile 8.2 ASTM C 270, Field Tests Specimens for Mortar
4.3 ASTM C 62-87, Building Brick (solid units) 8.3 ASTM C 780, Standard Test Method for
4.4 ASTM C 126, Ceramic Glazed Structural Clay Flexural Bond Strength of Mortar Cement
Facing Tile, Facing Brick and Solid Masonry
Units. Load-bearing glazed brick shall conform
to the weathering and structural requirements of 9. Grout.
ASTM C 73-85, Section 21.106, Facing Brick 9.1 ASTM C 1019-84, Method of Sampling and
4.5 ASTM C 216-86, Facing Brick (solid units) Testing Grout
4.6 ASTM C 90-85, Hollow Brick 9.2 ASTM C 476-83, Grout for Masonry
4.7 ASTM C 67, Sampling and Testing Brick and
Structural Clay Tile 10. Reinforcement.
4.8 ASTM C 212, Structural Clay Facing Tile 10.1 ASTM A 82, Part I, Joint Reinforcement for
4.9 ASTM C 530, Structural Clay Non-Load Masonry
bearing Screen Tile. 10.2 ASTM A 615, A 616, A 617, A 706, A 767 and
A 775, Deformed and Plain Billet-steel Bars,
5. Masonry Units of Concrete. Rail-steel Deformed and Plain Bars, Axle-steel
5.1 ASTM C 55-85, Concrete Building Brick Deformed and Plain Bars, and Deformed Low-
5.2 ASTM C 90-85, Hollow and Solid Load- alloy Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
bearing Concrete Masonry Units 10.3 ASTM A 496, Part II, Cold-drawn Steel Wire
5.3 ASTM C 129-85, Non–load bearing Concrete for Concrete Reinforcement
Masonry Units
5.4 ASTM C 140, Sampling and Testing Concrete
Masonry Units
5.5 ASTM C 426, Standard Test Method for Drying
Shrinkage of Concrete Block
6. Masonry Units of Other Materials.

6.1 Calcium silicate.

SECTION 703 – MORTAR AND The specified compressive strength of grout, f’g, shall not
be less than 13.8 MPa
GROUT
703.4.2 Selecting Proportions.
703.1 General.
Water content shall be adjusted to provide proper
Mortar and grout shall comply with the provisions of this workability and to enable proper placement under existing
section. Special mortars, grouts or bonding systems may be field conditions, without segregation. Grout shall be
used, subject to satisfactory evidence of their capabilities specified by one of the following methods:
when approved by the building official.
1. Proportions of ingredients and any additives shall be
based on laboratory or field experience with the grout
703.2 Materials. ingredients and the masonry units to be used. The
Materials used as ingredients in mortar and grout shall grout shall be specified by the proportion of its
conform to the applicable requirements in Section 702. constituents in terms of parts by volume, or
Cementitious materials for grout shall be one or both of the 2. Minimum compressive strength which will produce the
following: lime and portland cement. Cementitious required prism strength, or
materials for mortar shall be one or more of the following:
lime, masonry cement, portland cement and mortar cement. 3. Proportions by grout type shall be used as given in
Cementitious materials or additives shall not contain epoxy Table 703-2.
resins and derivatives, phenols, asbestos fibers or fire clays.
Water used in mortar or grout shall be clean and free of
703.5 Additives and Admixtures.
deleterious amounts of acid, alkalies or organic material or
other harmful substances.
703.5.1 General.
703.3 Mortar. Additives and admixtures to mortar or grout shall not be
used unless approved by the building official.
703.3.1 General.
703.5.2 Air Entrainment.
Mortar shall consist of a mixture of cemetitious materials
and aggregate to which sufficient water and approved Air-entraining substances shall not be used in mortar or
additives, if any, have been added to achieve a workable, grout unless tests are conducted to determine compliance
plastic consistency. with the requirements of this code.
703.3.2 Selecting Proportions. 703.5.3 Colors.

Mortar with specified proportions of ingredients that differ Only pure mineral oxide, carbon black or synthetic colors
from the mortar proportions of Table 703-1 may be may be used. Carbon black shall be limited to a maximum
approved for use when it is demonstrated by laboratory or of 3 percent of the weight of the cement.
field experience that this mortar with the specified
proportions of ingredients, when combined with the
masonry units to be used in the structure, will achieve the SECTION 704 – CONSTRUCTION
specified compressive strength f’m. Water content shall be
adjusted to provide proper workability under existing field 704.1 General.
conditions. When the proportion of ingredients is not Masonry shall be constructed according to the provision of
specified, the proportions by mortar type shall be used as this section.
given in Table 703-1.
704.2 Materials: Handling, Storage and Preparation.

703.4 Grout.
All materials shall comply with applicable requirements of
Section 702. Storage, handling and preparation at the site
703.4.1 General. shall conform also the following:
Grout shall consist of a mixture of cementitious materials 1. Masonry materials shall be stored so that at the time of
and aggregate to which water has been added such that the use the materials are clean and structurally suitable for
mixture will flow without segregation of the constituents. the intended use.

2. All metal reinforcement shall be free from loose rust 704.3.2 Surfaces.
and other coatings that would inhibit reinforcing bond. Surfaces to be in contact with mortar or grout shall be clean
3. At the time of laying, burned clay units and sand lime and free of deleterious materials.
units shall have an initial rate of absorption not
exceeding 1.6 liter per square meter during a period of 704.3.3 Solid Masonry Units.
one minute. In the absorption test, the surface of the
Solid masonry units shall have full head and bed joints.
unit shall be held 3mm below the surface of the water.
4. Concrete masonry units shall not be wetted unless
otherwise approved. 704.3.4 Hollow-Masonry Units.
Except for mortarless system all head and bed joints shall
5. Materials shall be stored in a manner such that be filled solidly with mortar for a distance in from the face
deterioration or intrusion of foreign materials is of the unit not less than the thickness of the shell.
prevented and that the material will be capable of
meeting applicable requirements at the time of mixing Head and bedded joints of open-ends units with beveled
or placement. ends that are to be fully grouted need not be mortared. The
6. The method of measuring materials for mortar and beveled ends shall form a grout key which permits grout
grout shall be such that proportions of the materials can within 16mm of the face of the unit. The units shall be
be controlled. tightly butted to prevent leakage of grout.
7. Mortar or grout mixed at the job site shall be mixed for
a period of time not less than three minutes or more 704.4 Reinforcement Placing.
than 10 minutes in a mechanical mixer with the amount Reinforcement details shall conform to the requirements of
of water required to provide the desired workability. this chapter. Metal reinforcement shall be located in
Hand mixing of small amounts of mortar is permitted. accordance with the plans and specifications.
Mortar may be re-tempered. Mortar or grout which has Reinforcement shall be secured against displacement prior
hardened or stiffened due to hydration of the cement to grouting by wire positioners or other suitable devices at
shall not be used. In no case shall mortar be used two intervals not exceeding 200 bar diameters.
and one-half hours, nor grout used one and one half
hours, after the initial mixing water has been added to Tolerances for the placement of reinforcement in walls and
the dry ingredients at the jobsite. flexural elements shall be plus or minus 0.012 m for d equal
Exceptions: to 0.20 m or less,  0.025 m for d equal to o.60m or less but
greater than 0.20m, and 0.020 m for d greater than0.60 m
Dry mixes for mortar and grout which are blended in the Tolerance for longitudinal location of reinforcement shall
factory and mixed at the job site shall be mixed in be  50 mm
mechanical mixers until workable, but not to exceed 10
minutes.
704.3 Placing Masonry Units.
704.3.1 Mortar.
The mortar, when used shall be sufficiently plastic and units
shall be placed with sufficient pressure to extrude mortar
from the joint and produce a tight joint. Deep furrowing
which produces voids shall not be used.
When mortar is used, the initial bed joint thickness shall not
be less than 6mm or more than 25 mm; subsequent bed
joints shall not be less than 6 mm or more than 16mm in
thickness.

704.5 Grouted Masonry. All cells and spaces containing reinforcement shall be filled
with grout.
704.5.1 General Conditions.
704.5.2 Construction Requirements.
Grouted masonry shall be constructed in such a manner that Reinforcement shall be placed prior to grouting. Bolts shall
all elements of the masonry act together as a structural be accurately set with templates or by approved equivalent
element. means and held in place to prevent dislocation during
grouting.
Prior to grouting, the grout space shall be clean so that all
spaces to be filled with grout do not contain mortar Segregation of the grout materials and damage to the
projections greater than 12 mm, mortar droppings or other masonry shall be avoided during the grouting process.
foreign material. Grout shall be placed so that all spaces
designated to be grouted shall be filled with grout and the Grout shall be consolidated by mechanical vibration during
grout shall be confined to those specific spaces. placement before loss of plasticity in a manner to fill the
grout space. Grout pours greater than 300 mm in height
Grout materials and water content shall be controlled to shall be reconsolidated by mechanical vibration to
provide adequate fluidity for placement without segregation minimize voids due to water loss. Grout pours 300 mm or
of the constituents, and shall be mixed thoroughly. less in height shall be mechanically vibrated or puddled.
The grouting of any section of wall shall be completed in In one-storey buildings having wood-frame exterior walls,
one day with no interruptions greater than one hour. foundations not over 600 mm high measured from the top
of the footing may be constructed of hollow-masonry units
Between grout pours, a horizontal construction joint shall laid in running bond without mortared head joints. Any
be formed by stopping all wythes at the same elevation and standard shape unit may be used, provided the masonry
with the grout stopping a minimum of 38 mm below a units permit horizontal flow of grout to adjacent units.
mortar joint, except the top of the wall. Where bond beams Grout shall be solidly poured to the full height in one lift
occur, the grout pour shall be stopped a minimum of 12 mm and shall be puddled or mechanically vibrated.
below the top of the masonry.
In nonstructural elements which do not exceed 2.40 m in
Size and height limitations of the grout space or cell shall height above the highest point of lateral support, including
not be less than shown in Table 704-1. Higher grout pours fireplaces and residential chimneys, mortar of pouring
or smaller cavity widths or cell size than shown in Table consistency may be substituted for grout when the masonry
704-1 may be used when approved, if it is demonstrated is constructed and grouted in pours of 300 mm or less in
that grout spaces will be properly filled. height.
Cleanouts shall be provided for all grout pours over 1.524 In multiwythe grouted masonry, vertical barriers of
m in height. masonry shall be built across the grout space the entire
height of the grout pour and spaced not more than 9.00 m
Where required, cleanouts shall be provided in the bottom horizontally. The grouting of any section of wall between
course at every vertical bar but shall not be spaced more barriers shall be completed in one day with no interruption
than 0.80 m on center for solidly grouted masonry. When longer than one hour.
cleanouts are required, they shall be sealed after inspection
and before grouting.
704.5.3 Aluminum Equipment.
Where cleanouts are not provided, special provisions must Grout shall not be handled nor pumped utilizing aluminum
be made to keep the bottom and sides of the grout spaces, equipment unless it can be demonstrated with the materials
as well as the minimum total clear area as required by Table and equipment to be used that there will be no deleterious
704-1, clean and clear prior to grouting. effect on the strength of the grout.
Units may be laid to the full height of the grout pour and
704.5.4 Joint Reinforcement.
grout shall be placed in a continuous pour in grout lifts not
exceeding 1.80 m. When approved, grout lifts may be Wire joint reinforcement used in the design as principal
greater than 1.80 m if it can be demonstrated the grout reinforcement in hollow-unit construction shall be
spaces can be properly filled. continuous between supports unless splices are made by
lapping:

1. Fifty-four wire diameters in a grouted cell, or The actual compressive strength of masonry f”m shall not
be less that 4.1 MPa or the minimum requirement of NSCP
2. Seventy-five wire diameters in the mortared bed joint,
volume 3, whichever is lower.
or
3. In alternate bed joints of running bond masonry a
705.3.2 Masonry Prism Testing.
distance not less than 50 diameters plus twice the
spacing of the bed joints, or The compressive strength of masonry determined in
accordance with ASTM E 447 for each set of prisms shall
4. As required by calculation and specific location in equal or exceed f’m. Compressive strength of prisms shall
areas of minimum stress, such as points of inflection. be based on tests at 28 days. Compressive strength at seven
days or three days may be used provided a relationship
Side wires shall be deformed and shall conform to ASTM A between seven-day and three-day and 28-day strength has
82 Joint Reinforcement for Masonry. been established for the project prior to the start of
construction. Verification by masonry prism testing shall
meet the following:
SECTION 705 – QUALITY 1. A set of five masonry prisms shall be built and tested in
ASSURANCE accordance with ASTM E 447 prior to the start of
construction. Materials used for the construction of the
prisms shall be taken from those specified to be used in
705.1 General. the project. Prisms shall be constructed under the
Quality assurance shall be provided to ensure that materials, observation of the engineer-of-record or special
construction and workmanship are in compliance with the inspector or an approved agency and tested by an
plans and specifications, and the applicable requirements of approved agency.
this chapter. When required, inspection records shall be
maintained and made available to the building official. 2. When full allowable stresses are used in design, a set of
three prisms shall be built and tested during
construction in accordance with ASTM E 447 for each
705.2 Scope. 465 m2 of wall area, but not less than one set of three
Quality assurance shall include, but is not limited to, masonry prisms for the project.
assurance that: 3. When one half the allowable masonry stresses are used
1. Masonry units, reinforcement, cement, lime, aggregate in design, testing during construction is not required. A
and all other materials meet the requirements of the letter of certification from the manufacturer and/or
applicable standards of quality and that they are supplier of the materials used to verify the f’m in
properly stored and prepared for use. accordance with Section 705.3.2, Item 1, shall be
provided at the time of, or prior to, delivery of the
2. Mortar and grout are properly mixed using specified materials to the job site to ensure the materials used in
proportions of ingredients. The method of measuring construction are representative of the materials used to
materials for mortar and grout shall be such that construct the prisms prior to construction.
proportions of materials are controlled.
3. Construction details, procedures and workmanship are 705.3.3 Masonry Prism Test Record.
in accordance with the plans and specifications.
Compressive strength verification by masonry prism test
4. Placement, splices and reinforcement sizes are in records shall meet the following:
accordance with the provisions of this chapter and the
plans and specifications. 1. A masonry prism test record approved by the building
official of at least 30 masonry prisms which were built
and tested in accordance with ASTM E 447. Prisms
705.3 Compliance with f’m. shall have been constructed under the observation of an
engineer or special inspector or an approved agency
and shall have been tested by an approved agency.
705.3.1 General.
Compliance with the requirements for the specified 2. Masonry prisms shall be representative of the
compressive strength of masonry f’m shall be in accordance corresponding construction.
with one of the sections in this subsection. 3. The average compressive strength of the test record
shall equal or exceed 1.33 f’m.

4. When full allowable stresses are used in design, a set of

three masonry prisms shall be built during construction
in accordance with ASTM E 447 for each 460 m2 of
wall area, but not less than one set of three prisms for
the project.
5. When one half the allowable masonry stresses are used
in design, field testing during construction is not
required. A letter of certification from the supplier of
the materials to the job site shall be provided at the
time of, or prior to, delivery of the materials to assure
the materials used in construction are representative of
the materials used to develop the prism test record in
accordance with Section 705.3.3, Item 1.
705.3.4 Unit Strength Method.

Verification by the unit strength method shall meet the
following:
1. When full allowable stresses are used in design, units
shall be tested prior to construction and test units
during construction for each 465 m2 of wall area for
compressive strength to show compliance with the
compressive strength required in Table 705-1; and
Exception:
Prior to the start of construction, prism testing may be used
in lieu of testing the unit strength. During construction,
prism testing may also be used in lieu of testing the unit
strength and the grout as required by Section 705.3.4,
Item 4.
in design, testing is not required for the units. A letter
of certification from the manufacturer of the units shall
be provided at the time of, or prior to, delivery of the
units to the job site to assure the units comply with the
compressive strength required in Table 705-1; and
3. Mortar shall comply with the mortar type required in
Table 705-1; and.
4. When full stresses are used in design for concrete
masonry, grout shall be tested for each 460 m2 of wall
area, but not less than one test per project, to show
compliance with the compressive strength required in
Table 705-1, Footnote 4.
When one half the allowable stresses are used in design for
concrete masonry, testing is not required for the grout. A
letter of certification from the supplier of the grout shall be
provided at the time of, or prior to, delivery of the grout to
the job site to assure the grout complies with compressive
strength required in Table 705-1, Footnote 4; or

705.6 Recycled Aggregates.

5. When full allowable stresses are used in design for clay Recycled aggregates shall refer to those materials whose
masonry, grout proportions shall be verified by the mixtures are part of masonry blocks or concrete debris or
engineer-of-record or special inspector or an approved waste that have been crushed for re-used.
agency to conform withTable 703-2.
in design for clay masonry, a letter of certification from
the supplier of the grout shall be provided at the time
SECTION 706 – GENERAL DESIGN
of, or prior to, delivery of the grout to the job site to REQUIREMENTS
assure the grout conforms to the proportions of Table
703-2.
706.1 General.
705.3.5 Testing Prisms from Constructed Masonry.

706.1.1 Scope.
When approved by the building official, acceptance of
The design of masonry structures shall comply with the
masonry which does not meet the requirements of Section
working stress design provisions of Section 707, or the
705.3.2, 705.3.3 or 705.3.4 shall be permitted to be based
strength design provisions of Section 708 or the empirical
on tests of prisms cut from the masonry construction in
design provisions of Section 709, and with the provisions of
accordance with the following:
this section. Unless otherwise stated, all calculations shall
1. A set of three masonry prisms that are at least 28 days be made using or based on specified dimensions.
old shall be saw cut from the masonry for each 465 m 2
of the wall area that is in question but not less than one
706.1.2 Plans.
set of three masonry prisms for the project. The length,
width and height dimensions of the prisms shall Plans submitted for approval shall describe the required
comply with the requirements of ASTM E 447. design strengths of masonry materials and inspection
Transporting, preparation and testing of prisms shall be requirements for which all parts of the structure were
in accordance with ASTM E 447. designed, and any load test requirements.
2. The compressive strength of prisms shall be the value
calculated in accordance with UBC Standard 21-17, 706.1.3 Design Loads.
Section 21.1707.2, except that the net cross-sectional See Chapter 2 for design loads and load combinations.
area of the prism shall be based on the net mortar
bedded area.
706.1.4 Stack Bond.
3. Compliance with the requirement for the specified In bearing and nonbearing walls, except veneer walls, if
compressive strength of masonry, f’m, shall be less than 75 percent of the units in any transverse vertical
considered satisfied provided the modified compressive plane lap the ends of the units below a distance less than
strength equals or exceeds the specified f’m. Additional one half the height of the unit, or less than one fourth the
testing of specimens cut from locations in question length of the unit, the wall shall be considered laid in stack
shall be permitted. bond.
705.4 Mortar Testing. 706.1.5 Multiwythe Walls.

When required, mortar shall be tested in accordance with
ASTM C 270.
706.5.1 General.
All wythes of multiwythe walls shall be bonded by grout or
705.5 Grout Testing. tied together by corrosion-resistant wall ties or joint
When required, grout shall be tested in accordance with reinforcement conforming to the requirements of Section
ASTM C 476-83. 702, and as set forth in this section.
706.5.2 Wall Ties in Cavity Wall Construction.

Wall ties shall be of sufficient length to engage all wythes.
The portion of the wall ties within the wythe shall be

completely embedded in mortar or grout. The ends of the

wall ties shall be bent to 90-degree angles with an extension
not less than 51 mm long. Wall ties not completely
embedded in mortar or grout between wythes shall be a
single piece with each end engaged in each wythe.

706.1.6 Vertical Support.

There shall be at least one 10 mm diameter wall tie for each
0.40 m2 of wall area. For cavity walls in which the width of Structural members providing vertical support of masonry
the cavity is greater than 75 mm, but not more than 115 shall provide a bearing surface on which the initial bed joint
mm, at least one 10 mm diameter wall tie for each 0.25 m2 shall not be less than 6mm or more than 25mm in thickness
of wall area shall be provided. and shall be of noncombustible material, except where
masonry is a nonstructural decorative feature or wearing
Ties in alternate courses shall be staggered. The maximum surface.
vertical distance between ties shall not exceed 0.60 m and
the maximum horizontal distance between ties shall not 706.1.7 Lateral Support.
exceed 0.90 m.
Lateral support of masonry may be provided by cross walls,
columns, pilasters, counter forts or buttresses where
Additional ties spaced not more than 0.90 m apart shall be
spanning horizontally or by floors, beams, girts or roofs
provided around openings within a distance of 0.30 m from
where spanning vertically.
the edge of the opening.
The clear distance between lateral supports of a beam shall
Adjustable wall ties shall meet the following requirements:
not exceed 32 times the least width of the compression area.
1. One tie shall be provided for each 0.16 m2 of wall area.
Horizontal and vertical spacing shall not exceed 0.40
m. Maximum misalignment of bed joints from one 706.1.8 Protection of Ties and Joint Reinforcement.
wythe to the other shall be 32 mm. A minimum of 16mm mortar cover shall be provided
between ties or joint reinforcement and any exposed face.
2. Maximum clearance between the connecting parts of The thickness of grout or mortar between masonry units
the tie shall be 1.6 mm. When used, pintle ties shall and joint reinforcement shall not be less than 6mm, except
have at least two 4.8 mm diameter pintle legs. that 6mm or smaller diameter reinforcement or bolts may
3. Wall ties of different size and spacing that provide be placed in bed joints which are at least twice the thickness
equivalent strength between wythes may be used. of the reinforcement or bolts.
706.1.5.3 Wall Ties for Grouted Multiwythe 706.1.9 Pipes and Conduits Embedded in Masonry.
Construction. Pipes or conduit shall not be embedded in any masonry in a
Wythes of multiwythe walls shall be bonded together with manner that will reduce the capacity of the masonry to less
at least 4.8 mm diameter steel wall tie for each 0.20 m2 of than that necessary for required strength or required fire
area. Wall ties of different size and spacing that provide protection.
equivalent strength between wythes may be used.
Placement of pipes or conduits in unfilled cores of hollow-
unit masonry shall not be considered as embedment.
706.1.5.4 Joint Reinforcement.
Exceptions:
Prefabricated joint reinforcement for masonry wall shall
have at least one cross wire of at least No. 9 gage steel for 1. Rigid electric conduits may be embedded in structural
each 0.20 m2 of wall area. The vertical spacing of the joint masonry when their locations have been detailed on
reinforcement shall not exceed 400 mm. The longitudinal the approved plan.
wires shall be thoroughly embedded in the bed joint mortar. 2. Any pipe or conduit may pass vertically or horizontally
The joint reinforcement shall engage all wythes. through any masonry by means of a sleeve at least
large enough to pass any hub or coupling on the
Where the space between tied wythes is solidly filled with pipeline. Such sleeves shall not be placed closer than
grout or mortar, the allowable stresses and other provisions three diameters, center to center, nor shall they unduly
for masonry bonded walls shall apply. Where the space is impair the strength of construction.
not filled, tied walls shall conform to the allowable stress,
lateral support, thickness (excluding cavity), height and tie
requirements for cavity walls.

2. Vertical wall reinforcement of at least 130 mm 2 in

cross-sectional area shall be provided continuously
from support to support at each corner, at each side of
706.1.10 Load Test.
each opening, at the ends of walls and at maximum
When a load test is required, the member or portion of the spacing of 1.20 m apart horizontally throughout walls.
structure under consideration shall be subjected to a
superimposed load equal to twice the design live load plus 3. Horizontal wall reinforcement not less than 130 mm 2 in
one half of the dead load: 0.5DL + 2.0LL cross-sectional area shall be provided (1) at the bottom
and top of wall openings and shall extend not less than
This load shall be left in position for a period of 24 hours 0.60 m or less than 40 bar diameters past the opening,
before removal. If, during the test or upon removal of the (2) continuously at structurally connected roof and
load, the member or portion of the structure shows evidence floor levels and at the top of walls, (3) at the bottom of
of failure, such changes or modifications as are necessary to walls or in the top of foundations when doweled in
make the structure adequate for the rated capacity shall be walls, and (4) at maximum spacing of 3.0 m unless
made; or where approved, a lower rating shall be uniformly distributed joint reinforcement is provided.
established. Reinforcement at the top and bottom of openings when
continuous in walls may be used in determining the
A flexural member shall be considered to have passed the maximum spacing specified in Item 1 of this
test if the maximum deflection D at the end of the 24-hour paragraph.
period does not exceed the value of Formula (706-1) or 4. Where stack bond is used, the minimum horizontal
(706-2) and the beams and slabs show a recovery of at least reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0007bt. This ratio shall
75 percent of the observed deflection within 24 hours after be satisfied by uniformly distributed joint
removal of the load. reinforcement or by horizontal reinforcement spaced
not over 1.20 m and fully embedded in grout or mortar.
1
D (706-
200 5. The following materials shall not be used as part of the
1) vertical or lateral load-resisting system: Type O
mortar, masonry cement, plastic cement, non-load
12 bearing masonry units and glass block.
D
4,000t
(706-2) 706.1.12.3 Special Provisions for Seismic Zone 4.
All masonry structures built in Seismic Zone 4 shall be
706.1.11 Reuse of Masonry Units. designed and constructed in accordance with requirements
for Seismic Zone 2 and with the following additional
Masonry units may be reused when clean, whole and
requirements and limitations:
conforming to the other requirements of this section. All
structural properties of masonry of reclaimed units shall be
determined by approved test. 1. Column Reinforcement Ties.
In columns that are stressed by tensile or compressive axial
overturning forces from seismic loading, the spacing of
706.1.12 Special Provisions in Area of Seismic Risk. column ties shall not exceed 0.20 m for the full height of
such columns.
706.1.12.1 General.
In all other columns, ties shall be spaced a maximum of
Masonry structures constructed in the seismic zones shown 0.20 m in the tops and bottoms of the columns for a
in Figure 208-1 shall be designed in accordance with the distance of the greatest among (1) one sixth of the clear
design requirements of this chapter and the special column height, (2) 0.45 m, or (3) the maximum column
provisions for each seismic zone given in this section. cross-sectional dimension.
706.1.12.2 Special Provisions for Seismic Zone 2. Tie spacing for the remaining column height shall not
exceed the lesser of 16 bar diameters, 48 tie diameters, the
Masonry structures in Seismic Zone 2 shall comply with the
least column cross-sectional dimension, or 0.45 m.
following special provisions:
1. Columns shall be reinforced as specified in Sections Column ties shall terminate with a minimum 135-degree
706.3.6, 706.3.7 and 707.2.13. hook with extensions not less than six bar diameters or 0.10
m. Such extensions shall engage the longitudinal column

reinforcement and project into the interior of the column.

Hooks shall comply with Section 707.2.2.5, Item 3.

reinforcement. Reinforcement with splices conforming to

Section 707.2.2.6 shall be considered as continuous
Exceptions: reinforcement.
Where ties are placed in horizontal bed joints, hooks shall
consist of a 90-degree bend having an inside radius of not 2.4 Stack Bond.
less than four tie diameters plus an extension of 32 tie Where stack bond is used, the minimum horizontal
diameters. reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0015bt. Where open-end
units are used and grouted solid, the minimum horizontal
2. Shear Walls. reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0007bt.
2.1 Reinforcement. Reinforced hollow-unit stacked bond construction which is

The portion of the reinforcement required to resist shear part of the seismic-resisting system shall use open-end units
shall be uniformly distributed and shall be joint so that all head joints are made solid, shall use bond beam
reinforcement, deformed bars or a combination thereof. units to facilitate the flow of grout and shall be grouted
The spacing of reinforcement in each direction shall not solid.
exceed one half the length of the element, nor one half the
height of the element, nor 1.20 m. 3. Type N Mortar.
Type N mortar shall not be used as part of the vertical-or
Joint reinforcement used in exterior walls and considered in lateral-load-resisting system.
the determination of the shear strength of the member shall
be hot-dipped galvanized in accordance with ASTM A 385 4. Concrete Abutting Structural Masonry.
& A 641. Concrete abutting structural masonry, such as at starter
courses or at wall intersections not designed as true
Reinforcement required to resist in-plane shear shall be separation joints, shall be roughened to a full amplitude of
terminated with a standard hook as defined in Section 1.6 mm and shall be bonded to the masonry in accordance
707.2.2.5 or with an extension of proper embedment length with the requirements of this chapter as if it were masonry.
beyond the reinforcement at the end of the wall section. Unless keys or proper reinforcement is provided, vertical
The hook or extension may be turned up, down or joints as specified in Section 706.1.4 shall be considered to
horizontally. Provisions shall be made not to obstruct grout be stack bond and the reinforcement as required for stack
placement. Wall reinforcement terminating in columns or bond shall extend through the joint and be anchored into the
beams shall be fully anchored into these elements. concrete.
2.2 Bond. 706.2 Alternate Strength Design and Strength Design

Multi wythe grouted masonry shear walls shall be designed Requirements for Unreinforced and Reinforced
with consideration of the adhesion bond strength between Masonry.
the grout and masonry units. When bond strengths are not
known from previous tests, the bond strength shall be
determined by tests. 706.2.1 General.
In addition to the requirements of Section 706.1, the design
2.3 Wall Reinforcement. of masonry structures by the working stress design method
All walls shall be reinforced with both vertical and and strength design method shall comply with the
horizontal reinforcement. The sum of the areas of requirements of this section. Additionally, the design of
horizontal and vertical reinforcement shall be at least 0.002 reinforced masonry structures by these design methods
times the gross cross-sectional area of the wall, and the shall comply with the requirements of Section 706.3.
minimum area of reinforcement in either direction shall not
be less than 0.0007 times the gross cross-sectional area of
the wall. The minimum steel requirements for Seismic 706.2.2 Specified Compressive Strength of Masonry.
Zone 2 in Section 706.1.12.2, Items 2 and 3, may be The allowable stresses for the design of masonry shall be
included in the sum. The spacing of reinforcement shall not based on value of f’m selected for the construction.
exceed 1.20 m. The diameter of reinforcement shall not be
less than 9.5 mm except that joint reinforcement may be Verification of the value of f’m shall be based on compliance
considered as a part or all of the requirement for minimum with Section 705.3. Unless otherwise specified, f’m shall be
reinforcement. Reinforcement shall be continuous around based on 28-day tests. If other than a 28-day test age is
wall corners and through intersections. Only reinforcement used, the value of f’m shall be as indicated in design
which is continuous in the wall or element shall be drawings or specifications. Design drawings shall show the
considered in computing the minimum area of value of f’m for which each part of the structure is designed.

706.2.3 Effective Thickness.

706.2.5 Effective Area.
706.2.3.1 Single-Wythe Walls. The effective cross-sectional area shall be based on the
The effective thickness of single-wythe walls of either solid minimum bedded area of hollow units, or the gross area of
or hollow units is the specified thickness of the wall. solid units plus any grouted area. Where hollow units are
used with cells perpendicular to the direction of stress, the
effective area shall be the lesser of the minimum bedded
706.2.3.2 Multiwythe Walls.
area or the minimum cross-sectional area. Where bed joints
The effective thickness of multiwythe walls is the specified are raked, the effective area shall be correspondingly
thickness of the wall if the space between wythes is filled reduced. Effective areas for cavity walls shall be that of the
with mortar or grout. For walls with an open space between loaded wythes.
wythes, the effective thickness shall be determined as for
cavity walls.
706.2.6 Effective Width of Intersecting Walls.
Where a shear wall is anchored to an intersecting wall or
706.2.3.3 Cavity Walls.
walls, the width of the overhanging flange formed by the
Where both wythes of a cavity wall are axially loaded, each intersected wall on either side of the shear wall, which may
wythe shall be considered to act independently and the be assumed working with the shear wall for purposes of
effective thickness of each wythe is as defined in Section flexural stiffness calculations, shall not exceed six times the
706.2.3.1. Where only one wythe is axially loaded, the thickness of the intersected wall. Limits of the effective
effective thickness of the cavity wall is taken as the square flange may be waived if justified. Only the effective area
root of the sum of the squares of the specified thicknesses of the wall parallel to the shear forces may be assumed to
of the wythes. carry horizontal shear.
Where a cavity wall is composed of a single wythe and a

multiwythe, and both sides are axially loaded, each side of 706.2.7 Distribution of Concentrated Vertical Loads in
the cavity wall shall be considered to act independently and Walls.
the effective thickness of each side is as defined in Sections The length of wall laid up in running bond which may be
706.2.3.1 and 706.2.3.2. Where only one side is axially considered capable of working at the maximum allowable
loaded, the effective thickness of the cavity wall is the compressive stress to resist vertical concentrated loads shall
square root of the sum of the squares of the specified not exceed the center-to-center distance between such
thicknesses of the sides. loads, nor the width of bearing area plus four times the wall
thickness. Concentrated vertical loads shall not be assumed
to be distributed across continuous vertical mortar or
706.2.3.4 Columns. control joints unless elements designed to distribute the
The effective thickness for rectangular columns in the concentrated vertical loads are employed.
direction considered is the specified thickness. The
effective thickness for non-rectangular columns is the
thickness of the square column with the same moment of 706.2.8 Loads on Nonbearing Walls.
inertia about its axis as that about the axis considered in the Masonry walls used as interior partitions or as exterior
actual column. surfaces of a building which do not carry vertical loads
imposed by other elements of the building shall be designed
to carry their own weight plus any superimposed finish and
706.2.4 Effective Height. lateral forces. Bonding or anchorage of nonbearing walls
The effective height of columns and walls shall be taken as shall be adequate to support the walls and to transfer lateral
the clear height of members laterally supported at the top forces to the supporting elements.
and bottom in a direction normal to the member axis
considered. For members not supported at the top normal
to the axis considered, the effective height is twice the 706.2.9 Vertical Deflection.
height of the member above the support. Effective height Elements supporting masonry shall be designed so that their
less than clear height may be used if justified. vertical deflection will not exceed 1/600 of the clear span
under total loads. Lintels shall bear on supporting masonry
on each end such that allowable stresses in the supporting
masonry are not exceeded. A minimum bearing length of
0.10 m shall be provided for lintels bearing on masonry.

706.2.10 Structural Continuity. bolts shall have a plate welded to the shank to provide
Intersecting structural elements intended to act as a unit anchorage equivalent to headed anchor bolts.
shall be anchored together to resist the design forces.
The effective embedment depth lb for plate or headed
anchor bolts shall be the length of embedment measured
706.2.11 Walls Intersecting with Floors and perpendicular from the surface of the masonry to the
Roofs. bearing surface of the plate or head of the anchorage, and l b
Walls shall be anchored to all floors, roofs or other elements for bent bar anchors shall be the length of embedment
which provide lateral support for the wall. Where floors or measured perpendicular from the surface of the masonry to
roofs are designed to transmit horizontal forces to walls, the the bearing surface of the bent end minus one anchor bolt
anchorage to such walls shall be designed to resist the diameter. All bolts shall be grouted in place with at least
horizontal force. 25mm of grout between the bolt and the masonry, except
that 6 mm bolts may be placed in bed joints which area at
least 12 mm in thickness.
706.2.12 Modulus of Elasticity of Materials.
706.2.14.2 Minimum Edge Distance.

706.2.12.1 Modulus of Elasticity of Masonry.
The minimum anchor bolt edge distance lbe measured from
The moduli for masonry may be estimated as provided the edge of the masonry parallel with the anchor bolt to the
below. Actual values, where required, shall be established surface of the anchor bolt shall be 38 mm.
by test. The modulus of elasticity of masonry shall be
determined by the secant method in which the slope of the
line for the modulus of elasticity is taken from 0.05 f’m to a 706.2.14.3 Minimum Embedment Depth.
point on the curve at 0.33 f’m. These values are not to be The minimum embedment depth of anchor bolts l b shall be
reduced by one half as set forth in Section 707.1.2. four bolt diameters but not less than 50 mm.
Modulus of elasticity of clay or shale unit masonry.

706.2.14.4 Minimum Spacing between Bolts.
E m  750 f ' m , 20.5 GPa maximum The minimum center-to-center distance between anchor
(706-3) bolts shall be four bolt diameters.
Modulus of elasticity of concrete unit masonry.
706.2.15 Flexural Resistance of Cavity Walls.
E m  750 f ' m, 20.5 GPa maximum
For computing the flexural resistance of cavity walls, lateral
(706-4) loads perpendicular to the plane of the wall shall be
distributed to the wythes according to their respective
706.2.12.2 Modulus of Elasticity of Steel. flexural rigidities.
E s  200 GPa (706-5)

706.3 Alternative Strength Design (ASD) and Strength
Design Requirements for Reinforced Masonry.
706.2.13 Shear Modulus of Masonry.
G  0.4 E m 706.3.1 General.
(706-6) In addition to the requirements of Sections 706.1 and 706.2,
the design of reinforced masonry structures by the working
stress design method or the strength design method shall
706.2.14 Placement of Embedded Anchor Bolts. comply with the requirements of this section.
706.2.14.1 General. 706.3.2 Plain Bars.

Placement requirements for plate anchor bolts, headed The use of plain bars larger than 6 mm in diameter is not
anchor bolts and bent bar anchor bolts shall be determined permitted.
in accordance with this subsection. Bent bar anchor bolts
shall have a hook with a 90-degree bend with an inside
diameter of three bolt diameters, plus an extension of one 706.3.3 Spacing of Longitudinal Reinforcement.
and one half bolt diameters at the free end. Plate anchor The clear distance between parallel bars, except in columns,
shall not be less than the nominal diameter of the bars or 25

mm, except that bars in a splice may be in contact. This continuous end of continuous beams shall extend along the
clear distance requirement applies to the clear distance same face of the beam into the support at least 0.15 m.
between a contact splice and adjacent splices or bars.
The clear distance between the surface of a bar and any

surface of a masonry unit shall not be less than 6 mm for
fine grout and 12. mm for coarse grout. Cross webs of
hollow units may be used as support for horizontal
reinforcement.
706.3.4 Anchorage of Flexural Reinforcement.

The tension or compression in any bar at any section shall
be developed on each side of that section by the required
development length. The development length of the bar
may be achieved by a combination of an embedment length,
anchorage or, for tension only, hooks.
Except at supports or at the free end of cantilevers, every

reinforcing bar shall be extended beyond the point at which
it is no longer needed to resist tensile stress for a distance
equal to 12 bar diameters or the depth of the beam,
whichever is greater. No flexural bar shall be terminated in
a tensile zone unless at least one of the following conditions
is satisfied:
1. The shear is not over one half that permitted, including
allowance for shear reinforcement where provided.
2. Additional shear reinforcement in excess of that
required is provided each way from the cutoff a
distance equal to the depth of the beam. The shear
reinforcement spacing shall not exceed d/8rb.
3. The continuing bars provide double the area required
for flexure at that point or double the perimeter
required for reinforcing bond.
At least one third of the total reinforcement provided for

negative moment at the support shall be extended beyond
the extreme position of the point of inflection a distance
sufficient to develop one half the allowable stress in the bar,
not less than 1/16 of the clear span, or the depth d of the
member, whichever is greater.
Tensile reinforcement for negative moment in any span of a

continuous restrained or cantilever beam, or in any member
of a rigid frame, shall be adequately anchored by
reinforcement bond, hooks or mechanical anchors in or
through the supporting member.
At least one third of the required positive moment

reinforcement in simple beams or at the freely supported
end of continuous beams shall extend along the same face
of the beam into the support at least 0.15 m. At least one
fourth of the required positive moment reinforcement at the

Compression reinforcement in flexural members shall be diameters, 48 tie diameters or the least dimension of the
anchored by ties or stirrups not less than 6.0mm in column but not more than 0.45 m.
diameter, spaced not farther apart than 16 bar diameters or
48 tie diameters, whichever is less. Such ties or stirrups Ties shall be at least 6.0 mm in diameter for 20 mm or
shall be used throughout the distance where compression smaller longitudinal bars and at least 10 mm for
reinforcement is required. longitudinal bars larger than 20 mm. Ties smaller than 10
mm may be used for longitudinal bars larger than 20 mm,
provided the total cross-sectional area of such smaller ties
706.3.5 Anchorage of Shear Reinforcement.
crossing a longitudinal plane is equal to that of the larger
Single, separate bars used as shear reinforcement shall be ties at their required spacing.
anchored at each end by one of the following methods:
1. Hooking tightly around the longitudinal reinforcement 706.3.7 Column Anchor Bolt Ties.
through 180 degrees.
Additional ties shall be provided around anchor bolts
2. Embedment above or below the mid-depth of the beam which are set in the top of columns. Such ties shall engage
on the compression side a distance sufficient to develop at least four bolts or, alternately, at least four vertical
the stress in the bar for plain or deformed bars. column bars or a combination of bolts and bars totaling at
least four. Such ties shall be located within the top 0.125 m
3. By a standard hook, as defined in Section 707.2.2.5,
of the column and shall provide a total of 260 mm 2 or more
considered as developing 52 MPa, plus embedment
in cross-sectional area. The uppermost tie shall be within .
sufficient to develop the remainder of the stress to
050m of the top of the column.
which the bar is subjected. The effective embedded
length shall not be assumed to exceed the distance
between the mid-depth of the beam and the tangent of 706.3.8 Effective Width B of Compression Area.
the hook. In computing flexural stresses in walls where reinforcement
occurs, the effective width assumed for running bond
The ends of bars forming a single U or multiple U stirrup masonry shall not exceed six times the nominal wall
shall be anchored by one of the methods set forth in Items 1 thickness or the center-to-center distance between
through 3 above or shall be bent through an angle of at least reinforcement. Where stack bond is used, the effective
90 degrees tightly around a longitudinal reinforcing bar not width shall not exceed three times the nominal wall
less in diameter than the stirrup bar, and shall project thickness or the center-to-center distance between
beyond the bend at least 12 stirrup diameters. reinforcement or the length of one unit, unless solid grouted
open-end units are used.
The loops or closed ends of simple U or multiple U stirrups
shall be anchored by bending around the longitudinal
reinforcement through an angle of at least 90 degrees and SECTION 707 – ALTERNATIVE
project beyond the end of the bend at least 12 stirrup
diameters.
STRENGTH (ASD) DESIGN OF
MASONRY
706.3.6 Lateral Ties.
All longitudinal bars for columns shall be enclosed by 707.1 General.
lateral ties. Lateral support shall be provided to the
longitudinal bars by the corner of a complete tie having an 707.1.1 Scope.
included angle of not more than 135 degrees or by a
The design of masonry structures using working stress
standard hook at the end of a tie. The corner bars shall have
design shall comply with the provisions of Section 706 and
such support provided by a complete tie enclosing the
this section. Stresses in clay or concrete masonry under
longitudinal bars. Alternate longitudinal bars shall have
service loads shall not exceed the values given in this
such lateral support provided by ties and no bar shall be
section.
farther than 0.15 m from such laterally supported bar.
Lateral ties and longitudinal bars shall be placed not less 707.1.2 Allowable Masonry Stresses.
than 38 mm and not more than 0.125 m from the surface of When quality assurance provisions do not include
the column. Lateral ties may be placed against the requirements for special inspection as prescribed in Section
longitudinal bars or placed in the horizontal bed joints 701, the allowable stresses for masonry in Section 707 shall
where the requirements of Section 706.1.8 are met. be reduced by one half.
Spacing of ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar

When one half allowable masonry stresses are used in 707.1.5 Embedded Anchor Bolts.
Seismic Zone 4, the value of f’m from Table 705-1 shall be
limited to a maximum of 10 MPa for concrete masonry and
707.1.5.1 General.
18 MPa for clay masonry unless the value of f’m is verified
by tests in accordance with Section 705.3.4, Items 1 and 4 Allowable loads for plate anchor bolts, headed anchor bolts
or 6. A letter of certification is not required. and bent bar anchor bolts shall be determined in accordance
with this section.
When one half allowable masonry stresses are used for
design in Seismic Zones 4, the value of f’m shall be limited 707.1.5.2 Tension.
to 10 MPa for concrete masonry and 18 MPa for clay
masonry for Section 705.3.2, Item 3, and Section 705.3.3, Allowable loads in tension shall be the lesser value selected
Item 5, unless the value of f’m is verified during from Table 707-1 and 707-2 or shall be determined from the
construction by the testing requirements of Section 705.3.2, lesser of formula (707-1) or Formula (707-2).
Item 2. A letter of certification is not required. Bt  0.042 A p f 'm
(707-1)
707.1.3 Minimum Dimensions for Masonry Structures
Bt  0.2 Ab f y
Located in Seismic Zones 2 and 4.
Elements of masonry structures located in Seismic Zones 2 (707-2)
and 4 shall be in accordance with this section. The area Ap shall be the lesser of Formula (707-3) or
Formula (707-4) and where the projected areas of adjacent
707.1.3.1 Bearing Walls. anchor bolts everlap, Ap of each anchor bolt shall be
reduced by one half of the overlapping area.
The nominal thickness of reinforced masonry bearing walls
shall not be less than .015m except that nominal 0.10m Ap =  lb2 (707-3)
load-bearing reinforced hollow-clay unit masonry walls
Ap =  lbe2 (707-4)
may be used, provided net area unit strength exceeds 55
MPa, units are laid in running bond, bar sizes do not exceed
12.7 mm with no more than two bars or one splice in a cell, 707.1.5.3 Shear.
and joints are flush cut, concave or a protruding V section. Allowable loads in shear shall be the value selected from
Table 707-3 or shall be determined from the lesser of
707.1.3.2 Columns. Formula (707-5) or Formula (707-6).
The least nominal dimension of a reinforced masonry B y  1070 4 f ' m Ab (707-
column shall be 0.30 m except that, for ASD, if the
allowable stresses are reduced by one half, the minimum 5)
nominal dimension shall be 0.20 m. B y  0.12 Ab f y
(707-6)
707.1.4 Design Assumptions.
Where the anchor bolt edge distance lbe in the direction of
The working stress design procedure is based on working load is less than 12 bolt diameters, the value of Bv in
stresses and linear stress-strain distribution assumptions Formula (707-5) shall be reduced by linear interpolation to
with all stresses in the elastic range as follows: zero at an lbe distance of 38 mm. Where adjacent anchors
1. Plane sections before bending remain plane after are spaced closer than 8db, the allowable shear of the
bending. adjacent anchors determined by Formula (707-5) shall be
reduced by linear interpolation to 0.75 times the allowable
2. Stress is proportional to strain. shear value at a center-to-center spacing of four bolt
3. Masonry elements combine to form a homogenous diameters.
member.
707.1.5.4 Combined Shear and Tension.
Anchor bolts subjected to combined shear and tension shall
be designed in accordance with:

bt b 707.1.8.2 Determination of Moduli of Elasticity.

 v  1.0 (707- The modulus of elasticity of each type of masonry in
Bt Bv
composite construction shall be measured by tests if the
7) modular ratio of the respective types of masonry exceeds 2
to 1 as determined by Section 706.2.12.
707.1.6 Compression in Walls and Columns.
707.1.8.3 Structural Continuity.
707.1.6.1 Walls, Axial Loads.
Stresses due to compressive forces applied at the centroid 707.1.8.3.1 Bonding of Wythes.
of wall may be computed, assuming uniform distribution All wythes of composite masonry elements shall be tied
over the effective area, by together as specified in Section 706.1.5.2 as a minimum
f a  P Ae (707- requirement. Additional ties or the combination of grout
and metal ties shall be provided to transfer the calculated
8)
stress.
707.1.6.2 Columns, Axial Loads.

707.1.8.3.2 Material Properties.
Stresses due to compressive forces applied at the centroid
The effect of dimensional changes of the various materials
of columns may be computed by Formula (707-8) assuming
and different boundary conditions of various wythes shall
uniform distribution over the effective area.
be included in the design.
707.1.6.3 Columns, Bending or Combined Bending and

707.1.8.4 Design Procedure, Transformed Sections.
Axial Loads.
In the design of transformed sections, one material is
Stresses in columns due to combined bending and axial
chosen as the reference material, and the other materials are
loads shall satisfy the requirements of Section 707.2.7
transformed to an equivalent area of the reference material
where fa/Fa is replaced by P/Pa. Columns subjected to
by multiplying the areas of the other materials by the
bending shall meet all applicable requirements for flexural
respective ratios of the moduli of elasticity of the other
design.
materials to that of the reference material. Thickness of the
transformed area and its distance perpendicular to a given
707.1.7 Shear Walls, Design Loads. bending axis remain unchanged. Effective height or length
When calculating shear or diagonal tension stresses, shear of the element remains unchanged.
walls which resist seismic forces in Seismic Zone 4 shall be
designed to resist 1.5 times the forces required by Section 707.1.9 Reuse of Masonry Units.
208.5.
The allowable working stresses for reused masonry units
shall not exceed 50 percent of those permitted for new
707.1.8 Design, Composite Construction. masonry units of the same properties.
707.1.8.1 General. 707.2 Design of Reinforced Masonry.

The requirements of this section govern multiwythe
masonry in which at least one wythe has strength or 707.2.1 Scope.
composition characteristics different from the other wythe
The requirements of this section are in addition to the
or wythes and is adequately bonded to act as a single
requirements of Sections 706 and 707.1, and govern
structural element.
masonry in which reinforcement is used to resist forces.
The following assumptions shall apply to the design of
Walls with openings used to resist lateral loads whose pier
composite masonry:
and beam elements are within the dimensional limits of
1. Analysis shall be based on elastic transformed section Section 708.2.6.1.2 may be designed in accordance with
of the net area. Section 708.2.6. Walls used to resist lateral loads not
meeting the dimensional limits of Section 708.2.6.1.2 may
2. The maximum computed stress in any portion of be designed as walls in accordance with this section or
composite masonry shall not exceed the allowable Section 708.2.5.
stress for the material of that portion.

707.2.2 Reinforcement.
in Table 707-4
707.2.2.1 Maximum Reinforcement Size. 3. Inside diameter of bend for 16 mm or smaller stirrups
The maximum size of reinforcement shall be 32 mm. and ties shall not be less than four bar diameter.
Maximum reinforcement area in cells shall be 6 percent of Inside diameter of bend for 16mm or larger stirrups
the cell area without splices and 12 percent of the cell area and ties shall not be less than that set forth in Table
with splices. 707-4.
4. Hooks shall not be permitted in the tension portion of
707.2.2.2 Cover. any beam, except at the ends of simple or cantilever
beams or at the freely supported end of continuous or
All reinforcing bars, except joint reinforcement, shall be restrained beams.
completely embedded in mortar or grout and have a
minimum cover, including the masonry unit, of at least . 5. Hooks shall not be assumed to carry a load which
019m, .038m of cover when the masonry is exposed to would produce a tensile stress in the bar greater than
weather and .0.050m of cover when the masonry is exposed 52 MPa.
to soil.
6. Hooks shall not be considered effective in adding to
the compressive resistance of bars.
707.2.2.3 Development Length. 7. Any mechanical device capable of developing the
The required development length ld for deformed bars or strength of the bar without damage to the masonry
deformed wire shall be calculated by: may be used in lieu of a hook. Data must be
ld = 0.29 db fs for bars in tension (707-9) presented to show the adequacy of such devices.
ld = 0.22 db fs for bars in compression (707-10)

707.2.2.6 Splices.
Development length for smooth bars shall be twice the The amount of lap of lapped splices shall be sufficient to
length determined by Formula (707-9). transfer the allowable stress of the reinforcement as
specified in Sections 706.3.4, 707.2.2.3 and 707.2.12. In no
case shall the length of the lapped splice be less than 30 bar
707.2.2.4 Reinforcement Bond Stress.
diameters for compression or 40 bar diameters for tension.
Bond stress u in reinforcing bars shall not exceed the
following: Welded or mechanical connections shall develop 125
percent of the specified yield strength of the bar in tension.
Plain Bars 410 kPa
Deformed Bars 1370 kPa Exception:
Deformed Bars without For compression bars in columns that are not part of the
Special Inspection 690 kPa seismic-resisting system and are not subject to flexure, only
the compressive strength need be developed.
707.2.2.5 Hooks.
When adjacent splices in grouted masonry are separated by
1. The term “standard hook” shall mean one of the
76 mm or less, the required lap length shall be increased 30
following:
percent.
1.1 A 180-degree turn plus extension of at least 4
bar diameters, but not less than 63mm at free Exception:
end of bar. Where lap splices are staggered at least 24 bars diameters,
no increase in lap length is required.
1.2 A 90-degree turn plus extension of at least 12
bar diameters at free end of bar. See Section 707.2.12 for lap splice increases.
1.3 For stirrup and tie anchorage only, either a 90-
degree or a 135-degree turn, plus an extension of 707.2.3 Design Assumptions.
at least six bar diameters, but not less than 63 The following assumptions are in addition to those stated in
mm at the free end of the bar. Section 707.1.4:
2. Inside diameter of bend of the bars, other than for 1. Masonry carries no tensile stress.
stirrups and ties, shall not be less than that set forth 2. Reinforcement is completely surrounded by and
bonded to masonry material so that they work together

as a homogenous material within the range of 707.2.8 Allowable Shear Stress in Flexural Members.
allowable working stresses. Where no shear reinforcement is provided, the allowable
shear stress Fv in flexural members is:
707.2.4 Nonrectangular Flexural Elements. Fv  0.083 f ' m , 345 kPa maximum (707-
Flexural elements of nonrectangular cross section shall be
17)
designed in accordance with the assumptions given in
Sections 707.1.4 and 707.2.3. Exception:
For a distance of 1/16 the clear span beyond the point of
707.2.5 Allowable Axial Compressive Stress and Force. inflection, the maximum stress shall be 140 kPa.
For members other than reinforced masonry columns, the
allowable axial compressive stress Fa shall be determined as Where shear reinforcement designed to take entire shear
follows: force is provided, the allowable shear stress, Fv in flexural
members is:
2
 h'  Fv  0.25 f 'm
Fa  0.25 f ' m [1    ] , 1.0 MPa maximum (707-
 140r  18)
(707-11)
for h’/ r  99 707.2.9 Allowable Shear Stress in Shear Walls.
2
 70r  Where inplane flexural reinforcement is provided and
Fa  0.25 f ' m  
 h'  masonry is used to resist all shear, the allowable shear stress
(707-12) Fv in shear wall is:
for h’/r > 99 M M
Fv  1 36 (1  ) f ' m (80  45 )
Vd Vd
For reinforced masonry columns, the allowable axial
maximum
compressive force Pa shall be determined as follows:
2 (707-19)
 h' 
Pa  [0.25 f ' m Ae  0.65 As Fsc ][1  ]
 140r  For M Vd  1, Fv  1 12 f ' m ,240 kPa maximum
(707-13) (707-20)
for h’/r  99
Where shear reinforcement designed to take all the shear is
70r provided, the allowable shear stress Fv, in shear walls is:
Pa  [0.25 f ' m Ae  0.65 As Fsc ][ ]
h'
(707-14) For M/Vd < 1,
for h’/r > 99 M M
Fv  1 24 ( 4  ) f ' m, (120  45 )
Vd Vd
707.2.6 Allowable Flexural Compressive Stress. maximum
The allowable flexural compressive stress Fb is : (707-21)
Fb  0.33 f ' m , 13.8 MPa maximum (707- M Vd  1, Fv  0.12 f ' m , 520 kPa
15) maximum
(707-22)
707.2.7 Combined Compressive Stresses, Unity
Formula.
707.2.10 Allowable Bearing Stress.
Elements subjected to combined axial and flexural stresses
shall be designed in accordance with accepted principles of When a member bears on the full area of a masonry
mechanics or in accordance with Formula (707-16): element, the allowable bearing stress Fbr is:
Fbr  0.26 f ' m
fa f
 b 1 (707- (707-23)
Fa Fb
16)

When a member bears on one third or less of a masonry shall be increased not less than 50 percent of the minimum
element, the allowable bearing stress Fbr is: required length. Other equivalent means of stress transfer
to accomplish the same 50 percent increase may be used.
Fbr  0.38 f ' m (707-
24)
707.2.13 Reinforcement for Columns.
User Note: Formula (707-24) applies only when the least Columns shall be provided with reinforcement as specified
dimension between the edges of the loaded and unloaded in this section.
areas is a minimum of one fourth of the parallel side
dimension of the loaded area. The allowable bearing stress
on a reasonably concentric area greater than one third but 707.2.13.1 Vertical Reinforcement.
less than the full area shall be interpolated between the The area of vertical reinforcement shall not be less than
values of Formulas (707-23) and (707-24). 0.005 Ae and not more than 0.04 Ae. At least four 9 mm
bars shall be provided. The minimum clear distance
707.2.11 Allowable Stresses in Reinforcement. between parallel bars in columns shall be two and one half
times the bar diameter.
The allowable stresses in reinforcement shall be as follows:
1. Tensile stress. 707.2.14 Compression in Walls and Columns.

1.1 Deformed bars,
Fs = 0.5 fy , 165 MPa maximum (707-25) 707.2.14.1 General.
1.2 Wire reinforcement, Stresses due to compressive forces in walls and columns
shall be calculated in accordance with Section 707.2.5.
Fs  0.5 f y
, 207 MPa maximum
(707-26) 707.2.14.2 Walls, Bending or Combined Bending and
Axial Loads.
1.3 Ties, anchors and smooth bars, Stresses in walls due to combined bending and axial loads
Fs  0.4 f y shall satisfy the requirements of Section 707.2.7 where fa is
, 138 MPa maximum (707- given by Formula (707-8). Walls subjected to bending with
27) or without axial loads shall meet all applicable requirements
for flexural design. The design of walls with an h’/t ratio
larger than 30 shall be based on forces and moments
2. Compressive stress.
determined from an analysis of the structure. Such analysis
2.1 Deformed bars in columns,
shall consider the influence of axial loads and variable
Fsc  0.4 f y moment of inertia on member stiffness and fixed-end
, 165 MPa maximum moments, effect of deflections on moments and forces and
(707-28) the effects of duration of loads.
2.2 Deformed bars in flexural members,
707.2.15 Flexural Design, Rectangular Flexural
Fs  0.5 f y Elements.
,165 MPa maximum (707-29)
Rectangular elements shall be designed in accordance with
2.3 Deformed bars in shear walls which are confined by the following formulas or other methods based on the
lateral ties throughout the distance where assumptions given in Sections 707.1.4, 707.2.3 and this
compression reinforcement is required and where section.
such lateral ties are not less than 6 mm in diameter 1. Compressive stress in the masonry:
and spaced not farther apart than 16 bar diameters or
48 tie diameters, M 2
fb  ( ) (707-
Fsc  0.4 f y bd 2 jk
, 165 MPa maximum (707- 31)
30)
2. Tensile stress in the longitudinal reinforcement:
707.2.12 Lap Splice Increases. M
fs  (707-
In regions of moment where the design tensile stresses in As jd
the reinforcement are greater than 80 percent of the 32)
allowable steel tensile stress Fs, the lap length of splices

3. Design coefficients: 707.3 Design of Unreinforced Masonry.
k  ( np ) 2  2np  np (707-
707.3.1 General.
33)
The requirements of this section govern masonry in which
or reinforcement is not used to resist design forces and are in
1 addition to the requirements of Sections 706 and
k
fs (707-
1
nf b 707.3.2 Allowable Axial Compressive Stress.
34) The allowable axial compressive stress Fa is:
k h'
j  1 (707- Fa  0.25 f ' m [1  ( )]2 for h’/r  99
3 140r
35) (707-39)
70 r
Fa  0.25 f ' m [1  ( )]2 for h’/r > 99
707.2.16 Bond of Flexural Reinforcement. 140r
In flexural members in which tensile reinforcement is (707-40)
parallel to the compressive face, the bond stress shall be
computed by the formula:
707.3.3 Allowable Flexural Compressive Stress.
V
u (707- The allowable flexural compressive stress Fb is:
 o jd
36) Fb  0.33 f ' m ,13.8 MPa maximum
(707-41)
707.2.17 Shear in Flexural Members and Shear Walls.
The shear stress in flexural members and shear walls shall 707.3.4 Combined Compressive Stresses, Unity
be computed by: Formula.
Elements subjected to combined axial and flexural stresses
V
fv  (707- shall be designed in accordance with accepted principles of
bjd mechanics or in accordance with the Formula (707-42):
37)
fa f
 b 1 (707-
For members of T or I section, b’ shall be substituted for b. Fa Fb
Where fv as computed by Formula (707-37) exceeds the 42)
allowable shear stress in masonry, Fv, web reinforcement
shall be provided and designed to carry the total shear
707.3.5 Allowable Tensile Stress.
force. Both vertical and horizontal shear stresses shall be
considered. Resultant tensile stress due to combined bending and axial
load shall not exceed the allowable flexural tensile stress,
The area required for shear reinforcement placed Ft.
perpendicular to the longitudinal reinforcement shall be
computed by: The allowable tensile stress for walls in flexure without
tensile reinforcement using portland cement and hydrated
sV lime, or using mortar cement Type M or S mortar, shall not
Av  (707-38)
Fs d exceed the values in Table 707-5.
Where web reinforcement is required, it shall be so spaced
that every 45-degree line extending from a point at d/2 of Values in Table 707-5 for tension normal to head joints are
the beam to the longitudinal tension bars shall be crossed by for running bond; no tension is allowed across head joints
at least one line of web reinforcement. in stack bond masonry. These values shall not be used for
horizontal flexural members.
707.3.6 Allowable Shear Stress in Flexural Members.

The allowable shear stress Fv in flexural members is:

Fv  0.083 f ' m , 345 kPa maximum 707.3.11 Flexural Design.

(707-43) Stresses due to flexure shall not exceed the values given in
Sections 707.1.2, 707.3.3 and 707.3.5, where:
Exception: fb  M c I (707-
For a distance of 1/16th the clear span beyond the point of 47)
inflection, the maximum stress shall be 138 kPa.
707.3.12 Shear in Flexural Members and Shear Walls.
707.3.2 Allowable Shear Stress in Shear Walls. Shear calculations for flexural members and shear walls
The allowable shear stress Fv in shear walls is as follows: shall be based on Formula (707-48).
f v  M Ae (707-
Fv  0.025 f 'm
1. , 551 kPa maximum (707- 48)
44)
2. Concrete units with Type M or S mortar, Fv =234 kPa 707.3.12 Corbels.
maximum.
The slope of corbelling (angle measured from the horizontal
3. Concrete units with Type N mortar, Fv = 158 kPa to the face of the corbelled surface) or unreinforced
maximum. masonry shall not be less than 60 degrees.
4. The allowable shear stress in unreinforced
The maximum horizontal projection of corbelling from the
masonry may be increased by 0.2 fmd.
plane of the wall shall be such that allowable stresses are
not exceeded.
707.3.3 Allowable Bearing Stress.
When a member bears on the full area of a masonry 707.3.13 Stack Bond.
element, the allowable bearing stress Fbr shall be: Masonry units laid in stack bond shall have longitudinal
Fbr  0.26 f ' m reinforcement of at least 0.00027 times the vertical cross-
sectional area of the wall placed horizontally in the bed
(707-45) joints or in bond beams spaced vertically not more than
When a member bears on one-third or less of a masonry 1.20 m apart.
element, the allowable bearing stress Fbr shall be:
Fbr  0.38 f ' m
(707-46)
Formula (707-46) applies only when the least dimension
between the edges of the loaded and unloaded areas is a
minimum of one fourth of the parallel side dimension of the
loaded area. The allowable bearing stress on a reasonably
concentric area greater than one third but less than the full
area shall be interpolated between the values of Formulas
(707-45) and (707-46).
707.3.9 Combined Bending and Axial Loads,

Compressive Stresses.
Compressive stresses due to combined bending and axial
loads shall satisfy the requirements of Section 707.3.4.
707.3.10 Compression in Walls and Columns.

Stresses due to compressive forces in walls and columns
shall be calculated in accordance with Section 707.2.5.

SECTION 708 – STRENGTH DESIGN 708.1.4.2 Wall Design for Out-of-Plane Loads.
OF MASONRY
708.1.4.2.1 Walls with Factored Axial Load of 0.04 f’m or
less.
708.1General.
Flexure:  = 0.80.
708.1.1 General Provisions.

The design of hollow-unit clay and concrete masonry 708.1.4.2.2 Walls with Factored Axial Load Greater than
structures using strength design shall comply with the 0.04 f’m.
provisions of Section 706 and this section.
Axial load and axial load with flexure:  = 0.80. Shear:  =
Exception: 0.60.
Two-wythe solid-unit masonry may be used under Sections
708.2.1 and 708.2.4. 708.1.4.3 Wall Design for in-Plane Loads.
708.1.2 Quality Assurance Provisions. 708.1.4.3.1 Axial Load.

Special inspection during construction shall be provided as Axial load and axial load with flexure:  = 0.65.
set forth in Section 1701.5, Item 7 of UBC.
For walls with symmetrical reinforcement in which fy does
708.1.3 Required Strength. not exceed 413 MPa, the value of  may be increased
linearly to 0.85 as the value of  Pn decreases from 0.10 f’m
The required strength shall be determined in accordance
Ae or 0.25 Pb to zero.
with the factored load combinations of Section 203.3.
For solid grouted walls, the value of Pb may be calculated
708.1.4 Design Strength. by Formula (708-2)
Design strength is the nominal strength, multiplied by the Pb  0.85 f ' m bab
strength-reduction factor, , as specified in this section.
(708-2)
Masonry members shall be proportioned such that the
design strength exceeds the required strength. where:
ab  0.85d {emu /[emu  ( f y / E s )]}
708.1.4.1 Beams, Piers and Columns. (708-3)
708.1.4.1.1 Flexure. 708.1.4.3.1 Shear.

Flexure with or without axial load, the value of  shall be Shear:  = 0.60.
determined from Formula (708-1):
The value of  may be 0.80 for any shear wall when its
Pu nominal shear strength exceeds the shear corresponding to
  0.8 
Ae f ' m development of its nominal flexural strength for the
factored-load combination.
(708-1)
and 0.60    0.80
708.1.4.4 Moment-Resisting Wall Frames.
708.1.4.1.2 Shear. 708.1.4.4.4.1 Flexure With or Without Axial Load.

Shear:  = 0.60 The value of  shall be as determined from formula (708-
4); however, the value of  shall not be less than 0.65 nor
greater than 0.85.

Pu Bsn  2750 4 f ' m Ab (708-

  0.85  2( )
An f ' m 9)
(708-4) Bsn  25 Ab f y (708-10)
Where the anchor bolt edge distance, lbe, in the direction of
708.1.4.4.2 Shear.
load is less than 12 bolt diameters, the value of Btn in
Shear:  = 0.80. formula (808-9) shall be reduced by linear interpolation to
zero at an lbe distance of 38 mm. Where adjacent anchor
708.1.4.5 Anchor. bolts are spaced closer than 8db, the nominal shear strength
of the adjacent anchors determined by Formula (708-9)
Anchor bolts :  = 0.80. shall be reduced by linear interpolation to 0.75 times the
nominal shear strength at a center-to-center spacing of four
708.1.4.6 Reinforcement. bolt diameters.
Anchor bolts subjected to combined shear and tension shall

708.1.4.6.1 Development. be designed in accordance with Formula (708-11).
Development:  = 0.80.
btu b
 su  1.0 (708-
708.1.4.6.2 Splices. Btn Bsn
Splices:  = 0.80. 11)
708.1.5 Anchor Bolts. 708.1.5.2 Anchor Bolt Placement.

Anchor bolts shall be placed so as to meet the edge
708.1.5.1 Required Strength. distance, embedment depth and spacing requirements of
Sections 706.2.14.2, 706.2.14.3 and 706.2.14.4.
The required strength of embedded anchor bolts shall be
determined from factored loads as specified in Section
708.1.3. 708.2 Reinforced Masonry.
708.1.5.2 Nominal Anchor Bolt Strength. 708.2.1 General.

The nominal strength of anchor bolts times the strength-
reduction factor shall equal or exceed the required strength. 708.2.1.1 Scope.
The requirements of this section are in addition to the
The nominal tensile capacity of anchor bolts shall be
requirements of Sections 706 and 708.1 and govern
determined from the lesser of Formula (708-5) or (708-6).
masonry in which reinforcement is used to resist forces.
Btn  0.084 A p f 'm
(708-5) 708.2.1.2 Design Assumptions.
Btn  0.4 Ab f y (708-6) The following assumptions apply:
Masonry carries no tensile stress greater than the modulus
The area Ap shall be the lesser of Formula (708-7) or of rupture.
(708-8) and where the projected areas of adjacent anchor
bolts overlap, the value of Ap of each anchor bolt shall be Reinforcement is completely surrounded by and bonded to
reduced by one half of the overlapping area. masonry material so that they work together as a
homogeneous material.
Ap =  lb2 (708-7)
Ap =  lbe2 (708-8) Nominal strength of singly reinforced masonry wall cross
sections for combined flexure and axial load shall be based
The nominal shear capacity of anchor bolts shall be on applicable conditions of equilibrium and compatibility
determined from the lesser of Formula (708-9) or (708-10). of strains. Strain in reinforcement and masonry walls shall
be assumed to be directly proportional to the distance from
the neutral axis.

Maximum usable strain, emu, at the extreme masonry 708.2.2.3 Cover.

compression fiber shall: All reinforcing bars shall be completely embedded in
1. be 0.003 for the design of beams, piers, columns and mortar or grout and shall have a cover of not less than 38
walls. mm nor less than 2.5 db.
2. not exceed 0.003 for moment-resisting wall frames,

unless lateral reinforcement as defined in Section 708.2.2.4 Standard Hooks.
708.2.6.2.6 is utilized. A standard hook shall be one of the following:
1. A 180-degree turn plus an extension of at least four bar
Strain in reinforcement and masonry shall be assumed to be
diameters, but not less than 60 mm at the free end of
directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
the bar.
Stress in reinforcement below specified yield strength fy for 2. A 135-degree turn plus an extension of at least six bar
grade of reinforcement used shall be taken as Es times steel diameters at the free end of the bar.
strain. For strains greater than that corresponding to fy,
3. A 90-degree turn plus an extension of at least 12 bar
stress in reinforcement shall be considered independent of
diameters at the free end of the bar.
strain and equal to fy.
Tensile strength of masonry walls shall be neglected in 708.2.2.5 Minimum Bend Diameter for Reinforcing
flexural calculation of strength, except when computing Bars.
requirements for deflection. Diameter of bend measured on the inside of a bar other
than for stirrups and ties in sizes 10 mm through 16 mm
Relationship between masonry compressive stress and shall not be less than the values in Table 707-4
masonry strain may be assumed to be rectangular as defined
by the following: Inside diameter of bends for stirrups and ties shall not be
less than 4db for 16 mm bars and smaller. For bars larger
Masonry stress of 0.85 f’m shall be assumed uniformly than No. 5, diameter of bend shall be in accordance with
distributed over an equivalent compression zone bounded Table 707-4
by edges of the cross section and a straight line located
parallel to the neutral axis at a distance a = 0.85c from the
fiber of maximum compressive strain. Distance c from 708.2.2.6 Development.
fiber of maximum strain to the neutral axis shall be The calculated tension or compression reinforcement shall
measured in a direction perpendicular to that axis. be developed in accordance with the following provisions:
The embedment length of reinforcement shall be

708.2.2 Reinforcement Requirements and Details.
determined by Formula (708-12).
708.2.2.1 Maximum Reinforcement. Vn  Vm  V s (708-

The maximum size of reinforcement shall be 28 mm. The 16)
diameter of a bar shall not exceed one fourth the least where:
dimension of a cell. No more than two bars shall be placed Vm  0.083C d Ae f ' m ,63C d Aa
in a cell of a wall or a wall frame.
maximum
(708-17)
708.2.2.2 Placement. and
The placement of reinforcement shall comply with the Vs  Ae  n f y (708-
following: 18)
In columns and piers, the clear distance between vertical K shall not exceed 3db.
reinforcing bars shall not be less than one and one-half
times the nominal bar diameter, nor less than 38mm. The minimum embedment length of reinforcement shall be
305 mm.

708.2.2.7 Splices. 2. Compression forces shall be in equilibrium with the

Reinforcement splices shall comply with one of the sum of tension forces in the reinforcement and the
following: maximum axial load associated with a loading
combination 1.0D + 1.0L + (1.4E or 1.3W).
1. The minimum length of lap for bars shall be 305 mm or
the length determined by Formula (708-14). 3. The reinforcement shall be assumed to be uniformly
distributed over the depth of the element and the
l d  l de /  (708- balanced reinforcement ratio shall be calculated as the
14) area of this reinforcement divided by the net area of the
element.
Bars spliced by non-contact lap splices shall be spaced
transversely a distance not greater than one fifth the 4. All longitudinal reinforcement shall be included in
required length of lap or more than 0.20 m. calculating the balanced reinforcement ratio except that
the contribution of compression reinforcement to
2. A welded splice shall have the bars butted and welded resistance of compressive loads shall not be
to develop in tension 125 percent of the yield strength considered.
of the bar, fy.
3. Mechanical splices shall have the bars connected to 708.2.3.4 Required Strength.
develop in tension or compression, as required, at least
125 percent of the yield strength of the bar, fy. Except as required by Sections 708.2.3.6 through
708.2.3.12, the required strength shall be determined in
accordance with Section 708.1.3.
708.2.3 Design of Beams, Piers and Columns.
708.2.3.5 Design Strength.
708.2.3.1 General. Design strength provided by beam, pier or column cross
The requirements of this section are for the design of sections in terms of axial force, shear and moment shall be
masonry beams, piers and columns. computed as the nominal strength multiplied by the
applicable strength-reduction factor, , specified in Section
The value of f’m shall not be less than 10.3 MPa. For 708.1.4.
computational purposes, the value of f’m shall not exceed
27.6 MPa.
708.2.3.6 Nominal Strength.
708.2.3.2 Design Assumptions.

708.2.3.6.1 Nominal Axial and Flexural Strength.
Member design forces shall be based on an analysis which
considers the relative stiffness of structural members. The The nominal axial strength, Pn, and the nominal flexural
calculation of lateral stiffness shall include the contribution strength, Mn, of a cross section shall be determined in
of all beams, piers and columns. accordance with the design assumptions of
Section 708.2.1.2 and 708.2.3.2.
The effects of cracking on member stiffness shall be
considered. The maximum nominal axial compressive strength shall be
determined in accordance with Formula (708-15).
The drift ratio of piers and columns shall satisfy the limits Pn  0.80[0.85 f ' m ( Ae  As )  f y As ]
specified in Chapter 2.
(708-15)
708.2.3.3 Balanced Reinforcement Ratio for

708.2.3.6.2 Nominal Shear Strength.
Compression Limit State.
The nominal shear strength shall be
Calculation of the balanced reinforcement ratio, b, shall be
based on the following assumptions: Vn  Vm  V s (708-
1. The distribution of strain across the section shall be 16)
assumed to vary linearly from the maximum usable where:
strain, emu, at the extreme compression fiber of the
element, to a yield strain of fy/Es at the extreme tension Vm  0.083C d Ae f ' m ,63C d Ae maximum
fiber of the element.
(708-17)

and Where seismic loads are determined based on Rw not

Vs  Ae  n f y (708- greater than three and where all joints satisfy the
18) provisions of Section 708.2.6.2.9, the piers may be used to
provide seismic load resistance.
708.2.3.6.2 Nominal Shear Strength. The nominal shear
strength shall be: 708.2.3.7 Dimensional Limits.
1. The nominal shear strength shall not exceed the value Dimensions shall be in accordance with the following:
given in Table 708-1.
1. Beams.
2. The value of Vm shall be assumed to be zero within any
region subjected to net tension factored loads. 1.1 The nominal width of a beam shall not be less than
0.15 m.
3. The value of Vm shall be assumed to be 172 kPa where
Mu is greater than 0.7 Mn. The required moment, Mu, 1.2 The clear distance between locations of lateral
for seismic design for comparison with the 0.7 Mn bracing of the compression side of the beam shall not
value of this section shall be based on an Rw of 3. exceed 32 times the least width of the compression
area.
708.2.3.7 Reinforcement. 1.3 The nominal depth of a beam shall not be less than
0.20 m.
1. Where transverse reinforcement is required, the
maximum spacing shall not exceed one half the depth 2. Piers.
of the member nor 1219 mm.
2. Flexural reinforcement shall be uniformly distributed 2.1 The nominal width of a pier shall not be less than 153
throughout the depth of the element. mm and shall not exceed 0.40 m.
3. Flexural elements subjected to load reversals shall be 2.2 The distance between lateral supports of a pier shall
symmetrically reinforced. not exceed 30 times the nominal width of the piers
except as provided for in Section 708.2.3.9, Item 2.3.
4. The nominal moment strength at any section along a
member shall not be less than one fourth of the 2.3 When the distance between lateral supports of a pier
maximum moment strength. exceeds 30 times the nominal width of the pier, the
provisions of Section 708.2.4 shall be used for
5. The flexural reinforcement ratio, , shall not exceed design.
0.5 b.
2.4 The nominal length of a pier shall not be less than
6. Lap splices shall comply with the provisions of Section three times the nominal width of the pier. The
708.2.2.7. nominal length of a pier shall not be greater than six
7. Welded splices and mechanical splices which develop times the nominal width of the pier. The clear height
at least 125 percent of the specified yield strength of a of a pier shall not exceed five times the nominal
bar may be used for splicing the reinforcement. Not length of the pier.
more than two longitudinal bars shall be spliced at a Exception:
section. The distance between splices of adjacent bars
shall be at least 0.750m along the longitudinal axis. The length of a pier may be equal to the width of the pier
when the axial force at the location of maximum moment is
8. Specified yield strength of reinforcement shall not less than 0.04 f’m Ag.
exceed 413 MPa. The actual yield strength based on
mill tests shall not exceed 1.3 times the specified yield 3. Columns.
strength.
3.1 The nominal width of a column shall not be less than
0.30 m.
708.2.3.8 Seismic Design Provisions.
The lateral seismic load resistance in any line or story level 3.2 The distance between lateral supports of a column shall
shall be provided by shear walls or wall frames, or a not exceed 30 times the nominal width of the column.
combination of shear walls and wall frames. Shear walls 3.3 The nominal length of a column shall not be less than
and wall frames shall provide at least 80 percent of the 0.30 m and not greater than three times the nominal
lateral stiffness in any line or story level. width of the column.
Exception:

708.2.3.10 Beams. 2. The minimum longitudinal reinforcement ratio shall be

0.0007.
708.2.3.10.1 Scope.
Members designed primarily to resist flexure shall comply 708.2.3.11.3 Transverse Reinforcement.
with the requirements of this section. The factored axial Transverse reinforcement shall be provided where Vu
compressive force on a beam shall not exceed 0.05 Ae f’m. exceeds Vm. Required shear, Vu, shall include the effects of
drift. The value of Vu shall be based on M. When
transverse shear reinforcement is required, the following
708.2.3.10.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement.
provisions shall apply:
1. The variation in the longitudinal reinforcing bars shall
1. Shear reinforcement shall be hooked around the
not be greater than one bar size. Not more than two bar
extreme longitudinal bars with a 180-degree hook.
sizes shall be used in a beam.
Alternatively, at wall intersections, transverse
2. The nominal flexural strength of a beam shall not be reinforcement with a 90-degree standard hook around a
less than 1.3 times the nominal cracking moment vertical bar in the intersecting wall shall be permitted.
strength of the beam. The modulus of rupture, fr, for
2. The minimum transverse reinforcement ratio shall be
this calculation shall be assumed to be 1.6 MPa.
0.0015.
708.2.3.10.3 Transverse Reinforcement.

708.2.3.12 Columns.
Transverse reinforcement shall be provided where Vu
exceeds Vm. Required shear, Vu, shall include the effects of
the drift. The value of Vu shall be based on M. When 708.2.3.12.1 Scope.
transverse shear reinforcement is required, the following Columns shall comply with the requirements of this section.
provisions shall apply:
1. Shear reinforcement shall be a single bar with 180- 708.2.3.12.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement.
degree hook at each end. Longitudinal reinforcement shall be a minimum of four
2. Shear reinforcement shall be hooked around the bars, one in each corner of the column.
longitudinal reinforcement. 1. Maximum reinforcement area shall be 0.03 Ae.
3. The min. transverse shear reinforcement ratio shall be 2. Minimum reinforcement area shall be 0.005 Ae.
0.0007.
4. The first transverse bar shall not be more than one 708.2.3.12.3. Lateral Ties.
fourth of the beam depth from the end of the beam.
1. Lateral ties shall be provided in accordance with
Section 706.3.6.
708.2.3.10.4 Construction.
2. Minimum lateral reinforcement area shall be 0.0018 Ag.
Beams shall be solid grouted.
708.2.3.12.4 Construction.
708.2.3.10 Piers.
Columns shall be solid grouted.
708.2.3.11.1 Scope.
708.2.4 Wall Design for Out-of-Plane Loads.
Piers proportioned to resist flexure and shear in conjunction
with axial load shall comply with the requirements of this
section. The factored axial compression on the piers shall 708.2.4.1 General.
not exceed 0.3 Aef’m. The requirements of this section are for the design of walls
for out-of-plane loads.
708.2.3.11.2 Longitudinal Reinforcement.
A pier subjected to in-plane stress reversals shall be 708.2.4.2 Maximum Reinforcement.
longitudinally reinforced symmetrically on both sides of the
The reinforcement ratio shall not exceed 0.5 b.
neutral axis of the pier.
1. One bar shall be provided in the end cells.

708.2.4.3 Moment and Deflection Calculations. 708.2.4.5 Wall with Axial Load Greater than 0.04 f’m.
All moment and deflection calculations in Section 708.2.4 The procedures set forth in this section shall be used for the
are based on simple support conditions top and bottom. design of masonry walls when the vertical load stresses at
Other support and fixity conditions, moments and the location of maximum moment exceed 0.04 f’m but are
deflections shall be calculated using established principles less than 0.2 f’m and the slenderness ratio h’/t does not
of mechanics. exceed 30.
Design strength provided by the wall cross section in terms

708.2.4.4 Walls with Axial Load of 0.04 f’m or
of axial force, shear and moment shall be computed as the
less.
nominal strength multiplied by the applicable strength-
The procedures set forth in this section, which consider the reduction factor, , specified in Section 708.1.4. Walls shall
slenderness of walls by representing effects of axial forces be proportioned such that the design strength exceeds the
and deflection in calculation of moments, shall be used required strength.
when the vertical load stress at the location of maximum
moment does not exceed 0.04 f’m as computed by Formula The nominal shear strength shall be determined by Formula
(708-19). The value of f’m shall not exceed 41.3 MPa. (808-26).
Pw  Pf Vn  0.166 Amv
 0.04 f ' m f 'm (708-26)
Ag
(708-19)
708.2.4.6 Deflection Design.
Walls shall have a minimum thickness of 0.15 m. The mid-height deflection, s, under service lateral and
Required moment and axial force shall be determined at the vertical loads (without load factors) shall be limited by the
mid-height of the wall and shall be used for design. The relation:
factored moment, Mu, at the mid-height of the wall shall be s = 0.007 h (708-
determined by Formula (708-20). 27)
wu h 2 e
Mu   Puf  Pu  u P effects shall be included in deflection calculation. The
8 2 midheight deflection shall be computed with the following
(708-20) formula:
where: 5M s h 2
s  for M ser  M cr
u = deflection at mid-height of wall due to factored loads 48Em I g
(708-28)
Pu  Puw  Puf (708-
5M cr h 2 5( M ser  M cr )h 2
21) s  
48E m I g 48E m I cr
The design strength for out-of-plane wall loading shall be
determined by Formula (708-22). for Mcr < Mser< Mn (708-29)
M u  M n (708- The cracking moment strength of the wall shall be
22) determined from the formula:
where: M cr  Sf r (708-30)
M n  Ase f y ( d  a 2)
The modulus of rupture, fr, shall be as follows:
(708-23)
1. For fully grouted hollow-unit masonry,
Ase  ( As f y  Pu ) f y , effective area of steel
f r  0.33 f ' m ,1.6 MPa maximum (708-
(708-24)
31)
a  ( Pu  As f y ) / 0.85 f ' m b , depth of stress block
2. For partially grouted hollow-unit masonry,
due to
f r  0.21 f ' m , 861 kPa maximum (708-
factored loads (708-25)
32)
3. For two-wythe brick masonry,

f r  0.166 f ' m , 861 kPa maximum (708- 1. The nominal shear strength shall be determined using
either Item 2 or 3 below. Maximum nominal shear
33)
strength values are determined from Table 708-1.
2. The nominal shear strength of the shear wall shall be
708.2.5 Wall Design for In-Plane Loads.
determined from Formula (708-36), except as provided
in Item 3 below
708.2.5.1 General.
Vn  Vm  V s (708-
The requirements of this section are for the design of walls
36)
for in-plane loads.
where:
The value of f’m shall not be less than 10.3 MPa nor greater Vm  0.083C d Amv f 'm
than 27.6 MPa. (708-37)
and
Vs  Amv  n f y (708-
708.2.5.2 Reinforcement.
38)
Reinforcement shall be in accordance with the following:
3. For a shear wall whose nominal shear strength exceeds
1. Minimum reinforcement shall be provided in
the shear corresponding to development of its nominal
accordance with Section 706.1.12.4, Item 2.3, for all
flexural strength, two shear regions exist.
seismic areas using this method of analysis.
2. When the shear wall failure mode is in flexure, the For all cross sections within the region defined by the base
nominal flexural strength of the shear wall shall be at of the shear wall and a plane at a distance Lw above the base
least 1.8 times the cracking moment strength of a fully of the shear wall, the nominal shear strength shall be
grouted wall or 3.0 times the cracking moment strength determined from Formula (708-39).
of a partially grouted wall from Formula (708-30).
Vn  Amv  n f y (708-
3. The amount of vertical reinforcement shall not be less
39)
than one half the horizontal reinforcement.
The required shear strength for this region shall be
4. Spacing of horizontal reinforcement within the region
calculated at a distance Lw/2 above the base of the shear
defined in Section 708.2.5.5, Item 3, shall not exceed
wall, but not to exceed one half story height.
three times the nominal wall thickness nor 0.60 m.
For the other region, the nominal shear strength of the shear
708.2.5.3 Design Strength. wall shall be determined from Formula (708-36).
Design strength provided by the shear wall cross section in
terms of axial force, shear and moment shall be computed 708.2.5.6 Boundary members.
as the nominal strength multiplied by the applicable
Boundary members shall be as follows:
strength-reduction factor, , specified in Section 708.1.4.3.
1. Boundary members shall be provided at the boundaries
of shear walls when the compressive strains in the wall
708.2.5.4 Axial Strength. exceed 0.0015. The strain shall be determined using
The nominal axial strength of the shear wall supporting factored forces and Rw equal to 1.5.
axial loads only shall be calculated by Formula (708-34).
2. The minimum length of the boundary member shall be
Po  0.85 f ' m ( Ae  As )  f y As three times the thickness of the wall, but shall include
(708-34) all areas where the compressive strain per Section
2108.2.6.2.7 is greater than 0.0015.
Axial design strength provided by the shear wall cross
section shall satisfy Formula (708-35). 3. Lateral reinforcement shall be provided for the
boundary elements. The lateral reinforcement shall be
Pu  0.80Po a minimum of No. 3 bars at a maximum of 203mm
(708-35) spacing within the grouted core or equivalent
confinement which can develop an ultimate
compressive masonry strain of at least 0.006.
708.2.5.5 Shear Strength.
Shear strength shall be as follows:

708.2.6 Design of Moment-Resisting Wall Frames. 708.2.6.2 Design Procedure.
708.2.6.1 General Requirements. 708.2.6.2.1 Required Strength.

Except as required by the Sections 708.2.6.7 and
708.2.6.1.1 Scope. 708.2.6.2.8, the required strength shall be determined in
accordance with Section 708.1.3
The requirements of this section are for the design of fully
grouted moment-resisting wall frames constructed of
reinforced open-end hollow-unit concrete or hollow-unit 708.2.6.2.2 Design Strength.
clay masonry. Design strength provided by frame member cross sections
in terms of axial force, shear and moment shall be
708.2.6.1.2 Dimensional limits. computed as the nominal strength multiplied by the
applicable strength-reduction factor.  , specified in Section
Dimensions shall be in accordance with the following:
708.1.4.4
708.2.6.1.2.1 Beams. Members shall be proportioned such that the design

Clear span for the beam shall not be less than two times its strength exceeds the required strength.
depth.
708.2.6.2.3 Design Assumption for Nominal Strength.
The nominal depth of the beam shall not be less than two
The nominal strength of member cross sections shall be
units or 406mm, whichever is greater. The nominal beam
based on assumptions prescribed in Section 708.2.1.2.
depth to nominal beam width ratio shall not exceed 6.
The value of f’m shall not be less than 10.3 MPa or greater
The nominal width of the beam shall be the greater of
than 27.6 MPa.
203mm or 1/26 of the clear span between pier faces.
708.2.6.2.4 Reinforcement.
708.2.6.1.2.2 Piers.
The nominal moment strength at any section along a
The nominal depth of piers shall not exceed 2438mm.
member shall not be less than one fourth of the higher
Nominal depth shall not be less than two full units or 0.80
moment strength provided at the two ends of the member.
m, whichever is greater.
Lap splices shall be as defined in Section 708.2.2.7. The
The nominal width of piers shall not be less than the
center of the lap splice shall be the center of the member
nominal width of the beam, nor less than 0.20 m or 1/14 of
clear length.
the clear height between beam faces, whichever is greater.
Welded splices and mechanical connection conforming to
The clear height-to-depth ratio of pier shall not exceed 5.
Section 412.14.3. Item 1 through 4 of UBC, may be used
for splicing the reinforcement at any section provided not
708.2.6.1.2 Analysis. more than alternate longitudinal bars are spliced at section,
Member design forces shall be the based on an analysis and the distance between splices of alternate bars is at least
which considers the relative stiffness of pier and beam 610mm along the longitudinal axis.
member, including the stiffening influence of joints.
Reinforcement shall not have a specified yield strength
The calculation of beam moment capacity for the greater than 413 MPa. The actual yield strength based on
determination of pier design shall include any contribution mill tests shall not exceed the specified yield strength times
of floor slab reinforcement. 1.3.
The out-of-plane drift ratio of all piers shall satisfy the drift 708.2.6.2.5 Flexural Members (Beam).
ratio limits specified in Section 2-47.
Requirements of this section apply to beams proportioned
primarily to resist flexure as follows.
The axial compressive force on beams due to factored loads

shall not exceed 0.10 An f ' m.

1. Longitudinal Reinforcement. Maximum reinforcement ratio calculated over the gross

At any section of a beam, each masonry unit through the cross section shall be 0.15 f ' m f y .
beam depth shall contain longitudinal reinforcement.
Maximum bar diameter shall be one eight nominal width of
The variation in the longitudinal reinforcement area the pier.
between units at any section shall not be greater than 50
percent, except multiple diam. 12 bars shall not be greater 2. Transverse Reinforcement.
than 100 percent of the minimum area of longitudinal Transverse reinforcement shall be hooked around the
reinforcement contained by any one unit, except where extreme longitudinal bars with standard 180-degree hook as
splices occur. defined in Section 708.2.2.4.
Minimum reinforcement ratio calculated over the gross Within an end region extending one pier depth from the end
cross section shall be 0.002. of the beam, and at any region at which flexural yielding
may occur during seismic or wind loading, the maximum
Maximum reinforcement ratio calculated over the gross spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed one
cross section shall be 0.15 f ' m f y . fourth the nominal depth of the pier.
2. Transverse Reinforcement. The maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not

Transverse reinforcement shall be hooked around top and exceed one half the nominal depth of the pier.
bottom longitudinal bars with a standard 180-degree hook,
as defined in Section 708.2.2.4, and shall be single pieces. The minimum transverse reinforcement ratio shall be
0.0015.
Within an end region extending one beam depth from pier
faces and at any region at which beam flexural yielding 3. Lateral Reinforcement.
may occur during seismic or wind loading, maximum Lateral reinforcement shall be provided to confine the
spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not exceed one grouted core when compressive strains due to axial and
fourth the nominal depth of the beam. bending forces exceed 0.0015, corresponding to factored
forces with Rw equal to 1.5. The unconfined portion of the
The maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement shall not cross section with strain exceeding 0.0015 shall be
exceed one half the nominal depth of the beam. neglected in computing the nominal strength of the section.
Minimum reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0015 The total cross-sectional area of rectangular tie
reinforcement for the confined core shall not be less than:
The first transverse bar shall not be more than 0.10 m from
Ash  0.09 shc f ' m / f yh
the face of the pier.
(708-40)
708.2.6.2.6 Members Subjected to Axial Force and Alternatively, equivalent confinement which can develop an
Flexure. ultimate compressive strain of at least 0.006 may be
The requirements set forth in this subsection apply to piers substituted for rectangular tie reinforcement.
proportioned to resist flexure in conjunction with axial
loads. 708.2.6.2.4 Pier Design Forces.
1. Longitudinal Reinforcement. Pier nominal moment strength shall not be less than 1.6
A minimum of four longitudinal bars shall be provided at times the pier moment corresponding to the development of
all sections of every pier. the beam plastic hinges, except at the foundation level.
Flexural reinforcement shall be distributed across the Pier axial load based on the development of beam plastic
member depth. Variation in reinforcement area between hinges in accordance with the paragraph above and
reinforced cells shall not exceed 50 percent. including factored dead and live loads shall not exceed 0.15
An f’m.
Minimum reinforcement ratio calculated over the gross
cross section shall be 0.002 The drift ratio of piers shall satisfy the limits specified in
Chapter 2.

The effects of cracking on member stiffness shall be The nominal beam shear strength, Vn, shall be determined
considered. from Formula (708-45).
The base plastic hinge of the pier must form immediately Vn  0.33 Amv f 'm
adjacent to the level of lateral support provided at the base (708-45)
or foundation.
708.2.6.2.9 Joints.
708.2.6.2.8 Shear Design.
1. General Requirements.
1. General. Where reinforcing bars extend through a joint, the joint
Beam and pier nominal shear strength shall not be less than dimensions shall be proportioned such that
1.4 times the shears corresponding to the development of
the flexural yielding. The grout strength shall not exceed 34.4 MPa for the
purposes of Formula (708-46) and (708-47).
It shall be assumed in the calculation of member shear force
that moments of opposite sign act at the joint faces and that Joint shear forces shall be calculated on the assumption that
the member is loaded with the tributary gravity load along the stress in all flexural tension reinforcement of the beams
its span. at that pier faces is 1.4 fy.
2. Vertical Member Shear Strength. Strength of joint shall be governed by the appropriate
The nominal shear strength shall be determined from strength reduction factors specified in Section 708.1.4.4.
Formula (708-41).
Beam longitudinal reinforcement terminating in a pier shall
Vn  Vm  V s (708- be extended to the far face of the pier and anchored by a
41) standard 90 or 180 degree hook, as defined in Section
where: 708.2.2.4, bent back to the beam.
Vm  0.083C d Amv f 'm Pier longitudinal reinforcement terminating in a beam shall

be extended to the far face of the beam and anchored by a
(708-42) standard 90 or 180 degree hook, as defined in Section
and 708.2.2.4, bent back to the beam.
V s  Amv  n f y 2. Transverse Reinforcement.

(708-
43) hp > 57827 dbb / f’g (708-46)
The value of Vm shall be zero within an end region and
extending one pier depth from beam faces and at any region hp > 21685 dbb / f’g (708-47)
where pier flexural yielding may occur during seismic
loading, and at piers subjected to net tension factored loads. Special horizontal joint shear reinforcement crossing a
potential corner to corner diagonal joint shear crack, and
The nominal pier shear strength, Vn , shall not exceed the
anchored by standard hooks, as defined in Section
value determined from Table 708-1. 708.2.2.4, around the extreme pier reinforcing bars shall be
provided such that
3. Beam Shear Strength.
The nominal shear strength shall be determined from A jh  0.5V jh / f y
Formula (708-44). (708-48)
Vm  0.01Amv f 'm Vertical shear forces may be considered to be carried by a
(808-44) combination of masonry shear resisting mechanisms and
truss mechanism involving intermediate pier reinforcing
The value of Vm shall be zero within an end region bars.
extending one beam depth from pier faces and to any region
at which beam flexure yielding may occur during seismic 3. Shear Strength.
loading. The nominal horizontal shear strength of the joint shall not
exceed:

0.58 f 'm 709.2.2.2 Nominal Strength.

The resulting nominal strength is approximately 3.3 times
2.4 MPa, whichever is less. the allowable value obtained by using allowable stress
design methodology. The design strength is equal to the
nominal strength times the strength reduction factor, 4, to
SECTION 709 - SEISMIC DESIGN achieve a reliable design level value.
709.1 Scope Because of the modifications of allowable stress values to

strength design levels, some element strengths are
The requirements in this section have been devised to
calculated using steel stresses in excess of the specified
improve performance of masonry construction when
yield. This procedure is correct, and produces designs
subjected to earthquake loads. In the event that the general
which are intended to give similar levels of performance as
building code has no provisions or is inconsistent with the
using working stresses in combination with service-level
type of distribution upon which these provisions are based,
seismic loads.
ASCE will be the appropriate reference for the distribution
of seismic forces.
709.2 .3 Anchorage of Masonry Walls.
The special provisions are presented in a cumulative Masonry walls shall be anchored to the roof
format. Thus the provisions for Seismic Performance and floors that provide lateral support for the
Category E include provisions for Seismic Performance wall in accordance with Section 423.
Category D which include provisions for Seismic
Performance Category C, and so on.
709.3 Seismic Design Category A
The general requirements of this Code provide for adequate
709.2 General
performance of masonry construction in areas of low
By reference to Section 706, the designer is permitted to seismic risk.
use allowable stress design methods for reinforced masonry,
allowable stress design for unreinforced masonry or
empirical design. The alternate method in Section 10.2.2 709.4 Seismic Design Category B
permits a strength design methodology in which allowable Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category B shall
stress values are modified to approximate strength value conform to the requirements in Section 706 and to the
levels. The designer should note that the limitations of the additional requirements of this section.
Seismic Performance Categories may further limit the
available design options. For instance, empirical design
procedures are not permitted to be used for structures in 709.4.1 Masonry Walls not Part of the Lateral-Force-
Seismic Performance Categories D and E. Chapter 9 Resisting System.
Empirical Design of Masonry does not permit empirical Masonry partition walls, masonry screen walls
design for the lateral force-resisting system in Seismic and other masonry elements that are not
Performance Categories B and C. designed to resist vertical or lateral loads, other
than those induced by their own mass, shall be
If the general building code has adopted the seismic load isolated from the structure so that the vertical
provisions of ASCE 7 the “strength” design procedures of and lateral forces are not imparted to these
this section should be used. If the general building code has elements. Isolation joints and connectors
seismic load provisions specifically intended for working between these elements and the structure shall
stress design, the allowable stress design procedures of be designed to accommodate the design story
Section 5.1 should be used. drift.
709.2.2 Strength of Members and Connections. 709.4 Seismic Design Category C

The strength of members and connections is based on Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category
working stress procedures modified by a factor. The C shall conform to the requirements of Section
nominal capacity is approximated as the allowable stress 709.4 and the additional requirements of this
increased by 1/3 (for the load combinations that include section.
wind or earthquake in accordance with Section 5.3.2) and
further multiplied by a factor of 2.5.

709.4.1 Design of Discontinuous Members that are Part 709.6 Seismic Design Category E OR F
of the Lateral-Force-Resisting System.
Columns and pilasters that are part of the Design Category E or F.
lateral-force-resisting system and that support
Structures assigned to Seismic
reactions from discontinuous stiff members
Design Category E or F shall conform to the
such as walls shall be provided with transverse
requirements of Section 706.5.
reinforcement spaced at no more than one-
fourth of the least nominal dimension of the
column or pilaster. The minimum transverse SECTION 710 - EMPIRICAL DESIGN
reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0015. Beams
supporting reactions from discontinuous walls OF MASONRY
or frames shall be provided with transverse
reinforcement spaced at no more than one-half 710.1 Height.
of the nominal depth of the beam. The
minimum transverse reinforcement ratio shall Building relying on masonry walls for lateral load
be 0.0015. resistance shall not exceed 10.668 m in height.
709.5 Seismic Design Category D 710.2 Lateral Stability.

Structures assigned to Seismic Design Category Where the structure depends on masonry walls for lateral
D shall conform to the requirements of Section stability, shear walls shall be provided parallel to the
706.4 and the additional requirements of this direction of the lateral forces resisted.
section.
Minimum nominal thickness on masonry shear walls shall
be 203b mm.
709.5.1 Loads for Shear Walls Designed by the Working
Stress Design Method. In each direction in which shear walls are required for
When calculating in-plane shear or diagonal lateral stability, the minimum cumulative length of shear
tension stresses by the working stress design walls provided shall be 0.4 times the dimension of the
method, shear walls that resist seismic forces building. The cumulative length of shear walls shall not
shall be designed to resist 1.5 times the include openings.
seismic forces required by Chapter 4. The 1.5
multiplier need not be applied to the The maximum spacing of shear walls shall not exceed the
overturning moment. ratio listed in Table 710-1.
709.5.2 Shear Wall Shear Strength. 710.3 Compressive Stresses.

For a shear wall whose nominal shear strength
exceeds the shear corresponding to 710.3.1 General.
development of its nominal flexural strength, Compressive stresses in masonry due to vertical dead loads
two shear regions exist. For all cross sections plus live loads, excluding wind or seismic loads, shall be
within a region defined by the base of the shear determined in accordance with Section 710.4.3. Dead and
wall and a plane at a distance Lw above the live loads shall be in accordance with this code with
base of the shear wall, the nominal shear permitted live load reductions.
strength shall be determined by Equation 21-1.
Vn=An ρn fy
(709-49) 710.3.2 Allowable Stresses.
The compressive stresses in masonry shall not exceed the
The required shear strength for this region shall values set forth in Table 710-2. The allowable stresses
be calculated at a distance Lw /2 above the base given in Table 710-2 for the weakest combination of the
of the shear wall, but not to exceed one-half units and mortar used in any load wythe shall be used for all
story height. For the other region, the nominal loaded wythes of multiwythe walls.
shear strength of the shear wall shall be
determined from Section 708.

710.3.3 Stress Calculations. 710.5.3 Decrease in Thickness.

Stresses shall be calculated based on specified rather than Where walls of masonry of hollow units or masonry-
nominal dimensions. Calculated compressive stresses shall bonded hollow walls are decrease in thickness, a course or
be determined by dividing the design load by the gross courses of solid masonry shall be constructed between the
cross-sectional area of the member. The area of openings, walls below and the thinner wall above, or special units or
chases or recesses in walls shall not be included in the gross construction shall be used to transmit the loads from face
cross-sectional area of the wall. shells or wythes to the walls below.
710.3.4 Anchor Bolts. 710.5.4 Parapets.

Bolt values shall not exceed those set forth in Table 710-3. Parapet walls shall be at least 0.20m in thickness and their
height shall not exceed three times their thickness. The
parapet wall shall not be thinner than the wall below.
710.4 Lateral Support.
Masonry walls shall be laterally supported in either the
horizontal or vertical direction not exceeding the intervals 710.5.5 Foundation Walls.
set forth in Table 710-4. Mortar used in masonry foundation walls shall be either
Type M or S.
Lateral support shall be provided by cross walls, pilasters,
buttresses or structural framing members horizontally or by Where the height of unbalanced fill (height of finished
floors, roof or structural framing members vertically. grade above basement floor or inside grade) and the height
of the wall between lateral support does not exceed 2.40m,
Except for parapet walls, the ratio of height to nominal and when the equivalent fluid weight of unbalanced fill
thickness for cantilever walls shall not exceed 6 for solid does not exceed 480 kg/m2, the minimum thickness of
masonry or 4 for hollow masonry. foundation walls shall be as set forth in Table 710-5.
Maximum depths of unbalanced fill permitted in Table 710-
In computing the ratio for cavity walls, the value of 5 may be increased with the approval of the building
thickness shall be the sums of the nominal thickness of the official when local soil conditions warrant such an increase.
inner and outer wythes of the masonry. In walls composed
of different classes of units and mortars, the ratio of height Where the height of unbalanced fill, height between lateral
or length to thickness shall not exceed that allowed for the supports or equivalent fluid weight of unbalanced fill
weakest of the combinations of units and mortar of which exceeds that set forth above, foundation walls shall be
the member is composed. designed in accordance with Chapter 3.
710.5 Minimum Thickness. 710.6 Bond.
710.5.1 General. 710.6.1 General.

The nominal thickness of masonry bearing walls in The facing and backing of multiwythe masonry walls shall
buildings more than one story in height shall not be less be bonded in accordance with this section.
than 200 mm. Solid masonry walls in one-storey buildings
may be of 0.15m nominal thickness when not over 2.70m in
height, provided that when gable construction is used, an 710.6.2 Masonry Headers.
additional 1.80m is permitted to the peak of the gable. Where the facing and backing of solid masonry
construction are bonded by masonry headers, not less than 4
Exception: percent of the wall surface of each face shall be composed
The thickness of unreinforced grouted brick masonry walls of headers extending not less than 76 mm into the backing.
may be 50mm less than required by this section, but in no The distance between adjacent full-length headers shall not
case less than 150 mm. exceed 0.61m either vertically or horizontally. In walls in
which a single header does not extend through the wall,
headers from opposite sides shall overlap at least 75 mm, or
710.5.2 Variation in Thickness. headers from opposite sides shall be covered with another
Where a change in thickness due to minimum thickness header course overlapping the header below at least 75 mm.
occurs between floor levels, the greater thickness shall be
carried up to the higher floor level.

Where two or more hollow units are used to make up the 3. Walls shall be anchored by joint reinforcement spaced
thickness of the wall, the stretcher courses shall be bonded at a maximum distance of 0.20m vertically.
at vertical intervals not exceeding 0.864m by lapping at Longitudinal rods of such reinforcement shall be at
least 76 mm over the unit below, or by lapping at vertical least No. 9 gage and shall extend at least 0.75m in each
intervals not exceeding 432 mm with units which are at direction at the intersection.
least 50 percent greater in thickness than the units below.
4. Interior nonbearing walls may be anchored at their
intersection, at vertical spacing of not more than 0.40
710.6.3 Wall Ties. m with joint reinforcement or 6 mm mesh galvanized
Where the facing and backing of masonry walls are bonded hardware cloth.
with 4.8 mm diameter wall ties or metal ties of equivalent 5. Other metal ties, joint reinforcement or anchors may be
stiffness embedded in the horizontal mortar joints, there used, provided they are spaced to provide equivalent
shall be at least one metal tie for each 0.42 m 2 of wall area. area of anchorage to that required by this section.
Ties in alternate courses shall be staggered, the maximum
vertical distance between ties shall not exceed 0.60m, and
the maximum horizontal distance shall not exceed 0.90m. 710.7.2 Floor and Roof Anchorage.
Rods bent to rectangular shape shall be used with hollow- Floor and roof diaphragms providing lateral support to
masonry units laid with the cells vertical. In other walls, masonry walls shall be connected to the masonry walls by
the ends of ties shall be bent to 90-degree angles to provide one of the following methods:
hooks not less than 50 mm long. Additional ties shall be 1. Wood floor joists bearing on masonry walls shall be
provided at all openings, spaced not more than 0.914m anchored to the wall by approved metal strap anchors
apart around the perimeter and within 0.305m of the at intervals not exceeding 1.80m. Joists parallel to the
opening. wall shall be anchored with metal straps spaced not
more than 1.80m on center extending over and under
The facing and backing of masonry walls may be bonded and secured to at least three joists. Blocking shall be
with prefabricated joint reinforcement. There shall be at provided between joists at each strap anchor.
least one cross wire serving as a tie for each 0.25 m 2 of wall
area. The vertical spacing of the joint reinforcement shall 2. Steel floor joists shall be anchored to masonry walls
not exceed 406 mm. Cross wires of prefabricated joint with diam.10 bars, or their equivalent, spaced not more
reinforcement shall be at least No. 9 gage wire. The than 1.830m on center. Where joists are parallel to the
longitudinal wire shall be embedded in mortar. wall, anchors shall be located at joists cross bridging.
3. Roof structures shall be anchored to masonry walls
710.6.4 Longitudinal Bond. with 12 mm bolts at 1.80m on center or their
In each wythe of masonry, head joints in successive courses equivalent. Bolts shall extend and be embedded at
shall be offset at least one fourth of the unit length or the least 0.40m into the masonry, or be hooked or welded
walls shall be reinforced longitudinally as required in to not less than 130 mm2 of bond beam reinforcement
Section 706.1.12.3, Item 4. placed not less than 0.15m from the top of the wall.
710.7 Anchorage. 710.7.3 Walls Adjoining Structural Framing.

Where walls are dependent on the structural frame for
lateral support, they shall be anchored to the structural
710.7.1 Intersecting Walls. members with metal anchors or keyed to the structural
Masonry walls depending on one another for lateral members. Metal anchors shall consist of 12 mm bolts
support shall be anchored or bonded at locations where they spaced at a maximum of 1.20m on center and embedded at
meet or intersect by one of the following methods: least 0.10m into the masonry, or their equivalent area.
1. Fifty percent of the units at the intersection shall be
laid in an overlapping pattern, with alternating units 710.8 Unburned Clay Masonry.
having a bearing of not less than 76 mm on the unit
below.
710.8.1 General.
2. Walls shall be anchored by steel connectors having a Masonry of stabilized clay unburned units shall not be used
minimum section of 6 mm by 38 mm with ends bent up in any building more than one story in height. The
at least 50 mm, or with cross pins to form anchorage. unsupported height of every wall of unburned clay units
Such anchors shall be at least 600 mm long and the shall not be more than 10 times the thickness of such walls.
maximum spacing shall be 1.20m vertically. Bearing walls shall in no case be less than 400 mm in

thickness. All footing walls which support masonry of 711.3 Lateral Support.
unburned clay units shall extend to an elevation not less Glass panels shall be laterally supported along each end of
than 0.15m above the adjacent ground at all points. the panel.
710.8.2 Bolts. Lateral support shall be provided by panel anchors spaced

not more than 0.40m on center or by channels. The lateral
Bolt values shall not exceed those set forth in Table 710-6.
support shall be capable of resisting the horizontal design
forces determined in Chapter 2 or a minimum of 2900
710.9 Stone Masonry. Newtons per linear meter of wall, whichever is greater. The
connection shall accommodate movement requirements of
Section 710.6.
710.9.1 General.
Stone masonry is that form of construction made with
natural or cast stone in which the units are laid and set in 711.4 Reinforcement.
mortar with all joints filled. Glass block panels shall have joint reinforcement spaced
not more than 0.40m on center and located in the mortar
bed joint extending the entire length of the panel. A lapping
710.9.2 Construction. of longitudinal wires for a minimum of 150 mm is required
In ashlar masonry, bond stones uniformly distributed shall for joint reinforcement splices. Joint reinforcement shall
be provided to the extent of not less than 10 percent of the also be placed in the bed joint immediately below and
area of exposed facets. Rubble stone masonry 600 mm or above openings in the panel. Joint reinforcement shall
less in thickness shall have bond stones with a maximum conform to ASTM A 385 and A 641. Joint reinforcement in
spacing of 0.90m vertically and 0.90m horizontally and, if exterior panels shall be hot-dip galvanized in accordance
the masonry is of greater thickness than 600 mm, shall have with ASTM A 385 and A 641.
one bond stone for each 0.56 m2 of wall surface on both
sides.
711.5 Size of Panels.
Glass block panels for exterior walls shall not exceed
710.9.3 Minimum Thickness.
13.4m2 of unsupported wall surface or 4.50 m in any
The thickness of stone masonry bearing walls shall not be dimension. For interior walls, glass block panels shall not
less than 400 mm. exceed 23.2 m2 of unsupported area or 7.60 m in any
dimension.
SECTION 711 - GLASS MASONRY
711.6 Expansion Joints.
Glass block shall be provided with expansion joints along
711.1 General.
the sides and top, and these joints shall have sufficient
Masonry of glass blocks may be used in non-load-bearing thickness to accommodate displacements of the supporting
exterior or interior walls and in openings which might structure, but not less than 9 mm. Expansion joints shall be
otherwise be filled with windows, either isolated or in entirely free of mortar and shall be filled with resilient
continuous bands, provided the glass block panels have a material.
minimum thickness of 75 mm at the mortar joint and the
mortared surfaces of the blocks are treated for mortar
bonding. Glass block may be solid or hollow and may 711.7 Reuse of Units.
contain inserts. Glass block units shall not be reused after being removed
from an existing panel.
711.2 Mortar Joints.
Glass block shall be laid in Type S or N mortar. Both SECTION 712 – MASONRY
vertical and horizontal mortar joints shall be at least 6 mm
and not more than 9.5 mm thick and shall be completely
FIREPLACES
filled. All mortar contact surfaces shall be treated to ensure
adhesion between mortar and glass. 712.1 Definition.
A masonry fireplace is a fireplace constructed
of concrete or masonry. Masonry fireplaces

shall be constructed in accordance with this 712.3.2 Horizontal Reinforcing.

section. Vertical reinforcement shall be placed enclosed
within 6.0 mm) ties or other reinforcing of
712.2 Footings and Foundations. equivalent net cross-sectional area, spaced not
to exceed 0.45m on center in concrete; or
Footings for masonry fireplaces and their
placed in the bed joints of unit masonry at a
chimneys shall be constructed of concrete or
minimum of every 0.45m of vertical height. Two
solid masonry at least 300 mm thick and shall
such ties shall be provided at each bend in the
extend at least 0.15m beyond the face of the
vertical bars.
fireplace or foundation wall on all sides.
Footings shall be founded on natural
undisturbed earth or engineered fill below frost 712.4 Seismic Anchorage.
depth. In areas not subjected to freezing, Masonry and concrete chimneys in Seismic
footings shall be at least 0.30m below finished Design Category D shall be anchored at each
grade. floor, ceiling or roof line more than 1.80m
above grade, except where constructed
712.2.1 Ash Dump Cleanout. completely within the exterior walls. nchorage
shall conform to the following requirements.
Cleanout openings, located within foundation
walls below fireboxes, when provided, shall be
equipped with ferrous metal or masonry doors 712.4.1 Anchorage.
and frames constructed to remain tightly 4.8 mm by 25.4 mm straps shall be embedded
closed, except when in use. Cleanouts shall be a minimum of 0.30m into the chimney. Straps
accessible and located so that ash removal will shall be hooked around the outer bars and
not create a hazard to combustible materials. extend 0.15m beyond the bend. Each strap
shall be fastened to a minimum of four floor
712.3 Seismic Reinforcing. joists with two 12.5 mm bolts.
Masonry or concrete fireplaces shall be
constructed, anchored, supported and 712.5 Firebox Walls.
reinforced as required in this chapter. In Masonry fireboxes shall be constructed of solid
Seismic Design Category D, masonry and masonry units, hollow masonry units grouted
concrete fireplaces shall be reinforced and solid, stone or concrete. When a lining of
anchored as detailed in Sections 712.3.1, firebrick at least 50 mm in thickness or other
712.3.2, 712.4 and 712.4.1 for chimneys approved lining is provided, the minimum
serving fireplaces. In Seismic Design Category thickness of back and sidewalls shall each be
A, B or C, reinforcement and seismic anchorage 200 mm of solid masonry, including the lining.
is not required. In Seismic Design Category E or The width of joints between firebricks shall not
F, masonry and concrete chimneys shall be be greater than 6.4 mm. When no lining is
reinforced in accordance with the requirements provided, the total minimum thickness of back
of Sections 701 through 708. and sidewalls shall be 250 mm of solid
masonry. Firebrick shall conform to ASTM C 27
712.3.1 Vertical Reinforcing. or ASTM C 1261 and shall be laid with medium-
duty refractory mortar conforming to ASTM C
For fireplaces with chimneys up to 1.00m wide,
199.
four 10mm diameter continuous vertical bars,
anchored in the foundation, shall be placed in
the concrete between wythes of solid masonry 712.5.1 Steel Fireplace Units.
or within the cells of hollow unit masonry and Steel fireplace units are permitted to be
grouted in accordance with Section 703.12. For installed with solid masonry to form a masonry
fireplaces with chimneys greater than 1.00m fireplace provided they are installed according
wide, two additional 12mm diameter vertical to either the requirements of their listing or the
bars shall be provided for each additional requirements of this section. Steel fireplace
1.00m in width or fraction thereof. units incorporating a steel firebox lining shall
be constructed with steel not less than 6.4 mm
in thickness, and an air-circulating chamber

which is ducted to the interior of the building. front, back and sidewalls shall be 150 mm of
The firebox lining shall be encased with solid solid masonry, including the lining. Firebrick
masonry to provide a total thickness at the shall conform to ASTM C 27 or ASTM C 1261
back and sides of not less than 200 mm, of and shall be laid with refractory mortar
which not less than 100 mm shall be of solid conforming to ASTM C 199.
masonry or concrete. Circulating air ducts
employed with steel fireplace units shall be
712.8.1 Smoke Chamber Dimensions.
constructed of metal or masonry.
The inside height of the smoke chamber from the fireplace
throat to the beginning of the flue shall not be greater than
712.6 Firebox Dimensions. the inside width of the fireplace opening. The inside surface
The firebox of a concrete or masonry fireplace of the smoke chamber shall not be inclined more than 45
shall have a minimum depth of 0.50m. The degrees (0.76 rad) from vertical when prefabricated smoke
throat shall not be less than 0.20m above the chamber linings are used or when the smoke chamberwalls
fireplace opening. The throat opening shall not are rolled or sloped rather than corbeled. When the inside
be less than 0.10m in depth. The cross- surface of the smoke chamber is formed by corbeled
sectional area of the passageway above the masonry, the walls shall not be corbeled more than 30
firebox, including the throat, damper and degrees (0.52 rad) from vertical.
smoke chamber, shall not be less than the
cross-sectional area of the flue.
712.9 Hearth and Hearth Extension.
Masonry fireplace hearths and hearth
712.7 Lintel and Throat. extensions shall be constructed of concrete or
Masonry over a fireplace opening shall be masonry, supported by noncombustible
supported by a lintel of noncombustible materials, and reinforced to carry their own
material. The minimum required bearing length weight and all imposed loads. No combustible
on each end of the fireplace opening shall be material shall remain against the underside of
0.10m. The fireplace throat or damper shall be hearths or hearth extensions after construction.
located a minimum of 0.20m above the top of
the fireplace opening.
712.9.1 Hearth Thickness.
The minimum thickness of fireplace hearths
712.7.1 Damper. shall be 100 mm.
Masonry fireplaces shall be equipped with a
ferrous metal damper located at least 0.20m
712.9.2 Hearth Extension Thickness.
above the top of the fireplace opening.
Dampers shall be installed in the fireplace or at The minimum thickness of hearth extensions
the top of the flue venting the fireplace, and shall be 50 mm.
shall be operable from the room containing the Exception:
fireplace. Damper controls shall be permitted to
be located in the fireplace. When the bottom of the firebox opening is
raised at least 0.20m above the top of the
hearth extension, a hearth extension of not
712.8 Smoke Chamber Walls. less than 9.5 mm thick brick, concrete, stone,
Smoke chamber walls shall be constructed of tile or other approved noncombustible material
solid masonry units, hollow masonry units is permitted.
grouted solid, stone or concrete. Corbeling of
masonry units shall not leave unit cores
712.10 Hearth Extension Dimensions.
exposed to the inside of the smoke chamber.
The inside surface of corbeled masonry shall be Hearth extensions shall extend at least 0.40m
parged smooth. Where no lining is provided, in front of, and at least `0.20m beyond, each
the total minimum thickness of front, back and side of the fireplace opening. Where the
sidewalls shall be 200 mm of solid masonry. fireplace opening is 0.60 sq.m. or larger, the
When a lining of firebrick at least 50 mm thick, hearth extension shall extend at least 0.50m in
or a lining of vitrified clay at least 16 mm thick, front of, and at least 0.30m beyond, each side
is provided, the total minimum thickness of of the fireplace opening.

712.11 Fireplace Clearance.

Any portion of a masonry fireplace located in
the interior of a building or within the exterior
wall of a building shall have a clearance to
combustibles of not less than 0.05m from the
front faces and sides of masonry fireplaces and
not less than 0.10m from the back faces of
masonry fireplaces. The airspace shall not be
filled, except to provide fireblocking in Figure 712.11
accordance with Section 712.12. Illustration of Exception to Fireplace Clearance Provision
Exceptions: 712.12 Fireplace Fireblocking.

1. Masonry fireplaces listed and labeled for All spaces between fireplaces and floors and
use in contact with combustibles in ceilings through which fireplaces pass shall be
accordance with UL 127 and installed in fireblocked with noncombustible material
accordance with the manufacturer’s securely fastened in place. The fireblocking of
installation instructions are permitted to spaces between wood joists, beams or headers
have combustible material in contact with shall be to a depth of 0.025m and shall only be
their exterior surfaces. placed on strips of metal or metal lath laid
across the spaces between combustible
2. When masonry fireplaces are constructed
material and the chimney.
as part of masonry or concrete walls,
combustible materials shall not be in
contact with the masonry or concrete walls 712.13 Exterior Air.
less than 0.30m from the inside surface of Factory-built or masonry fireplaces covered in
the nearest firebox lining. this section shall be equipped with an exterior
3. Exposed combustible trim and the edges of air supply to ensure proper fuel combustion
sheathing materials, such as wood siding, unless the room is mechanically ventilated and
flooring and drywall, are permitted to abut controlled so that the indoor pressure is neutral
the masonry fireplace sidewalls and hearth or positive.
extension, in accordance with Figure
712.11, provided such combustible trim or 712.13.1 Factory-Built Fireplaces.
sheathing is a minimum of 0.30m from the
inside surface of the nearest firebox lining. Exterior combustion air ducts for factory-built
fireplaces shall be listed components of the
4. Exposed combustible mantels or trim is fireplace, and installed according to the
permitted to be placed directly on the fireplace manufacturer’s instructions.
masonry fireplace front surrounding the
fireplace opening provided such
combustible materials shall not be placed 712.13.2 Masonry Fireplaces.
within 0.15m of a fireplace opening. Listed combustion air ducts for masonry
Combustible material directly above and fireplaces shall be installed according to the
within 0.30m of the fireplace opening shall terms of their listing and manufacturer’s
not project more than 0.032m for each instructions.
0.025m distance from such opening.
Combustible materials located along the 712.13.3 Exterior Air Intake.
sides of the fireplace opening that project
more than 0.038m from the face of the The exterior air intake shall be capable of
fireplace shall have an additional clearance providing all combustion air from the exterior of
equal to the projection. the dwelling. The exterior air intake shall not be
located within the garage, attic, basement or
crawl space of the dwelling nor shall the air
intake be located at an elevation higher than
the firebox. The exterior air intake shall be

covered with a corrosion-resistant screen of 6.4 reinforced as required in this chapter. In

mm mesh. Seismic Design Category D, masonry and
concrete chimneys shall be reinforced and
anchored as detailed in Sections 713.3.1,
712.13.4 Clearance.
713.3.2 and 713.4. In Seismic Design Category
Unlisted combustion air ducts shall be installed A, B or C, reinforcement and seismic anchorage
with a minimum 0.025 mm clearance to is not required. In Seismic Design Category Eor
combustibles for all parts of the duct within F, masonry and concrete chimneys shall be
1.525m of the duct outlet. reinforced in accordance with the requirements
of Sections 701 through 708.
712.13.5 Passageway.
The combustion air passageway shall be a 713.3.1 Vertical Reinforcing.
minimum of 0.03870 sqm and not more than For chimneys up to 1.00m wide, four 12mm
0.035 sqm, except that combustion air systems diameter continuous vertical bars anchored in
for listed fireplaces or for fireplaces tested for the foundation shall be placed in the concrete
emissions shall be constructed according to the between wythes of solid masonry or within the
fireplace manufacturer’s instructions. cells of hollow unit masonry and grouted in
accordance with Section 703.12. Grout shall be
713.13.6 Outlet. prevented from bonding with the flue liner so
that the flue liner is free to move with thermal
The exterior air outlet is permitted to be expansion. For chimneys greater than 1.00m
located in the back or sides of the firebox wide, two additional 12 mm vertical bars shall
chamber or within 0.60m of the firebox opening be provided for each additional 1.00m in width
on or near the floor. The outlet shall be closable or fraction thereof.
and designed to prevent burning material from
dropping into concealed combustible spaces.
713.3.2 Horizontal Reinforcing.
Vertical reinforcement shall be placed enclosed
SECTION 713 - MASONRY within 6.4 mm ties, or other reinforcing of
CHIMNEYS equivalent net cross-sectional area, spaced not
to exceed 0.40m o.c. in concrete, or placed in
the bed joints of unit masonry, at a minimum of
713.1 Definition. every 450 mm of vertical height. Two such ties
A masonry chimney is a chimney constructed shall be provided at each bend in the vertical
of concrete or masonry, hereinafter referred to bars.
as “masonry.” Masonry chimneys shall be
constructed, anchored, supported and
reinforced as required in this chapter. 713.4 Seismic Anchorage.
Masonry and concrete chimneys and
foundations in Seismic Design Category D shall
713.2 Footings and Foundations. be anchored at each floor, ceiling or roof line
Footings for masonry chimneys shall be more than 1.80m above grade, except where
constructed of concrete or solid masonry at constructed completely within the exterior
least 300 mm thick and shall extend at least walls. Anchorage shall conform to the following
0.150m beyond the face of the foundation or requirements.
support wall on all sides. Footings shall be
founded on natural undisturbed earth or
engineered fill below frost depth. In areas not 713.4.1 Anchorage.
subjected to freezing, footings shall be at least Two 4.8 mm by 25 mm straps shall be
0.30m below finished grade. embedded a minimum of 0.30m into the
chimney. Straps shall be hooked around the
outer bars and extend 0.15m beyond the bend.
713.3 Seismic Reinforcing. Each strap shall be fastened to a minimum of
Masonry or concrete chimneys shall be four floor joists with two 12.7 mm bolts.
constructed, anchored, supported and

713.5 Corbeling. 713.9.1 Spark Arrestors.

Masonry chimneys shall not be corbelled more Where a spark arrestor is installed on a
than half of the chimney’s wall thickness from a masonry chimney, the spark arrestor shall meet
wall or foundation, nor shall a chimney be all of the following requirements:
corbeled from a wall or foundation that is less
1. The net free area of the arrestor shall not be
than 300 mm in thickness unless it projects
less than four times the net free area of the
equally on each side of thewall, except that on
outlet of the chimney flue it serves.
the second story of a two-story dwelling,
corbeling of chimneys on the exterior of the 2. The arrestor screen shall have heat and
enclosing walls is permitted to equal the wall corrosion resistance equivalent to 19-gage
thickness. The projection of a single course galvanized steel or 24-gage stainless steel.
shall not exceed one-half the unit height or
3. Openings shall not permit the passage of
one-third of the unit bed depth, whichever is
spheres having a diameter greater than 12
less.
mm nor block the passage of spheres
having a diameter less than 10 mm.
713.6 Changes in Dimension.
4. The spark arrestor shall be accessible for
The chimney wall or chimney flue lining shall cleaning and the screen or chimney cap
not change in size or shape within 0.15m above shall be removable to allow for cleaning of
or below where the chimney passes through the chimney flue.
floor components, ceiling components or roof
components.
713.10 Wall Thickness.
Masonry chimney walls shall be constructed of
713.7 Offsets.
concrete, solid masonry units or hollow
Where a masonry chimney is constructed with masonry units grouted solid with not less than
a fireclay flue liner surrounded by one wythe of 0.10m nominal thickness.
masonry, the maximum offset shall be such
that the centerline of the flue
above the offset does not extend beyond the 713.10.1 Masonry Veneer Chimneys.
center of the chimney wall below the offset. Where masonry is used as veneer for a framed
Where the chimney offset is supported by chimney, through flashing and weep holes shall
masonry below the offset in an approved be provided as required by Chapter 14.
manner, the maximum offset limitations shall
not apply. Each individual corbeled masonry
course of the offset shall not exceed the 713.11 Flue Lining (Material).
projection limitations specified in Section 713.5. Masonry chimneys shall be lined. The lining
material shall be appropriate for the type of
appliance connected, according to the terms of
713.8 Additional Load. the appliance listing and the manufacturer’s
Chimneys shall not support loads other than instructions.
their own weight unless they are designed and
constructed to support the additional load.
Masonry chimneys are permitted to be 713.11.1 Residential-Type Appliances (General).
constructed as part of the masonrywalls or Flue lining systems shall comply with one of the
concrete walls of the building. following:
1. Clay flue lining complying with the
713.9 Termination. requirements of
Chimneys shall extend at least 0.60m higher ASTM C 315, or equivalent.
than any portion of the building within 3.00m,
but shall not be less than 0.90m above the 2. Listed chimney lining systems complying
highest point where the chimney passes with UL 1777.
through the roof. 3. Factory-built chimneys or chimney units
listed for installation within masonry
chimneys.

4. Other approved materials that will resist 713.11.2 Concrete and Masonry Chimneys for Medium-
corrosion, erosion, softening or cracking Heat Appliances.
from flue gases and condensate at
temperatures up to 1,800°F (982°C).
713.11.2.1 General.
Concrete and masonry chimneys for medium-
713.11.1.1 Flue Linings for Specific Appliances. heat appliances shall comply with Sections
Flue linings other than those covered in Section 713.1 through 713.5.
713.11.1
intended for use with specific appliances shall
713.11.2.2 Construction.
comply with Sections 713.11.1.2 through
713.11.1.4 and Sections 713.11.2 and Chimneys for medium-heat appliances shall be
713.11.3. constructed of solid masonry units or of
concrete with walls a minimum of 0.20m thick,
or with stone masonry a minimum of 0.30m
713.11.1.2 Gas Appliances. thick.
Flue lining systems for gas appliances shall be
in accordance with the International Fuel Gas
713.11.2.3 Lining.
Code.
Concrete and masonry chimneys shall be lined
with an approved medium-duty refractory brick
713.11.1.3 Pellet Fuel-Burning Appliances. a minimum of 0.114m thick laid on the 0.114m
Flue lining and vent systems for use in masonry bed in an approved medium-duty refractory
chimneys with pellet fuel-burning appliances mortar. The lining shall start 0.60 m or more
shall be limited to flue lining systems below the lowest chimney connector entrance.
complying with Section 713.11.1 and pellet Chimneys terminating 7.620m or less above a
vents listed for installation within masonry chimney connector entrance shall be lined to
chimneys (see Section 713.11.1.5 for marking). the top.
713.11.1.4 Oil-Fired Appliances Approved for Use with 713.11.2.4 Multiple Passageways.
L-Vent. Concrete and masonry chimneys containing
Flue lining and vent systems for use in masonry more than one passageway shall have the
chimneys with oil-fired appliances approved for liners separated by a minimum
use with Type L vent shall be limited to flue 4-inch-thick (100 mm) concrete or solid
lining systems complying with Section masonry wall.
2113.11.1 and listed chimney liners complying
with UL 641 (see Section 713.11.1.5 for
713.11.2.5 Termination Height.
marking).
Concrete and masonry chimneys for medium-
heat appliances shall extend a minimum of
713.11.1.5 Notice of Usage. 3.00m higher than any portion of any building
When a flue is relined with a material not within 7.60m.
complying with Section 713.11.1, the chimney
shall be plainly and permanently identified by a
713.11.2.6 Clearance.
label attached to a wall, ceiling or other
conspicuous location adjacent to where the A minimum clearance of 0.10m shall be
connector enters the chimney. The label shall provided between the exterior surfaces of a
include the following message or equivalent concrete or masonry chimney for medium-heat
language: “This chimney is for use only with appliances and combustible material.
(type or category of appliance) that burns (type
of fuel). Do not connect other types of
appliances.”

713.11.3 Concrete and Masonry Chimneys for High- of the chimney masonry walls. Flue lining shall
Heat Appliances. be supported on all sides. Only enough mortar
shall be placed to make the joint and hold the
liners in position.
713.11.3.1 General.
Concrete and masonry chimneys for high-heat
appliances shall comply with Sections 713.1 713.13 Additional Requirements.
through 713.5.
713.13.1 Listed Materials.
713.11.3.2 Construction. Listed materials used as flue linings shall be
Chimneys for high-heat appliances shall be installed in accordance with the terms of their
constructed with double walls of solid masonry listings and the manufacturer’s instructions.
units or of concrete, eachwall to be a minimum
of 0.20m thick with a minimum airspace of 713.13.2 Space Around Lining.
0.050m between the walls.
The space surrounding a chimney lining system
or vent installed within a masonry chimney
713.11.3.3 Lining. shall not be used to vent any other appliance.
The inside of the interior wall shall be lined with Exception:
an approved high-duty refractory brick, a
minimum 0.114m thick laid on the 0.114m bed This shall not prevent the installation of a
in an approved high-duty refractory mortar. The separate flue lining in accordance with the
lining shall start at the base of the chimney and manufacturer’s instructions.
extend continuously to the top.
713.14 Multiple Flues.
713.11.3.4 Termination Height. When two or more flues are located in the
Concrete and masonry chimneys for high-heat same chimney, masonry wythes shall be built
appliances shall extend a minimum of 6.10m between adjacent flue linings. The masonry
higher than any portion of any building within wythes shall be at least 0.10m thick and
15.24m. bonded into the walls of the chimney.
713.11.3.5 Clearance. Table 713.16(1)

Concrete and masonry chimneys for high-heat Net Cross-Sectional Area of Round Flue Sizes
appliances shall have approved clearance from FLUE SIZE, INSIDE CROSS-SECTIONAL
buildings and structures to prevent overheating DIAMETER (millimeter) AREA
combustible materials, permit inspection and (mm2))
maintenance operations on the chimney and
prevent danger of burns to persons. 150 18,065
178 24,516
713.12 Clay Flue Lining (Installation). 200 32,258
Clay flue liners shall be installed in accordance 250 50,322
withASTMC 1283 and extend from a point not 273 58,064
less than 0.20m below the lowest inlet or, in 300 72,903
the case of fireplaces, from the top of the 381 113,548
smoke chamber to a point above the enclosing 457 163,870
walls. The lining shall be carried up vertically,
with a maximum slope no greater than 30 Table 713.16(2)
degrees (0.52 rad) from the vertical. Clay flue Net Cross-Sectional Area of Square and Rectangular Flue
liners shall be laid in medium-duty refractory Sizes
mortar conforming to ASTM C 199 with tight FLUE SIZE, OUTSIDE CROSS-SECTIONAL
mortar joints left smooth on the inside and NOMINAL DIMENSIONS AREA
installed to maintain an air space or insulation (millimeter) (mm2)
not to exceed the thickness of the flue liner
separating the flue liners from the interior face 114 x 216 14,839

114 x 330 21,935 2 to 1 shall have a minimum net cross-sectional

203 x 203 27,097 area of a least 1/10 of the fireplace opening.
216 x 216 31,613 Rectangular chimney
216 x 305 43,226 flues with an aspect ratio of 2 to 1 or more shall
216 x 330 49,032 have a minimum net cross-sectional area of at
305 x 305 65,806 least 1/8 of the fireplace opening.
216 x 457 65,161
330 x 330 81,935 713.16.2 Determination of Minimum Area.
305 x 406 84,516
The minimum net cross-sectional area of the
330 x 457 111,613
flue shall be determined in accordance with
406 x 406 116,774 Figure 713.16. A flue size providing at least the
406 x 508 143,226 equivalent net cross-sectional area shall be
457 x 457 150,322 used. Cross-sectional areas of clay flue linings
508 x 508 192,258 are as provided in Tables 713.16(1) and
508 x 610 216,129 713.16(2) or as provided by the manufacturer
610 x 610 278,064 or as measured in the field. The height of the
Exception: chimney shall be measured from the firebox
floor to the top of the chimney flue.
When venting only one appliance, two flues are
permitted to adjoin each other in the same
chimney with only the flue lining separation 713.17 Inlet.
between them. The joints of the adjacent flue Inlets to masonry chimneys shall enter from the
linings shall be staggered at least 0.10m. side. Inlets shall have a thimble of fireclay, rigid
refractory material or metal that will prevent
the connector from pulling out of the inlet or
713.15 Flue Area (Appliance). from extending beyond the wall of the liner.
Chimney flues shall not be smaller in area than
Figure 713.16
the area of the connector from the appliance.
Flue Sizes for Masonry Chimneys
Chimney flues connected to more than one
appliance shall not be less than the area of the
largest connector plus 50 percent of the areas
of additional chimney connectors.
Exceptions:
1. Chimney flues serving oil-fired appliances
sized in accordance with NFPA 31.
2. Chimney flues serving gas-fired appliances
sized in accordance with the International
Fuel Gas Code.
713.16 Flue Area (Masonry Fireplace).

Flue sizing for chimneys serving fireplaces shall
be in accordance with Section 713.16.1 or
713.16.2.
713.16.1 Minimum Area.

Round chimney flues shall have a minimum net
cross-sectional area of at least 1/12 of the
fireplace opening. Square chimney flues shall
have a minimum net cross-sectional area of at
least 1/10 of the fireplace opening. Rectangular
chimney flues with an aspect ratio less than

713.18 Masonry Chimney Cleanout Openings.

Cleanout openings shall be provided within 150
mm of the
base of each flue within every masonry
chimney. The upper
edge of the cleanout shall be located at least
150mm below the lowest chimney inlet
opening. The height of the opening shall be at
least 150 mm. The cleanout shall be provided
with a noncombustible cover.
Exception:
Chimney flues serving masonry fireplaces,
where cleaning is possible through the
fireplace opening.
713.19 Chimney Clearances.

Any portion of a masonry chimney located in
the interior of the building or within the exterior
wall of the building shall have a minimum
airspace clearance to combustibles of 50 mm.
Chimneys located entirely outside the exterior
walls of the building, including chimneys that
pass through the soffit or cornice, shall have a
minimum airspace clearance of 25 mm. The
airspace shall not be filled, except to provide
fireblocking in accordance with Section 713.20.
Exceptions:

1. Masonry chimneys equipped with a

chimney lining system listed and labeled for
use in chimneys in contact with
combustibles in accordance with UL 1777,
and installed in accordance with the
manufacturer’s instructions, are permitted
to have combustible material in contact
with their exterior surfaces.
2. Where masonry chimneys are constructed
as part of masonry or concrete walls,
combustible materials shall not be in
contact with the masonry or concrete wall
less than 300 mm from the inside surface of
the nearest flue lining.
3. Exposed combustible trim and the edges of
sheathing materials, such as wood siding,
are permitted to abut the masonry chimney
sidewalls, in accordance with Figure
2113.19, provided such combustible trim or
sheathing is a minimum of 300 mm from
the inside surface of the nearest flue lining.
Combustible material and trim shall not
overlap the corners of the chimney by more
than 25 mm
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm
713.20 Chimney Fireblocking.

All spaces between chimneys and floors and
ceilings through which chimneys pass shall be
fireblocked with noncombustible material
securely fastened in place. The fireblocking of
spaces between wood joists, beams or headers
shall be to a depth of 25 mm and shall only be
placed on strips of metal or metal lath laid
across the spaces between combustible
material and the chimney.

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CHAPTER 7 - Masonry 7-1

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

705.4 Mortar Testing......................................................15

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

706.3.5 Anchorage of Shear Reinforcement..............21

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

707.3.2 Allowable Axial Compressive Stress............27

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

708.2.3.4 Required Strength.......................................32

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

713.11.2.4 Multiple Passageways..............................49

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

701.2.2 Strength Design.

701.2.3 Empirical Design.

701.2.4 Glass Masonry.

BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface of a masonry

EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT is the

GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional area of a

701.1 Scope. TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent area of one

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

CELL is a void space having a gross cross-sectional area JOINTS:

REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of masonry

GROUTED MASONRY: CAVITY WALL is a wall containing continuous air space

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

1. Aggregates. 6.2 ASTM C 73-85, Calcium Silicate Face Brick

6. Masonry Units of Other Materials.

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

703.3.2 Selecting Proportions. 703.5.3 Colors.

704.2 Materials: Handling, Storage and Preparation.

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

704.3 Placing Masonry Units.

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

4. When full allowable stresses are used in design, a set of

705.3.4 Unit Strength Method.

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

705.6 Recycled Aggregates.

705.3.5 Testing Prisms from Constructed Masonry.

705.4 Mortar Testing. 706.1.5 Multiwythe Walls.

706.5.2 Wall Ties in Cavity Wall Construction.

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

completely embedded in mortar or grout. The ends of the

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

706.1.6 Vertical Support.

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

2. Vertical wall reinforcement of at least 130 mm 2 in

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

reinforcement and project into the interior of the column.

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

reinforcement. Reinforcement with splices conforming to

2.1 Reinforcement. Reinforced hollow-unit stacked bond construction which is

2.2 Bond. 706.2 Alternate Strength Design and Strength Design

Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines

706.2.3 Effective Thickness.

Where a cavity wall is composed of a single wythe and a

National Structural Code of the Philippines 6th Edition Volume 1

706.2.14.2 Minimum Edge Distance.

Modulus of elasticity of clay or shale unit masonry.

E s  200 GPa (706-5)