SECTION 6 Storage This section provides general guidelines that will aid in the application. Fig, 6-2 will assist with the selection. Various selection ofthe proper typeof storage tobe usedin a particular epdes, standards, and recommended practices should be used FIG. 641 Nomenclature ALB, ‘ x = mole fraction of component i in the liquid phase Auf = cooticionts usd in Fig. 644 Eri orb hepatomas A = surface area, 0” ys = mole fraction of component i in the vapor phase b= llipse minor radius, ft Z = compressibility factor Bax = vapor prossure of liquid at maximum surface Greek temperature, psia clang por prossure of guid at minimum eurface 14 = absolute internal tank pressure at which vacuum femperature, psia vent opens, psia cplinder diameter, ee cplinder partial volume factor, dimensionless ae head partial volume factor, dimensionless bins " eee correction factor for horizontal surfaces Summation - DP = design pressure is the pressure at which the most depth of liquid in cylinder, ft height ofliguid. severe condition of coincident pressure and tom eae: perature expected during normal operation is ae 1 reached. For this condition, the maximum diffor- eee fence in pressure between the inside and outside of equilibrium constant, yx, dimensionless ‘a vessel or between any two chambers of a combi- head coefficient, dimensionless nation unit shall be considered. (ASME Code for length, ‘Unfired Pressure Vessels, Section VIII) molecular weight of component i, Ibb mole MAWP = maximum allowable working pressure shall be de- number of moles of vapor fined as the maximum positive gauge pressure per- ‘number of moles of component rissble at the top of a tank when in operation, absolute pressure, psa which isthe basis for the pressure seting of the atmoapheric pressure, psia fafety-rlieving devices on tho tank. It is synony- critical pressive, pia ‘mous with the nominal pressure rating forthe tank reduced pressure, dimensionless asreferred to in API Standards 620 and 650, heat how, Baha « br OP = operating pressureis the pressure at which a vessel gas constant, 10.73 psia - f'(R « Ib mole) normally operates. It shall not exceed the maxi- colinder radius, ‘mum allowable working pressure of the vessel. A earn etait eine GU): suitable margin should be allowed between the (hr sq f= “FYBta pressure normally existing in the gas oF vapor space and the pressure at which the relief valves are set, s0 as to allow for the increases in pressure . caused by variations in the temperature or gravity eaaeuten Perens meer of the liquid contents of the tank and other factors ‘temperature drop through surface air film, °F tifocting tho pronmra in tha gas er vapor apace. hot face temperature, °F (APT Stondara 620) ‘temperature drop through insulation, RVP = Reid Vapor Pressure is a vapor pressure for liquid ‘ternperature, °R ambient air temperature, “F ‘mean temperature of insulation, “F products as determined by ASTM test procedure D- maximum average temperature, °F 828, The Reid vapor pressure is defined as pounds ‘minimum average temperature, “F per sq in, at 100°, The RVP is always less than the reduced temperature, dimensionless true vapor pressure at 100°F. outside surface temperature, °F 'TVP = truevapor pressure isthe pressure at which the gas volume, ft and liguid in a closed container are in equilibrium width, ft ‘ata given temperature. 61FiG.62 Storage Aimospheric | Oto"2.5 | 26t015 | Abovels Pressurett | psigh | psig pigs __| Underground Grade Oils eaeseg nex x = x Condensate x x x x oils xl : - x Natural Gasotine x | x - x Butanes oe x x x Propane s x x x Raw NGLs 2 x x x Ethane : x x Petrochemicals - | x x Natural Gas - | - x x LNG i Jester teeees x ‘Treating Agents x = - | - Dehydration Fluids: x zal | ff Specialty Chemicals x x eee Solid Materials x : 7 : wate i oe [a eee + Some materials may require a slight postive pressure to exclude ar, oxygen, and/or water, and conserve valuablltoxie vapors. APL specications 120 and 13F may also appl. API Standard 650 governs API Standard 620 governs § ASME Unfirod Pressure Voese] Code, Section VIL governs * Refrguroted only Note: Vacuum conditions may exist and must be considered in tank design. Bramples: low ambient temperatures or evacuating without relieving to supplement the material provided. Manufacturers should be consulted for specific design information pertaining to 2 particular type of storage : STORAGE CLASSIFICATION Above Ground Atmospheric — Atmospheric prossure tanks are do- signed and equipped for storage of contents at atmospheric pressure, This category usually employs tanks of vertical ¢y- lindrical configuration that range in size from small shop welded to large field erected tanks. Bolted tanks, and aeeasion- ally rectangular welded tanks, are also used for atmospheric storage service Low Pressure (0 to 2.5 psig) — Low pressure tanks are normally used in applications for storage of intermediates and products that require an internal gas pressure from close tp atmospheric up to a gas pressure of 2.5 psig. The shape is generally cylindrical with flat or dished bottoms and sloped or domed roofs. Low pressure storage tanks are usually of welded design, However, bolted tanks are often used for operating, pressures near atmospheric. Many refrigerated storage tanks operate at approximately 0.5 psig, Medium Pressure (2.5 to 15 psig) — Medium pres: sure tanks aze normally used for the storage of higher valatil- ity intermediates and products that cannot be stored in low 62 pressure tanks. The shape may be eylindrieal with flat or ‘ished bottoms and sloped or domed roofs. Medium pressure tanks are usually of welded design. Welded spheres may also be used, particularly for pressures at or near 16 psig. High Pressure (Above 15 psig) — High pressure tanks are generally used forstorageot refined products or frac ‘ionated components at pressure above 16 psig. Tanks are of ‘welded design and may be of eylindrical or spherical configu- ration Underground Gas processing industry liquids may be stored in under- ground, conventionally mined or eolution mined eaverns. No Enown standard procedures are avsilabe fr this type storage; however, there are many publications and books covering the ‘subject in detail. WORKING PRESSURES A design working pressure can be determined to prevent breathing, and thereby save standing storage losses. However, this should notbe ued in liew of any environmental regulatory requirements regarding the design of storage tanks. The en- ronmental regulatory requirements for the specific location should be consulted prior to the design of storage facilities. Generally there are regulatory requirements specifying the type of storage tank to be used, based on the storage tankcapacity and the vapor pressure of the product being stored. Inaddition there are usually specific design requirements, for ‘example in the type of seals to be used in a floating roof tank. The working pressure required to prevent breathing losses depends upon the vapor pressure ofthe product, the tempera tvare Variations of the liquid surface and the vapor space, and. ‘the setting of the vacuum vent, nae + 460) (yin 460) "The aboye relation holds only when Bay is less than 4; that i, when the minimum vapor pressure is so low that air is ‘admitted into the vapor space through the vacuum vent. When, Bun is equal to oF greater than 4, the required storage pres- © = Ban~ Ps Eq 62 Under this condition air is kept out of the vapor space. P, Bq 6-1 Boat (A-B, Fig, 6-3: presented as a general guide to storage pressures for gusolines of various volatilities in uninsulated tanks. These data for platting the curves were computed from Eqs 6-1 and 6-2 using the following assumptions: Minimum liguid surface tomperature is 30°F less than the maximum liquid surface temperature. Maximum vapor space temperature is 40°F greater than the maximum liquid aurface temperature. Minimum vapor space temperature is 15°F less than the ‘maximum liquid surface temperature, Stable ambient conditions (ambient temp. 100°F). ‘These temperature variations are far greater than would be experienced from normal night to day changes, Therefore, the Tower, nearly horizontal line, which shows a required storage pressure of 2.5 psig for the less volatile gasolines is conserva- tive and allows a wide operating margin. Maximum liquid sueface temperatures vary from 85 to 15°F. Sufficient accuracy will gonerally result from the as- FIG.6-3 Storage Pressure vs. True Vapor Pressure a 8 8 Storage pressure, psig S10 18 20 28 ‘True Vapor pressure, psia car 63 ‘sumption that itis 10°F higher than the maximum tempera. ture of the body of the liquid in a tank at that location, Example 6-1 —"To illustrate the use of Fig. 6-3, suppose @ 24 psia true vapor pressure (TVP) natural gasoline is to be stored where the Hquid surface temperature may reach a ‘maximum of 100°F. A vertical line extended upward from the 24 pia mark at the bottom of the chart intersects the 100°F line at 98 psig. The design pressure of the tank should be a ‘minimum of 10.28 psig (9.3 psig + 10%) Fig. 6-4 can be used as follows: * As quick roference to determine true vapor pressures of typical LPGs, natural gasolines, and motor fuel compo- nents at various temperatures. + Toestimate the operating pressure of a storage tank nec- essary to maintain the stored fluid in a liquid state at ‘various temperatures. ‘+ For converting from true vapor pressure to Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP). «+ For simple evaluation of refrigerated storage versus am- bient temperature storage for LPGs. Example 6-2— Determine the TVP of a 12 psi RVP gasoline. In addition, estimate the design pressure of a tank needed to store this same 12 RVP gasoline at a maximum temperature of 120°F. Using Fig. 6-4, @ vertical line is extended upwards from the 100°F mark (100°F is used as the reference point for dotarmining RVP) at thebottom ofthe chart tothe intersection of the 12 psi RVP line, read true vapor pressure of 13.2 psi. A vertical line is also extended from the 120°F mark to inter- ‘sect the 12 RVP gasoline line. Now going horizontal, the true ‘vapor pressure axis is crossed at approximately 16.1 psia. The storage tank should therefore be designed to operate at 18.1 psia (3.4 psig) or above. The design pressure of the tank should be a minimum of 10% above the operating gauge pres- sure or approximately 18.5 psia. Example 6-3 — Evaluste the options of refrigerated storage versus ambient temperature storage for normal butane, From Fig, 6-4 the vertical line is extended up from the 100°F (as- ‘sumed maximum) mark to intersect the normal butane line at approximately 51.5 psia (36.8 psig). The working pressure of the tank should be 36.8 psig plus a 10% safety factor, or 655.2 psia. This same product could be stored in an atmospheric pressure tank if the product is chilled to 32°F. This tempera- ture is determined by following the normal butane line down until it intereects the 14.7 psia horizontal vapor pressure line. Reading down to the bottom scale indicates the storage tem- perature at 32°F, The pressurized tank would require more investment due to the higher working pressure of 55.2 psia, (40.5 psig) and the thicker shell requirement. The refrigerated, tank would require loas investment for the tank itself, bt an ‘additional investment would be necessary for insulation and for refrigeration equipment which requires additional operat- ing expenses. The economics of each type of storage system ‘ean be evaluated to determine which will be the most attrac: ‘The graphical method of converting from RVP to TVP is an approximation and is generally more aecurate for lighter com- ponents, Crude oils with vory low RVPs could vary signifi tantly from this graphical approach. This is due to the fact ‘hat during the Reid test the highest vapor pressure materials tend to evaporate leaving a residue which has & lower vapor pressure then the original sample. Equation 6-3 was devel- ‘oped by A. Kremser in 1930 to rolate the two vapor pressures at 10°F ‘1P 1.07) (RVP) +0.6 Eq 63FIG.6-4 True Vapor Pressures vs. Temperatures for Typical LPG, Motor, 1nd Natural Gasolines: o 1004 0} 70 «| “0 * g g | a oi beoiaset | : : , 4 : 39 20 9049506070 _60_90_100 110 120 $30 140 150 160470 180 190 200 ie e 8 3885 8 Motor gasolines: } 0 2-9 4D «BOD. 7 BD 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 100 190 200 Temperature, ° F ‘CAUTION: This chart cannot be used to dotormine crude ol vapor pressure. Refer to API Technical Dala Book Fig. S512 eeFIG.6-5 ‘Typical Spherical Storage Tank Courtesy of C-E Natco FIG. 6-6 ‘Typical Noded Spheroidal Storage Tank Courtesy of C-E Natco FIG. 6-7 Horizontal-Cylindrical Type Vessel SUPPORT PAD (TYP,) CONCRETE PIER OR STEEL SADDLES Courtesy of C+E Nateo es Using this formula for the 12 psi RVP gasoline example ‘would caleulate a 13.4 pia TYP verous tho 18.2 determined graphically. The RVP is less than the true vapor pressure at 1100°F Published data indieste the ratioof true vapor pressure to Reid vapor pressure may vary significantly, depending on the exact composition of the stored liquids. Ratios from 1.03, to 1.60 have been verified by test data." Before entering the final design phase of any storage project, test data should be gathered on the fluid to be stored. ‘TYPES OF STORAGE Above Ground ‘or operating preseures above 16 psig, design and fabrica tion are governed by the ASME Code, Section VILL ‘Spheres — Spherical shaped storage tanks (Fig. 6-5) are generally used for storing products at pressures above 5 psi Spheroids — A spheroidal tank is essontially spherical in shape exeapt that it ig somewhat Nattened. Homispheroidal tanks have cylindrical shells with curved roofs and bottoms. Noded spheruidal tanks (Fig. 6-6) are generally used in the larger sizes and have internal ties and supports to keep shell stresses low, These tanks are generally used for storing prod- uucta above 5 psig. Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks — The working pres- sure of these tanks (Fig, 6-7) ean be from 15 psig to 1000 psig, ‘or greater, These tanks often have hemispherical heads, Fixed Roof — Fixed roofs are permanently attached to the tank shell, Welded tanks of 600 barrel capacity and larger may be provided with a frangible roof (designed for safety re- lease of the welded deck to shall joint in the event excess in- temal pressure occurs), in which caso the design pressure shall aot exceed the equivalent pressure of the dead weight of the roof, including rafters, if external. Floating Roof — Storage tanks may be furnished with lating roofs (Fig. 6-8) whereby the tank roof floats upon the stored contents. This type of tank is primarily used for storage near atmospheric pressure. Floating roofs are designed to move vertically within the tank shell in order to provide a constant minimum void between the surface of the stored product and the roof. Floating roofs are designed to provide a feonstant seal hetween the periphery of the floating roof and the tank shell, They can be fabricated in a type that is exposed. to the weather or a type that is under a fixed roof. Internal floating roof tanks with an external fixed roof are used in areas, ‘of heavy snovfalls since accumulations of snow or water on the floating roof affect the operating buoyancy. These can be installed in existing tanks as well as new tanks. Both floating roof and internal floating ruofs are utilized to reduce vapor losses and aid in conservation of stored fluids: Bolted — Bolted tanks are designed and furnished as sex. mental eloments which are assembled on location to provide complete vertical, cylindrical, above ground, closed and open top steel storage tanks, Standard API bolted tanks are avail- able in nominal capacities of 100 to 10,000 barrels, designed for approximately atmospheric internal pressures. Bolted tanks offer the advantage of being easily transported to de- sired locations and erected by hand, To meet changing require- ments for capacity of storage, bolted tanks can be easily dismantled and re-ereeted at new locations.FIG. 6-8 ‘Typical Arrangement of internal Floating Roof Tank. ene Dy / esque | > ea ee" SNA) cotton X TO FLOOR: wx eno Sc rovroous aX nc supronr coun ronToon AeHSRNERY sagas vara {coltaml gems oot eromoved) cate Detail 1 - Shoe seal Detali 2 - Tube Seal ‘Shoe ‘Curtain seat Tank Shell ‘Seat Fabric Tank Shell Root Seal envelope Hangar bar ‘Seal support ring Resilient, urethane fabric Counterweight Liquid tevel_ ~~ Bumper 68FIG. 6-9 Pipe Storage Specialty — Pipe Storage Fig. 6.9) — Pipe that is used specifically for storing and handling liquid petroleum compo- ‘ents or liquid anhydrous ammonia must be designed and eon: structed in accordance with any applicable codes. Flat-Sided Tanks — Although cylindrical shaped tanks may be structurally best for tank construction, rectangular tanks. occasionally are preferred. When space is limited, such as off- shore, requirements favor flat-sided tank construction be- cause several cols of flat-sided tanks can be easily fabricated and arranged in less space than other types of tanks. Flat~ sided or rectangular tanks are normally used for atmospheric type storage.) Lined Ponds? — Ponds are used for disposal, evaporation, or storage of liquids. Environmental considerations may pro- clude the use of lined ponds for the storage of more volatile or toxic fluids. Linings are used te prevent storage liquid losses, seepage into the ground, and possible ground water contaz nation, Clay, wood, conerete, asphalt, and metal linings have been used for many years. More recently, a class ofimpervious lining materials has been developed that utilize flexible syn- thetie membranes. Commonly used lining materials are poly- vinyl chloride, natural rubber, butyl rubber, and Hypalon® Polyethylene, nylons, and neoprenes are used to a lesser ex- tent. Some of the most important qualities ofa suitable liner are: High tensile strength and flexibility Good weatherability. Immunity to bacterial and fangus attack. Specific gravity greater than 1.0. Resistance to ultraviolet-light attack Absence ofall imporfections and physical defeets. Easily repaired. Leak detection sometimes must be built into the pond sys- tem, especially where toxic wastes or pollutants are to be stored. ‘Types of leak-detection eystome that are commonly 67 used are underbed (French) drainage system, ground resistiv- ity measurement, and monitor wolis, and any combination thereat Pit Storage — Pit storage is similar to pond storage but is only used on an emergency basis. The use of this type of stor- ‘age is limited by local, state, and federal regulations Underground Underground storage is most advantageous when large vol- ‘umes are to be stored. Underground storage is especially ad- vantageous for high vapor pressure products, ‘Types of underground storage are: (1) eaverns constructed in sall by solution mining er conventional mining, (2) caverns constructed in nonporous reek by conventional mining, and (3) caverns developed by conversion of depleted coal, lime- stone, or salt mines to storage. Solution Mined Caverns — The cavern is constructed by drilling a woll or wells into the salt and circulating low salinity water over the salt interval to dissolve the salt as brine, "The cavern may be operated by brine displacement of prod uct, pumpout methods, vapor displacement, or as in the case ‘of gas, by product expansion (see Figs. 6-10, 6-11, and 6-12). ‘Mos! solution mined caverns are operated using the brine displacement technique (Fig. 6-10). A suspended displace- ‘ment string of casing isinstalled near the bottom of the cavern and product is injected into the annulus betereen the product, casing (casing cemented at cavern roof) and the displecement casing, forcing brine up the displacement casing. The proce- dure is reversed for product recovery. In this type of operation, abrine storage reservoir is usually provided. Detail 1of Fig 6-10 provides the typical piping for the wellhead of an under- ground storage wel Some solution mined caverns are operated “dry” by install ing « pump at cavern depth either within the cavern or ina well connected to the cavern. Both submersible electric driven, pumps and line shaft pumps (deep well vertical turbine pumps) are used for this purpase (see Fig. 6-11), Conventional Mined Caverns — Conventional mined cavernscan be constructed any placea nonporous rock is avail Sble at adequate depth to withstand product pressures, An engineer or geologist experienced in underground storage Should evaluate any specific site for Use feasibility of con- Sstructing underground storage, Most product caverns ae con- structed in shale, limestone, dolomite, or granite. This type tavern is operated “dry” (product reeovered by pumping). Refrigerated Storage The decision to use refrigerated storage ip leu of prossur- ized storage is generally a function ofthe volume of the liquid to he stored, the fill rate, the physical and thermodynamic properties ofthe liquid tobe stored, and the capital investment find operating expences of each typeof system. ‘The parameters involved in selecting the optimum refriger- ated storage facility are + Quantity and quality of product to be stored + Fillrate, temperature, and pressure of incoming stream. Shipping eondiions for the product. Composition of the product Cooling media (air, water, ete) available Availablity and cost of wiliiesFIG. 6-10 Brine Displacement Cavern Operation (Solution Mlined Cavern) ‘Sea PERMITS VISUALEATON, PROPORTION, SROUND STORAGE US DRAWING Is To SCALE "BOTTOM OF CAVERN, “TUBING END T Bieunrace cams en EXAMPLE UNDEnaAOUND STORAGE WELL "APPROXIMATE CAPACITY 1,400,000 BALS- SURFACEFIG. 6-11 Pump-Out Cavern Operation (Fracture Connected Solution Mined Cavern in Bedded Salt) FIG. 6-12 ‘Compression/Expansion Cavern Operation (Solution Mined Cavern) GAS PIPELINE, } DEHYDRATOR HEATER t cas — GAS. INJECTION WITHORAWAL FACILITIES FACILITIES: coun nea Skson eo + Load bearing value of soil ‘The proper choice of storage and the proper integration of the storage facility with the refrigeration facilities are impor- tant tooverall economy in the initial investment and operating ‘cots. Fig. 615 provides some general guidelines to use when selecting a storage eystom for propane. ‘When using refrigerated storage, the liquid to be stored is normally chilled to its bubble point temperature at atmos: pherie presoure, Refrigerated storage tanks normally operate ‘at an internal pressure between 0.5 and 2.0 psig, In some cases, pressurized-refrigerated storage is attrac- tive, In this type of reffigerated storage, the product to be stored is chilled to a temperature that allows it to be stored at ‘8 pressure somowhere between atmospheric pressure and ils ‘vapor pressure at ambient temperature Refrigeration requirements normally include the following basic functions: * Cooling the fill stream to storage temperature. + Reliquefying product vaporized by heat leak into the sys- tem, + Liquufying vapors displaced by the ineoming liquid, Other factors which should be considered are: + Pump energy requirements, Barometric pressure variations Produet compositions Non-condensables Solar radiation effects Superheated productsFIG. 6-13 General Guidelines for the Economic Storage of Pure Propane -Aimospherie Refrigerated gt ty 8 8 60° F Propane Fil g 10,000] 10 20°30 (A) To Fuel ine or other gas consumer. 40 Capacity of Storage, thousands of barrels 506070 80 Courtesy of Chicago Bridge & tron Refer to Section 14 of this Data Book for information on re- frigoration, Tables R.2.2, R.2.3, and R.2.4 of API 620, Appen. dix R, should be consulted for specific service temperatures and impact requirements of materials used as primary and secondary components in refrigerated storage tanks. Refrig- erated facilities require specialized insulation systems, which are described later in this Section, Foundations for the various types of low temperature stor- tage vossols are designed much the same as foundations for “ordinary spheres and pressure cylinders. One eaution must be noted. Most low temperature liquids are lighter than water and the vessels are designed to store this lighter liquid. There- fore, itis a common practice to design foundations for the total ‘weight of contained product and to water test the vessel at 1.25, times the product weight. Flat bottom vessel foundations in low temperature service present an additional problem. The container is a heal: and, ifno provision is made to supply heat, a large quanti ‘sil eventually will reach temperatures below the freezing point of water, Moisture in the sub-soil will freeze and some “heaving” could occur. A heat eourco conaisting of eleetrical ‘resistance heating cable or pipe coils with a warm circulating liquid is generally installed below the outer tank bottom to ‘maintain the soil temperature above 92°F. Foundations for 610 low temperature veasels must also be designed to minimize differential settling. Liquids at low tomporatures can be stored in frozen earth caverns at essentially atmospheric or very low pressures. An ‘excavated hole (usually lined) is eapped by an insulated metal dome and refrigerated to maintain impervious “walls of ice.” Vapors ffom the liguid are continuously recompressd and MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION Vessel/Tank Materials Metallic — Shop welded, field welded, and bolted storage tanks are customarily fabricated from mild quality carbon steel. Most common for welded tanks are A-36 structural steel ‘and A-283 grade °C” structural quality carbon steel. Sheet {gauge steels for bolted tanks are of commercial quality having a minimum tensile strength of 52,000 psi. A-612, A-515, and A.516 mild quality low carbon steels are used for fabricating the higher pressure storage products such as spheres and “bul lets.” Various API and ASME Codes listed in the References) to which the storage tank is fabricated, set forth the welding procedures, inspection procedures, testing requirements, and ‘material seloction. Some storage applications or service con-ditions ow temperature storage) require storage tanks to be fabricated from metals such as low alloy stainless steel, alu- ‘minum, or other specialty materials. ‘Non-Metallic — Older non-metallic tanks were custom- arily constructed from wood. Plastic materials have now re- placed wood. These materials have the advantage of being non-corroding, durable, low cost, and lightweight, Plastic ma- terials used in the construction are polyvinyl chloride, poly- ethylene, polypropylene, and fiberglass-reinforced polyesters, ‘The fiberglase-reinforced polyester (FRP) tanks aro available in the larger sizes and are the most common. FRP tanks are ‘suitable for outdoor as well as indoor applications. FRP tanks with special reinforced shells are designed for underground storage service. Above ground tanks arc primarily vertical, ‘with or without top heads, Non-metallic tanks constructed of unreiniorced plastics such as polyvinyl chloride or polyethylene materials are avail able in sizes up to about 6 fl in diameter by 11 ft high lons). Horizontal underground FRP tanks will hold up to 12,000 gallons. Above ground vertical FRP tanks can store from 12,000 to 24,000 gallons, depending upon the shell, construction. ‘The temperature limits of plastic tanks are 40°F to 150°F. ‘Color must be added ta the outer liner for protection against ultraviolet radiation. The inner liner must be selected for com- patibility with the chemical or product stored. Protection from ‘mechanical abuse such as impact louds is a necessity. Good planning dictates that plastic storage should not be located ext o Nammable storage tanks. All closed plastic tanks should be equipped with pressure relief devices, Protective Coatings Internal — Use of internal coatings is primarily to protect the inside surface ofthe tank against corrosion while also pro: tecting the stored contents from contamination. Consideration must always be given to such factors as the type of product being stored, type of couting available, type of surface to be coated, surface preparation, compatibility ofcoat- ings, and number of coals required to obtain maximum pro- tection, Many types of internal coatings are available. Due to the unlimited types and applications, only a few will be deseribed as follows: Coal Tar — Among the aldest and most reliable coatings. Extremely low permeability; protects surface by the mechani cal exclusion of moisture and air; exiremely water resistant; ‘good resistance to weak mineral acids, alkalis, salts, brine so- Tutions, and other aggressive chemieais, Epoxy Resin Coatings — Excellent adhesion, toughness, abrasion resistance, flexibility, durability, and good chemical and moisture resistance. Typical applications include hnings orsour crude tanks, floating roof tanks, solvent storage tanks, drilling mud tanks, sour water, treated water, and pipelines. Rubber Lining — Used as internal lining for storage tanks which are subjected to severe service such as elevated tem- peratures or for protection from extremely corrosive content, such a3 concentrated chlorides and various acids such as chro- ‘ic, sulfurie, hydrochloric, and phosphoric. Galvanized — Galvanizing (zine coating) is highly resis- tant to most types of corrosion. Bolted stee! tanks are ideally suited for galvanizing since all component parts are galva- nized by the hot-dip process after fabrication but before erec- tion, Galvanized bolted tanks are recommended where the oil produced contains sulfur eompounds and/or is associated with hydrogen sulfide gas. Galvanizing is also effective against cor- rosion in seacoast areas where atmospheric salt conditions ac- celerate corrosion problems. External — The basic requirements for external coatings fare appearance and weather protection. ‘Numerous types of external coatings are available, ranging from hasic one-coat primers to primers with one or more top- coats. Environmental conditions usually dictate the extent of coating applied. Offshore and coastal installations require ‘mare extensive coatings as compared to inland locations. Insulation ‘Types — The four basic types of thermal insulating mate- rial'are: fibrous, cellular, granular, and reflective. These ma- terials differ in many characteristics, Refer to Fig. 6-14 for a description of these materials and typical conductivity values, ‘and prineipal properties of common industrial insulations. ‘Uses — Principal uses of insulation are for personnel pro- tection, process temperature control, prevention of condensa- tion, and conservation of energy. Personnel Protection — Personnel protection is accom- ied by the application of insulation of proper thickness ‘where the surface temperature should be limited to approxi- mately 150°F or as specified by applicable codes or company standards. Process Temperature Control — Insulation thickness is specified in this case to help control the temperature of the ‘process fluid. Electrical, steam, hot process fluid, hot oil, gly- ‘col-water tracing is used to add heat to the process line to balance the heat loge. The insulation thicknoss must be ‘matched to the energy input to achieve the desired result. Freeze protection is another use for insulation. This includes fluids which have higher viscosities or freeze points. Condensation — Insulation thickness must be sufficient to keep the outside surface of the insulation above the dew point of the surrounding air. Moisture condensation on x cool surface in contact with warmer humid air must be prevented ‘because of the deterioration af the insulation. In addition to the required thickness of insulation, a vapor tight membrane rust be properly applied to the insulation. As a rule, insula- tion thickness for condensation control is much greater than the thickness required for conservation of energy. Conservation of Energy — High fuel costs inerease the ‘need for more insulation. A rule of thumb for estimating the thickness of insulation is to apply the thickness that produces a heat loss of 3 to 5 percent or less from the surface. Specific insulating materials and thicknesses for any large application, should be determined with the assistance of the manufacturer. Fig. 6-15 contains 3 graphs which permit the rapid estimation of the thickness of thermal insulation required to give a de- sired heat flow or surface temperature when the hot fuce and ambient tomporature are known, The method is based on ele- mentary heat transfer theory and reliable experimental data. ‘The following examples illustrate the use of these graphs. Example 6-4 — A rectangular duct is operating at 450°F The duct is finished with a silicone coated fabrie. The ambient tem- perature is 80°F. IL is desired to maintain a surface tempera: ture of 180°F, What thickness of cellular glass foam is required? What is the heat loss?FIG. 6-14 Constants for Determining Thermal Conductivity and Unit Heat-Transter Rate for Some Common Insulating Materials A+BTHOT?+0'T whereT = °F k Insulation * Cale sileete ASTM C4290 Clave 1 08 ‘White berelasankets with binder ooaty 30 It 2037 ig Bergan sheet ASTM C-54-77 Cass a2 ASTM C517 77 Cats? oa ASTM C4127 Gate o2ss7 ASTM C-612-77 Gana? re eoery= 4.0 I? aus eonty = 6 1997 Cale as eam [ASTI C-552-79 Cage 1 tes Mineral woot Bawa rck Hanke, 91 2109 ‘Bele rok blank, 12 Won? a2 Meu slag eck, 6 sf 01078 Metalic ag Heck 18" 3199 Minera wool basd-cement 042s Profarmed expanded peeve ASTM Cato oe panded porte based ceront a2 epandodpepstyrone Hecke ASTM C-o76c9 Ge ox alyuethane, 22 1 | Med One TP and rotivehamitiy | 1862 | (aS ond ous | ew payaretbane oun | T998 elened el) 7x0? aflistd vermuliteGnsulating cement) ASTM C-196-77 ser ‘tradenarcof Cis, Mexicana de Rafactaroe AP. Grom S.A. eco City) © © > ererzi0t | a4osxi0t | soez0!* | so. -ems.i0*| aaeraa0* | -297x10'* | 50.900 eax | eos30" mi 1236 10° i208 sos1xi0t | 1950108 0250 2a0ix10t | 614x108 ons sasteio! | 190. 10° 00 2557 10* | 901810" 300 somstot| ruseeao” | tarexs0" | -soosoo aaiex10! | 549610" 00 Ssorxi* | Gare 0 ‘0 Brant | 3izes0 no saroxio' | 2t7ex 1200 6285..10¢ | —1e38x40° | 3saoxi0 | 0960 apxiw* | 2296130" 70.250 5435 020" | 50.850 arex10' .z96x10*| -agerea0? | -se10 4ootx0t + -sa7axs0® | 2saexiot | -a9:32 Suse" Taste IS fea 2490 030" 7.980510" “2 Tatas 10" —1.152"10¢ mim s0x10! 1200 sort 3 104 1200 Solution Steps using Fig. 6-15 50 — 130 = 320, = 130 — 80 = 60 Ty, = (450 + 1302 = 290 In Fig. 6-15 at AT; of 50, project vertically to eurve A, then horizontally to the left to a heat loss (Q) of 98 Biw/(hr «aq f), Project horizontally to the right along the 98 Btu/hr.« sq ft Qline to the point in Fig. 6-15b corresponding to a tempera- ture drop through the insulation (AT) of 820, then vertically dowaward to an insulation resistance (R,) of 3 From Fig. 6-14, ASTM C-552-79 Class 1 cellular glass foam has ak at Ty, = 290°: Ik = 0.8488 + (6.038) (10°) (290) + (1.144) (10% (2907 + (7.472) 10") (290) k= 052 Multiply roquired insulation resistance B, by k to obtain re- quired thicknoss (X). X = (8.8)(0.52) = 17 inchos 612 Example 6-5 —In Example 6-4, ifthe heat loss [98 Btutlhr «sq {0 is specified instead of a surface temperature of 10°F, the following procedure is used. Project a line horizontally on Fig. &-15a from a heat loss of 98 Btwihr « sq ft) to curve A, then vertically downward to a AT; of 60. Surface temperature = 80 + 50 = 190°F. The rest of the solution remains the same, Example 6-6 — Assume the same conditions as Example 6-4 except that the surface to be insulated is a 4” O.D. duet. After detormining the required thicknoss of 1.7 inches for 3 flat surtace, go to Fig. 6-15e. Project horizontally from 1.7" for a flat surface to the line representing a 4" O.D. duct then ver~ tically to an actual thickness of 1.35°. The heat loss of 98 Btwhr eq ft of outside inulation surfaco remains the ‘The heat loss por lincar foot of outside duct surface inelud- ps = 171 Bowe near *The insulation surface temperature on tubing and ducts in the horizontal position is generally higher than in the vertical, position for the same heat flow. To correct for the horizontalFIG. 6-15 Heat Flow Through Insulation 8 § a (Hest ow (3TUtsquar foot per hour) 8 & 60 100200 300 400 '57,=Diterence between outeldesurtace temperature and ambient a temperate urtace ‘Required insulation thickness (Inches) fr fat et 7a 4 ‘Actual insulation thickness (Innes) for tubing or duct 6-15 1 Te Temperture drop through inulston T,-T,) S67 891 18 2 3 4 6 6 7 88D 1S R, Regul thermal resletenee of insulation X,) How to Use Figs. 6-15 a & b or uct S87 eo (1, + Tye ‘Courtesy Jonns Manvite 613position, multiply the AT, for flat surfaces obtained from Fig. 61a by the following factors (F): “Q(Btutarsq ) | 10.99 | 100-190 | 200-299 | 900 1 1 | 110 150 Example 6-7 — A furnaco is operating at 1100°F. The outside surface is stainless steel. The ambient temperature is 75°F. It is desired to limit the heat loss to 150 Btwhr «eq ft. What thickness of mineral wool and cellular glass foam is required? What is the surface temperature? Solution Steps ‘T= 1100 @Q= 150 Btwhr «sq From Fig. 6-15a at Q of 150 Btufnr - sq ft, project horizo tally to curve B, then vertically to AT;= 105,"T, is (105 + 75 180. In this case a combination of mineral wool (metallic slag block, 18 Ib/f8) on the hot face backed by cellular glass foam (ASTM C 652-79 Class 1) is to be used. From Fig. 6-14, the ‘temperature limit of cellular glass foam is 500°F. The inner face temperature between the two materials should be close to, but not above, this limit, AT; (mineral wool) (1100 ~ 500) = 64 ‘Ty (mineral wool) (1100 + 5003/2 = 800 k (from Fig. 6-14) of mineral wool at 800°F (T.y) = 0.53 AT(cellular glass foara) (500 - 180) = 320 ‘T,(collular glass foam) (500 + 180y2 = 840 Ik (Grom Fig. 6-14) of cellular glass foam at 340°F (T,0.56 Using Fig. 6-15b, project horizontally along the 150 @ line toa.4T, (mineral wool of 600°F, then vertically toan insulation resistance of 4.0. Thickness of mineral wool required (4.0.53) 12 or 25 inches. ™ 5 ‘Similarly, project horizontally along the 150 Q line to a aT, (cellalar glass foam) of 320°F then vertiealy to an insulation resistance of 2.2, Thickness of cellular glass foam (2.20.56) 1,28 oF 1.5 inches, In the case of multiple layer construction Fig, 6-15 should not be used to convert to a circular cross section. /Refrigerated Tank Insulation Systems—Low temperature insulation is required for both spherical and flat bottomed eylindrical refrigerated tanks. Two types of insula. tion systems are commonly used for low temperature service —single wall and double wall Inthe single wall aystem, the vessel wall is designed to with stand the design service conditions of the liquid to be stored. ‘The outer surface of this wall is then covered with a suitable insulating material such as rigid polyurethane foam. An alu- ‘minum jacket is then installed to provide protection against the elements and physical damage. Itis extremely important. that the insulation be sealed with a good vapor barrier to mini- ‘mize air leakage and thereby reduce the quantity of water that, ‘may migrate into the insulation, Such moisture migration ean, ultimately damage the insulation. Tho welded steel plate outer shell of a double wall system provides containment and vapor protection for the insulation material, generally perlite. The outer wall also provides pro- tection against fires at temperatures up to 600'F. Double wall tanks are considered in storing products at temperatures be- low ~28°F This system minimizes heat leak which generally. ‘means lower operating and maintenance costs. As an added safety feature, the outer wall ia completely sealed and there- ea fore permits the insulation space to be continually purged with aan appropriate inert gas, which keeps the insulation isolated from outside humid air Figs. 6-14 und 6-16 provide a range of typical thermal conductivities for various types of insulating and tank shell materials. APPURTENANCES Storage tanks can be provided with any number of appurte- nances, depending on the appropriate design codes and the requirements of the user. A tank may be fited with mixers, heaters, relie/vacuum breaking devices, platforms and lad- ders, gauging devices, manways, and a variety of other con- nections which include manways, sumps, inlet and outlet nozzles, temperature gauges, pressure gauges, wens, and SITE PREPARATION AND INSTALLATION Dikes Dikes are often required to contain the volume of a certain portion of the tanks enclosed depending on the tank contents. Dikes are used to protect surrounding property from tank spills or fires. In general, the net volume of the enclosed dilked area should be the volume of the largest tank enclosed (single failure concept). The dike walls may be earth, steel, concrete. or solid masonry that are designed to be water tight with «full, Iydrostatic head behind it. Local codes and ape govern construction, If more than one tank is wi area, carbs or preferably drainage channels should be pro- vided to subdivide the area in order to protect the adjacont tanks from possible spills Many eodes, standards, and specifications regulate the lo- cation, design, and installation of storage tanks depending on theirend use. Selecting the proper specification and providing. adequate fire protection for the installation may allow lower insurance rates aver the life of the installation. A partie! list of applicable eodes, standards, and speeifications can be found at the end of this section, Grounding ‘Metallic storage tanks used to store flammable liquids should be grounded to minimize the possibilities of an explo- sion or fire due to lightning or static electricity. CATHODIC PROTECTION ‘Cathodic protection can be applied to control corrosion that is ‘electrochemical in nature where direct current is discharged from the surface area of a metal (the anodic area) through an ‘electrolyte. Cathodic protection reduces corrosion of a metal sur- ‘ace by using a direct current from an external source to oppose the discharge of metal immersed in a condueting medium or eloc- ‘rolyte such as soil, water, ete PRODUCT RECOVERY Vapor Losses Vapors emitted from the vents and/or relief valves of a stor- age tank are generated in two ways: Vapors that are forced out of the tank during filling op- ‘rations,FIG. 6-16 ‘Summary of Specifications for Low-Temperature and Cryogenic Steeis'”®) sis yrnt Asm one Sule ed soyode 20) pryeaues og pens os ge porpamg fay “pony Gye sunt two] Bey Agesoduioy USlup v mj Joe Jo opeaB tered ‘suogeay see QUE LAY ‘ug a ues Pap paygaode anauny stun wna 298 ‘aoeuynu Yusha Jo C29 PARpUNS LAV HeeDUD"wosEuLy usu seg eennpn “23/9918 aoase aypuN Cau “onpoLd aga ‘eed “S2) oNpaAd Jo adh wade qunpuecap M wer}Hde Sond W 3) peel UeRSEduND fe re ste yor wabpey | seopratesunpesiad uy] rys | ove | 16 | outt a Fee eat a emg ate | In 6 SoGt 26 2p SRY ere | oot | om | on | ox ou Ik 26-8 RE CV esdey pyr wade | | ap ty 2A vasa ate | ot | ot | amt | eae ce the 8 ope FEY Renn buswe ste | ost | om | ost | ete ee IN 56-8 opm eeEV Fae] ee aT a at wa | oe | oz er Losteg asneg eau at wa | oe | ox oe Se GE NY 21 sa | oe | ox oo ss fy we | we tae auioy 2orsog | apeag # sods ISIWIKLSY ‘tne women 65,‘+ Vapors that are generated by vaporization of the liquid stored in the tank. A vapor recovery system should be sized to handle the total vapor from these two sources Displacement Losses — Vapors that are forced out of the tank are generally called displacement losses. A storage tank is generally not pumped completely dry when emaptied, "The vapor above the remaining liquid in the tank will expand {oll the void space at the vapor pressure of the liquid stored in the tank at storage temperature. As the tank is filled, the vapors are compressed into a sinaller void space until the set pressure on the ventirelief system is reached, There are also some filing losses that are associated with the expansion of the liquid into the tank. Fig. 6-17 provides a graphical ap- proach to estimating the filling losses as a percentage of the liquid being pumped into the tank. Vaporization Losses — This type of loss is charac- terized aa the vapors generated by heat gain through the shell, bottom, and roof. The total heat input is the algebraic sum of the radiant, conductive, and convective heut transfer. This type of loss is ospecially prevalent where light hydrocarbon liquids are stored in full pressure or refrigeraled storage. This less prevalent but still quite common in erude oil and fin- ished product storage tanks. These vapors may be recovered by the use of a vapor reeovary systom, ‘To calculate vaporization in tanks, sum up the effects af ra- diant, conductive, and convective heat inputs to the tank. Ap- proximate vapor losses in lb/hr can then be calculated by Gividing the total heat input by the latent heat of vaporization of che produet at the fluid temperature Fic. 6-1 19 Losses from Storage Containers Fill Liquid Equivalents of Tank Vapors — The follow: ing procedure may be fellowed to calculate the liquid equiva- lent of vapor volumes ubuve stored LP-gas liquids General Approach Data Required: 1, Liquid product composition in mole % or mole fraction 2. ‘Temperature and prossure of the product from which the liquid sample was obtained. 8, Vapor-liquid equilibrium K values at an assumed 1,000 psia convergence pressure (seo Seetion 25). Caleulation Procedure: 1. With the liquid product composition, calculate the bubble point pressures of the product at assumed temperatures: Le, 60°F, 80°F, From the bubble point caleulations, a va- por pressure chart can he made for this specific product composition 2. Krom the bubble point caleulation in (1), the product v or composition can be obtained: ie. 4) = EK) = 10 Eq 6-4 3, Calculate the compressibility factor for the vapor by either (a) or (). , Compressibility factor charts, Section 23. Pseudo critical and pseudoreduced temperatures and p sures must be calculated to obtain a compressibility Factor b, Equations of state 4, Calculate the total number of moles of vapor for volume hy using the modified ideal-gas equation: a7 os pores Courtesy Chicago Bridge snd tron Co. os op 3. Boz z Bot 7 00 as Sritart tee tia ICH gre wael a Math ag tilda elaine ‘Vapor pressure at liquid temperature, psia 616PV = n,ZRT, n, © PVIZRT = total moles vapor Eq65 5. Calculate the gallons of liquid equivalent in the vapor phase by multiplying the total number of moles of vapor by the mole fraction of each component by the gal/mole factors for that component from Fig. 23-2 Elng(y) (galsmole)! = 60°F gallons in vapor phase Eq 66 Example 6-8 — Determine three points of data used to plot Fig. 6-18. 1, Caleulate composition of vapor at the three data points, Liguid Ca Bubble point pressures Comision Spain _6OF 1K pie, 130. 255 pa Scare} ietetcy y Ky DOs Aas ages 323” TOMS ass om 095 dso ser oes OMS Ooee OLN oz 0309 0.0082 398 OOO O48 0.0088 ‘a 40000 000 | 1o008 2. Determine compressibility factor at the three points, Average MEM) 2385 dame a PreadoTe oR 51 5 53 Brel pi 8 ea a2 Tr O77 Om kn B 00ers) a0 section 295 asa ase atin 3. Caleulate moles of vapor per 1000 gal. of vapor. Py Tag and m = ing 1,000 _ 597 v = LOO = isa 7eun ony moles Cs 0166 ora e haner ‘856 ‘0 4. Calculate liquid equivalent gallons (60°F) per 1000 gal- Tons vapor, alate ce “joe 166s ss ee yosss izes mss Ts c a ee) Suggested Simplified Approach By using a typical product analysis, calculations can be ‘made as outlined above, and from these oaleulations (see ex- ample 6-8) vapor pressure and gallon equivalent charts can be drawn as shown in Fig. 6-18, A convenient unit of vapor space volume should he used, such as 1,000 gal. Vapor Recovery Systems Vapor recovery systems are generally used to prevent polls tion of the environment and to recover valuable product. Wo basic types of vapor recovery systems may be encountered. One is designed to gather tonic wastes that would pollute the atmosphere but are not valuele enough to warrant fll reco\- ‘ry. In this type system, the vapors are generally gathered and incinerated. Irincineration wil not meet government disposal standards, the vapors are generally compressed and con- dented into a liquid and sent toa liquid disposal system, FIG. 6-18 Liquid Equivalent of Tank Vapor [Composition of quia |+ Ethane 3.0 mole % |_ Propane 95.0 mole % Isobutane 2.0 mote % 100 2 z « (60°F) of equivalent i ‘igus per 1000 gal sol ol vapor ‘Tank Pressure psia 30 a0 Temperature ~"F Tor —Tz0 ‘The vapor recovery systoms that are typically used with ro- frigerated storage tanks are generally integrated with the product refrigeration systems. In these types of systems, the ‘vapors are generally compressed, condensed, and put back into the tank with the fill stream. Vapor recovery systems on atmospheric pressure, ambient temperature storage tanks do not normally require a refrig- eration system to condense the vapors. They are generally ‘compressed through one stage of compression, condensed in either an air cooled or water cooled exchanger, and then put back into the tank, Fig. 6-19 provides the flow schematic of this system. FIG. 6-19 Ambient Temperature Vapor Recovery Cycle “AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ‘STORAGE TANK oyPARTIAL VOLUMES IN STORAGE TANKS _ cylinder, sphore, rectangle). Bach configuration uses different formulas for determining the total and partial volumes. ‘The volume or size of a storage tank ie determined by the Figs. 6-21 through 6-26 can be used to determine total and configuration of the tank that is used (horizontal or vertical partial volumes in most common storage tanks. FIG. 620 Cireumference, Area, and Volume of Circles and Cylinders ‘Gisunference [Aron of Sind ‘lume a indore at igi Feet | Motes | att | mametere Sani, | Imperiahen.| US SER | Damo aie oases | a aan = o ca i a fon |e a 3 be ose0 2 | so ier | to eet 83 ao 1 3 ie) ito | aes | tos mo #5 Ba : Ha | Be | ieee | tae iteo im ier 3 18.85 7454 8274 2.6268 2s i 176.1 5.04 6 hee | Sram | Seams | Sse 3 aot oa $ tis | face | flee | Stam ea | ia noe 3 war | sewo | san | fom mes | ea ne : ee ee i » sess | ansssz | sam | naam = tho set ies n sit isor | dium | iolon— eo |g) ote a fu | tase | ims | ie8ie | fene a | Re 5 fm | tae | tise | teases | ona | at i cor ww | amam | ase sat ® SH | fess | zemo | atom oa r as Sito | ewe en & fom | nar | aeons | desaor se ® Ses) tama | feu | Dawes en 2 oz | snows | sors | asm neta aamts | re 2 Sus | Hes | mse | deus Semer Sts | Some a ie | Rene | Sia | toss Some Sara | kn % sor | eur | cutee | Grae | tent © Saase | oar 3 ee ae ey > oss | weno | coca | rari | gomez saoas | aaa 2 teat |i | goto | dts) Some? Sams | Inna = thn) oseaue | Tota | oueasr | Tema @sog | tna = tags | Sees | Tact | tose | Rema ames | ata Fa teas | Seace | tase | Moms tant BA & tis | amare | asst | unre sem? ote 2 ia ius | lames | imams | tame feta | Bua & its ime | tans | ile | wats ais | amo & tae | ime | tases | tmuee | tase © hans | Baan & tres | fm | isss | mae | Meme tae | kon | dS raze | spose | zoroma | amos | wr, army ants | | wee | Ss | eG | inom | aims = Han | fee | wep | cans | San | Sele | deer ees Sue | ion | Saws | tes | nse | etme 0 Bons test) oe | ism | danas | fina | Sooo nies aa s 251.23 76.6048 5028.55 466.9811 97,001.2 1,908.7 ea27 | 80 we | MSs | fee | grime | Stee Sah tee R un | fame | sium | Grom | amo Rome Lamor 3 iow | sess | tome | eanm | toms feiste | Hamaar * Be eter | esos | Sasser, haats | Yass tn uses | ussnir | aso | mas | ropr | ise | tame uD Hem Inara Hiaet | Sumo doust tea | ti sees | gars the tin PP fou ibtesss fame | Saad dum ao is 2 ine Tanrm | tenn) | fieoms Rie tan 1 seas | sags tases | is04m7 bawo — asmor en i Sim | denise pimris | teewmes | frat ingest i saw | taasid Pscons | isosseo | tone = dames dap is Se noose | detoser | Eastoose | Zine | esas tinvas fen 20) tom | tones | nse | dome | seers | topes Samae on Noms Formed deerine pny pr fu ef vert hei of einder. 1 Manet areasupedastr ania th carmen et FSET ceva geen veces am fa te 6. Galan pro oe ole daca sae mae rely. Safmies bf = Caller pr corel 2 Wdiameters are assumed as meters, values in column "Area of Circle 4.992148 D? = Imperial Gallons per vertical foot. ‘Square Feet” will represent volume of cylinder in cubie meters per vertical 0.022240 D? = Cubic Meters per vertical foo. saat {7068 Bo neal" Gait ric mer oreFig. 6-21 Partial Volume in Horizontal and Vertical Storage Tanks with Ellipsoidal or Hemispherical Heads HORIZONTAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS + of —+ —+| . QL! ‘Toa volume = volume in 2heads + volume in oyinder = WOR KOs V4 ORL, Ke=2bD 9 Ze=HyD Zo HO where is in radians Pattal volume = 1.6 x Ky DP <(t(Ze)] + 14 eOPL x {Zc} fa) e008 {26 = Horizontal evnder coetfcient 0 Fig.6-22) or Ze), {iZe) = Elipsodal coeticiont seeFig. 6-28) or 120) = (ey x(s mm) For eipical 2-1 heads, b= 14D, Kr = te VERTICAL CYLINDRICAL TANKS le—p —+| i }-—o —+| t= , Zi an Total volume = volume in heads ~ volume in cylinder V8 KD? 114 20° Panial volume = 1/6, 0? Ze] + 1st x OH, k, = 200 Zo = (Hy >HayK,D 2e) = etipsoial cote (seeFg 6-23) 020) = |] x(-0 69Fig. 6-22 Coofficients for Partial Volumes of Horizontal Cylinders, (Zc) 1 2 os 06 08 09 10 ° 1 2 Siar eral 5 6 7 as 900000 | 000053 | .o00151 | 000279 | 000429 | 000600 | ooo7ss | .congez — oniziz | 0244s -vosés2 | 001952 | ‘002225 | 002507 | ‘ovza00 | oats | 002419 “oon743 77 | longs 004773 | 005184 | 008503 | 00581 | 006267 | 006560 007061 .go7s70 | oo7s8e | “006810 soos74z | 009179 | 909825 | o1o07s | ‘orosa4 | 01999 ouu47a | oug47 | orz42 | “012920 orsa7 | cogs | 01497 | or4ei0 | 015459 | 15985 | 916515 | 017052 | 017503 | _o1BI41 ovses2 | 019250 | orss13 020882 020055 .o2isas | opens | 2270s | ozszs | .ozss94 024498 | 025103 | 028718 | o2sas1 | o2se52 | 027578 | ‘ozagos | ‘ovssaz | ozvast | _ca0124 osor72 | os1e24 —osznei | os27a0 | oasaos | .ovaors | 024747 | “casean | oxmios | “oa6789 097478098171 | oases? | o3a5e9 | oxoz7s | ‘o4o9s1 | 041694 | .o4zsi0 | o4s129 | ossas2 044579 | 045310 | 0460s 48762 | 047523 | .04n208 | coago17 | “ovs76s | ososz4 | ost2a9 ‘oseot | 052810 | 058879 | 054361 | 055128 | 055005 | .oseeas | osrav4 osse62 | 050054 .050850 | .ogo648 | 061449 | 062253 | osavsz | oese72 | ‘061637 | 065509 osez2a | ‘os7147 o67972 | -oesso2 | o6e633 | orotsy | o71so7 | co7ei47 | ‘o7ze01 | o7aa6 074686 | 075699 ova | mas | oven | 079975 | o7see | oso709 | .os1sa1 | oseas6 083352, ‘ogani2 ossos4 | oas979 | oseses | 087758 oseso | osas4s | opoais | 91343 opz246 | ovals 029061 | .o9s971 | osssas | o9e79 o97717 | 098653 099660 00486 © aoiai4 | 202942 xos275 | ‘104211 | 105147 — “106087 | 107029 107973; 108920 | 10969 | “i10890 | “a11773 tiz7ea | .risea6 | sin4es6 315607 ues72 117553 | “118508 | “119477 | t20a5a | 21425 122403 | 1amge2 —-y2aa64 | ‘tasa47 | 2sans | t2Ts21 | ‘igaat0 | s2ea02 | aa02e6 | 121292 182990 199291 | 13292 | ‘195296 | 126302 sss20 | ‘1s9332 140345 | 141361 uuas7s | assays | 1aiaie | tasas | 46408 rass24 | 19554 | 150567 | 152622 aszeso | ‘issea7 | ‘ie47s7 | ise779 | “xs6a22 158015 | ‘ise963 | “161013 | 162066 yea120 | 164176 | 168283 | 166292 | 167953 rse430 | 170546 | 271613 | 172682 vrata | “174828 | “178900 | 176076 | 1178063 rs0212 | “isizea | llaa7s | asai63 8550 | 185639 | 186729 | astaz0 | “iss012 ran02 | ‘19x20 | 11sa299 | I9es00 sssso1 | 196604 | 197709 | agss14 199922 | 2010s. | goarsx | 2oazsa | 2009s 20s4a0 2oseco | 207718 | ‘2osss7 | (209057 | 2107 | 2r2v02 | 2iss26 | ra4ss | 215580 216708 ai7ese | pisoro | zaoie2 | ‘aziz35 | “zazs71 | 22507 — aa4eas “anv | zzes24 | 228065 aven09 | 230352 | ‘2s1493 259644 “aaa7O1 34941 ; 2ag091 , arEK2 , 2n8905 | 299548 aqo7os | 241858 © 2an016 | 2aar7s passa 2464s4 | 2aress | Danio | 249969 | “asttas 2s2ais assays | zsessz | assez2 | 25692 | osmies 260512 | 261887 | 26269 264099 | 265218 | 266397 | 267578 | 258760 | 269942 a7si0 | 273495 | 274882 21ssea 277088 | 27e247 | 2v04g7 | Ze0627 | 2e1a90 261207 | “285401 | 286508 287795 288992 | 2a091 | 291390 | 292591 | 298793 2e6i93 | -ze7403 | 298608 29984 zoioai | 302228 | ‘soa4ss | ‘so4s46 | 305857 08280 | ‘309492 | 310705 ausis | stsis< | si4s50 | .s1sses | aiezea | 19001 20439 | 921660 | 322881 szsioa | 925996 | 326880 | 27774 | “szso90 | sa0225 9278 | sues | 335134 sgeues ag7ea | a3seaa | ‘s4ooss | ‘asizs6 | ‘342519 ‘344985 | (346220 | 547455 as690 | gage26 | ssnn6s | .ssze02 | ‘a5ea0 | 354579 asvase | 958599 259840 ger0s2 62875 | 363568 s6asi1 | ‘ses058 | ‘367900 eg790 371036 | S728 73590 | star7s 376028 | sTI27S | 978524 T9774 sszata | sss526 | 30778 1386030 887285 | SBasa7 | ‘sn9790 | “so1064 | 302208 04808 | 396063 | ‘s97320 398577 | 399634 401092 | 402850 | 403508 | 404866 4o7asi | 403645 | 0990 aris | 41226 izes? | sta99 | ‘sie2n | 417473 is00 | 471261 | 422525, denvan | 425052 42es16 | 427582 | apsaas | asonnz | sia7a | asze4s | assoun | 495178 azesa5 | ag7ma | agao79 | s4o2es | aarsia | 442762 | sigo50 | assars | 4aosa7 | asvast gpiz5 | 450g04 | asiess | aszosz | ‘45420 | 455472 | 456741 | asao12 | 459289 | 460554 eiszs | 263096 | 46967 | 485638 | scosi0 | agers 460453 | 470725 | 471007 | ¢za260 avasei | 475814 arvoss | a7as58 | 470631 | asoons | asza76 | lassia9 | 454722 | aas995 sera69 | asasd2 4s9e1e | 91087 | 492960 | -agasas anqg06 | aosi79 | 497452 | 498726 629FIG, 6-22 (Cont'd) Coetticlents for Partial Volumes of Horizontal Cylinders, (Ze) zl oj i -~ ? | 3 ri 5 3 Ta a 0 | s000c0 | soxaTe | stasis | sosenr | sosvos | sosser | sono | soesis | i016 sttscn ‘1 sizrat | stioos | “stsave | ‘press | ‘srmmae | ‘sisos7 | ‘s20s60 | ‘soroa2 | szzois | satao 2 sasaso | “suerat | “sosove | ‘sunara | saoedv | ‘soisas | sa9000 | soqsea | saad | a0 So saerrs | saous | saoriz | setoce | saszee | ‘seasza | sassoo | ‘seroas | 506057 | _saa00s Se. soowrs | ssaies | cosets | same | seseso | ssrain | sseuas | Soeroe | ‘soiozi | 562088 ss | seoses seam serass | ssea2 | sooees | smust | areas | race | sraoes se | steamers | soo02 | seizes | ssoser | saree | ‘sasom | soon | ssrsre sr | suswss | ‘soc0n6 oaste severe | subst | ‘soceoe | s07ss0 | ‘s9e008 | soo16s se | souezs | soaeeo fasiee | coo? | sorree | ‘sosose | sioaio | ‘euiasa | o12Ti7 so | sisemo | sxsaza irre | sere sumase salare snes | ensors | oosza2 co | sonst | coma ssoz1 | sa1ss | 632700 | smote | asisa — oocoe | arene si | amis | s90is0 frzesi | toset | santas | s1soeo | cursos | 618506 00s 2 | ‘soisi0 | ssasas fs5015 | eben | ssvesi | snavia | ossoue | S6n77 60207 sa | ‘soossr | seases fsrszz | sessao | ssor7s | ‘srioos | oman | ‘orauso | race st | ‘erseps | orniio ‘erase1 | so7ar | estos | esvor7 | “eacazs | casoso | _sase05 ss | sssose | ronan | ov0sn0 coossa | soxisa | sosase | coese2 | sorrr2 | sero we | oie | rotoaz | ras rasoos | ‘7oo20r | ‘rorsoe | ‘rosexo | 00800 | -7m00s er | cripats | ‘rieioe | yrasi0 Toosr | “rasieo | “noors | “naosca | Torsse | “7aaoe2 a reaion | rasens | sos oaera | noose | “rateao | rename | taaann | “734782 so tasses | ronigr | zaaats | aosse | “rensas | “raz00s | zasize | russes | rassi7 cav6ss 745652 | rsoo.T totisr —rsaaes | rsason | oor | rset | saan | raszan “asoor | “yoous2 Tatoos | Tooves ) Tanooa rococo roeane | tovose —Tasoz | To054s roves | “7iiess arate | riazin | traass ) yreteo reao 778765 770808 | “781080 Taziei | “resov2 | Tauo0 | Tessar | taoera | 787798 ) Faneet 700K ) TONGS | Toaase “ssaoy | rossi | 195082 | Toovat | Tanasa | 705000 | ‘So007s | comes | sozzoi —0ste5 75 | anwap | soso soo7o: | so7eoo | .soisoe | siseee | sniose | sr2160 | stars | sisoex te | aitato | siessr srraae | sigios | ‘sio7ee | “sz0e50 sasooi | 2100 | _san175 a7 | ‘sae2s7 | ‘sova1s | s2ase7 | az0a54 | 90520 | ss1sea 35708 | siv7e7 | 83se24 re | ss0680 | -ssroaa | ‘staner | 340007 | ‘stioss | “senna uazar | sesoeo | ‘03 mo | ‘aeraa | swore | avoas | ‘ssome | asiaze | ‘ssasoe | ssasoa | asuns7 | ssa. | \ascooe so | ssrez2 | sass | asvens | scoces | seros0 | senen0 | soaoae | soeros | estos | 286700 si | ‘asrrio | sosroe | agzros | stoess | ariego | ‘sraore | sroscr | svaass | s7s636 | “sveois co srroor | raves aroono | asones | asiabe | aszare aspen | saan | laapss4 | _ssos1e SS aerare | ssoot | asoia0 sootat aoioso | sezaz | amon | aoaois | ‘soussa | sooTs0 Se) alores os? veces) aosia atoedd | aoiae aoaaan | aosaon | soaiis | _scso29 65 | 90009 | omse7 —oorrea | oaes7 | oass7 ) 30% snins0 o1zmea siors4 | st4oat 6 | oisoos | s1szes | oises | cores | cisco | oisaoi | ‘so0is9 | satoes | ‘921868 saaTss er | szooor | ower | oassis | cpzoies | rove | gerasa | saacen | gaasot | sacsa7 s01198 ss | sannas | sooess | soae7t | ‘souesr | sessis | sasiza | sagose | oarce7 | sness1 | 00ase so | oio1s0 | ovoose | oaizge | ‘ocasao | assia | susonn | suse | _osseao | ‘oxei2t | 947100 so | 47055 | searit , aioars | 0082 | asoosa | asxrse ) sseert | asszis | asso5r | sesewo si | satan | noise | acssri | ‘s5ze00 | seo0e | -ssoono | ‘osomar | ‘oso | ‘oos1s5 | e1sz0 s2 | oasze | secon | esses | aasrr | esas | ossoz7 | sossos | oozas0 63576 5 | axozm | sosere | srocis | ‘griise | onivoa | srmam | o7soe8 | 970660 anaao? fs | sraspa | svoioe | zotoe | srraor | ovvess | sreas7 | 970045 | 970s on07s0 os | osrsos | s6isse | osoaor | sazsss | ossase | suns | onsssn | soso | ses67s | 56081 36 sozoeo | ssroos | oos0ss | seasgo | seono: | seoves | sagas | ‘so007s | 80st hd oss) | ooze ssasso ooaego | amaza | gaaras | opera | aoeaor | seasec 8 fosrd | 9osoas | oseas7 | esar aoe gp7200 909 go7777 | oeoes by Sossss sos7ss | soooos | sonia sanico. gpasrt gamer go0si9 | sooaH7 3.00 621FIG. 6-23, ‘Table of Coetticients and Formulas for Determining Partial Volumes in Ellipsoids and Spheres, GENERAL ELLIPSOID End view Total volume of elipscid = 1/6 x KK, D* Partial Volume = 1/6 x KK, D° Ze] K, = 2byD Ky = 2bJ0 Ze=HID {(Ze) = elipsoidal costficient (see below) or = ‘Cactlciota for Paria Volumes of Blips or Spheres, Fa) = i Fi 3 7 Tiamat a 5 z 06 | aos | — tons —— soon —| sont} ais —iacors anos | anor] "sooner | ‘uae | nome | tomas | ores | mex | amar | tomo | avosr | two “prom | fone | tous | ‘tora | ouses | torneo | cores | noes | toate | fore © toane so | ‘us | toans | ‘soos | ‘cones | touse | tmsco | ‘ome | tooo | fos toes ox | ower: | tous | ‘octee | oosse | oes | ieees | reise | acer | focent © tome os | soraw —soress | coma. | conize | onsss | oowzaz | oveoor | coserr | sos — oxcan se | Seas Stowe | ‘Stes | Stor | tanec | fitnse ) Soum | isms | see thane or | cuore usetr | ‘stems | ‘tsa | Siscte | oisesr | ‘oioun | aiser | tite tire se | ime uae | ‘Stomo | ‘tes | tress | tuscer | upone | aut | tate tems vo | tue none | tesus | auc | emer | oom | taro | siews | connote 0 | omcoo omar | msowo | case | caeie | caro | onus | osuer | amers cess it | anes tonege | see | tueat couss | moras | wren | osu Some | fone , owe | Setom | oreo sows | ‘ocser | sesso | uses Duet tt | amos | amet | urere | uses ‘Saree | tenae | tavee | tame tues M [oats | ooeor | sires | tess | terse | oom: | nouns | cree ener | aeono | ons | ome | sense ower | oceans | ower | geroon cerne 16 68608 080416 on29 071048 072681 078513 074392 drs1s9 | 076029 ) at | treme | ctrrms | ors | trae couse | onmae | umnor | amare | mre 3s | eee | tooo | ‘corms | somo | oemzoo tors | onois | tom | teana | toe 3 | fuse | teen | ‘sue | Sores | Somos tee | cous | omae | Seam | emer = | amie | “ieee | iosrer | ices | screen ame | ronae | noon | snare | snzee | moo | “tzawe | ‘taro | ios | “iow “apone | “ance | ttm | sary | “tans S| ite | seo | “ideo | aru | Jame aero | “temo | atte | tan | eves om | Mona | tau | ‘lame | igen | aesse noes | “tne emmy | attoos | toi os | soto | asrae ssmess | em | camer | ido | soage | sess | seios = vow | tue inise | ize | race | ISamn | insoe | inene | anes = mete | ‘tema tamsee | aetae tans nto | ctssee | “is & inme | user tower | eons toot | iower | nore | ase 3 mn | ow ‘oro | “wsee ere | ama | aus | ae seme | ara ‘asrae | tooo ‘avo | nate | aanr | azar 3S dene Zara | Zier | ous | Zeus | ary er | eae = Rim Sw | loses | ‘Ser | doses | duces | Gentry | emo Ss Bie eats | oon | ‘aera | ames | dest | aestor | dees = iw row | ees | anes | news | Serco wees | aawe a 281750 295653 | 288507 291848 pentaT 294108 ce Soue ‘oon ‘ent Socros moo | ane oom Stasor saete Sigma | Suet | uss owe ‘zines sore ‘Sees | Sauno | Bone ao | Ses jais_| Smo Seam |_ Seat coms awit | et i Couns apply fo the valu of lipsidl or hemgherival beds wt the volume fer Ras ereFIG, 6-23 (Cont'd) Table of Coetficlents and Formulas for Determining Partial Volumes in Ellipsoids and Spheres Gonticiets for Paral Voli of Blipsoide or Spbren fey te z i 2 * cs 5 < 7 z z To] Seance | eae asese apes] serra | amas] aon anes” | ° Sesser | aor $3 | Seoccs | Seoio | Sovans | roorr | Snzara | ateron | arouse | arama | roves | Smee ‘| seme | Seeue | now | aeons | deere | ame | Stood | Sotzre | eres | <2 | Stee | omer | ‘toenm cotoe | anise | moe | “ous | Moooin | otarr | anes | Atos | ate | toe | Steere | dieser | finan | tts igor | eeant | “oes, as | aznaso | game | aren | ros | aories | amrsa | sour assis | arias | sas Se | duos | dnote | “aio | “iasor | ieova | imnee | oom “sosre | osoes | Asano 45 | deicee | Same | saoee | Asosso | Geioos | tas | “Seton “ese | Seroat | este ts | drome | nse | “rants | iresto | oeoon | Sivoo | “rams “tnosne | Seo000 | Asses | ‘SSom | wor | Aint | Ser Jerowm | eson | tmoo ats | roo | Sem so | sucaco | soxsco | sogoon | sousoo sumone | 2orsc0 | somoo | siouo | sree | sia S| snags | Siewr | Stroor | cies zumess | zion | rome | ‘Saou | Stones | noise S samee | Sora | Soom | Suara sara | aerrm | ‘sonn | ‘Seow | Sees | rot Seas | sacno | Seooe | stove. Seomoi | Sma | soar | ‘Sooo | Seon | ame sma | Satay | Souse | fowoat © Sesmo | eras | ‘comma | ‘sroeez | tims | rms 33 avego | saz | srr | sroane | seoeas | sein | ssonw | sesiso | seesio | sesoso Se racer | Snowe | somes | tosoon | seme | Janust | ‘sosas | sgemos | annort | anos st oats | snore | csorate | coviae | S10. | ‘less | ‘sistzz | ‘Suuser | tices. | srrte 3 aesve | zoe | ‘com | eonase | sziais | ‘oom | ser facet | 1200) 3 pomea | asuee | ‘eumaas | cexvant | ome | Sums | Steen eaania | Been ‘aooeo | oxoace | asoere | sxesis | sasnso | sme | asom0 exsunr | sem010 cense | momen | cei | ‘ceosue | eescor | sxmoe | ror fans | orsio0 ‘est | rset | ors | enorme | Genter | geass | soto srreos | Ses ‘Soote | ‘comer | esowo | aavres | acian | sons | ‘Sono sore | eae nossa | Toesss | Torore | mse | ome | suum | Sere aassie | ses sueao | riser | amore | zm | rasms | rose | rosor move. amos | toate | tower | tara | corte romcie | roman | fauiss | sas casire | “raesoo | temas | votes | owe “roi | ta5000 | raus10 0a ‘sesoo | Taso | mas | fezzen | fect “aouer | oman | tenae “ces Tiuoma roest | tray | iat | aves “rrvem> | rmoad | temaoe | feu | Tomo eiooo | zacoso | ragsas | erty | ager z902m | ross | seznon | rawoa | rnaer sorts rormia | rasoua | aonira | oie | ‘amoses | aossus | asoeo | omzeo | nena goers sweuy | ae | amit | stzei | Bian | ‘sme | arros | mes | owns feoewe aaiear | seas | zn | aasere | oso | lami | acre | sonar | some sacsra uaeas | azusss | ure | nano | Sasa | anoazo | sasee | Baraat | ates zs | mamso aaa | suioos | suru | sammae | aust | ocoms | ssissa | aeons acorsa je | somes < soot | soon | sonuir | aawoon | mon | ‘sotame | aneeaz | snssoe 570 | Semoe soon | laormoa | amoor | aanese | arwce | ‘sniosi | sraoea | Steno ress % | arewe : ‘sera | ‘anstes | arorro | anmer | ze | ‘soz | ‘noo | Seiom nas jo | ‘soca | avraie | Sanne | anise | sre | motiss | “spel | smog | “noc as so | peace | samesn | sovoin | aanese | sooein | gomas : soueas | soassn | onssoa uss S| fsa | Gomsuo | Sorast_ | ooeint | soaose | stwees “Stow; | au1790 | “Stams | sae S| stew | oscan | “steam | Srna | sieve | sew ‘Some | S200 | Sais | oan $s | aamse | comms — “sotoat | ‘Sasecn | Samens | rrsco Some | Sone | Seorrt | sss | some | ssewe . “smovor | Snovoa | Sousee | suura —“Sooust | Sooo0s | Sarnia | muss as | soeaso | oor | suome | uses | sate | seome —searsa | suusor | susras | ssss63 Se | Saeees | Sere “surat | “Seaman | Sissas | Sicose - somnee | teas | ssoson | sorts Sr | Saw | Sago assose | anorio | earn | aemei | ‘sonoma | Soasss | Sos0g0 | sxer20 $3 | game | Somer ‘seisie | Seows | Seorea | aumer | para | Seesw | ‘Sesira | Scere se) seo | socarr “Semar_ | Saninn | Sonere | evoan | ‘Soonee | “Sroase | stoma | 71s | srawo | srasce , ovarm0 | grass | viz | srasao | esta | s7ssaz | ovoies | si6see si | arm | sree | ‘Stora | Steno | Sion | srasss | ‘Ssanr —‘Seorr7 | ‘Seoosr | soso ge | Siiroc | atooee “Stoner | Suores | Seaoso | Susoeo | sano Seeror | Serise | ness 3s | Sisoss | Sere | seorsr | Sertss | Seroor | avnvre | seame ‘sense | Senoes | Seer st] seme | Sauce | Soooon | Saomea | goin | Sevens | ser Soisnt | Seatea | easen os | sezrso | swsose | once | ssaser | seuser | conor | soisce —soveiz | gsasss | s0sine ae) seonzm | aosese | aur mune | ome | gen | opert “Spoans | Seeose | errr? Sr) some | Somm | aovore surese | gewoon | aooize | soso, Snes? | gees00 | once gs) Sense | Seems | Soom ones | mio | oer | “boonrr | “sowa7 | Sesort | oeo10 a) svorce | soete | Soon sooase | goason | goes | “bonose | snoors | poss | eer iim | sooo, : fesae Coton apy Hr Ww lipo mio eas Sth vole fedFIG. 6-28 Approximate Surtace and Volume of Spheres ~ Danger io” Seg Valine of Saher Ding] Seg | alan ae nr Sie Gare | Uscaln | usm | RET) BR | Gore | uso | UAB | 7 ain) om | —a08 ® | to | anni sear ars 2 ie | ous | age fa e | ues | tem | Soar ae 3 ger | en) ieee | az | iiss | iShmoe | Smaee | aie i war | at | mer | dat S| ite te itr | det t woos | tas | Momo | ne | 6s Haas) tasano | tnmaes | Sent @ | nam | ua | susco | mie we | ness | atoseo | iazcom | ase S| ter | tee ee he) itis | lates | Taneoos | bons 8 | tics zens j eosae | are | os | dent | torsos | dasrst | Zann 3 | fun anise | tuecae | ee | om | iter | ion | tamer | jose wo Bate) nwo | Soinae | as || team | moos | Tense | aneer bu 00 cor | ca | tae mi | assar | amane | anaes | snare a bd oe | ates | et | tae | ison | anuae | Stace 3 a] aise | tae | | iewe | dese | Unem | Sea & ate | ter | some | dae i | ma | mere | terre | Sern 3 wm | iter | ae | 38 | item | eis | enaer Soa 1% wi | aus | weoe |e ze | sea meer arias) woaae " | tee | ime | Ge % | ita) Bom Lami | deere | ime | ban | aw |S | iene | deers ie me | ie | Set Bee a | iar | Bele Seino | ota tim) inde |e so | aioe | Biase fhe a tae | asa | aware | ase | mom | rea saat 2 im | Se | ame |e a | nin | Bea he B | tee | gan | fe | ats | | Rae | dese | gusen | acs uw | tho | fae | sete | tae | ose | attr | S98 | Eta | Se ties | ain | ume | tet || ise | ntasr | dtossn | Start | ome | om | osm | sa | | caw | sxame | 2asiae | soar z | fio | som | mo | tee | oo | te | Stee | Zsa | Sa wm | fa | itv | ot | ger | ow | ae | eae | Soom oe ® | the | im | Sar | dew | mage Soot, totzit | anes i) ae | ieee senso) be | aneat | Sore) daenaur | Erase a gow mse) uses | arm an | ass | sesso | zaman | rome me ie) mir exe | Soe || dete | ote | Umass | ze 3%) ier | ier | ome | San |) Raw) Gri sen Mo) dee | inn) tree | See | ost) ame) Suage ae | | sae | its) erie | see | oss | dass | dike mee x | som | mum | aera | can | 96 | ans | sosanr 308 me | Shor | mt | dancer os | Ris | GNhe sin | | oan | atta | mim | feear ft | fre | imo | tio | oan | | tr | Skew | Sa | ti | So | dome | Sees | ito | sas | eae sor Joa | cam weoow | cur), ann aanaes | soos a | Ge Beir Gs | it) Saws | geet ses & | Ses sna | fae) owe | tome | fat suse oo ie sass | toa | ion | tor | aan | Caeees invent S| tm seems | twos | ote | nme | Geet | tance ) intact | cos sis | son | soe | asa | ame | ceotoe | us07 & | eso jooas | see | amr | som | cater | times | iia | te ‘sie | iho | ite | tere | eons tees 8 | ie foun | tome | iw | tras | Sinan inant = | ise eos | inet | te | to | weno i a | sam soa | ssn | an | setae | i600 usu & | ses som | tava | ia | Sue | emo iow S| te | See | iam | its | Wie) tae; saurser | Jecbae S| St sieve ess te) anaes | ees | Samcaw | ianies | ake sume | tse | ns | fis | eso | Somer | tae se) os erat | sam | ue | azarae | avon | ania | ssee | tiger | Seger | fanmee | ita | tis | oes | Seo ) duces | tie S% | ines | tout | focns ) tai | tts | ite | foam | Gueas | team s | ings | iorae | maar | tue | tte | gs | Sas | Seon | tena | ino _|_ issn | ieoer | aoe | tz | Seam | sosmme | Saenz | teres | Se ans we sap tm vas olan Suse sagg - | OSD? Cte Fa [Sts Seren Bure Meter and Vane a Sp In Ce Mount etre Saene es So age Se onus «9 etn 9 ears Sa as bs three dat ra dah 624FIG. 6-25 Partial Volumes of Spheres — U.S. Gallons rar 2 | ao as j i ab cass st | | | tile asl ect aut | | Se See. | | Dinmetcr Depth of Liquid, fe [ae | na | ae | ace | soo | cor | woe | — we |u| see | a | srt | aan {sor ao |p | te | Sins aeee| ee | cer || on | ss | |r | aur | | 3 oe, | Bj cto oe sue ane | ae | rr | se | sss sae |r [se se | am) te |e | lest ats tne aes | eee | ee |tv| | tea] eee] ae | | IB | |u| sor | ro rest) aecs, anon asses arse] = S| S| Ste [se | am | nn | rw | sos ios | oo ro anne 730] se FIG. 6-26 Approximate Capacities (U.S. Gallons) of Rectangular Tanks for Each Foot of Liquid” Toss Took lng wa, Taal os [we [as [me [as ae as Tee Ss | ao | os | oo L Bis | 748 | 122 | 1496 | 1870 | 2ee4 | 2618 | avg2 | aa66 a740 | diid | 4408 2 | tas | see | ans | aan | ara | atas | soon | soos | oraz) taat | maa | sor 3 | ase } zee | sacs | aeas | soso | orae | mass | soar ) tooo | unzi ) une | mess + | tage | aso | ase | sae | aan | amar [sours | moos | tas | ue: | easy | rem S| tere | sea | seve | aan | oat |atzat Jamon | user | sar | une: | amr | meer 5 bast wage | rae | oar | unzat | 1365 | e700 | reps | acer | van | eas | as020 7 | suas | tego ) tae sara satan | seam | oar | aoeas | asees | aenay | amon | site | & | ane | tone | torr | tines | taser | 12050 20045 | 23s, oe0.g0 | zon anne | asn08 ESS See ; Tonk Tank Lah wa, . in Se [vo [ms [se [es] oo | 0s [wo | os | no | va | nao 1 462 | szae | 5610 | sega | ans | 6732 | 71.06 | 7481 | 7as5 | S220 | 26.09 ) 89.77 2 | nay [ours | staat | eee |artar | tes | uzas | user | sroe | seear | rae | rma 3 saat tsrao | touat | rose | Sonas | oor |aaao | 24a | anon | ae6as | anton | a50an 4 | totse | zones j2osea ,baoae )aiae | pan0 | cas | age | ais | aioae | aan | asoor S| besas |peuaa | znoe | aman | ester | ser amsae )srams -avars | anes | co | ata & jotzs [seas | sone | soos | acai | amas | anor | sas | atiar asor | sies0 | sasco > |sunse | 3onss |soens |siaat | aioe | ret |aozas | anes | oavay | neon oan | canoe Ls | sseo0 | sso | casa | 745 | sons | sonqo | s6ns2 | sos.ss | 625.6 | esaz0 | 6s621 11615 Louft = 7.4805 U.S. gal. Total Volume = W+ Ls Hy=cuft Partial Volume = W + L- Hy = eu ft ivide above capacities by 12 * For imperial gellons, 625STANDARDS AND CODES ANSIAIL Safaty Requirements for Flor and Wall Openings, Railings, ‘and Tesboard. ANSTALS.L Requirements for Fixed Lndustria Stairs, ANSTANLS ‘Safety Code for Fixed Ladders ANSIAIL97 ‘Measurement and Calibration of Upright Cplindrial Tanks, ‘Method for (ASTM D 1220.65, APL 2580), ANSI 11.198 ‘Measuroment and Calibration of Horizontal Tanks, Method for (ASTM D 1410.66, API2551. ANSLAILI986 ‘Measurement and Calibration of Spheres and Spheroids, ‘Method for (ASTM D 1408.65, AP] 2652), ANSI 711.202 Liquid Calibration of Tanks (ASTM D 1406-65 API 2556) ANSUASME BS1.4 Liquid Petroleum ‘Transportation Piping System, APT Recommended Practices for Leached Underground Storage pre pared by API Comaittee 510, API Specification 12 B Specifications for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Lig- uid APL Specitieation 12D ‘Specifications for Field Welded ‘Tanks for Storago of Produc tion Liquids, API Speciticatin 12 F ‘Specifications for ton Liquide. APL Standard 620 Recommended Roles for Desiga and Construction of Largo, Welded Low-Pressure Storage Tenks, API Standard 650 Wolded Steel Tanks for Crude Storage. API Standard 2000 ‘Venting Almespheric and Low-Pressure Storage Tanks APLRP 12 RI ‘Recommended Practice for Setting, Connecting, Maintenance and Operation of Lease Tanks APIRP 50 ‘Recommended Gas Plant Good Operating Practices for Pro- ‘ection of Environment. Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Produc- API RP 200 Flee Protection for Refinerioe. ASME Code for Untired Pressure Vestels, Section VIL, Division 1 & 1. AWWA D-100 ‘Welded Tanks AWWA D-103 Bolted Tanks ‘Foderal Register, Part 1910, Occupational Safety & HealthStandards, Subpart D, Walking-Working Surfaces GPA North American Storage Capacity for Light Hydrocarbons and. US. LP-Gas Import Terminals. 1OCC Underground Storage of Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the United States. Cnterstate Oil Compact Corumissivn ) [National Assocation of Carresion Engineers Iter No, 51101 - Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion. Teer No. 62044 -Costings and Linings for Immersion Service. NACE - TPC Publication No. 5 ‘Corrosion Contra in Petroleusn Production, [ations Board of Fire Underwritera (NBEU) National Fire Proteation Ascociion (NFPA No. 11, 80-25, and 20.28, REFERENCES Blodbett, Omer W, Design of Welded Structures, James. Lincoln ‘Are Welding Foundation, Cleveland, Ohi. Kaman, J. and Jed Licka,J.A., Calculation & Shortcut Deskbook, ‘MeGraw- Hill Publications, New York, New York. Graphie Methods for Thermal Insulation, Jokne-Manville Ken- Caryl Ranch, Denver, Colorado 80217, BIBLIOGRAPHY [Nolaon, W. L., Petroleum Refinery Engineering, 4th Edition, ‘MecGcaw-Til Book Co, (1958) 1 Insvrance Association Recommendations & Guidelines for Gasoline Plants No, 20% Perry, Robert HL, Perrys Chemical Bratineer's Handbook, 6th aition, 1985. Solty, Samuel M., Standard Mathematical Tables, st Edition, 1973, Underwriters Laborstaren (UL) No, 142 Steel Above Ground Tanks ‘No, 58 Steel Underground Tanks 628