Contents

Core topics which can be considered as optional

1 Digital Concepts 2 4 Boolean Algebra and Logic

1-1 Digital and Analog Quantities 4 Simplification 182
1-2 Binary Digits, Logic Levels, and Digital 4-1 Boolean Operations and Expressions 184
Waveforms 6 4-2 Laws and Rules of Boolean Algebra 185
1-3 Basic Logic Operations 12 4-3 DeMorgan's Theorem 191
1-4 Overview of Basic Logic Functions 14 4-4 Boolean Analysis of Logic Circuits 194
1-5 Fixed-Function Integrated Circuits 19 4-5 Simplification Using Boolean Algebra 196
1-6 Introduction to Programmable Logic 22 4-6 Standard Forms of Boolean
1-7 Test and Measurement Instruments 27 Expressions 200

Digital System Application 38 4-7 Boolean Expressions and Truth Tables 206
4-8 The Karnaugh Map 210
2 Number Systems, Operations, and Codes 46 4-9 Karnaugh Map SOP Minimization 212
2-1 Decimal Numbers 48 4-10 Karnaugh Map pas Minimization 221
2-2 Binary Numbers 50 4-11 Five- Variable Kamaugh Maps 225
2-3 Decimal-to-Binary Conversion 53 4-12 VHDL 228
2-4 Binary Arithmetic 56 Digital System Application 230
2-5 1's and 2's Complements of Binary
Numbers 60 5 Combinational Logic Analysis 244
2-6 Signed Numbers 62 5-1 Basic Combinational Logic Circuits 246
2-7 Arithmetic Operations with Signed 5-2 Implementing Combinational Logic 250
Numbers 68 5-3 The Universal Property of NAND and NOR
2-8 Hexadecimal Numbers 75 Gates 256
2-9 Octal Numbers 82 5-4 Combinational Logic Using NAND and
2-10 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) 84 NOR Gates 258
2-11 Digital Codes 87 5-5 Logic Circuit Operation with Pulse
Waveform Inputs 263
2-12 Error Detection and Correction Codes 95
5-6 Combinational Logic with VHDL 266
3 Logic Gates 112 5-7 Troubleshooting 272
3-1 The Inverter 114 Digital System Application 278
3-2 The AND Gate 117
3-3 The OR Gate 124
6 Functions of Combinational Logic 296
6-1 Basic Adders 298
3-4 The NAND Gate 129
6-2 Parallel Binary Adders 301
3-5 The NOR Gate 134
6-3 Ripple Carry versus Look-Ahead Carry
3-6 The Exclusive-OR and Exclusive-NOR
Adders 308 Il!
Gates 139
6-4 Comparators 311
3-7 Programmable Logic 143
6-5 Decoders 316
3-8 Fixed-Function Logic 150
6-6 Encoders 324
3-9 Troubleshooting 160

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 CONTENTS • xiii

6-7 Code Converters 329 10 Memory and Storage 536

6-8 Multiplexers (Data Selectors) 331 10-1 Basics of Semiconductor Memory 538
6-9 Demultiplexers 340 10-2 Random-Access Memories (RAMs) 542
6-10 Parity Generators/Checkers 342 10-3 Read-Only Memories (ROMs) 555
6-11 Troubleshooting 345 10-4 Programmable ROMs (PROMs and
Digital System Application 348 EPROMs) 560
10-4 Flash Memories 563
7 latches, Flip-Flops, and Timers 370 10-6 Memory Expansion 568
7-1 Latches 372 10-7 Special Types of Memories 574
7-2 Edge-Triggered Flip-Flops 378 10-8 Magnetic and Optical Storage 579
7-3 Flip-Flop Operating Characteristics 390 10-9 Troubleshooting 585
7-4 Flip-Flop Applications 393 Digital System Application 589
7-5 One-Shots 398
7-6 The 555 Timer 403 11 Programmablelogic and Software 604
7-7 Troubleshooting 409 11-1 Programmable Logic: SPLDs and
Digital System Application 411 CPLDs 606
11-2 Altera CPLDs 614
8 Counters 426 11-3 Xilinx CPLDs 620
8-1 Asynchronous Counter Operation 428 11-4 Macrocells 623
8-2 Synchronous Counter Operation 436 11-5 Programmable Logic: FPGAs 628
8-3 UplDown Synchronous Counters 444 11-6 Altera FPGAs 633
8-4 Design of Synchronous Counters 447 11-7 Xilinx FPGAs 637
8-5 Cascaded Counters 457 11-8 Programmable Logic Software 643
8-6 Counter Decoding 461 11-9 Boundary Scan Logic 654
8-7 Counter Applications 464 11-10 Troubleshooting 662
8-8 Logic Symbols with Dependency Digital System Application 668
Notation 469
8-9 Troubleshooting 471 12 Introduction to Computers 692
Digital System Application 475 ] 2-1 The Basic Computer 694
12--2 Microprocessors 698
9 Shift Registers 492 12-3 A Specific Microprocessor Family 700
9-1 Basic Shift Register Functions 494 12-4 Computer Programming 707
9-2 Serial In/Serial Out Shift Registers 495
12-5 Interrupts 718
9-3 Serial In/Parallel Out Shift Registers 499
12-6 Direct Memory Access CDMA) 720
9-4 Parallel In/Serial Out Shift Registers 501
12---7 Internal Interfacing 722
9-5 Parallel In/Parallel Out Shift Registers 505
12-8 Standard Buses 726
9-6 Bidirectional Shift Registers 507
9-7 Shift Register Counters 510 13 Introduction to Digital Signal Processing 742
9-8 Shift Register Applications 514 13-1 Digital Signal Processing Basics 744
9-9 Logic Symbols with Dependency 13-2 Converting Analog Signals to Digital 745
Notation 521 13-3 Analog-to Digital Conversion Methods 751
9-10 Troubleshooting 522 ]3-4 The Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 762
Digital System Application 525 13-5 Digital-to-Analog Conversion Methods 768
xiv • CONTENTS

14 Integrated Circuit Technologies 784 APPENDICES

14-1 Basic Operational Characteristics and A Conversions 825
Parameters 786
14-2 CMOS Circuits 794 B Traffic light Interface 827
14-3 TTL Circuits 799
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 828
14-4 Practical Considerations in the Use
ofTTL 804
Glossary 856
14-5 Comparison of CMOS and TTL
Performance 812 Index 865
14-6 Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL) Circuits 813
14-7 PMOS, NMOS, and E2CMOS 814