Broadcast

journalism

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Photo and broadcast journalists interviewing

government official after a building collapse
Broadcast journalism is the field of news
and journals which are "broadcast", that
is, published by electrical methods
instead of the older methods, such as
printed newspapers and posters.
Broadcast methods include radio (via air,
cable, and Internet), television (via air,
cable, and Internet) and the World Wide
Web. Such media disperse pictures
(static and moving), visual text and
sounds.

Description
Broadcast articles can be written as
"packages", "readers", "voice-overs" (VO)
and "sound on tape" (SOT).

A "sack" is an edited set of video clips for

a news story and is common on
television. It is typically narrated by a
reporter. It is a story with audio, video,
graphics and video effects. The news
anchor, or presenter, usually reads a
"lead-in" (introduction) before the
package is aired and may conclude the
story with additional information, called a
"tag".
A "reader" is an article read without
accompanying video or sound.
Sometimes an "over the shoulder digital
on-screen graphic" is added.

A voice-over, or VO, is a video article

narrated by the anchor.

Sound on tape, or SOT, is sound or video

usually recorded in the field. It is usually
an interview or soundbite.

Radio was the first medium for broadcast

journalism. Many of the first radio
stations were co-operative community
radio ventures not making a profit. Later,
radio advertising to pay for programs
was pioneered in radio. Later still,
television displaced radio and
newspapers as the main news sources
for most of the public in industrialized
countries.

Some of the programming on radio is

locally produced and some is broadcast
by a radio network, for example, by
syndication. The "talent" (professional
voices) talk to the audience, including
reading the news. People tune in to hear
engaging radio personalities, music, and
information. In radio news, stories
include speech soundbites, the recorded
sounds of events themselves, and the
anchor or host.

Some radio news might run for just four

minutes, but contain 12–15 stories.
These new bulletins must balance the
desire for a broad overview of current
events with the audience's limited
capacity to focus on a large number of
different stories.[1]

The radio industry has undergone a

radical consolidation of ownership, with
fewer companies owning the thousands
of stations. Large media conglomerates
such as Clear Channel Communications
own most of the radio stations in the
United States. That has resulted in more
"niche" formats and the sharing of
resources within clusters of stations, de-
emphasizing local news and information.
There has been concern over whether
this concentration serves the public. The
opposition says that the range of political
views expressed is greatly narrowed and
that local concerns are neglected,
including local emergencies, for which
communication is critical. Automation
has resulted in many stations
broadcasting for many hours a day with
no one on the station premises.
History
When radio first became popular, it was
not used as a source of information;
rather, people listened to the radio solely
for entertainment purposes.[2] This
began to change with a man named
Edward R. Murrow. Edward Murrow was
an American who traveled to England in
order to broadcast news about World
War II. He stayed in London throughout
the war and was the first to report on
events such as bombings in London and
updated the people on Hitler's reign.
Murrow gained his fame mainly after
reporting on Hitler's German army
annexing Austria. Many Americans relied
on his broadcasts throughout the war to
gain information about the war.[3]

More people also began to rely on radio

for information after the attacks on Pearl
Harbor. People found out about the
bombing through President Roosevelt's
broadcast interrupting their daily
programming. It set Americans on edge,
and people began to rely more heavily on
the radio for major announcements
throughout World War II.[4] World War II
was a time where radio broadcasting
became a much larger industry because
it was the easiest and quickest way for
people to get updates on what was going
on throughout the world.

Informative radio continued while

television reporting also began to take
flight. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s
television news sources grew, but radio
still dominated. It wasn't until John F.
Kennedy's assassination in 1963 that
television newscasting took off. Radio
could only capture the sound of the
event, but television showed people the
true horror of the assassination.[5] This
was one of the first major events in
which news companies competed with
each other to get the news out to the
public first. CBS News was the first to
report that Kennedy had been shot and
was killed.[6] News crews spent the next
several days covering everything
happening in Washington, including
Kennedy's funeral.[7] This set the
standard for news stations to have to
cover major events quicker and get them
out to the public as they were happening.
The JFK assassination helped to
transform television journalism to how it
is today, with instantaneous coverage
and live coverages at major events.
Television offered faster coverage than
radio and allowed viewers to feel more as
if they were experiencing the event
because they could visualize exactly
what was going on.[8]

NBC (National Broadcasting Company)

and CBS (Columbia Broadcasting
System) were the two competing forces
of news broadcasting in the early years
of broadcast journalism. NBC was
established in 1926 and CBS in 1927.
There was a divide in the industry
because they were not only competing
against each other, but radio news that
had already been established.[9]
Women had a hard time immersing
themselves into radio news seeing as
most of the radio broadcasts were men.
There was a small number of women
who hosted programs that were for
homemakers and were on entertainment
broadcast.[10] After World War II, the
doors for women in broadcasting opened
up. This was also due to the shortage of
men that were home during the war, so
news outlets looked to women to fill
those gaps of times. In the 1960s and
1970s larger numbers of women began
to enter into broadcast news field.
Both radio and television are major
sources for broadcast journalism today,
even with rapidly expanding technology.
Television still focuses on covering major
events, but radio broadcasts focus more
on analyzing stories rather than reporting
breaking news.[11] Although the history of
broadcast journalism has its origins in
the early days of radio transmission, it is
television with its attractive visuals and
rapid dissemination that has empowered
broadcast journalism to emerge as the
most influential form of journalism until
the rise of the Internet and the new forms
of journalism associated with digital
technologies (Maniou & Papadopoulou,
2019)[12].The internet often beats out
broadcast journalism in terms of
reporting breaking news, and the field of
broadcast journalism is constantly
having to adapt to the changing
technology of today.

Television
Television (TV) news is considered by
many to be the most influential medium
for journalism.[13] For most of the
American public, local news and national
TV newscasts are the primary news
sources.[14] Not only the numbers of
audience viewers, but the effect on each
viewer is considered more persuasive
("The medium is the message").[15]
Television is dominated by attractive
visuals (including beauty, action, and
shock), with short soundbites and fast
"cuts" (changes of camera angle).
Television viewing numbers have
become fragmented, with the
introduction of cable news channels,
such as Cable News Network (CNN), Fox
News Channel and MSNBC.
A journalist works on location at the Loma Prieta
Earthquake in San Francisco's Marina District

October 1989.

Local television

The industry divides local television in

North America into media markets.
These television markets are defined by
viewing area and are ranked by the
number of audience viewers. New
broadcast journalists generally start in
the smaller markets with fewer viewers
and move up to larger television stations
and television networks after gaining
experience. The larger stations usually
have more resources and better pay.

United States stations typically

broadcast local news three or four times
a day: around 4:30–6 am, 11:30 or noon,
5 or 6 pm, and 10 or 11 at night. Most of
the nightly local newscasts are 30
minutes, and include sports television
and weather. News anchors are shown
sitting at a desk in a television studio.
The news anchors read teleprompters
that contain local interest stories and
breaking news. Reporters frequently tell
their stories outside the formal television
studio in the field, in a remote broadcast
setting where Electronic news-gathering
(ENG) techniques are used with
production trucks. Daytime television or
morning shows include more "soft" news
and feature pieces, while the evening
news emphasizes "hard" news.

Education

Many young journalists start out by

learning about broadcast journalism
through high school courses. They learn
how to navigate the newsroom and
equipment, and they learn the ethics and
standards of journalism. [16]Although
learning the responsibilities of a
journalist is important, education is
required to work in broadcast journalism.
A bachelor's degree in, "...journalism,
broadcast journalism or interactive
media," [16]can lead to a career in
broadcast production. However, a heavy
amount of the education they receive is
hands on activity through internships and
working for on-campus broadcasting
stations. This real world view of the field
combined with classes that teach
students the ins and outs of writing,
capturing video, interviewing and editing
creates a developed and prepared
journalist.[16]Finding a job in the
broadcasting field can be tough due to
the decreased viewing and limited
number of stations in each location, but
the online media presence is causing
employment to be, "...predicted to decline
by 8% from 2014 to 2024."[16]

News jobs

News anchors (formerly "anchormen")

serve as masters-of-ceremonies and are
usually shown facing a professional
video camera in a television studio while
reading unseen teleprompters. The
anchors are often in pairs (co-anchors),
who sit side by side and often alternate
their reading. Meteorologists stand in
front of chroma key backgrounds to
describe weather forecasting and show
maps, charts and pictures. Reporters
research and write the stories and
sometimes use video editing to prepare
the story for air into a "package".
Reporters are usually engaged in
electronic field production (EFP) and are
accompanied by a videographer at the
scenes of the news; the latter holds the
camera. The videographer or assistants
manage the audio and lighting; they are
in charge of setting up live television
shots and might edit using a non-linear
editing system (NLE). Segment
producers choose, research and write
stories, as well as deciding the timing
and arrangement of the newscast.
Associate producer, if any, specialize in
other elements of the show such as
graphics.

Production jobs

A newscast director is in charge of

television show preparation, including
assigning camera and talent (cast)
positions on the set, as well as selecting
the camera shots and other elements for
either recorded or live television video
production. The technical director (TD)
operates the video switcher, which
controls and mixes all the elements of
the show. At smaller stations, the
Director and Technical Director are the
same person.

A graphics operator operates a character

generator (CG) that produces the lower
third on-screen titles and full-page digital
on-screen graphics. The audio technician
operates the audio mixing console. The
technician is in charge of the
microphones, music and audio tape.
Often, production assistants operate the
teleprompters and professional video
cameras and serve as lighting and
rigging technicians (grips).

Business Changes

Broadcast journalism is changing rapidly,

causing issues within the business as
well. Many people can no longer find jobs
in broadcast journalism because much
more is online and does not even need to
be broadcast by a person. Others are
being laid off to invest more money into
new technologies. Other changes include
innovations allowing TV stations to
better alert viewers in emergencies and
have higher quality services. [17]

Online convergence
Convergence is the sharing and cross-
promoting of content from a variety of
media, all of which, in theory, converge
and become one medium. In broadcast
news, the internet is a key to
convergence. Frequently, broadcast
journalists also write text stories for the
Web, usually accompanied by the
graphics and sound of the original story.
Websites offer the audience an
interactive form where they can learn
more about a story, can be referred to
related articles, can offer comments for
publication and can print stories at
home. Technological convergence also
lets newsrooms collaborate with other
media, broadcast outlets sometimes
have partnerships with their print
counterparts.

Citizen broadcast journalism

Citizen broadcast journalism is a new
form of technology that has allowed
regular civilians to post stories they see
through outlets such as Snapchat,
Facebook, and Twitter. It has become a
new trend that some allegedly fear will
take over broadcast journalism as it is
known. News companies, like Fox News,
are employing citizen journalists, which is
a new phenomenon among journalism.
[18]

Fake news [19]

The term "fake news" or Yellow

journalism has taken over broadcast
journalism throughout the past and
current years. Its impact on broadcast
journalism played a role in how news
about the election was spread.[20] Fake
news defines how viewers see news that
may be misleading or false. The main
aim of Yellow Journalism is to gather the
attention of people in the society.[21]
Many of these false or misleading stories
came out during the 2016 election
between Hillary Clinton and Donald
Trump.[20]

See also
24-hour news cycle
Broadcasting
Broadcasting of sports events
CNN effect
Digital journalism
 Media event
News broadcasting
News program
Sports commentator
Television news

References
1. Carole Fleming (10 September
2009). The Radio Handbook .
Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-25810-8.
2. "Edward R. Murrow: Inventing
Broadcast Journalism" .
www.historynet.com. Retrieved
2016-10-05.
3. "History of Broadcast Journalism" .
history.journalism.ku.edu. Retrieved
2016-10-05.
4. Pinheiro, Bob. "Radio Reports
Japan's Attack on Pearl Harbor" .
www.modestoradiomuseum.org.
Retrieved 2016-11-02.
5. "12 Events that Triggered Media
Coverage Evolution" . The Balance.
Retrieved 2016-10-30.
6. Sneed, Tierney (November 14, 2013).
"How John F. Kennedy's
Assassination Changed Television
Forever" . USNews.com. Retrieved
October 30, 2016.
7. "How the JFK assassination
transformed media coverage" .
Reuters. 2016-11-21. Retrieved
2016-10-30.
8. "Television in the United States - The
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Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved
2016-11-02.
9. Hilmes, Michele (2007). NBC:
America’s Network. University of
California Press.
ISBN 9780520250819.
10. Hosley, David (1987). Hard news:
women in broadcast journalism.
University of Michigan: Greenwood
Press. ISBN 9780313254772.
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2016-11-02.
12. Maniou & Papadopoulou. "Broadcast
Journalism: Television".
doi:10.1002/9781118841570.iejs01
87 .
13. "Television Journalism" . Retrieved
2017-10-06.
14. "1. Pathways to news" . Pew
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Project. 2016-07-07. Retrieved
2017-10-06.
15. Marshall MacLuhan (1995).
Understanding media . MIT Press.
ISBN 978-0-262-63159-4.
16. "5 Steps to Becoming a Broadcast
Journalist" . http. Retrieved
2019-03-26.
17. "Television Legislative and
Regulatory Issues | Advocacy |
National Association of
Broadcasters" . www.nab.org.
Retrieved 2017-11-11.
18. "Citizen journalists are about to take
over newsrooms" . New York Post.
2016-03-09. Retrieved 2017-11-11.
19. Novotny, Eric. "Library Guides:" .
guides.libraries.psu.edu. Retrieved
2017-11-11.
20. "Ethics in the News - Fake News and
Facts in the Post-Truth Era" . Ethical
Journalism Network. Retrieved
2017-11-11.
21. "Yellow Journalism" . Medium.
Retrieved 2018-10-05.
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Brooks, Brian (2004). Telling the Story:
The Convergence of Print, Broadcast
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Portal to Nielsen Media DMA ranks
2007-2008
Atmospheric Science Data Center -
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Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Broadcast_journalism&oldid=929249681"

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