DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 Chapter 2: COLD AND HOT WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM At the end of this course, students will be able to: i. understand the cold water supply system; understand the use of cold water supply in the building; iii, understand the principles of hot water supply system, and iv. describe the cold and hot water supply distribution system in the building.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 2.1 Water Supply System Clean water is very important for a residence. Therefore, the construction of the water supply should be emphasized to ensure that consumers are satisfied with the services provided. In supplying water to consumers, various factors need to be considered such as the following aspects: i. engineering aspects; ii, the chemical analysis, and the design and structure of buildings. Water supply layout should be planned for a long period of at least between 20 and 30 years. Among the factors to be considered when planning water supply layout are: i, population growth; ii, industrial development; iii, economic development, and iv. sources of water supply and water pressure to take into account such as the rainy season or dry season and water catchment areas, Water supply system means a well-planned distribution of pipe network that can distribute water supply to the premises in an organized way. Overall, the effectiveness of the water supply system means a decision may be taken by examining a method of distributing the water supply to the premises in an orderly manner and properly. ‘The needs for water depends on several factors. Water supplies can be obtained either by supplying water to homes or to place a tap at the roadside to be shared with surrounding neighbors. Leakage also will affect the needs to provide water. Therefore, it is necessary for the authorities to provide proper water supply system which is more effective in providing clean and safe water to drink. In Malaysia, the government appoints various private bodies as such Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor (SYABAS), Syarikat Air Johor (SAJ), Lembaga Air Perak (LAP) etc. to operate water supply systems according to each states requirement,DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 2.2 Main Source of Water Supply In Malaysia, the main sources of water supply are from rivers, ponds or dams, lakes, and underground water. However, there are also water taken from former mines and rain. The responsible party will treat the water from the main sources before supply it to the consumers. This is to ensure that the quality of water is free from contamination while ensuring the health and safety of consumers. The water is a basic necessity of life such as for drinking. However, the consumption of water is highly needed for daily use such as bathing, cleansing, washing, cooking, and watering plants, etc. This includes the use for religious ritual, business and related activities. Water that has been used will be channeled into the sewage system for treatment before being discharged into the river. There are three main sources of water for supply purposes, namely: i. rain water; underground water, and surface water. 2.2.1 Rain Water Rain water is formed by evaporation that form water vapor and thus turns to clouds. Clouds containing water vapor will become heavy and drop it in the form of droplets. Rain formation is divided into three main types: i. convectional rain; ii, relief rain, and cyclonic rain. 2.2.1.1 Convectional Rain Tele) Ae Figure 12 Formation of Convectional RainDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 Convectional rain usually occurs during hot days due to weather conditions that can result in overheating of the earth's surface and causing the air to increase. 2.2.1.2 Relief Rain Figure 13 Formation of Relief Ri Relief rain is associated with convection and the movement of humid air from the sea to the mainland and stopped by ranges of highlands. 2.2.1.3 Cyclonic Rain (Due to Storm/Tornado) Cold. unstable air Figure 14 Formation of Cyclonic RainDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 Cyclonic rain occurs because of hot and humid air meeting down with cold air (warm air is lighter and rises above cold air). 2.2.2. Underground Water Figure 15 An Example of Underground Water Underground water is found when there are impermeable rocks existing deep into the ground. Water logging occurs on the rock and forming underground wells, water wells or springs. Water can be obtained by digging wells up to the level of the rocks. 2.2.3 Surface Water Figure 16 River Water and Sea WaterDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 Surface water is water found on the surface of the ground like a river, lake, sea, shallow pond and well. Surface water is the most abundant source of contaminated water compared with other sources. In addition, the river is also a source of the most commonly used water apart from lake water whether natural or man-made while the use of sea water as a source of water is popular in the east coast states. 2.3 The Importance of Water Supply System The water supply system is very important to the residents and the economy to ensure all daily needs can be met, for example the need for cooking, washing clothes, business, industrial, health, tourism and others. To ensure that the supply of water to the country is clean, the government caries out efforts to enhance water productivity and quality regularly to avoid water crisis. 2.4 Water Supply Distribution from the Main Source The water distribution system is to ensure that consumers have adequate water supply. Selection of the water distribution network is dependent on topography, size and ground level of the area for distribution of water. Water supply distribution system using the elevated tank is carried out by providing a reserve according to the necessary infrastructure. The preparation considers certain design factors suitable to the circumstances and needs that must be satisfied, ‘The system also considers the distance between the distribution area and plant. The method of distribution of water supply from the main source to the consumer is divided into two types, namely pump and gravity pressure. The three water distribution systems are: i. gravity system; ii, pump system, and combined system. 24. Gravity System In Malaysia, many places adopt this method. This method is possible when the water source is higher than the ground level of any potential user for the distribution of water supply. The pump is not needed because each part of the pipe has sufficient pressure. This method has its own advantages and disadvantages. The advantage of gravity system is, it is the most efficient system in the distribution of water supply in addition to lowerDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 operating costs. The disadvantage of this gravity system is that the water pressure depends on the height of the water source to the user. Tangkilmbangan Kirmasuk dato = Tenagleupyoandaln —— ‘bentuk tekanan oleh kerana ‘Airmeneroh dengan tenagakneti tule tang perthidmatan atau pip besa penghantaran 2.4.2. Pump System The use of pump system is when the water source is lower than the user. Without pressure, there is no distribution of water to consumers. A pumping device creates the pressure for distributing the water supply. ‘An advantage of this method is the flow control where the pump is adjustable to suit the preferred water flow. Hence, this allows consumers at higher level than the water source to receive water supply.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 ‘Some of the disadvantages of the pump system are for its operation and maintenance. The system requires 24 hours monitoring daily. If the system fails to pump, consumers would be without water supply immediately. The cost of operating the pump system is higher than the gravity system. Electricity or fuel to drive the pump system should always be available and sufficient. During power failure, there is no water supply. ‘Stesyen Pengepaman Pengagihan Bekalan Air Figure 18 Water Distribution Method Using Pump System 2.4.3 Combined Systems This method combines the gravity and pump systems to distribute water to consumers. The system will pump the processed water into the tank or storage pool named service tank. Next, the system will distribute the water gravitionally to users in area at lower ground level than the storage tank. The system is widely used in Malaysia due to compliance with various topographical conditions. Even so, the problems in the operation and maintenance of the pump along with an increase in costs become an obstacle in using this method.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 KAWASAN-KAWASAN YANG LEWAT IMENDAPAT BEKALAN AIR SELEPAS CATUAN usp prrutup SUPA CATUAN iam Perkhidmatan Kawasan Ting Sistem Pam Kediaman —_SisterPam Bertingeat Sess Figure 19 Chaneling Method Using Gravity and Pump Systems 2.5 Water Supply Distribution Method to Residential ‘After the cleaning process, water supply system will go through the main pipeline system that consists of several major pipelines. The main pipeline system connects the storage pool or the pumping station to the communication pipe that will supply water to the building. The piping system varies from one area to another depending on the size and characteristics of the area. Among the factors that affect the main piping system are: i, physical condition of soil and contour of distribution areas; ii, the distance between distribution area and the main pipe; iii, the ability to balance the needs of consumers with water production; iv. the number and types of users; v. the ability of water supply during peak demand, and vi. water loss in terms of friction. 2.5.1 Main Pipe Major main pipe is the first pipe that comes out of a storage reservoir or pumping station. It brings water to the other main pipe or to other areas. Therefore, users willDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 not receive directly from the major main pipe. The diameter size of major main pipe is ranging from 225 mm to 300 mm or more. The pipes are laid on to the ground and placed on concrete supports in low density population areas. At the peak of the pipe, wind valve is installed to avoid occurrence of air friction. 2.5.2 Secondary Pipe The secondary pipe is a small fraction of major main pipeline that could bring water to the residential areas, factories and farms. Therefore, it can enable users to obtain water directly from the tap. The size of the pipe is between 225mm to 300mm and planted in the soil at a depth of 750mm or more. The pipe must be able to withstand the pressure and soils covered on it and the weight of the vehicle. 2.5.3 Service Pipe The service pipe is a small fraction of the secondary pipe. It can supply water to an area and its size is sufficient to bring water to the area. The size of the pipe is 100mm and bedded on the roadside at a depth of 750mm or more. 2.6 Pipeline Layout in Distribution System In the layout of the distribution system, four pipe network systems commonly used are: Dead End System; ji, Grid Iron System; ili, Circular Ring System, and iv. Radial System 2.6.1 Dead End System i, The system consists of: a, main pipe or major pipe; b. sub main pipe; c. branch pipe, and d. distribution pipes. ji, Suitable for housing because it is more economical (less use of pipe and minimum length compared to other methods) and ease future development.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 ili, Advantages a. Cost is low due to fewer pipes needed. b. Does not require many pipe valves because the water supply only flow in one direction. iw, dvantages 2. Water flows in one dead direction only. b. In the event of any damage to the pipe, there will be disruption of water supply to all users. > branch pipe | [ main pipe * - ——__> sub main pipe dead end {— branch pipe —| —- + _L Figure 20 Dead End System 2.6.2. Grid Iron System i. Its suitable for well-planned cities. ii, The entire main, branch and feed pipes combined together. iii, _Itis a reticulation system, modified from the dead end system iv. The installation of the major pipe is parallel to the main road, v. Advantages a. The system is able to supply fresh water continuously. b. Leak to any part will not affect the water supply to consumers. c. The water pressure rate can be increased by directing the flow to where it is needed. vi. Disadvantages a. It is quite expensive because it involves the use of a longer pipeline to supply water to consumers. b. The design is quite difficult.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 pain Figure 21 Grid System 2.6.3. Circular/Ring System i, Itis suitable for a city with a regular and straight road system. ii, This method usually used in areas with high population density. iii, It resembles the grid method. The difference is that the rings are circular or rectangular with the main pipe surrounding the area. iv. Advantages a. During maintenance, only small area of consumers have difficulties with water supply problems b. Water always flow and clean. c. In the event of fire, the water pressure can be increased by closing some valves. Water can be delivered efficiently. v. Disadvantages a, Installation costs are high because it requires a lot of pipe. b. The system requires more piping.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 Main Pipe — J ’ | +— <— | —F main ly Sub Main Pipe 4.— ’ Main Pipe Figure 22 Circular/Ring System 2.6.4 Radial System i, Itis suitable for urban or residential with radial road layout. ji, This system is a reverse of the circular system as the water flows toward the outer periphery. iii, The supply of water to other pipes is gravitionally. iv. Advantages a. It is a quick way to distribute water. b. No issues with water pressure. Design of pipe size is easy. dvantages a. Installation costs are high because it requires a lot of pipes and tanks. b. The installation needs more pipes. c. The design is difficult because it is only suitable for radial-shaped roads.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 Figure 23 Radial System 2.7 Types and Components of Pipes for Cold Water Supply Categories of items involved in the installation of major pipelines are: i. pipes; ii, connectors; iii, valves, and iv. specials jointing. ‘Acomplete water pipeline that satisfies the design requirements uses the combination of these items. Figure 24 Pipe ChannelDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 Pipe used are usually in a rounded shape, long and straight. For major pipe, the materials, are asbestos cement, cast iron, elastic metal, plastic, and soft steel. Pipes also have its own class according to its ability to withstand the pressure of the water inside. The usual classes of pipes are: Table 1 Classification of Pipes According to Pressure CLASS | FACTORY PRESSURE TESTING | MAXIMUM PRESSURE 15 153M 77™ 20 204M 102M 25 225M 127M 30 308M 153M 2.7.1 AC Pipe Asbestos cement pipe is a mixture of cement, asbestos and silica. The diameter of AC pipe is from 3" to 24". Figure 25 Asbestos Cement Pipe 2.7.2 UPVC and PVC Pipe ‘These pipes are suitable for transporting water because it contains a type of UPVC plastic material (Polyvinyl Unplastisized Chlorined) and has a smooth pipe end. Plastic is one of the new materials in the manufacture of pipes. The diameter of this pipe is from 3/8" to 2DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 Figure 26 Plastic Pipe 2.7.3. Mild Steel Pipe Three subgroups of mild steel pipe are: i. soldered iron pipe; ii, seamless iron pipe, and galvanized steel pipe The diameter of soldered iron pipe and seamless iron pipe is up to 96” while galvanized steel pipe is smaller. Soldered iron pipe and seamless iron pipe are easy to rust ‘compared to galvanized steel pipe. To avoid soldered iron pipe and seamless iron pipe from rusting, concrete coats inside of the pipes and bitumen coats the outer pipe casing and reinforced with fiberglass. The length of the pipe is up to 30 feet. Figure 27 Mild Steel Iron PipeDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 2.7.4 Steel Pipe Steel pipe is stronger than cast iron pipe. It is also resistant to high water pressure and easily transportable, but easy to rust due to the water inside. Life expectancy for steel pipes is up to 50 years and the pipe is not durable. San Figure 28 Steel Pipe 2.7.5 Concrete Pipe Concrete pipe is easily available. The diameter of concrete pipe is up to 1.8m. The cost for maintenance is low as well as durable and resistant to corrosion. These pipes are not resistant to high pressure and weight. Figure 29 Concrete PipeDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 2.7.6 Polyethylene Elastic Pipe (PE Pipe) ‘Two types of polyethylene pipes are: i, low-density polyethylene (LOPE), and ji, high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Figure 30 Polyethylene Elastic Pipe (PE Pipe) 2.7.7 Copper Pipe This pipe has a high tensile strength, lightweight and easy to handle. It can be bent and have a smooth inside surface. Figure 31 Copper PipeDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 2.8 Type of Water Supply System for Building Three types of water supply system for building are: i, direct system; ii, indirect system, and combined system. 2.8.1, Direct System i, The supply of water is direct by using the service pipe. ii, The system is not suitable to supply water in high ings. ili, Features of this system are: a. The water is clean and fresh (suitable for drinking and cooking). b. Need a high water pressure. c. The storage tank is not required d. During disruption, there is no water stored e. Any damage and leakage are very difficult to detect. 2.8.2 Indirect System i. The supply of water is indirect by using the water storage tank. ji, Service pipe takes the water from the main pipe to the storage tank, ili, The capacity of a storage tank for household water is usually 227 liters. iv. Features of this system are: a. During disruption, the supply of water continues. b. The water supply is fixed. ©. During high demand of water supply, the system helps to reduce the supply of water by the main pipe. d. The cleanlinees of water supplied from the storage tank is not guaranteed. Damage to the ball valve of the storage tank can cause wastage of water.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 SISTEM BEKALAN AIR DI RUMAH ‘Tangl Simpanan ie Peipectmetn 7 eter Ae Pip Perkhdmatan mm | Direct Supply System => Indirect Supply System Figure 32 Flow of Direct and Indirect Supply System 2.8.3 Water Storage Tank i. Water storage tank is a tank under pressure. Itis used to store large amounts of water to a house or a tank. This tank is usually made of steel sheet, galvanized iron sheets, solid plastic or fiberglass. Tangki Simpanan Bangunan Besar Bangunan Kecit = Ditempatkan mengikut zon = Tangki selalunya ‘dengan mengadakan tangki ditempatkan di ruang bawah ‘sing (break- fank) dan juga Dbumbung dan di tuang alas ‘mengambilkira kehendak bilik air untuk mendapat bomba dan pihak penguasa tekanan yang balkDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 iv. Advantages a. It helps to store and supply water for use in toilets and bathrooms as well as during emergencies. b. It ensures enough supply of at least for one day when damages occur to the pipe. c. Meets immediate demand (emergency) such as fire where the tank can provide water and refill again. d. Makes pressure from the main pipe more balanced. v. Disadvantages a, Require space and materials to support the tank. b. Can become dirty easily. c._ The cost of installation is relatively expensive. Require a perfect pipe connection. €. Installation of storage tanks must comply with local regulations. CONTOH PENYAMBUNGAN PAIP. Stet rene! Bp e shuse" S stupereect sama on renee Penqualsoket nap Pang Heksagon Stet Ferodon Figure 33 Type and Method of Pipe ConnectionDCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES | [ECR A Kunci paip 1B Paip perkhidmatan — Membekalkan air ke dalam tangki si C Injap masuk Mengawal kemasukan air ke dalam tangki D Pelambong Mengawal paras air dalam tangki E Paip cuct Mengeluarkan air semasa kerja mencuci F Kunci paip Membuka dan menutup paip cuct Paip Agihan Membawa air ke bahagian-bahagian dalam rumah Paip limpah Mengeluarkan air sekiranya injap rosak 1 Penutup tangki Melindungi air dalam tangki daripada pencemaran Figure 34 Parts and Functions of Pipe 2.8.4 Types of Water Supply System Pipe in Building i, Connection Pipe a. It connects the main pipe to the water meter. b. Itallows the water to flow to the storage tank and parts of the house. c. Pipes are made of galvanized iron. It is also known as vertical pipe.Allow water to flow into the water storage tank and parts of the house. €. Pipes made of galvanized iron. f. The distance from the boundary is approximately 300mm. Service Pipe a. It connects the water from the storage tank for channelling out of the water from the tank during cleaning work. b. Itallows the water to flow into the house.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 ¢. Pipes are made of galvanized iron d._Itis also known as vertical pipe. iii, Distribution Pipe a. It supplies the water from the storage tank to the piping fittings in the house. b. Itallows the water to flow out of the tank. ¢. Pipes are made of galvanized iron or PVC. d. The water supply is subject to the pressure of the tank. e. It connects the storage tank to the sanitary fixtures for water supply. iv. Cleaning Pipe a. Itis mounted at the base of the tank to channel the water out of the tank during cleaning work. b. Pipes are made of steel polyvinyl chloride (PVC). ¢. Pipe is installed below the water storage tank. d. Door/gate valve is installed to the pipe to control the outflow of water. v. Overflow Pipe a. It is mounted slightly higher than the full level of the water tank to channel out overflow water when damage occurs to the ball valves of the PVC pipes. b. The pipe channels the overflow water to the outside part of the building/house. c. The type of pipe used is galvanized iron pipe.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 dat igure 35 Water Supply System in Residential 2.9 Hot Water Supply System Requirements for Domestic Residential and Commercial Building Hot water supply is the distribution of stored heated water to consumers. The water can be heated using fuels such as coal, oil, gas, electricity, solar energy and nuclear energy. In brief, the hot water supply system involves a process to produce hot water from the cold water supply by heating the water in an airtight boiler, resistant to pressure, and, stored in the cylinder. In Malaysia, the hot water supply is not a basic need. However, it is very widely used for certain sectors such as for high-end residential and commercial buildings. Examples of areas that use hot water are as follows: i, Medical a. Use in places for washing clothes, bed sheets, blankets and so on in order to remove germs. b. Use for the sterilization of medical equipment, ©. Use in study and research testing room, medical laboratory and chemistry laboratory. ji, Manufacturing a. Use in palm oil mill where the hot water is used to steam oil palm fruit. b. Use in textile and dyeing industries for dipping, dyeing and washing clothes, ¢._ Use in food canning industry for food preparation.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 ili, Residential a. Use for cooking, drinking water and cleaning. b. Use for laundry. Use for heating the interior of the house in cold climate countries. iv. Tourism a. Need in sauna, spa and guest rooms. b. Use for laundry, cleaning utensils in hotel's kitchen and food preparation. 2.9.1 Water Heating Method There are two water-heating methods often used in Malaysia, namely: i. Electric Power a. Systems that use electricity for heating water comprise a cylinder in which appropriate equipment will heat the water. The cylinders are the common galvanized steel or copper cylinder. b. The cold-water storage tanks or the service pipe supplies the cold water. c. The heater combines the water heater with hot water storage tank. The design is for use in large buildings. ii, Solar Energy a. The use of solar energy is just for an additional energy or as aid to heat the water. b. The use of solar energy together with electric heater. c. The cylinder gathers the hot water from the collectors before sending to other heating tank. d. The heating tank will reheat the water before sending to the user. e. It can save the cost of electricity. f. Ahigh initial cost for using cylinder and tank. 2.9.2. Direct Hot Water Supply System i, Using Cylinder a. When the water runs through it, it heats the water immediately and does not store the water. Its size is small same like water heater and popular among users.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 b. It is equipped with a pressure switch, the function is to turn off the heating element when no water is passing through. ¢. Has the "thermal cut out switch" function as safety if the water exceeds the heat level. d. Usually, it connects directly to the main pipe of the cold water supply. ii, Using Tank a. Electricity or gas generates the system. Electric heater tank consists of a cylinder with the appropriate equipment to heat the water. The type of cylinder is the common galvanized steel or copper cylinder. b. The cold-water storage tanks or the service pipe supplies the cold water. c. The heater combines the water heater with hot water storage tank. The design is for use in large buildings. d. Advantages ‘+ Ahot water storage tank is capable of holding large quantities of water. ‘© The cost of fuel is cheap. ‘* Itcan reduce fires in buildings. ‘+ Itonly takes one space to put the hot water boiler/cylinder. ‘+ Low maintenance cost e. Disadvantages ‘* It causes a lot of heat loss. ‘© Itinvolves a lot of plumbing work. ‘© It requires heating at all time and the water temperature is constant. + Need higher cost. ‘+ The whole system does not work in the event of damage to the boiler and cylinder.DCQ2142 BUILDING SERVICES 1 roof vent ‘main creut vent J-water circult draining ereut cu vant ventilating circuit + toilet sink | double snk setae TY Fier ane ub ature cveiow me otnatar beatae ool euscauraiee j aware wate stack + shutoff valve vasher water service pipe. floor drain building sewer Figure 36 Distribution of Cold and Hot Water in Building