Fire Detection and Suppression PDF

www.honeywell.
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1 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

Fire Alarm & Suppression
Systems - Maintenance
For: Building Maintenance/Operator Staff, Engineers and Technicians
Presented by: Honeywell Life Safety (MEA) – Technical Department
By : Novel Daniyel – Technical/Training Dep’t Manager

Objectives
• Understanding FIRE Detection and Alarm
• Understanding the principle of a Fire Alarm System
• To know the basic components of a Fire Alarm System and

its principle of operation
• Understanding the principle of a Fire Suppression System

& its Components
• Understanding the importance of System Maintenance
• How to perform good maintenance of your system

Agenda
• Sections 1, 2 and 3
• TEA/COFFEE break
• Section 4, 5 & 6
• Q&A

Objectives


& its Components

Section 1: Detection & Alarm
Detection:
SENSES : SIGHT, SMELL, FEEL

Section 1: Detection & Alarm
Alarm:
FIRE !
FIRE ! !
FIRE ! ! !
SENSE – Hearing and Sight

(audible) (visible)

Objectives


& its Components

What is a
Fire Alarm System?
A system or portion of a combination system that
consists of components and circuits arranged to
monitor and annunciate the status of fire alarm or
supervisory signal-initiating devices and to initiate
appropriate response to those signals.
NFPA 72 2002
Fire Alarm Panel Initiating/Monitoring Appliance Alarm Notification Appliance

Section 2 : Fire Alarm Principle
• A LIFE SAFETY principle that provides Early Warning
to building occupants when the fire is in its incipient
or early stage.
Input FACP Output
Signal & Detection Output & Notification

In Summary…
The Fire Alarm primary function is

firstly to detect a fire or fire condition,
and secondly to sound audible
alarms in all parts of the building –
BS5839

Objectives


& its Components

Detector Categories
• Fire Detection Devices (Input / Initiation Devices)

- Devices which detect fire/smoke …e.g: heat detectors,
smoke detectors, flame detectors, manual call points….etc.
• Fire Alarm Devices (Output / Notification Devices)

- Devices which alert people of the fire condition…e.g:
sounders, voice alarms, strobes…etc
• Fire Circuit Devices (Line Units)

- Devices with electrical functions related directly to the
detection/alarm circuit, e.g: sort circuit isolators, input
output line units.

Section 3 : FAS Basic Components
Automatic detection

Detector Categories
Heat detection
• Fixed Temperature
• Rate of Rise
• Linear heat detection
Smoke detection
• Aspiration detectors
• Beam - light obscuration
• Ionization
• Video Smoke Detection
• Optical - light scatter
Other types of detection
• Flame
• Gas or CO detection
• Multi-sensor fire detectors Combination of
Optical, Heat & CO sensors
Order of Response
1. Aspirating Detectors 3. Flame Detector
2. Spot Type Smoke Detectors 4. Heat Detector
Time
Smoke Sensitivity
1 2 3 4
Incipient Stage Visible Smoke Flaming Fire Intense Heat

Heat detection: Temperature measurement principle
• May be FIXED temperature type – 57 degC
• May be RATE-OF-RISE type – 10 degC per minute
• Combination Heat detectors are available (ROR + FIXED)
• Used in high steam or dusty environments viz. Garages, Kitchens

Linear (Line Type) Heat Detector
Actuators
Protective Tape
Heat Sensitive
Outer Insulation Material

Smoke detection: Ionisation principle
• Small amount of radioactive material (Americium 241) ionizes chamber
• Current flows in the chamber due to ionized air particles
• Smoke decreases conductivity, causing ALARM

Smoke detection: Photo-Electric/Optical principle
• Works with light scattering principle
• Contains light transmitter and photosensitive receiver
• During normal operation - light does not fall on receiver
• Smoke ingress causes light reflection onto the receiver, causing ALARM
Aerosol
particles
IR Emitter IR Photo
diode
1400 receiver
Back Forward Scatter

Scatter

Light Scattering Principle
Sensing Chamber
Light Photo
Emitting Diode
Diode
Partition
• Optical Chamber

Combination detector: Optical+Heat

Smoke detection: Beam sensor
• Requires a transmitter and a receiver (single pass
• Reflecting types are also available (double pass)
• Avoid direct sunlight on RECEIVER
• Tx and Rx powered by control panel OR external source
ABC Logistics Warehouse
Tx Tx Rx Rx
R
A
C
K
S

Double Pass Beam Sensor

• Smoke detection: High sensitivity aspirating
smoke detector
• Pipes with aspirating holes

• Each hole is considered a point detector (equivalent to a single
smoke detector)
• Used in very clean environments (computer labs)
• Can be up to 100 times more sensitive than a
standard smoke detector

Air Aspirating Systems
Protected Area
Calibrated
Air Sampling
Fan
Sampling Ports
Sampling Ports
Sampling Ports
High Sensitivity
Sampling Chamber
Sampling Detector
Sampling Pipe

Other type of detectors:
IR/UV Flame sensors
CO gas detectors (Odourless gas)
Duct Smoke Detectors
Video Detection

Water-Flow Switch
Any flow of water from a sprinkler system, due to OPENING of a sprinkler
head, will result in activation of this switch and subsequently indicate an
alarm condition
Flow
switch
WET
R
I
S
E
R

Manual detection

Manual Detection
• Fire Box or Manual Pull Station or Break Glass Unit
- When activated it trips an ALARM
- Installed in exit paths, stairwells, lift lobbies
• Various types:
- Single Action
 Pull handle once
 Glass Break - Glass rod or plate is broken
- Double Action
 Lifting of a cover or opening a door
 Glass Break – Then push activation button

Manual A L A R M

OUTPUT devices (not detection devices):

• Controlled by the panel
• Can be visual, audible or both
• Can be local or remote
• More than one may be activated
• Devices may be mounted inside or outside based on level of protection
required
• May consist of:
- Sirens
- Bells / Sounders Automatic
- Buzzers ALARM
- Horns
- Voice Drivers
- Strobes – Visual alarm using flashing lights :
 Used to help the hearing impaired
 Or if the ambient background noise level is high

Audible
Automatic A L A R M
Bell
Horn
Sounders
Speaker (Textual Audio):

An incident has been
Detected in the building
Please leave the building
By the nearest available EXIT
Do not use the LIFTS

Visual
Automatic A L A R M
Strobes

Audible / visual
Automatic A L A R M
Chime/Strobe
Horn/Strobe
Speaker/Sounder/detector/strobe
Speaker/Strobe
Sounder/Strobe

PANELS
FCI 7100 NFS2-3030
IdentiFlex 602
ZX-1e
MS-9600

Control Panel:
•Receives signals from initiation devices (contacts, smoke detectors etc.)

•Activates appropriate notification devices (horns/bells, strobes etc .)
•Monitors system wiring and power (AC/DC)
•Processes programmed instructions (shutdown A/C, recall elevators, etc . . . )
•Informs the fire station through central monitoring station (if applicable)

Elements of a Control Panel

Requires two Power Sources
Primary (AC)
Secondary (DC)

• Power Supply
- Mains supply 230V AC
Use un-switched outlet close to the panel.
Put a signboard – SUPPLY FOR FIRE ALARM PANEL
DO NOT TAMPER
- Battery Backup (internal to the panel)

Backup source in case of power loss/failure e.g: electrical fault
Fire systems require specific amounts of available backup time
(controlled by standards/codes/local authorities)
• NFPA (24hr standby + 5 mins full alarm)
• BS5839-1 (24hr standby + 30 mins full alarm)
Supplies current for both detection/initiation devices and
alarm/notification devices

Remote Annunciators
Liquid Crystal Remote Serial LCD Graphic Annunciator
Zone Annunciator
Display (Custom)
Remote Annunciator
Remote Annunciator Remote Annunciator

Objectives


& its Components

Section 3 : Fire Suppression System
• A combination of LIFE SAFETY & PROPERTY SAFETY that
comprises of Detection and Suppression, operates
automatically without or with human intervention.

Principle of a Fire Suppression
• A total flooding system that extinguishes fire by reducing
OXYGEN level or inhibits CHEMICAL REACTION in an
enclosure/room using Inert or Clean Agent gases.
• The system composes of Alarm Detection Devices, Agent/Gas
cylinder, Mechanical piping and Solenoid actuator device.
Fire Triangle Principle:

“Eliminating one of its elements will extinguish fire”
System Applications
• Where an occupancy/room that contains high value items,
irretrievable data, artefacts collection, records, un-interruptable
operation and etc.
• Most advisable for CLASS C “Electrical Fire” that would make
normal water sprinkler risky to install. Also applicable for Class
A and B.
Main Applications:
1. Server/Data Rooms 4. Electrical Rooms
2. Municipal Records Room 5. Hospital
3. Art Gallery/Museums 6. Etc.

Type of Gases / Clean Agents
Inert Gas
•IG-55 – contains 50% Ar and 50% N2
•IG-541 – contains 40% Ar, 52% N2 and 8% CO2
FM-200 – HFC227ea known as Heptaflouropropane CF3CHFCF3
CO2 – Carbon Dioxide
Others – Halon, Inergen, Argonite & Novec
Environmental and Toxicity Factor Halon 1301 FM200 Inert CO2
Ozone Depletion Potential, CFC 11 = 1 10-17 0 0 0

Global Warming Potential, CO2 kg – 100 6900 3300 0 1
Atmospheric Lifetime, years 65 33 Present in Air
NOEL 5% 9% 43% Lethal for
LOEL 7% 10.5% 52% Human

Modes of Operation
Automatic Actuation:
+ =
Zone 1 Zone 2 Gas Discharge
(Pre-discharge time delay after Cross-zone prior to Gas Discharge)
Manual Actuation:
OR =
Releasing Pull Manual Pneumatic Gas Discharge

Station Lever
(No time delay – Instant release; Will over-ride Abort operation)

Objectives


& its Components

Why Maintenance is important
• To ensure operational integrity, the system shall have an inspection, testing and
maintenance program. (NFPA 72 14.2.1.1)
• Life Safety is the most important aspect in a facility, being the central component of any fire
protection installation, the fire alarm system deserves the highest level of care and
maintenance achievable.
• Ensures that your System/devices remains in good physical condition and that there are no
physical changes that would affect detector performance such as building modifications,
occupancy hazards and environmental factors.
• A well maintained system is more reliable and efficient.
• To prolong life span of your Fire Alarm and devices.
• Fire Alarm System saves lives, your property and your business.
Therefore it is a MUST!

News Related – NY Times

Why Maintenance is important
Would you imagine people occupying your Hotel/Building and a Fire Happens….
With a Faulty System… Detector removed, Fire fighting Valves closed, Sounder circuit
open… etc…
Your loved ones… Your Business… Your Investment…
Yes you provided Fire Alarm and Fire Fighting equipments in your Facility… but are you sure
that it is working as it was before?
Will you take this RISK????

Do not take this risk – Be Responsible!

Objectives


& its Components

System Maintenance
 Types of Maintenance
Category Sub-Category Description

Detects system deterioration and prevents
Time-based Maintenance (*) failure by systematic inspection and monitoring
undertaken at pre-determined time intervals.
Corrective maintenance work performed, as a
Condition-based Maintenance result of significant deterioration or failure, to
Planned Maintenance
restore the system to full functionality
Actions performed to provide minimum level of
maintenance to meet mandatory requirements
Statutory Maintenance
(BS or NFPA). Often includes Time-based and
Condition-based maintenance task.
Unplanned and reactive maintenance actions
Routine & Breakdown
performed to restore the system to full
Maintenance
functionality, as a result of an unforeseen failure.
Unplanned Maintenance Unplanned maintenance actions to restore the
system to full functionality as a result of damage
Incident Maintenance
resulting from a vandalism, fire or other
accidents.

System Maintenance
 Time-based Maintenance Program (BS5839 part 1)
A maintenance program that conducts Inspection, Testing and Maintenance on scheduled
intervals not waiting for a failure to occur. Preventive rather than Corrective.
 Inspection
This is to ensure that your devices are in good physical condition that there are no physical
changes that would affect detector performance such as building modifications, occupancy
hazards and environmental factors.
 Testing
This is to ensure that proper operation of each and every device is met including cause and
effect verification of the fire alarm system. Make sure that building administrator is notified
prior to conducting any test. Always refer to manufacturer’s recommendation in testing field
devices and panel.
 Maintenance
This is to ensure that devices are within its listed operating parameters.

System Maintenance
• Testing:
BS5839
Each week a call point should be operated. It should be confirmed
that the system operated correctly.
NFPA72
Manual call point are to be tested ANNUALLY.
• Inspections:
BS5839
The time between inspections should be based on risk assessment
but should not exceed six months. The time between inspections
should be agreed between the parties.
NFPA72
Minimum Inspection frequency should be in accordance to the code
located in Chapter 14. A more frequent schedule can be carried out
but not less than stated in Chapter 14.

System Maintenance
 Inspection Frequency
Semi-
Fire Alarm & Detection Monthly Quarterly Annual
Annual
Control panels √
Batteries √
Remote Annunciators √
Initiating Devices
 Visual Inspection shall be made to ensure
Air Sampling √
that there are no changes that affect
Duct Detectors √
equipment performance.
Electromechanical Releasing Device √  To check for damage, obstruction or
Suppression System switches √ tampering.
Manual Pull station √  To check if devices needs cleaning or
maintenance.
Heat Detectors √
Radiant Energy Fire Detectors √ “RECORD ALL INSPECTION ACTIVITIES”
Smoke Detectors √
Supervisory Signal Devices √
Waterflow Devices √
Alarm Notification Appliances √
Interface Equipment √
Digital Alarm Comm. Equipment √
(NFPA 72, 2010, Chapter 14)

System Maintenance
 Testing Frequency
Semi-
Fire Alarm & Detection Monthly Quarterly Annual
Annual
Control panels √
Batteries √
Remote Annunciators √
Initiating Devices
Air Sampling √
Duct Detectors √
Electromechanical Releasing Device √
Suppression System switches √
Manual Pull station √  Functional testing shall be conducted as per
Heat Detectors √ Manufacturer’s recommendations, BS5839 or
Radiant Energy Fire Detectors √
NFPA72 requirements.
 This is to ensure that the devices/panel are
Smoke Detectors √
operating as expected.
Supervisory Signal Devices √  This is to verify panels cause and effect
Waterflow Devices √ operation.
Alarm Notification Appliances √  To identify faulty or out of standard devices.
Interface Equipment √
“RECORD ALL TESTING ACTIVITIES”
Digital Alarm Comm. Equipment √
(NFPA 72, 2010, Chapter 14)

System Maintenance
 Clean Agent Maintenance
Semi
Clean Agent System Quarterly Annual Other Remarks
Annual
System Inspection √
System Test √ Discharge test is not required
Weigh/Check Cylinders √ The agent quantity & pressure shall be checked
Container Test √ Refer to Manufacturer
Hose/Pipe Test √ Piping puff test to be done at least every 5 years
Room Integrity Test √ Enclosure Leakage/Integrity Test by certified person.
Important Reminders:
1. Isolate the releasing circuit before 4. The room must be kept totally sealed
conducting any maintenance/testing and air-tight. Room integrity test shall be
to avoid accidental discharge. conducted annually especially when
changes in the room occurred that could
adversely affect agent leakage or change
volume of hazard or both.
5. Room modifications/full partitions are

not allowed in this system.
2. Notify building admin before
conducting any maintenance/test.
3. Record all inspection/testing and

maintenance.
Door Fan Room Integrity Test Kit

Testing Tools
Functional Testing tools: Use testing tools listed for its purpose!
Note:
Magnets are not

considered as a way
to functionally test a
detector rather used
for response test only.
Smoke (Aerosol) & Heat Tester – by SOLO Smoke Pellets Smoke, CO, Heat Tester
By Testifier
Calibrated Performance testing tools:
Gemini Smoke Detector Sensitivity Tester Trutest Smoke Detector Sensitivity Tester DB Sound level Meter

Good Practice
 Keeping the Records

• In every Testing, Inspection and Maintenance, a checklist should be filled and kept in
record.
• Log all new activity or event shown by the FACP in a log book recording the date and time,
address , device location and description (BS 5839).
• Keep all records in a secured cabinet or box. This will be for future reference on
maintenance and troubleshooting.
• Place record tagging in every device that has been tested/Inspected.

Good Practice
 Responsible Person
• The Responsible person for the premises is to ensure that a weekly test of the building’s
Fire Alarm System is carried out as per regulatory standards. (BS 5839 part 1)
• Supervises routine maintenance undertaken by a professional fire alarm engineering
company.
• Assign/nominate a person to supervise the Fire Alarm System. The nominated person
should have sufficient authority to authorize any necessary work to the fire alarm system
immediately to ensure it is kept operational at all times.
• It is vital that all actions are recoded accurately in the logbook and made available to any
authorized person (e.g. Fire Brigade).

& Finally
Thank You!!
–
See you soon in our next course
Advanced Fire Alarm

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www.honeywell.

1 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

Presented by: Honeywell Life Safety (MEA) – Technical Department

By : Novel Daniyel – Technical/Training Dep’t Manager

• Understanding FIRE Detection and Alarm

• Understanding the principle of a Fire Alarm System

• To know the basic components of a Fire Alarm System and

• Understanding the principle of a Fire Suppression System

• Understanding the importance of System Maintenance

• How to perform good maintenance of your system

3 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

4 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

• Understanding FIRE Detection and Alarm

• Understanding the principle of a Fire Alarm System

• To know the basic components of a Fire Alarm System and

• Understanding the principle of a Fire Suppression System

• Understanding the importance of System Maintenance

• How to perform good maintenance of your system

5 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

SENSES : SIGHT, SMELL, FEEL

6 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

SENSE – Hearing and Sight

7 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

• Understanding FIRE Detection and Alarm

• Understanding the principle of a Fire Alarm System

• To know the basic components of a Fire Alarm System and

• Understanding the principle of a Fire Suppression System

• Understanding the importance of System Maintenance

• How to perform good maintenance of your system

8 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

Fire Alarm Panel Initiating/Monitoring Appliance Alarm Notification Appliance

9 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

Input FACP Output

Signal & Detection Output & Notification

10 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

The Fire Alarm primary function is

11 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

• Understanding FIRE Detection and Alarm

• Understanding the principle of a Fire Alarm System

• To know the basic components of a Fire Alarm System and

• Understanding the principle of a Fire Suppression System

• Understanding the importance of System Maintenance

• How to perform good maintenance of your system

12 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

• Fire Detection Devices (Input / Initiation Devices)

• Fire Alarm Devices (Output / Notification Devices)

• Fire Circuit Devices (Line Units)

13 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

14 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

Incipient Stage Visible Smoke Flaming Fire Intense Heat

16 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

17 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

Linear (Line Type) Heat Detector

18 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

19 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

Back Forward Scatter

20 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

22 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

23 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

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Double Pass Beam Sensor

25 HONEYWELL - CONFIDENTIAL Alarm Basics Web

• Pipes with aspirating holes