Formation Testing and Sampling

Formation Testing and Sampling
Formation Testing & Sampling

Basics, Applications, WFT options
Transfer processes, Sample Analysis Products
Vladimir Hanumolo
Wireline General Field Engineer / Formation Testing and Sampling Specialist
Marian Pătrănescu-Metea
GeoZone RTDS Lead North Sea & CE | Diplomatic Engineer
©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.
17 September 2019
Formation Testing and Sampling 1
AGENDA
1 Applications
2 Formation testing basics
3 Fluid measurements and Sampling basics
4 Weatherford tools
5 WFT Sampling MFTD
6 Planning stage: ANRM prerequisites
7 Rig Transfer & Validity Check of Fluid Samples
8 Laboratory workflow for PVT analysis
9 Storage/ Sample management

WIRELINE
FORMATION TESTING
APPLICATIONS
Why to use it? Which is the output? What

are the benefits?
Formation Testing Applications

▪ Provides pressure and fluid information prior to well ▪ Pressure Testing Benefits
completion. ‒ Drilling risk management
– Informed decisions before significant financial outlay ‒ Reservoir properties
– Develop an optimal recovery strategy that maximizes ROI ‒ Depletion, Fluid Contacts
‒ Mobility, Reservoir Modeling
‒ Barrier determination, Connectivity,
‒ Reserves Estimation
▪ Pump out: Fluid ID / Sampling
‒ Fluid Type & Properties (eliminates uncertainty)
• Low resistivity beds, thin beds
• Fluid Composition, Gas Chromatography
• Viscosity, Density, API
• Bubble point, Dew point
• Solubility/Miscibility and Swelling studies
• Non hydrocarbon: Salinity (RW), H2S, CO2
‒ Permeability (mini DST)
‒ Flow assurance
Applications Summary
Pore Pressure Predictions
Hydrodynamics
Recovery Factor
Reservoir Continuity
Pressure Applications Reservoir Size
Compartmentalization
Primary Depletion Prediction
Fluid Property Prediction
Fluid Column Height

Reserve Booking
Hydrocarbon Water Contacts
Samples
Recovery Economics
Fluid ID and Sampling PVT Studies
Production Facilities
Correlations
Downhole Measurement Early Data Evaluation
Permeability
Anisotropy Reservoir Simulation
Advanced Applications
Rock Geomechanics Performance Forecast
Flow Assurance

WIRELINE
FORMATION TESTING
Basics
Key Terms
▪ Pressure
▪ Hydrostatic Pressure
▪ Drawdown
▪ Build Up
▪ Formation Pressure (FSIP)
▪ Absolute and Gauge Pressure
▪ Heterogeneities
▪ Permeability / Mobility
▪ Fluid Gradients
▪ Tests Classifications
▪ Supercharging
Visualizing Pressure Measurement - Hydrostatic Pressure

Performing a Drawdown & its Flowing pressure

Delta-P & Build Up

Point Selection
Input Measurements: ▪ Items to Consider:
▪ Reference logs – Invasion
– GR – Mud Cake
– Porosity
– Permeability
– Resistivity logs
– Microlog / SP – Fluid Type
– Image Log – Natural Barrier
– Caliper Log – Fractures / Vugs
– Magnetic Resonance – Ability to seal
▪ Customer knowledge • Washout
– Past field experience • Rugose
– Fluid properties
• Oval hole
• Bubble point
• Composition – Fluid Properties
– Why are the samples being taken
Absolute vs Gauge Pressure

Reservoir Heterogeneities
▪ Reservoirs are not homogeneous
members
– Slight differences in depositional
environment create layers within individual
reservoirs
– These individual layers affect ultimate
reservoir performance
▪ A barrier is any thing in the reservoir that
inhibits flow of the reservoir fluid
– Permeability is affected
▪ Influences kV/kH

Permeability
▪ Permeability is measured in a unit
called “Darcy”
– Darcy is defined as a medium with a
permeability of 1 Darcy permits a flow
of 1 cm/s of a fluid with viscosity 1 cP
(1 mPa·s) under a pressure gradient of
1 atm/cm
– Commonly the Darcy unit is too big for
Oilfield applications
• Use mD or 1/1000th of a Darcy

Permeability
▪ Porosity
▪ Cementation exponent
▪ Tortuosity
▪ Pore Size
▪ Shale and water content
▪ Secondary porosity:
– Faults
– Fractures
– Fissures
– Vuggs
– Channels
Permeability Ranges

High / Low Permeability

Sample Fluid Gradients

▪ Remember:
P = gh + Pa
▪ We should be able to
calculate a pressure of any
fluid at a given TVD depth

Pressure Gradients
▪ Pressure gradient is a function of Pressure
vs Depth
▪ Line through several points indicates fluid
density
TVD Depth
Gas/Oil Contact
Oil/Water Contact
Pressure ©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Fluid contacts
▪ Pressure gradients can be associated with
formation fluid densities, line
intersections identify fluid contacts
▪ Contacts and ratios can be determined

Pressure-Depth graph shows gradients

The best quality test points are used in
the analysis of fluid gradients or for
integration into the petrophysical
analysis.
Pressures are plotted against true

vertical depths or true vertical
elevations.
The pressure-depth plots allows to
pick gradients for the formation fluids.
Gradients are a result of fluid density.
Where there is an oil-water, gas-oil
contact for example, this gradient will
change.
Interpretation software Acquisition software (WLS)

Real World Example

5900
ρg = 0.05 psi/ft
R² = 0.9893
6000
True Vertical Depth (ft)
6100
6200
6300
ρg = 0.445 psi/ft
R² = 1
6400
6500
2500 2550 2600 2650 2700 2750
Water Zone
Formation Pressure (psia)Gas Zone
Linear (Water Zone) Linear (Gas Zone)
Formation fluid (Water) & Mud gradient plotted in WLS

WIRELINE
PRESSURE TESTS CLASSIFICATIONS
1st example of ‘.PRT’ 2nd example of ‘.PRT’

MFT in Waterfall log display MFT in Waterfall log display
Good Test – low mobility Good Test – high mobility

(Pressure 0.36psi in 76sec => (For 60sec the pressure was
stabilization at 0.28psi/min) kept stabile at 0.01psi/min)

WIRELINE
Pressure Stability – Good Pretest

▪ The same LQC rules apply to any tool type
P4 (Pad pressure) needs also to be stable
RES example of Good Test MFT example of Good Test

Supercharged Tests
◼ The pressure build-up on the first DD, exhibits a bigger pressure than following ones due to supercharging
◼ Based on previous pretests performed in the well, eng. experience in the working zone or company
representative previous knowledge of it’s formations – the formation pressure can be anticipated so that
supercharged tests will not be kept longer and subsequent DD’s are performed for real results
WIRELINE
What is Supercharging
▪ The near wellbore region is invaded by filtrate
– Creates localized areas of higher pressure
▪ Pressures responses from this invaded zone are not representative
▪ Over pressuring of the formation due to inefficient mud cake and ongoing
invasion
▪ Need to remove enough fluid to "see" past supercharging

Tight Tests
No Pressure build-up after drawdown

Still Building
The pressure was gradually building up Repeat test should have been performed to
(Build-up Time > 5min). verify the Final shut-in pressure.
Still Building
The pressure was gradually
building up even after 10 mins.
This can be due to tight
formation and may result in
supercharged pressure reading
A repeat test should have been
performed at lower rate and
smaller volume, to verify the
Final shut-in pressure

Lost Seal
▪ The Pressure-Time plot shows a pressure test which was affected by the gauge conditions.
▪ For this test, two drawdowns of volumes (3.03cc and 7.01cc) were performed. The first drawdown was performed and
was building up but there was no indication that it was going to be stabilized. The second drawdown showed that the
pressure was unstable. At the end of the pretest the buildup pressure achieved the mud pressure, this is an indication of
losing seal.
WIRELINE
PRESSURE VS DEPTH
Processing and Interpretation examples

Log Example

Residual Saturation - Example
Residual Gas
(Not producible)

Log Example

WIRELINE
FLUID MEASUREMENTS AND

SAMPLING
Basics
Fluid Measurements
▪ We have the ability to measure fluid:
– Resistivity
– Dielectric
– Viscosity
– Density
– Temperature
– Optical Fluid Analysis
▪ Need to use the power of multiple
measurements
▪ Determine the fluid type

Determining Clean Up
▪ Know Rw value
– formation water (past samples) ▪ Fluid Type & Properties output
– geosciences computation (SP deflection
clean zones, invasion, permeability, etc.) (eliminates uncertainty)
▪ Compare to Rmf values
▪ Remember to correct for temp • Low resistivity beds, thin beds
▪ Sample analysis (how the client QC’s BAD • Fluid Composition, Gas Chromatography
when): • Viscosity, Density, API
• Don’t have ion balance (within 10%) • Bubble point, Dew point
• Ratio of Na/Cl > 5 • Solubility/Miscibility and Swelling studies
• High concentrations of K, bicarbonate, • Non hydrocarbon: Salinity (RW), H2S, CO2
sulphate (mud additives)
• PH >8.5 (drilling additive)

Examples
Water Sample from OBM Water example from WBM

Common Problems with getting Representative Samples

▪ Pressure drawdown can change composition
– gases can come out of liquids: volatile oils
– solids can come out of liquids: asphaltenes (irreversible), waxes
– liquids can come out of gases: condensates, wet gases
▪ Cooler well temperature can change composition
– liquid can drop out of wet gas or condensate
▪ Mud filtrate can add extra ingredients to composition
– significant WBM filtrate might be tolerable in an oil sample
– must have low OBM filtrate in an oil sample
▪ Once sample chamber sealed, cooling to surface temperature can cause
– phase changes such as irreversible asphaltene precipitation due to pressure
drop
• may be a need for heating and agitating prior to validating or transferring
• compensated Samples
Consequences of poor water samples

▪ Incorrect water saturation calculation (Archie’s) that
gives incorrect reserves
▪ Incorrect understanding of water
connectivity/recharge
– Aquifers, reservoirs have unique properties
▪ Incorrect water impurities understood
– Chemical interaction & Steam Impurities
▪ Important that tool readings make sense and agree
with the external data where appropriate
– Check against WBM mud values
(analogy to hydrostatic for pressure)

PVT vs Non-PVT
▪ Sample
– Representative – has same properties and
behavior as reservoir, non or low
contamination present
– Single Phase (PVT) – phase properties are not SPE Distinguished Lecture – Mohamed Hashem
altered in collection or transport processes
▪ Types of downhole fluid samples
– Non-PVT: collected at pressure significantly
lower than reservoir
– PVT*: Collected at pressure similar or higher
than reservoir
• Compensated: PVT sample collected that has pressure
maintained with N2 gas, prevents drop in sample
pressure related to thermal cooling between reservoir
and surface
Phase Relationships

WIRELINE
WEATHERFORD TOOLS
PROVIDING SOLUTIONS
Selective Formation Tester (SFT)

▪ Conventional Pressure
– Multiple Pretests per station
– Pre-test Volume: 37.7 cc
– Pre-test rate: 0.1 – 3.2 cc/s
▪ Conventional Sampling
– Sample chamber: 3 x 5L ( 1.32 Gal )
– Sampling rate controlled with chokes
– Non-PVT
– Drained at Wellsite

Flow Rate Tester (FRT)

▪ Probe and Packers
▪ Packers for OH and CH applications
▪ Downhole Pump
– Sample Clean up
– Mini - DST
▪ Fluid identification
– Resistivity
– Capacitance
▪ Sample Options
– 3 x 500 ml vacuum bottles
– 2 x 500/700 ml PVT/Low Shock samples
▪ H2S rated

Reservoir Evaluation System (RES)

▪ Uniform 4.5” OD (slimmest advanced formation tester)
▪ Length: 44-116 ft (depending on configuration)
▪ Weight: 1000 – 3400 lbs (depending on configuration)
REE –Telemetry/Power supply RHP – Hydraulic fluid pump
RMP – Wellbore/Formation fluid RSC – Sample bottle carrier
pump
RSB – Sample bottle RFM – Fluid measurement
RFA – Fluid measurement (optical) REP – Probe packer tool
RPS – Straddle packer setting tool FXR/FPS – Straddle packer system

Compact Formation Pressure Tester

MFT
▪ Unique tool in industry that allows
formation pressure testing and fluid
sampling* in small wellbores and difficult
hole conditions
▪ MFT – East Leake product since 2001
– Compact Tool - 2 ¼” O.D.
– Pressure testing tool
– Largest dynamic range of any test tool - 2.5”
to 18”
• New High Span Kit
– Proven design with 230 Tools in the field

SAMPLING MFT.D
MAKING PVT SAMPLING

POSSIBLE IN CHALLENGING
WELLS
©2016 Weatherford International Ltd. All rights reserved.

TRANSFORMING CHALLENGES

Conventional samplers
Limitations
− Large OD; can only log 5 7/8-in. holes or larger
▪ Require special cables or pipe conveyance; adds complexity to operations
▪ Prone to hang up at washouts or restrictions such as swelling shale
▪ Run side-walled and are considered some of the most fished tools in wireline logging
Typical Characteristics
OD: 4-1/2 to 5-1/2 in.

Long strings
Heavy tool string
Run side-walled
Prone to differential sticking
Long stationary times

Compact Formation Tester Sampler MFT.D

Sampling MFT-D
▪ Slimmest tester and sampler 2.4” OD
▪ Thru Drill-Pipe Operations
▪ Class-leading 12-cc flowline storage
▪ Unique electro-mechanical centralized articulating pad
with no complicated hydraulics.
– Reduced stuck risk
– Fast set/retract time improves efficiency
▪ Downhole Pump for sample clean-up
– Highly efficient all electric tool
▪ Fluid identification
– Resistivity & Capacitance
▪ Sample Options
– Up to 3 x 500/700 ml PVT/Low Shock sample
▪ Same RQG and RSB as in RES (field transferable gauges) ©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.
MFT Sampling Overview
Oval Pad Centralized vs. Side-Walled
MFT-D
MFM MBC MSP

SHAPING SOLUTIONS

Compact™ formation sampler Hydrocarbons example from WBM
◼ Logs slim holes where traditional samplers

cannot go
◼ Provides option to obtain samples where
traditional large testers are too expensive
or risky (fishing and LIH)
◼ Offers cost-effective alternative for LWD Tool Specifications
samplers in wells where wireline Minimum trim: 2.4 in. (61 mm)
conveyance is impractical Max OD Slim trim: 2.8 in. (70 mm)
Standard trim: 3.5 in. (89 mm)
◼ Benefits applications in which economics Length (pressure only) 13.68 ft (4.17 m)
do not justify expensive testers Maximum pressure 15,000 psi (103 MPa)
Maximum temperature 320°F (160°C)

Case Study 1
◼ Objectives
−Define the reservoir characteristics and collect three PVT samples

in four 4 7/8-in. sidetrack wells for a total of 12 samples. Because
of the slim borehole and deviations of up to 52°, conventional
sampling tools are not an option.
◼ Specific Challenges
−Well deviations of 33° to 52°
−Hole size of 4-7/8 in.
−Avoidance of key seating/fishing
Case Study 1
◼ Weatherford Approach
− MFT sampler in 2.4-in. trim with three PVT sample bottles used
− Pre-job planning simulations estimated 8 hours of pumping-out
time for clean samples
− Tools run through 3 1/2-in. tubular to avoid key seating in
buildup section
◼ Value to Client
− Pressure data and samples taken in all four wells without tool
or cable sticking
− Real-time data and samples provided residual oil saturation
measurements that helped operator to optimize production efficiency
Case Study 2
◼ Objectives
−Acquire formation pressures, calculate mobility, determine

gradient, find fluid contacts
−Gather reservoir fluid samples and determine fluid composition
across reservoir of interest
◼ Initial Plan
−Conventional 4 1/2-in. OD advanced formation testing tools with
capabilities for identifying fluids and taking multiple samples in
one run to meet job objectives
Case Study 2
◼ Weatherford Approach and Value to Client
− Pressure data and samples taken in all four
wells without tool or cable sticking
− Real-time data and samples provided residual
oil saturation measurements that helped
operator to optimize production efficiency
◼ Specific Challenges
− Deviated S-shaped well with hole problems
− Restriction just below the shoe made it
impossible to pass

FUTURE SUCCESS

Flexible conveyance options

◼ More than 400 sampling jobs done from
release with no lost-in-hole events
◼ More than 6,000 pressure surveys have
been recorded with the MFT worldwide Conveyance
since introduction Options
◼ MFT sampling service can be provided in Real time

any geographical location Wireline
Thru drillpipe
Through the bit
◼ MFT service can be run on any third-party Logging while coring
logging unit using one-core, three-core or
seven-core cable and Weatherford- Memory options
provided patch box (pressure testing only)
Well Shuttle

LABORATORIES
PVT SAMPLES TRANSFER

AND ANALYSIS
PRINCIPLES
PVT samples transfer & requirements
◼ Planning: client to apply & obtain ANRM approval

for samples export out of the country to Norway
◼ Mobilize Sample Cylinders for PVT samples
transport – TPED directive
◼ Perform On-Site, Transfer & Validity Check of Fluid
Samples by sampling specialist
◼ Transport & custom clearance of collected samples
to Laboratory to perform PVT analysis
RANGE OF SERVICES
✓ Provision of Sample Cylinders
✓ On-Site, Transfer & Validity Check of Fluid Samples

✓ Transport & custom clearance of collected samples
✓ Full PVT Laboratory Services
✓ Storage/ Sample management

Typical tests applicable per fluid samples type
For Gas Condensate

samples NO Laboratory
has capabilities in
Romania

Transfer & Validation of Fluid Samples
◼ On-Site Sample transfer:

o Bottom Hole Samples, any type of
Formation test tool chambers can be
transferred to TPED shipping cylinders
o Samples heated, restored and stabilized

prior to high pressure single-phase transfer
cylinders
◼ Sample Validation:
oEstablish Volume and Psat. (bubble point)
Flow chart of the analyses, BHS samples

Flow chart of the analyses, Separator samples

Final PVT Report Content

Questions?
© 2019 Weatherford. All rights reserved.


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Formation Testing & Sampling

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Why to use it? Which is the output? What

Formation Testing Applications

Fluid Column Height

Downhole Measurement Early Data Evaluation

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Visualizing Pressure Measurement - Hydrostatic Pressure

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Performing a Drawdown & its Flowing pressure

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Delta-P & Build Up

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Absolute vs Gauge Pressure

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

High / Low Permeability

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Sample Fluid Gradients

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Pressure ©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Pressure-Depth graph shows gradients

Pressures are plotted against true

Interpretation software Acquisition software (WLS)

Real World Example

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

PRESSURE TESTS CLASSIFICATIONS

1st example of ‘.PRT’ 2nd example of ‘.PRT’

Good Test – low mobility Good Test – high mobility

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Pressure Stability – Good Pretest

P4 (Pad pressure) needs also to be stable

RES example of Good Test MFT example of Good Test

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

No Pressure build-up after drawdown

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Processing and Interpretation examples

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Residual Saturation - Example

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

FLUID MEASUREMENTS AND

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Common Problems with getting Representative Samples

Consequences of poor water samples

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Selective Formation Tester (SFT)

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Flow Rate Tester (FRT)

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Reservoir Evaluation System (RES)

RPS – Straddle packer setting tool FXR/FPS – Straddle packer system

©2017 Weatherford International plc. All rights reserved.

Compact Formation Pressure Tester