 Mention styles in autocad

Visual styles control the display of edges, lighting, and shading.

Control the effect of a visual style by changing its properties. When you apply a visual style or change its settings, the
associated viewport is automatically updated to reflect those changes.
The following predefined visual styles are available by default:
1. 2D Wireframe. Displays objects using lines and curves to represent the boundaries.
2. Conceptual. Displays objects using smooth shading and the Gooch face style. The Gooch face style transitions
between cool and warm colors, rather than dark and light. The effect is less realistic, but it can make the details of
the model easier to see.
3. Hidden. Displays objects using wireframe representation and hides lines representing back faces.
4. Realistic. Displays objects using smooth shading and materials.
5. Shaded. Displays objects using smooth shading.
6. Shaded with Edges. Displays objects using smooth shading and visible edges.
7. Shades of Gray. Displays objects using smooth shading and monochromatic shades of gray.
8. Sketchy. Displays objects with a hand-sketched effect by using the Line Extensions and Jitter edge modifiers.
9. Wireframe. Displays objects using lines and curves to represent the boundaries.
10. X-ray. Displays objects with partial transparency.

Ribbon Tabs and Panels

The ribbon organizes tools into logical groupings.The ribbon provides a compact palette of all of the tools necessary to
create or modify your drawing. It can be in placed in the following places:Docked horizontally at the top of the drawing area
(default):Docked vertically along the right or left edge of the drawing area:Undocked, or floating within the drawing area or
on a second monitor
The ribbon is composed of a series of tabs, which are organized into panels that contain many of the tools and controls
available in toolbars.

Status bar
The status bar displays the cursor location, drawing tools, and tools that affect your drawing environment.The status bar
provides quick access to some of the most commonly used drawing tools. You can toggle settings such as grid, snap, polar
tracking, and object snap. You can also access additional settings for some of these tools by clicking their drop down
arrows. Not all tools are displayed by default; you can choose what tools to display from the Customization menu, the right-
most button on the status bar. The tools displayed on the status bar might change depending on the current workspace and
whether the Model tab or a layout tab is currently displayed. You can also toggle some of these settings with the function
keys on your keyboard (F1 - F12).

Drawings and Templates

New drawings start from either a default drawing template file or a custom drawing template file that you create. Drawing
template files store default settings, styles, and additional data.
When AutoCAD starts, the Start tab is displayed by default. Here, you can quickly start a new drawing file based on the
current drawing template file, or you can specify a different template file from the Templates list to start a new drawing.
A drawing template file is a drawing file that has been saved with a .dwt file extension, and it specifies the styles, settings,
and layouts in a drawing, including title blocks. The default drawing template files are provided as samples.
CAD managers often create, maintain, and distribute drawing template files to maintain consistent standards and styles
across an organization. Among the settings specified are
 Units of measure and measurement style (UNITS)
 Drafting settings (DSETTINGS)
 Layers and layer properties (LAYER)
 Line type scale (LTSCALE)
 Dimension styles (DIMSTYLE)
 Text styles (STYLE)
 Layouts with layout viewports and scales (LAYOUT)
 Plot and publishing settings (PAGESETUP)
When you save these settings as a drawing template file, you can start creating designs without having to first specify any
settings.
Object Snaps
Object snaps provide a way to specify precise locations on objects whenever you are prompted for a point within a
command. For example, you can use object snaps to create a line from the center of a circle to the midpoint of another line.
 Difference between parallel or perspective projections
An create realistic visual effects in a drawing by defining either parallel or perspective projections of a model.The difference
between perspective views and parallel projections is that perspective views require a distance between a theoretical
camera and target point. Small distances produce severe perspective effects; large distances produce mild effects.A
perspective view remains in effect until the perspective effect is turned off or until a new view is defined in its place.

 Name the boolean object and function

Creating Composite Solids Using Boolean Operations
You can create composite 3D objects by combining, subtracting, or finding the intersecting mass of two or more 3D solids,
surfaces, or regions. Composite solids are created from two or more solids, surfaces, or regions, through the UNION,
SUBTRACT, and INTERSECT commands.
With UNION, you can combine the total volume of two or more objects.
With SUBTRACT, you can select one set of solids, and then remove the common area of a second set of solids from the
first set.
With INTERSECT, you can create a composite solid from the volume common to two or more overlapping solids.
INTERSECT removes the portions that do not overlap and creates a new composite solid from the common volume.

Mention the use of layers.

Layers are like transparent overlays on which you organize and group different kinds of scene information. The objects
created have common properties including colour, render ability, and display. The objects they contain can inherit the
properties from their layer. create and name a layer for each conceptual grouping (such as walls or terrain) and assign
common properties to those layers. By grouping objects into layers, you can control their display and make changes quickly
and efficiently. Layer names can be of any length up to 255 characters, and can contain letters, digits, blank spaces, and
the special characters dollar sign ($), hyphen (-), and underscore (_).
Explain view cube
The View Cube ® 3D navigation control provides visual feedback of the current orientation of a viewport, lets you adjust the
view orientation, and also switch between standard and isometric views.
Once the View Cube is displayed, it appears by default in the upper-right corner of the active viewport, superimposed over
the scene in an inactive state. It does not appear in camera, light, or shape viewports, or in other types of views such as
ActiveShade or Schematic. While the ViewCube is inactive, its primary function is to show the orientation of the scene
based on the North direction of the model.When you position the cursor over the ViewCube, it becomes active. Using the
left mouse button, you can switch to one of the available preset views, rotate the current view, or change to the Home view
of the model. Right-clicking opens a context menu with additional options.
 What are the different image file formats?
Image files, also known as bitmaps
1. AVI Files:The AVI (Audio-Video Interleaved) format is the Windows standard for movie files. The .avi file-name
extension indicates a Windows AVI movie file.
2. BMP Files:BMP files are still-image bitmap files in the Windows bitmap (.bmp) format.
3. EPS and PS (Encapsulated PostScript) Files:3ds Max can render images to Encapsulated PostScript ® format
files, which have the .eps or .ps extension.
4. GIF Files:GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) is an 8-bit (256-color) format developed by Informix for the
CompuServe ® information service. It was originally designed to minimize file transfer times over telephone lines.
5. JPEG Files:JPEG (.jpeg or .jpg) files follow the standards set by the Joint Photographic Experts Group. These files
use a variable compression method that is called lossy compression because of the loss of image quality as you
increase the compression. However, the JPEG compression scheme is extremely good and you can sometimes
compress the file up to 200:1 without severe loss of image quality. JPEG is consequently a popular format for
posting image files on the Internet for minimum file size and fast download time.
6. MOV (QuickTime Movie) Files:QuickTime ® is a standard file format created by Apple ® for storing common digital
media types such as audio and video. When you choose QuickTime (*.mov) as the Save As Type, your animation
is saved as a .mov file.
7. MPEG Files:The MPEG format is a standard for movie files. MPEG stands for Moving Picture Experts Group.
MPEG files can have a .mpg or .mpeg file name extension. MPEG is supported only as an input file format. You
can use MPEG files as texture maps.
8. PNG Files:PNG (Portable Network Graphics) is a still-image file format developed for use with the Internet and
World Wide Web.
9. TGA (Targa) Files:The Targa (TGA) format was developed by Truevision for their video boards. The format
supports 32-bit true color; that is, 24-bit color plus an alpha channel, and is typically used as a true color format.
10. TIFF Files:TIFF (Tagged Image File Format) is a multiplatform bitmap format originating on the Macintosh® and in
desktop-publishing applications. TIFF is a common choice if you plan to send your output to a print service bureau
or import the image into a page-layout program.

 Difference between cad and 3ds max

In CAD programs, how it looks isn't as important as how it works. You don't have the same tools on hand to create detailed,
high-poly renders with maps and other enhancements. The output from CAD programs is generally much simpler.
3D animation and modelling programs focus on high-poly renders with detailed textures and bump maps, with such finely-
tuned things as strands of hair and fur, flowing fabric, individual tree leaves, animated particle systems, moving bodies of
water, falling rain, etc. The entire goal is to create the most visually appealing output possible
Different 3d software
1. SketchUp: a user-friendly 3D modeling software
2. 3ds Max: It’s the ultimate three-dimensional model creator for it can seamlessly operate with most rendering
software and other programs such as Adobe Photoshop and After Effects--ultimately resulting in much better, high-
quality renders.
3. Vector works Architect: Vector Works Architect has a highly adaptable Para solid 3D modelling engine that
allows you to draw any geometric shape you want or tackle any complex architectural 3D design imaginable.
4. AutoCAD Architecture: streamlined design and drafting
5. Maya: strongest suit is animation
6. Archicad: a personal computer, capable of generating 2D and 3D geometry. It’s also regarded as a revolutionary
software for it can store incredibly large amounts of data in a 3D model.
7. Rhino3D: The world’s most versatile 3-D modeller as it utilizes NURBS or Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines.
8. Lumion 3d: Lumion 3d is not a modelling program. Its main function is making architectural rendering.
 Different navigational tools
3D navigation tools allow you to view objects in a drawing from different angles, heights, and distances.
Use the following 3D tools to orbit, swivel, adjust distance, zoom, and pan in a 3D view.
3D Orbit. Moves around a target. The target of the view stays stationary while the camera location, or point of view,
moves. The target point displays temporarily as a small, dark sphere. The method used for locating the target point is
determined by the ORBITAUTOTARGET system variable.
Constrained Orbit. Constrains 3D Orbit along the XY plane or the Z axis.
Free Orbit. Orbits in any direction without reference to the planes. The point of view is not constrained along
the XY plane of the Z axis.
Continuous Orbit. Orbits continuously. Click and drag in the direction you want the continuous orbit to move, and then
release the mouse button. The orbit continues to move in that direction.
Adjust Distance. Changes the distance of objects as you move the cursor vertically. You can make objects appear
larger or smaller, and you can adjust the distance.
Swivel. Simulates panning with a camera in the direction that you drag. The target of the view changes. You can swivel
the view along the XY plane or along the Z axis.
Zoom. Simulates moving the camera closer to an object or farther away. Zooming in magnifies the image.
Pan. Starts the interactive 3D view and enables you to drag the view horizontally and vertically.
 what is the use of navigational bar
The navigation bar is a user interface element where you can access both unified and product-specific navigation tools.
Unified navigation tools are those that can be found across many Autodesk products. Product-specific navigation tools are
unique to a product. The navigation bar floats over and along one of the sides of the current drawing area.
You start navigation tools by clicking one of the buttons on the navigation bar or selecting one of the tools from a list that is
displayed when you click the smaller portion of a split button.

The following unified navigation tools are available from the navigation bar:
ViewCube. Indicates the current orientation of a model and is used to reorient the current view of a model.
SteeringWheels. Collection of wheels that offer rapid switching between specialized navigation tools.
ShowMotion. User interface element that provides an onscreen display for creating and playing back for design review,
presentation, and bookmark-style navigation.
3Dconnexion. Set of navigation tools used to reorient the current view of a model with a 3Dconnexion 3D mouse.
The following product-specific navigation tools are available from the navigation bar:
Pan. Moves the view parallel to the screen.
Zoom tools. Set of navigation tools for increasing or decreasing the magnification of the current view of a model.
Orbit tools. Set of navigation tools for rotating the current view of a model.
 Mention the different workspace
Workspaces are sets of menus, toolbars, palettes, and ribbon control panels that are grouped and organized so that you
can work in a custom, task-oriented drawing environment.When you use a workspace, only the menus, toolbars, and
palettes that are relevant to a task are displayed. In addition, a workspace may automatically display the ribbon, a special
palette with task-specific control panels.You can easily switch between workspaces. The following task-based workspaces
are already defined in the product:2D Drafting & Annotation,3D Basics,3D Modeling
For example, when you create 3D models, you can use the 3D Modeling workspace that contains only 3D-related toolbars,
menus, and palettes. Interface items that you do not need for 3D modeling are hidden, maximizing the screen area
available for your work.When you make changes to your drawing display (such as moving, hiding, or displaying a toolbar or
a tool palette group) and you want to preserve the display settings for future use, you can save the current settings to a
workspace.
 Write about revolve, sweep, extrude, press pull, loft
Extrude : Creates a 3D solid from an object that encloses an area, or a 3D surface from an object with open ends.
Objects can be extruded orthogonally from the plane of the source object, in a specified direction, or along a selected
path. You can also specify a taper angle.
Revolve : Creates a 3D solid or surface by sweeping an object around an axis. Creates a 3D solid or surface by
sweeping an object around an axis. Open profiles create surfaces and closed profiles can create either a solid or a surface.
Revolve path and profile curves can be: Open or closed
Sweep : Open-ended objects create 3D surfaces, while objects that enclose an area can be set to create either 3D solids
or 3D surfaces.It helps obtain 3D object from 2D object, just by indicating the path through which the 2D object is going
to SWEEP to create the 3D object. An easy example to demonstrate the possibilities of the SWEEP command is to build a
3D spring in AutoCAD
Loft: Creates a 3D solid or surface in the space between several cross sections.Creates a 3D solid or surface by
specifying a series of cross sections. The cross sections define the shape of the resulting solid or surface. You must specify
at least two cross sections.

Two Dimensional(2D) Auto-cad Drawing :Its support only two dimension in Computer Added Design such as Height and
Width. It’s not support thickness of object.2D objects have two dimension such as: Rectangle,Circle,Square,Triangle etc.
“Product Drawing”-“2D Auto-cad drawings which is used by the industry of fabricators & manufacturers. Even most of the
2D drawing which is made by 3D CAD model. The information of work about manufacturer or fabrication is based on the 2D
drawing. In this context, a drawing has all the information in it when we print out on a paper.
“Construction Drawing”-Architecture drawing, builders, floor plans, installers, M&E drawing, these type of drawings are
included in construction drawing. So, this is also a part of 2D CAD drawing which we can print out & can be easily readable
floor plan, Elevations & Pipe runs these type of drawings either create in 3D. But on the other side M&E drawings are show
through the symbols like switches & sockets on a 2D floor plan.
“Line Drawing”-These type of drawing is basically included Schematic, Map drawing & simple layout drawings. So, these
drawings are made in CAD packages like AutoCAD or Assault system drafting.
Three Dimensional(3D) Auto-cad Drawing:“3D” which known as “Three dimensional Model” basically 3D display a picture
in a form that appears to be physically present with a structure of design is necessary that it allows pictures which appears
easy to the human eye. So, this can be also explain in a sense of items, which is display in a form that allow for different
dimensions to be represented. Therefore, height, width and depth are also included in 3D dimension. Example–Any object
in the real world & another example is Our body which is also in 3 dimensional. In other words, an image which provides the
Perception of depth is also described by the 3D. When 3D pictures or drawings are create interactive so that audience feel
involved with the scene and the experience is called Virtual Reality. Usually, we required a special plug in viewer for our
web browser to view and communicate with 3D images.
Major Difference between 2D & 3D AutoCAD Drawing”:-
“2D” is display as Two Dimensional geometry which is expressed in length & height on flat planes but have no Depth. One
of the example is ’Shadow’ which is two dimensional. So, in this way, 2D shapes are typically measured in square units like
cm2. Whereas 3D which is defined as 3 dimensional drawings or models they described objects with ‘Depth’. This depth of
the object should not be confused with weight, as two objects can be the same depth but here notice that one can
be much heavier than the second object like a gallon of milk have less weight than any other heavy object. So, 3D
measurement includes cubic unit cm3, quart litres and also tablespoon. So, this the major difference between 2D &
3D.
Therefore, when we apply 3D to physics, they can be seen as three spatially enumerable vectors. Even though
there could be several more physical dimensions which are so small that we cannot detect them. There is the
concept of the hypercube which bears the same relation to a cube that a cube does to a square. actual would not
be possible to construct with our 3D bodies, but we can build a 3D representation of it.
The user coordinate system (UCS) establishes the location and orientation of a movable Cartesian coordinate system. The
UCS is an essential tool for many precision operations. The UCS defines The XY plane, also called the work plane or
construction plane, on which objects are created and modified The horizontal and vertical directions used for features like
Ortho mode, polar tracking, and object snap tracking The alignment and angle of the grid, hatch patterns, text, and
dimension objects The origin and orientation for coordinate entry and absolute reference angles For 3D operations, the
orientation of work planes, projection planes, and the Z axis for vertical direction and axis of rotationBy default, the UCS
icon appears in the lower-left corner of the drawing area for the current model viewport. The UCS in each paper space
layout is displayed as a drawing triangle.
Note: A variety of color, size and style settings for the UCS are available from the UCSICON command. You can
also turn it off when not needed.
 3d transform tool 3D gizmos help you move, rotate, or scale a set of objects along a 3D axis or plane.
There are three types of gizmos:3D Move gizmo. Relocates selected objects along an axis or plane.3D Rotate
gizmo. Rotates selected objects about a specified axis.3D Scale gizmo. Scales selected objects along a specified plane or
axis, or uniformly along all 3 axes.

By default, gizmos are displayed automatically when you select an object or subobject in a view that has a 3D visual style.
Because they constrain modifications along specific planes or axes, gizmos help ensure more predictable results.
You can specify which gizmos are displayed when an object is selected, or you can suppress their display.
Display the Gizmos
Gizmos are available only in 3D views that are set to use a 3D visual style such as Hidden. You can set the gizmo to be
displayed automatically when you select a 3D object or subobject. Gizmos are also displayed during the 3D Move, 3D
Rotate, and 3D Scale operations.
By default, the gizmo is initially placed in the center of the selection set. However, you can relocate it anywhere in 3D
space. The center box (or base grip) of the gizmo sets the base point for the modification. This behavior is equivalent to
temporarily changing the position of the UCS as you move or rotate the selected objects. The axis handles on the gizmo
constrain the movement or rotation to an axis or plane

 The EXTRUDE command allows you to create a solid object from circles, polygons, and objects, created from or
converted to Poly lines, that have "closed" paths.
The PRESSPULL command will enable you to extrude an element from any enclosed boundary between lines that are not
necessarily a closed poly line This is a quick and easy way to create an extruded shape from a closed boundary.
PRESSPULL works also when you want to create a surface formed by a mix of AutoCAD "primitive shapes" (lines, circles,
splines, etc), unlike EXTRUDE which only works with one kind of shapes at a time (if you try to extrude with multiple types
of primitives, it will extrude a planar surface)
 Difference between layout space and model space
two distinct working environments, called "model space" and "paper space," in which you can work with objects in a
drawing.By default, you start working in a limitless 3D drawing area called model space. You begin by deciding whether one
unit represents one millimeter, one centimeter, one inch, one foot, or whatever unit is most convenient. You then draw at
1:1 scale.To prepare your drawing for printing, switch to paper space. Here you can set up different layouts with title blocks
and notes; and on each layout, you create layout viewports that display different views of model space. In the layout
viewports, you scale the model space views relative to paper space. One unit in paper space represents the actual distance
on a sheet of paper, either in millimeters or inches, depending on how you configure your page setup.Model space is
accessible from the Model tab and paper space is accessible from the layout tabs.
Dynamic ucs
When creating 3D objects, you want the UCS to align with the active 3D face of the object. This will allow objects to be
drawn on that specific plane.
With the dynamic UCS turned on, you can align the XY plane of the UCS with a plane on a 3D solid. To toggle on and off
the Dynamic UCS you can use the F6 key. Alternatively, you can type UCSDETECT into the command line and then enter
0 (not-active) or 1 (active).
Dynamic Input and the Command Window
Dynamic input provides a command interface near the cursor in the drawing area.
Dynamic tooltips provide an alternative way to enter commands. When dynamic input is turned on, a tooltip displays
dynamically updated information near the cursor. When a command is in progress, you can specify options and values in
the tooltip text box.The actions required to complete a command or to use grips are similar to those for the Command
prompt. If the AutoComplete and AutoCorrect features are turned on, the program automatically completes the command
and offers correct spelling suggestions just as it does on the command line. The difference is that your attention can stay
near the cursor.Dynamic input is not designed to replace the command window. You can hide the command window to add
more area for drawing, but you will need to display it for some operations. Press F2 to hide and display Command prompts
and error messages as needed. Alternately, you can undock the command window and use Auto-hide to roll open or roll up
the window

 Different draw tools

The Line command draws a series of separate line segments. Even though they appear to be connected
onscreen, each one is a separate object. If you move one line segment, none of the other segments you drew at the same
time moves with it.

The PLine command draws a single, connected, multisegment object. A polyline is what a line appears to be;
each segment is connected to form a single object. If you select any segment for editing, the changes affect the entire
polyline. The PLine command can draw curved segments as well as straight ones.

Creates a 3D polyline.
A 3D polyline is a connected sequence of straight line segments created as a single object. 3D polylines can be non-
coplanar; however, they cannot include arc segments.
Creates an arc.
To create an arc, you can specify combinations of center, endpoint, start point, radius, angle, chord length, and direction
values. Arcs are drawn in a counterclockwise direction by default. Hold down the Ctrl key as you drag to draw in a clockwise
direction.
SPLINE Creates a smooth curve that passes through or near a set of fit points, or that is defined by the vertices in a
control frame. Splines are defined either with fit points, or with control vertices.
primitives
 Poly solid :create 3D solids in the shape of walls is with the POLYSOLID command. The process is similar to creating
polyline including both straight and curved segments, except that you can specify a default height, width, and justification for
the resulting 3D solid.

 TRim and EXtend are the twin commands for making lines, polylines, and arcs shorter and longer
trim Click Home tab Modify panel Trim.
Select the objects to serve as cutting edges. Press Enter when you finish selecting the cutting edges.
To select all displayed objects as potential cutting edges, press Enter without selecting any objects.
Select the objects to trim and press Enter a second time when you finish selecting the objects to trim.
Extends objects to meet the edges of other objects. To extend objects, first select the boundaries. Then press Enter
and select the objects that you want to extend. To use all objects as boundaries, press Enter at the first Select Objects
prompt.

Importing PDF Files

You can import the geometry, fills, raster images, and TrueType text from a PDF file into the current drawing. The visual
fidelity along with some properties such as PDF scale, layers, lineweights, and colors can be preserved.
PDF files are a common way of publishing and sharing design data for review and markup. AutoCAD supports creating PDF
files as a publishing output for AutoCAD drawings, and importing PDF data into AutoCAD using either of two options:
 PDF files can be attached to drawings as under lays, which can be used as a reference when collaborating on projects.
 PDF data can be imported as objects, in part or entirely, which can be used a reference and also modified.
If you import PDF data, you can choose to specify a page from a PDF file or you can convert all or part of an attached PDF
underlay into AutoCAD objects.
QSAVE, SAVEAS, and SAVE Commands
Depending on what you want to accomplish, there are several useful differences between these commands.
 QSAVE. If the current drawing has already been saved at least once, the program saves the drawing and does not request
a new file name. If the current drawing has never been saved, the Save Drawing As dialog box displays. The Save icons in
the user interface all use the QSAVE command.
 SAVEAS. Saves a copy of the current drawing under a new file name or location. The new file name or location becomes
the current drawing and the previous drawing closes without saving any changes to it.
 SAVE. In AutoCAD, if the drawing has been previously saved, saves the current drawing to the file name or location that
you specify, but leaves the current drawing unchanged. In AutoCAD LT, the SAVE command is identical to the SAVEAS
command.
Repair and Recovery
When an error occurs, diagnostic information is recorded in the acad.err file, oracadlt.err file for AutoCAD LT, which you can
use to report a problem.
A drawing file is marked as damaged if corrupted data is detected, or if you request that the drawing be saved after a
program failure. If the damage is minor, sometimes you can repair the drawing simply by opening it. A recovery notification
is displayed while opening drawing files that are damaged and need recovery. You can
 RECOVER Performs an audit on, and attempts to open, any drawing file.
 RECOVERALL Similar to recover, it additionally operates on all nested xrefs. The results are displayed in the Drawing
Recovery Log window.
 AUDIT Finds and corrects errors in the current drawing.
 RECOVERAUTO Controls the display of recovery notifications before or after opening a damaged drawing file.
Note: The PURGE command is often used to remove unneeded definitions from a drawing.