College of Engineering Pune

Linear Algebra ( MA19002 )

F.Y.B.Tech. Semester I (All Branches) 2019-20
Hints for Tutorial -3
Q.1- Q.4.......Theory questions In class
√
Q.5 k f k= π
Q.6 Chapter VI, Section 1, Theorem 1.3
n
X
Q.7 Consider v = ai vi = 0. Now for each i = 1, 2 · · · , n, < v, vi >= ai < vi , vi >=
i=1
0 But < vi , vi >6= 0 Hence ai = 0
Q.8 (a) (i) < X, Y >= X T AY = (X T AY )T = Y T AX =< Y, X >
(ii) < X, Y +W >= X T A(Y +W ) = X T AY +X T AW =< X, Y > + < X, W >
(iii) < aX, Y >= (aX)T AY = aX T AY = a < X, Y >
(provide reasons for each equality)
 
−1 0
(b) A = (−1), B =
0 −2
(c) −B of (b)
(d)( Note the correction: Matrix A must be symmetric.)
X T AX = ax2 + dy 2 + (b + b)xy > 0 for all non zero x, y iff a(x + by/a)2 + (ad −
b2 )y 2 /a2 > 0 for all non zero x, y iff ad − b2 > 0 (provide reason for each statement)
(e) By choosing y = 0, ax2 < 0 for all nonzero x.
Q. 9 Taking transpose does not change the diagonal entries.
Z 2π
√
Q.10 Compute ||f ||= < f, f >, where < f, g >= f (x)g(x)dx
0
⊥ ⊥ ⊥ ⊥
Q.11 Show that (W ) ⊂ W and W ⊂ (W )
Q.12 Observe that set of vectors orthogonal to the row space of a matrix A are same as the
solution set of the system AX = 0
Q.13 Consider two lines L1 and L2 . Line L1 passing through point v1 = (x1 , x2 ) so slope
−x2
of line L1 is m1 = . Line L2 passing through point v2 = (y1 , y2 ) so slope
x1
−y2
of line L2 is m2 = . Given that L1 ⊥ L2 so m1 m2 = −1. which gives us
y1
−x2 −y2
× = −1 after simplification we get x1 y1 + x2 y2 = 0 which is same as
x1 y1
hv1 , v2 i = 0

1
Q.14 (1, 0), (1, 1) are linearly independent vectors which is NOT orthogonal in R2 . (0, 0), (1, 1)
are orthogonal vectors but NOT linearly independent.

Q.15 Observe that (1, 1, 2), (1, 2, 3) are linearly independent. Orthogonal complements of
the plane spanned by the vectors (1, 1, 2) and (1, 2, 3) are solution of system x + y +
2z = 0 and x + 2y + 3z = 0.

Q.16 For definition of orthonormal basis refer Chapter V I, Page No: 180 of your textbook.
In R2 basis (1, 0), (0, 1) are orthonormal basis(prove it!)

Q.17 We have already learn how to find solution of homogeneous system of linear equa-
tions, so first find the solution of given system of linear equations and basis for
solution space. Now apply Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process to produce or-
thogonal basis of solution space.

Q.18 (a) The given vectors are orthogonal. Divide each vector by their norm to get set of
orthonormal vectors.

Q.18 (b) Let v1 = (2, 1, 1) and v2 = (1, 3, −1)

The orthogonal vectors are calculated using following procedure:

v1 ′ = v1

and
< v2 , v1 ′ > ′
v2 ′ = v2 − v1
< v1 ′ , v1 ′ >
4
⇒ v2 ′ = (1, 3, −1) − (2, 1, 1)
6
1 7 5
v2 ′ = ( − , , − )
3 3 3
′ ′
By dividing v1 and v2 by their norms, we will get the orthonormal vectors.

Q.19 Proceed as Question Number 18.

Q.20 (a) It is given that f (t) = t and g(t) = t2

To calculate the orthogonal functions f ′ (t) and g ′ (t), proceed as the following man-
ner
f ′ (t) = f (t)
and
< g, f ′ > ′
g ′(t) = g − f
< f ′, f ′ >
Z 1 Z 1
′ ′ 1
< g, f >= g(t)f (t)dt = t2 · tdt =
0 0 4

2
 1 1
1
Z Z
′ ′ ′ ′
< f , f >= f (t)f (t)dt = t · tdt =
0 0 3
Hence,
3
g ′ = t2 − t
4
Now, functions f (t) and g (t) are orthogonal as < f ′ (t), g ′ (t) > = 0
′ ′

By dividing each function by its norm, we will get orthonormal functions.

In above solution, f ′ (t) and g ′ (t) are new functions only. The notation f ′ (t) does not
mean the derivative of the function.

Q.20 (b) Proceed as part (a).

Q.21 If Ax = b has a solution and AT y = 0, then y is orthogonal to b.

Q.22 Covered in lecture.