A.

1. Essentially, microbiology is the study of biological organisms that are too small to be
seen with the naked eye (without using such tools as the magnifying glass or
microscope etc). Microbiology is therefore dedicated to studying the lives and
characteristics of a wide variety of organisms ranging
from bacteria and archaea to parasitic worms in their environments.

Parasitology is a wide field of microbiology that deals with the study of parasites. For
the most part, parasitology is concerned with organisms found in three major groups
including protozoa, helminths (worms) and arthropods.

Given that parasitology is concerned with disease-causing organisms (as well as

vectors) it has been influenced by a number of other disciplines including immunology
and biochemistry among others.

Like mycology and phycology, parasitology entails the study of both unicellular and
multicellular organisms.

2. A microorganism is a living thing that is too small to be seen with the naked eye. Examples
of microorganisms include bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa, and microscopic animals such
as the dust mite. ... Indeed, until Anton von Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope, we did not
know they existed!

3. Bacteria.Archaea. Animals. Protozoa. Fungi. Molds.Algae.

4. The science of classifying organisms is called taxonomy and the groups

making up the classification hierarchy are called taxa. Taxonomy consists of
classifying new organisms or reclassifying existing ones. Microorganisms are
scientifically recognized using a binomial nomenclature using two words that
refer to the genus and the species.

Robert Hooke:

The first person to report seeing microbes under the microscope was an Englishman, Robert
Hooke. Working with a crude compound microscope he saw the cellular structure of plants
around 1665.His reputation in history largely rests on his Book Micrographia,published in
1665.
Hooke devises the compound microscope and illumination system one of the best such
microscopes in his time.He also saw fungi which he drew. However, because his lens were of
poor quality he was apparently unable to “see” bacteria.
He discovered plant cells,more precisely they were cell walls of cork tissue. In fact it was
Hooke who coined the term “Cell”.

Hooke was asked by society to confirm Leeuwenhoek’s findings which he successfully did.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was a man born before his time. Although not the FIRST TO
DISCOVER THE MICROSCOPE or to use magnifying lens, he was the first to see and describe
bacteria.

It was he who discovered bacteria, free-living and parasitic microscopic protists, sperm
cells, blood cells, microscopic nematodes and rotifers, and much more. His researches,
which were widely circulated, opened up an entire world of microscopic life to the awareness
of scientists.

Leeuwenhoek is known to have made over 500 “microscopes,” of which fewer than ten have
survived to the present day.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek considered that what is true in natural philosophy can be most
fruitfully investigated by the experimental method, supported by the evidence of the
senses; for which reason, by diligence and tireless labour he made with his own hand
certain most excellent lenses, with the aid of which he discovered many secrets of Nature,
now famous throughout the whole philosophical World.

Francisco Redi studied venomous snakes to dispel popular myths about them.
He demonstrated that it is not true that vipers drink wine, that swallowing snake
venom is toxic, or that venom is made in a snake's gallbladder. He found that
venom was not poisonous unless it entered the bloodstream and that the
progression of venom in the patient could be slowed if a ligature was applied. His
work paved the foundation for the science of toxicology.

John Needham established from his observations that micro-organisms do not grow from
eggs and proposed a theory of spontaneous generation whereby living organisms develop from
non-living matter at the microscopic level.

Lazzaro Spallanzani. Spallanzani did extensive research on the reproduction of animals, and
definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation (1768). In 1779 he discovered the
workings of animal reproduction, which requires semen (carrying spermatazoa) and an ovum

Rudolf Virchow is credited with several very important discoveries. His most widely known
scientific contribution is his cell theory, which built on the work of Theodor Schwann. He was
one of the first to accept the work of Robert Remak, who showed the origins of cells was the
division of pre-existing cells.

Louis Pasteur:

In 1859 one of the fathers of modern microbiology, L. Pasteur decided to settle the question
of SPONTANEOUS GENERATION once and for all.hese experiments ended the SPONTANEOUS
GENERATION controversy because these experiment was so elegant and simple, and the
results so clear, that anyone could repeat them.
Pasteur discovered many of the basic principles of microbiology and, along with R. Koch,
laid the foundation for the science of microbiology.
He also find the way of preventing wine from being spoiled by using the method of heating,
now known as pasteurization,to remove microbes.

Joseph Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid (now known as phenol) to sterilise surgical
instruments and to clean wounds. Applying Louis Pasteur's advances
in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, so that it became
the first widely used antiseptic in surgery.

Ignaz Semmelweis:

In the 1800s people (mainly the poor) began to use hospitals. Hospitals also became
centers of physician training. In 1841 (30 years before the GERM THEORY of disease was
established) young doctor IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS was hired to run a maternity ward in a
Vienna hospital. There were two birthing wards in his preview, one run by midwives and the
other by doctors. Semmelweiss noticed that the death rate among mothers in the doctor’s
ward ran as high as 18% from the blood infection (of a #streptococcus or STREP) known as
CHILD BED FEVER or PUERPERAL SEPSIS, whereas in the midwife ward the death rate was
much lower.

Robert Koch:

Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch was a German physician. He became famous for isolating
Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) and
for his development of Koch’s postulates.
His studies, in combination of those of Pasteur’s, established the GERM THEORY of disease.
His procedure for defining the agent of any disease, called KOCH’S POSTULATES, consists of
the following 4 steps.

Edward Jenner.

Also known as the “Father of Immunology”, Edward Anthony Jenner was an English scientist
and is famous for his discovery of the smallpox vaccine. This was the first successful vaccine
ever to be developed and remains the only effective preventive treatment for the fatal smallpox
disease.

Paul Ehrlich. ...

Ehrlich popularized the concept of a magic bullet. He also made a decisive contribution to the
development of an antiserum to combat diphtheria and conceived a method for standardizing
therapeutic serums. In 1908, he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for
his contributions to immunology.

The Scottish microbiologist Alexander Fleming was a medical scientist who discovered
penicillin, the first antibiotic. ... In 1928 Fleming observed that a mould which had accidentally
grown in a Petri dish with a culture of bacteria had killed the germs around it. He called the
active substance in the mould 'penicillin'.

References

https://biologydictionary.net/microorganism/

https://www.microscopemaster.com/microbiology.html

https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/1%3A_Intr
oduction_to_Microbiology/1.2%3A_Microbes_and_the_World/1.2B%3A_Classification_of_Microorga
nisms

https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-francesco-redi-4126774

Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of biology. Credit for the formulation of
this theory is given to German scientists Theodor Schwann (1810–1822),
Matthias Schleiden (1804–1881), and Rudolph Virchow (1821–1902).

The Cell Theory states:

 All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or

multicellular.
 The cell is the basic unit of life.
 Cells arise from pre-existing cells. (They are not derived from spontaneous
generation.)

The modern version of the Cell Theory includes the ideas that:

 Energy flow occurs within cells.

 Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.
 All cells have the same basic chemical composition.

Robert Hooke, an English scientist, discovered a honeycomb-like structure in a cork slice using
a primitive compound microscope. He only saw cell walls as this was dead tissue. He coined
the term "cell" for these individual compartments he saw.

In 1838, Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, concluded that all plant tissues are composed
of cells and that an embryonic plant arose from a single cell. He declared that the cell is the
basic building block of all plant matter.

In 1838 Matthias Schleiden had stated that plant tissues were composed
of cells. Schwann demonstrated the same fact for animal tissues, and in 1839 concluded that
all tissues are made up of cells: this laid the foundations for the cell theory. ... Schwann
cells are named after him.

Virchow is credited with several very important discoveries. His most widely known
scientific contribution is his cell theory, which built on the work of Theodor Schwann. He was
one of the first to accept the work of Robert Remak, who showed the origins of cells was the
division of pre-existing cells.