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UG CHKTOC SWG GN LQXGP GPVWUKCUVC QNXKFC NCU VGPUKQPGU
R AZ O N AM I E N T O V E R B AL GIQÈUVCUSWGCECDCPGPNCEQDCTFÈCGPQVTCURCNCDTCUPQ
 GUVKOQTCVQ

 'N LQXGP GPVWUKCUVC QNXKFC UWU VGPUKQPGU GIQÈUVCU 'UVG

GPWPEKCFQ GU EQTTGEVQ [ UG GPEWGPVTC GZRNÈEKVQ GP GN
COMPRENSIÓN DE TEXTOS VGZVQ
  'N GPVWUKCUOQ GU WPC GZCNVCFC KPURKTCEKÎP RNCVÎPKEC
 #HKTOCTGUVQGUKPEQTTGEVQRWGUVQSWGRCTCNQURNCVÎPKEQU
6':61 GNGPVWUKCUOQGUFKXKPQ
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'PVWUKCUVC [ QUCFC FGDG UGT NC LWXGPVWF 
5KP GPVWUKCUOQ PQ UG CEQOGVGP JQPTQUCU GORTGUCU 'UWPCKFGCKORNÈEKVCGPGNVGZVQ
7PLQXGPGUEÃRVKEQGUV¶OWGTVQGPXKFCRCTCUÈOKUOQ[RCTCNC 
UQEKGFCF7PGPVWUKCUVCGZRWGUVQCGSWKXQECTUGGURTGHGTKDNGC C  .CUJQPTQUCUGORTGUCUUGGORTGPFGPEQPKPFGEKUKÎP
WP KPFGEKUQ SWG PQ UG GSWKXQSWG PWPEC 'N RTKOGTQ RWGFG D  GN KPFGEKUQ CEVÕC EQP RTWFGPEKC [ PQ CRQTVC C NC
CEGTVCTGNUGIWPFQLCO¶U UQEKGFCF
 E  GN LQXGP GPVWUKCUVC JCEG EQPXGTIGT UW OGPVG JCEKC GN
'N GPVWUKCUOQ GTC [C RCTC NQU RNCVÎPKEQU WPC GZCNVCFC KFGCN
KPURKTCEKÎP FKXKPC SWG GPEGPFÈC GP GN ¶PKOQ GN FGUGQ FG NQ F  GNGPVWUKCUVCCRTGPFGCRGTUGIWKTNCSWKOGTCUQÌCFC
OGLQT 'N GPVWUKCUOQ GU UCNWF OQTCN GODGNNGEG GN EWGTRQ O¶U G  6QFQUNQURNCVÎPKEQUGTCPGPVWUKCUVCU
SWGVQFQGLGTEKEKQ[RTGRCTCWPCOCFWTG\QRVKOKUVC[HGNK\ 
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EQPXGTIGT UW OGPVG JCEKC GN KFGCN CEKGTVCRQTSWGPWPECUGCTTKGUIC2QTVCPVQVCORQEQCRQTVCC
5WUGPGTIÈCUUQPRWGUVCUGPVGPUKÎPRQTNCXQNWPVCFCRTGPFGC NCUQEKGFCF
RGTUGIWKTNCSWKOGTCUQÌCFC[QNXKFCNCUVGPUKQPGUGIQÈUVCUSWG %.#8'ő$Œ
CECDCPGPNCEQDCTFÈC 
 &GNVGZVQUGKPHKGTGSWG
'PGNVGZVQUGCHKTOCSWG 
 NCLWXGPVWFGUQUCFC[GPVWUKCUVC C  RCTCGNGPVWUKCUVCPQGZKUVGPKPIWPCFKHKEWNVCFRQTSWGGU
 WPKPFGEKUQPQCEKGTVCLCO¶U QUCFQ
 GNGPVWUKCUVCGUWPVKOQTCVQ D  GP NC UQEKGFCF JC[ LÎXGPGU GUEÃRVKEQU [ LÎXGPGU
 GNLQXGPGPVWUKCUVCQNXKFCUWUVGPUKQPGUGIQÈUVCU KPFGEKUQUSWGPWPECUGGSWKXQECP
 GNGPVWUKCUOQGUWPCGZCNVCFCKPURKTCEKÎPRNCVÎPKEC E  GN GPVWUKCUOQ RTGRCTC GN ÃZKVQ UGIWTQ [ NC HGNKEKFCF UKP
 RTQDNGOCU
5QPEKGTVCU F  VQFQUNQULÎXGPGUWPKXGTUKVCTKQUUQPQUCFQU[GPVWUKCUVCU
 C [ D [ E [ G  WP LQXGP KPXGUVKICFQT EQP OWEJQU RTQ[GEVQU RCTC
F [ G [ VTCPUHQTOCTUWTGCNKFCFGUKFGCNKUVCQUCFQ[GPVWUKCUVC
 
5756'06#%+¦0 5756'06#%+¦0
.CRTGIWPVCRKFGNCCHKTOCEKÎPUKVQOCOQUGPEWGPVCGUVQ 'N ÈVGO RKFG NC KFGC KORNÈEKVC RQT VCPVQ CN CPCNK\CT NCU
XGTGOQUNQUKIWKGPVG CNVGTPCVKXCUVGPGOQU
 .C LWXGPVWF GU QUCFC [ GPVWUKCUVC #N CPCNK\CT GUVG C  2CTCGNGPVWUKCUVCPQGZKUVGPKPIWPCFKHKEWNVCFRQTSWGGU
GPWPEKCFQ VGPGOQU SWG GN CWVQT GP GN RTKOGT R¶TTCHQ QUCFQ GUVC CNVGTPCVKXC GU EQTTGEVC RQTSWG GN CWVQT FGN
WVKNK\C NC GZRTGUKÎP őFGDG UGTŒ PQ őGUŒ RQT VCPVQ UGTÈC VGZVQ FKEG UKP GPVWUKCUOQ PQ UG CEQOGVGP NCU ITCPFGU
KPEQTTGEVCNCCNVGTPCVKXC GORTGUCUFGNQSWGKPVGTRTGVQ SWGRCTCGNGPVWUKCUVCPQ
 7P KPFGEKUQ PQ CEKGTVC LCO¶U 'UVC RTGOKUC GU EQTTGEVC JC[ QDUV¶EWNQU ; UG TGCHKTOC EWCPFQ FKEG NC LWXGPVWF
RWGUVQ SWG GP  GN VGZVQ FKEG SWG GN KPFGEKUQ LCO¶U FGDGUGTGPVWUKCUVC[QUCFCGPQVTCURCNCDTCUUKGNLQXGP
CEKGTVC GU GPVWUKCUVC GU QUCFQ RQT VCPVQ RCTC GN PQ JCDT¶
 'N GPVWUKCUVC GU VKOWTCVQ 'UVG GPWPEKCFQ CN EQORCTCTNQ FKHKEWNVCF
GUVG EQP GN VGZVQ VGPGOQU SWG GU KPEQTTGEVQ RWGUVQ SWG


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 QWHJUDOFODVV  (;$0(1(;75$25',1$5,2,,

D  'P NC UQEKGFCF JC[ LÎXGPGU GUEÃRVKEQU [ LÎXGPGU E  LGTQINÈHKEC Ō RTQITCOC Ō CPCNHCDGVC Ō DNCPFWTC Ō
KPFGEKUQU SWG PWPEC UG GSWKXQECP 'UVC CNVGTPCVKXC GU EGTVKHKECPFQ
CODKIWCRQTSWGNCRTGIWPVCUGTÈCSWKGPPQUGGSWKXQEC F  JGDTGCŌNGPIWCLGŌHQT¶PGCŌUGPUCEKÎPŌECRVCPFQ
NQUGUEÃRVKEQUQNQUKPFGEKUQU G  KFGQNÎIKEC Ō KPUVTWOGPVQ Ō KPGZRGTVC Ō RWPVC Ō
E  'N GPVWUKCUOQ RTGRCTC GN ÃZKVQ UGIWTQ [ NC HGNKEKFCF UKP KFGPVKHKECPFQ
RTQDNGOCRTKOGTQRTGRCTCRCTCGNÃZKVQQGNÃZKVQNWGIQ 
GPGNVGZVQFKEGRTGRCTCTRCTCWPCOCFWTG\HGNK\NQEWCN 5756'06#%+¦0
NNGXC C EQPENWKT SWG PQ RCTC GN CJQTC
LWXGPVWF  UKPQ 'NUKUVGOC$TCKNNGVKGPGGPEWGPVCGNVCOCÌQ[NCFKUVTKDWEKÎP
FGURWÃU
OCFWTG\  FGQUUGKURWPVQUSWGHQTOCPGNUKIPQIGPGTCFQTSWGGUHTWVQ
F  6QFQU NQU LÎXGPGU WPKXGTUKVCTKQU UQP QUCFQU [ FG NC GZRGTKGPEKC FG $TCKNNG JGEJQ GURGEKCNOGPVG RCTC NC
GPVWUKCUVCU'UHCNUQRWGUVQSWGGPGNVGZVQUGCHKTOCSWG RGTUQPCEKGICSWKGPRCUCNC[GOCFGNQUFGFQURCTCNGGTGP
FGDGTÈCPUGTPQSWGUQP GUVGEQPVGZVQNCENCXGEQTTGEVCGU
G  'N LQXGP KPXGUVKICFQT EQP OWEJQU RTQ[GEVQU RCTC %.#8'ő$Œ
VTCPUHQTOCTUWTGCNKFCFGUKFGCNKUVCUQUCFQU[GPVWUKCUVCU 
PQ RWGFQ VQOCT GUVG GLGORNQ RQTSWG GN VGZVQ CHKTOC
FGDGTÈCPQSWGGUQUQP
SINONIMIA

%.#8'ő#Œ 
 'NUKPÎPKOQNGZKECNFG%1.#251GU
'NVGZVQUGIÕPUWVGO¶VKECQEQPVGPKFQGU 
  C QUEKNCEKÎP D VQTDGNNKPQ E FWFC
C  HKNQUÎHKEQŌEQPVGORNCVKXQ  F RCTCNK\CEKÎP G KPFKEKQ
D  LWTÈFKEQŌRQNÈVKEQ 
E  UQEKQNÎIKEQŌGRKUVGOQNÎIKEQ  5756'06#%+¦0
F  KFGQNÎIKEQŌTGNKIKQUQ  .C RCNCDTC EQNCRUQ UKIPKHKEC &GUOC[Q UKPEQRG XCJKFQ
G  NKVGTCTKQŌQTCVQTKQ CNGVCTICOKGPVQRCVCVÕU.CÕPKECCNVGTPCVKXCSWGUGCEGTECC
 NCCEGREKÎPFGNCRCNCDTCGUNCEQPVGPKFCGPNCENCXG&
5756'06#%+¦0 %.#8'ő&Œ
'N VGZVQ VTCDCLC GN GPVWUKCUOQ NQ EWCN GU EQPUKFGTCFQ WP 
XCNQTUQDTGGNEWCNUGTGHNGZKQPCRQTVCPVQRQTUWEQPVGPKFQ &CFQGNVGZVQ
GU(KNQUÎHKEQEQPVGORNCVKXQ  %GUCT 8CNNGLQ GU EKGTVCOGPVG WP JQPVCPCT 'U WPQ FG NQU
%.#8'ő#Œ RQEQU CWVQTGU RGTWCPQU SWG CUÈ EQOQ ,QUà %CTNQU
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C O M P L E T AM I E N T O T E X T U AL EQPXQECTCOWEJCIGPVGRQTUWQDTCNKVGTCTKC
 
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RCTCEQODCVKTŗŗŗŗ[ŗŗŗŗŗŗFGQTKIGPPGTXKQUQ D  UWTVKFQTŌCDUQTEKÎPŌHQTVWPCŌTGWPKT
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C  U¶DKNCŌPWVTKGPVGUŌGUECTCUŌHTCEVWTCU G  OCPCPVKCNŌRTQRCICEKÎPŌCDWPFCPEKCŌEQPITGICT
D  GURKPCECŌRTQVGÈPCUŌTGUHTÈQUŌQUVGQRQTQUKU 
E  CNDCJCECŌRTQRKGFCFGUŌXÃTVKIQUŌLCSWGECU 5756'06#0%+¦0
F  NGEJWICŌUWUVCPEKCUŌKPHNCOCEKQPGUŌPGWTKVKU .CU RCNCDTCU JQPVCPCT KTTCFKCEKÎP TKSWG\C EQPXQECT
G  CEGKVWPCŌEWCNKFCFGUŌQDGUKFCFŌIKICPVKUOQ UKIPKHKECP TGURGEVKXCOGPVG OCPCPVKCN RTQRCICT
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5756'06#0%+¦0 EQPVGZVWCNOGPVGNCCNVGTPCVKXCSWGEQPVKGPGNCENCXGEQTTGEVC
'PVTG NCU RTQRKGFCFGU OGFKEKPCNGU FG NC CNDJCEC GUV¶ SWG GUNC'
EQODCVG NQU XÃTVKIQU [ NCU LCSWGECU SWG UQP FG QTKIGP %.#8'ő'Œ
PGTXKQUQ 
%.#8'ő%Œ
 
ANT O NIM I A

&CFQGNVGZVQKPEQORNGVQ 
 .C GUETKVWTC ŗŗŗŗŗŗŗ GUV¶ DCUCFC GP NC EQODKPCEKÎP 'NCPVÎPKOQFGNCRCNCDTC¦$+%''5
FGUGKURWPVQUFKUVTKDWKFQUGPFQUEQNWOPCUFGCVTGU%CFC 
NGVTC Q ECFC PÕOGTQ VKGPG WPQ Q XCTKQU FG GUVQU RWPVQU GP  C RGPFKGPVG D GUVCDNG E XGVQ
TGNKGXG  F EQTVCRKUC G IWCTKFC
7UCPFQ GUVGŗŗŗŗŗŗŗ NC RGTUQPCŗŗŗŗŗ RCUC NC 
ŗŗŗŗŗŗŗ FG NQU FGFQU RQT GN RCRGN [  5756'06#%+¦0
XCŗŗŗŗŗŗŗNCUNGVTCU  .C RCNCDTC ÎDKEG UKIPKHKEC QDUV¶EWNQ EQTVCRKUC GUVQTDQ
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C  KEQPQIT¶HKEQŌEÎFKIQŌNÕEKFCŌUWRGTHKEKGŌTGIKUVTCPFQ %.#8'ő$Œ
D  DTCKNNGŌUKUVGOCŌEKGICŌ[GOCŌNG[GPFQ


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3DJ
 
 


 QWHJUDOFODVV  (;$0(1(;75$25',1$5,2,,

&CFQGNVGZVQ 
 ő&G NQ SWG QDVGPGOQU RQFGOQU XKXKT UKP GODCTIQ FG NQ
SWGFCOQUJCEGOQUWPCXKFCŒ
POLISEMIA

 
 .15 #0610+/15 %106':67#.'5 &' .#5 2#.#$4#5 .QUUKIPKHKECFQURQNKUÃOKEQUFGœ6+%#
57$4#;#&#5510  OCTEC OQTCN KPUETKREKÎP
C  NQITCOQUŌCTTGDCVCOQU  EQPVKPIGPVG PQTOC FGNG\PCDNG
D  CFSWKTKOQUŌTGVKTCOQU 
E  RGTFGOQUŌRTKXCOQU  510%144'%615
F  FGUEWKFCOQUŌFGUGODQNUCOQU  C [ D [ E [
G  OCNICUVCOQUŌEGFGOQU  F [ G [
 
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EQUGEJCT TGEKDKT CFSWKTKT GN CPVÎPKOQ FG NC OKUOC UGTÈC UKIPKHKECFQ GU TGNCVKXQ C NCU EQUVWODTGU UGO¶PVKECOGPVG
RGTFGT [ FG FCTPQU UW UKPÎPKOQ GU GPVTGICOQU  FQPCOQU JCDNCPFQ UW UKIPKHKECFQU UGTÈCP OQTCN [ PQTOC .C
EQPEGFGOQU [ UW CPVÎPKOQ GU SWKVCTPQU RTKXCOQU NC CNVGTPCVKXCSWGEQPVKGPGNCTGURWGUVCEQTTGEVCGUNCő$Œ
CNVGTPCVKXC SWG EQPVKGPG NC TGURWGUVC EQTTGEVC UG GPEWGPVTC %.#8'ő$Œ
GPNGVTC% 
%.#8'ő%Œ 'P GN VGZVQ ő'N UGÌQT 'PTKSWG GU OGPIWCFQ EQP UWU
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P AR O N IM I A  5QPUKIPKHKECFQURQNKUÃOKEQUFGNCURCNCDTCUUWDTC[CFCU
  6CECÌQOKUGTCDNG FGEQTVCXKUVC
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&GNQUUKIWKGPVGURCTGUFGRCNCDTCU 
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 'N RCT JQPFGCT Ō QPFGCT GU JQOÎHQPCU OKGPVTCU SWG 
CLWCT Ō CIWCT UQP  RCTÎPKOCU RQT GN ECODKQ FG NCU
EQPUQPCPVGU [ GN UQPKFQ RCTGEKFQ GP CNKIGTQ Ō CNKIGTQ G
R E E ST R U C T U R AC I Ó N T E XT U AL

KPUKFKC Ō KPEKFÈC UQP RCTÎPKOCU RQT VKNFCEKÎP [ GN RCT 
TGUKGPVG Ō TGEKGPVG UQP JQOÎHQPCU .C CNVGTPCVKXC SWG 5GCPNQUGPWPEKCFQUUKIWKGPVGU
EQPVKGPGNCENCXGEQTTGEVCGUNCNGVTCő%Œ  'PRCTVKEWNCTNCURTGIWPVCUCEGTECFGEÎOQUGCTVKEWNCGN
%.#8'ő%Œ OWPFQ OCVGTKCN JCP QEWRCFQ FWTCPVG NCTIQ VKGORQ NQU
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R AÍ C E S G R I E G AS Y L AT I N AS  2GTQ SWK\¶ EQPEGRVQ PQ UGC NC RCNCDTC CFGEWCFC SWK\¶
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'VKOQNÎIKECOGPVG NC TCÈ\ OGVC VKGPG NQU UKIWKGPVGU RNCPVGCTUG EWGUVKQPGU EKGPVÈHKECU UG RGTECVÎ FG SWG
UKIPKHKECFQU EWCPFQ UWRKGTC NQ UWHKEKGPVG FGUEWDTKTÈC SWG GN OWPFQ
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  #WPSWGCNIWPQUFGGUVQUJQODTGUXKXKGTQPUGRCTCFQUGP
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 C [ D [ E [ EQPEGRVQEQOÕPKORTGIPCUWUKFGCU
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 5756'06#%+¦0 KPVGTGUCPVGUSWGUGJCEGGNUGTJWOCPQ
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őFGURWÃUŒNCUCNVGTPCVKXCUSWGEQPVKGPGGUVCUCEGREKQPGUGU '.14&'0.¦)+%1&'.15'070%+#&15'5
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3DJ
 
 


 QWHJUDOFODVV  (;$0(1(;75$25',1$5,2,,

5756'06#%+¦0  5756'06#0%+¦0
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EKPEQGPFQPFGUGJCDNCFGNCHÈUKECSWKÃPUGQEWRCFGNCU CPVÎPKOCURQTVCPVQNCENCXGFGDGWUCTNCOKUOCTGNCEKÎPCUÈ
RTGIWPVCU O¶U KORQTVCPVGU FGN UGT JWOCPQ KPUKIPGGUKNWUVTG[UWCPVÎPKOQGUFGUCETGFKVCFQ
EQORNGOGPV¶PFQUG EQP NC WPQ SWG EQPVKPWC JCDNCPFQ FG %.#8'ő%Œ
NCU RTGIWPVCU WVKNK\CPFQ NC TGNCEKÎP FG KFGC C KFGC NC 
CNVGTPCVKXC EWCVTQJCDNCFGNQUJQODTGUSWGUGJKEKGTQPNCU %WDC .C *CDCPC *QPFWTCU 6GIWEKICNRC *CKVÈ 2WGTVQ
RTGIWPVCU[FGNEQPEGRVQEQOÕPGPVTGGNNQUGNOKUOQSWGUG 2TÈPEKRGŗŗŗŗŗ
UWUVGPVC GP NC PÕOGTQ FQU [ EQPENW[G EQP NC PÕOGTQ VTGU 
ENCXG  %1/2.'6#0.#5'4+'
%.#8'ő'Œ  C #TIGPVKPC$WGPQU#KTGU D $TCUKN$TCUKNKC
  E %CPCFC1VVCYC F /ÃZKEQ/ÃZKEQ
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T ÉR M IN O E S EN C I AL 

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 %.#8'ő'Œ
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 .C GUVTWEVWTC SWG UQUVKGPG NC DKEKENGVC [ CRQTVC TKIKFG\ C NC 
OKUOCGUGNEJCUKUNCEWCNKPENWUQUGCLWUVCCNCFKOGPUKÎP[
GUVTWEVWTCFGECFCRGTUQPC2QTVCPVQGNVÃTOKPQGUGPEKCNFG R AZ O N AM I E N T O L Ó G I C O

DKEKENGVC GU %JCUKU .C CNVGTPCVKXC SWG EQPVKGPG NC ENCXG 
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 QWHJUDOFODVV  (;$0(1(;75$25',1$5,2,,

 'NFKCITCOCFQPFG   *C[VTWLKNNCPQUSWGFGCNIWPCOCPGTCUQPEJKNGPQU


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  GUHCNUQSWGRQEQUUQPRTQHGUKQPCNGU %.#8'ő&Œ
 
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 C [ D [ E [   ,WCP[4CÕNUQPXGEKPQUFG%CTNQU
 F [ G [   4WRGTVQVQOÎXGPGPQ[OWTKÎ
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 51.7%+¦0   0K#PCPK'NGPCHWGTQPC.KOC
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 QWHJUDOFODVV  (;$0(1(;75$25',1$5,2,,

 5QPTGURGEVKXCOGPVG  .C PGICEKÎP FG ő6QFQU UQP KPVGNGEVWCNGU CN KIWCN SWG
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 51.7%+¦0   2QEQU PQ UQP CTVKUVCU C OGPQU SWG OWEJQU PQ UGCP
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 127'5615 KPVGNGEVWCNGU
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S =
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T ∧ − U ≡HCNUC T =    F [ G [
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 N         ∃Z
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N 

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 QWHJUDOFODVV  (;$0(1(;75$25',1$5,2,,

 'NFKCITCOC
− # ∧ $ ∨ −
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2
       
       
       


 &QPFG
 5CITKEWNVQT  
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 C [ D [ E [  51.7%+¦0
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  &G NC GZRTGUKÎP ő.C EWNVWTC %JCXÈP HWG CPVGTKQT C NC

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 5CITKEWNVQT
0C\ECŒRQFGOQUKPHGTKTSWG
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 C  .CEWNVWTC/QEJKECHWGCPVGTKQTCNCEWNVWTC%JCXÈP
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#− R ∨ − S $S ∨ R
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 QWHJUDOFODVV  (;$0(1(;75$25',1$5,2,,

 'UGSWKXCNGPVGCNCRTQRQUKEKÎP   *C[PQOQPQTSWKUVCUSWGUQPFGOQET¶VKEQU


 C  RQUVWNCTÃQPQRQUVWNCTÃ   #NIWPQUCPVKFGOQET¶VKEQUUQPOQPCTSWKUVCU
 D  KPITGUCTÃQVTCDCLCTÃ 
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 F  UKVTCDCLQGUVWFKQ  C 5ÎNQ[ D 5ÎNQ[ E 5ÎNQ[
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 51.7%+¦0  51.7%+¦0
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R →S ↔V?∨
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SV 
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 QWHJUDOFODVV  (;$0(1(;75$25',1$5,2,,

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&
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PKÌC PKÌC PKÌC PKÌC


PKÌQ %CUQU
{ }
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#

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Z =  
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M
P P Z EWCPFQNCUWOCFGUWUGFCFGUUGCGNFQDNGFGNCUWOCFG


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Ω =   ­C = 
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 Z  
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H
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