240 Transformers PROBLEMS a 0 turns in its primary winding. The le, has yy. 10-4 H. At a given instant in ee d secondary is 0.01 Wb ang the t! total primary flux linkage, ay th + al thig ain transformer Len f this winding is tM Spetween the primary an tis 20 A. Find Ai, the 31, Acert inducta mutual flux primary current instant. a ed a terminal voltage © ‘ansformer | The accor _termvrmary has 50 turns and the secondary has | i he secondary current is 14.14 sin (377t — 36.9°) A and the exe; ting current is 1.414 sin (3774 — 80°) A. The leakage inductance of thg secondary is 2.653 mH, while that of primary 1s 0.6631 mH. Prim, ‘and secondary winding resistances are 0.100 and 0.400 0, respectivel? Find the primary terminal voltage and current as rms phasor quantitie, Cateulate the input power and efficiency. Compare the actual termina. voltage ratio with the turns ratio. : e turns. T! 33. Three ideal transformers are connected as follows to transform three phase power: es 10:1 100A Note that the primaries are in Y and the secondaries are ind The load on the secondari ‘condaries is b: (the three li is balanced. The . _ € line currents are, of course, 120° ae eee at me ; a . Find (a) V4, (b) I, transformer. ) ut, (C) KVA output, and (d) VA transformed by ech 34. ADB-KV 23-kVA, 2300-230-V, si resistance of 2.3) and Single-phase transfi - lowe : aniston S - ding tance of the Tow-votna et kaBe reactance Bae has 8 200) oe Be winding is 0.069 a Ly he eske . 0.023 0. Find indie (a) th ae winding, (b) the equivan cent impeda * p.volt quivalen: ince referred to the high-ve age it impede Pedance referred to the low-V°45 37. 3.8, 3.9, Problems 241 wi the per” . Find the voltage regulation of the transformer of Problem 3.4 for full joad at 0.8 power factor leading, using actual quantities, rather than per-unit quantities. indings (©) the high-voltage and low-voltage base impedances, and (a) ine rwunit resistance and reactance. A AS-kVA, 4160-240-V, single-phase transformer has a core loss at rated voltage of 120 W. Its per-unit resistance is 0.0100 and its per-unit reactance is 0.0600. (a) What is the equivalent impedance of this transformer, referred to the 4160-V winding? (b) What voltage must be applied to the 4160-V primary winding, in order to have 240 V at the low-voltage terminals when the load on the low-voltage side is 12 kVA at 0.8 power factor, lagging? (c) What is the efficiency under the conditions of (b) above? (d) Using per-unit quantities, find the full-load regulation of this trans- former at 0.8 power factor leading and at 0.8 power factor, lagging. (e) What is the core loss of this transformer in per-unit? (f) At what load kVA does this transformer have its maximum efficiency? A SkVA single-phase dry-type transformer is rated 440-220 volts. Open- and short-circuit test data are as follows: Open-Circuit test Short-circuit Test Voc = 220 V Vic=228V Toc = 1.10. A Te= 4A Poe = 48.4.W P..=52.0W (a) What is the efficiency of this transformer at full load, 0.8 power factor? At half load with the same power factor? (b) At what load does this transformer have its maximum efficiency? (c) Find the per-unit resistance and reactance of this transformer. Find the voltage regulation of the transformer of Problem 3.7 at full load, 0.8 power factor lagging and at unity power factor. Draw the approximate equivalent circuits referred to both high- and low-voltage windings for the transformer of Problem 3.7. Label all elements of each circuit and show their values in ohms.242 3.10. 3.11. 3.12. 3.13. 3.14. 3.15. Transformers Find the voltage that must be applied ce ee oe OF the transformer of Problem 3.4, if the so power factor of in 8nd the Joad on the transformer Is 23 kVA : cpivalent circuit . lagging (b) 0.8 leading. Use the approximal mer is rated at 10kVA, and te ingle- transfor! ‘A 7260-240-V, single- phase tral FZ. = 100+ [400.0 (a) wes is . il ol eq impedance referred to the primary hat must be t! Zaq3? (b) At full load, unity power factor, W € the voltage at the 7260-V terminals if the Preondary voltage is to be at least 229 yp A three-phase transformer is rated at 150 ee ie KV. Deter. mine the voltage and current ratings of the igh-voltage and Joy. voltage windings of this transformer if it is connected (a) delta. delta, (b) wye-delta, (C) delta-wye. (d) If this transformer has a per-unit it core loss of 0.008, find the efficiency resistance of 0.015 and a per-unit ¢ of the transformer at full load, unity power factor. hase of a three-phase transformer has one winding rated Barr, 63.9, and the other at 40.42 kV, 251.0. The a resistance of this transformer is 0.015 and per-unit core loss is 0.008, (a) What are the MVA rating, core loss, and copper loss of the transformer? (b) ach phase is reconnected as a 199.19-158.77-kV autotransformer, and the three phases are connected in Y, so that the line-to-line voltage ratio is 345-275kV. A solid primary neutral con- nection is provided. When each winding is operated at rated current, what is the MVA rating of the autotransformer? (Compare with the trans- former of Problem 3.12) (c) Since the individual winding voltages and currents for the autotransformer are the same as they were in (a), the core and copper losses are the same as in (a). Then what is the full-load efficiency of this autotransformer at unity power factor? Compare with the transformer of Problem 3.12. 30kVAR, 2300V, 60Hz is connected to the 230-2300-V, 30-kVA transformer. If the trans- he ratings of the equivalent Is of the transformer? pacitance A capacitor rated at 2300-V winding of a former may be considered ideal, what are tl capacitor as it appears at the 230-V terminal Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor itself and the caj appearing at the 230-V winding terminals. f carrying A variable autotransformer is wound with wire capable 0! he output 10A. Rated voltage of the entire winding is 100V, and ¢ voltage may be varied b: idi oe y means of a sliding contact from zer 100 V. Calculate and plot as functions of output voltage (a) maxim 8 allowable output current wi utp ithout exceeding 10 A in either the 50 common winding, (b) the corresponding available output volt-amperProblems 243 en- and short-circuit tests are performed on a 5 : 00-kVA, 2: 36 (9.2, three-phase transformer, with the following results: 300-460-V, Open-Circuit Test Short-Circuit Test Voc = 161 V T= 125A P,. = 2500 W (a) Find the per-unit resistance, Req pu, the per-unit reactance, Xq i and the per-unit core loss. (b) Find the equivalent impedance in ohms referred to one secondary winding, if the transformer is connected Y-A. (c) At what fraction of full load does the transformer have its maxi- mum efficiency? (d) What is the full-load voltage regulation of this transformer at unity power factor? 3.17. A 50-MVA, 161-69-kV, three-phase transformer has an equivalent resistance of 0.50 percent and an equivalent reactance of 10.0 percent. (a) When the transformer is delivering 50MVA at 0.8 power factor, lagging, at 69 kV, what must be the voltage at its 161-kV terminals? (b) What is the full-load voltage regulation of this transformer at this power factor? (c) What is the full-load copper loss in watts? 3.18. A broiler production farm has a single-phase electrical heating load of 500 kW at unity power factor, and fans driven by three-phase motors requiring 75 kW at 0.8 power factor. The equipment operates at 460 V. This load is supplied by two transformers connected in V-V. Find the volt-amperes supplied by each transformer for both phase sequences. 3. eter, and an ammeter are connected to a single- * Atte ter on potential and current transformers. The load ‘on the line is known to be lagging. The potential transformer has a ratio of 100 and the current transformer a ratio of 20:5. Assume the tatio errors are negligible. The potential transformer has a y of —15' and the current transformer has a B of +20’. If the voltmeter reads 100 V, the ammeter reads 4.50 A and the wattmeter reads 360 W, what is the actual power flowing in the line? Compare with the power obtained if y and B are neglected.