Chapter 18: Electricity

Electric Current & Circuit

Sitting Plan
Teacher’s desk

Group 1: 1-4
Group 1 Group 3
Group 2: 5-8
Group 3: 9-12
Group 4: 13- 16
Group 4 Group 2 Group 5
Group 5: 17-20
Group 6: 21-24
Group 7: 25-28
Group 6 Group 7
Introduction
 Group Activity: Jigsaw & Roleplaying
1. Form a group of 4 students, this is the JIGSAW GROUP (absent
number)
2. Each member may choose one topic from the electricity chapter (18.1 -
18.4)
3. Each student only reads his own sub chapter. Make sure you understand
the content.

Electric
Current
EMF & Free
Circuits Electron
Resistanc 15’
e&
Model Resistivity
 Group Activity: Jigsaw & Roleplaying
4. After you finish the reading, the class will be divided into FOUR EXPERT
GROUP based on the expertees of the students.
5. In the expert groups, discuss & deepens your understanding with the
others.
6. To help you comprehend, each student may choose their own role in the
group: discussion director, connectors, or illustrator.

30’ Discussion Connectors: Illustrator: make

director: make a make some connections, a complete
good questions examples, instruments, visualization
experiments, etc.
 Group Activity: Jigsaw & Roleplaying
7. You must take the important notes about the discussion in the expert
group. Write your notes: questions, examples, visualisation
(sketch/drawing) in your own notebook.
8. After the expert group discussion, regroup again with your JIGSAW
GROUP.
9. Share your expertise with the others. This will help you to obtain a
complete information from the others.

15’
Jigsaw & Roleplay Example
1. Read & understand the passage
2. Choose your own role: illustrator
Water: charges

Top cliff: high

potential

Bottom cliff:
low potential

The man is
lifting the
bucket: work
done
Jigsaw & Roleplay Example
1. Read & understand the passage
2. Choose your own role: discussion director
Good questions?
1. More than one answer may be right
2. Lead to theories and what you think will happen
3. It makes you talk about the other things that may happen

Question:
From the passage “The battery removes electrons from
one plate, leaving it positively charged, and puts them on
the other plate, leaving it with an equal magnitude of
negative charge.” How is the mechanism of removing &
adding electrons inside the battery?
Movement of charges & electric potentials

-
Negatively - Inside the conductor Positively
charged - charged
plate plate

Negative charges inside the conductor can moves

because of the potential difference. If the potential
difference between the ends of the conductor is 0
(electrostatic equilibrium) then the charges would
not move .
 Electric current
A net flow of charge is called an electric current.
The current is defined as the net amount of charge passing per
unit time (Q/t ) through an area perpendicular to the flow
direction. A current can flow in a circuit only if there is a
continuous conducting path. If there is a break in the circuit,
say, a cut wire, we call it an open circuit and no current flows

I = electric current (ampere, A)

q = electric charge (coulomb, C)
t = time (seconds, s)
Electromotive force
Electromotive force
The potential difference maintained by an ideal battery is called the
battery’s EMF (symbol ℰ ). Emf originally stood for electromotive force,
but emf is not a measure of the force applied to a charge or to a
collection of charges; emf cannot be expressed in newtons. Rather, emf
is measured in units of potential (volts) and is a measure of the work
done by the battery per unit charge.
Resistance
The electrical resistance R is defined to be the ratio of the potential
difference (or voltage) ΔV across a conductor to the current I through the
material:

For a given potential difference, a large current flows through a conductor

with a small resistance, while a small current flows through a conductor
with a large resistance.
Resistivity
Resistance depends on size and shape. We expect a long wire to
have higher resistance than a short one (everything else being
the same) and a thicker wire to have a lower resistance than a
thin one. The electrical resistance of a conductor of length L and
cross sectional area A can be written :

The constant of proportionality ⍴ (Greek letter rho), which is an

intrinsic characteristic of a particular material at a particular
temperature, is called the resistivity of the material.
Resistivity
Example Problem
Resistivity depends on temperature
Resistivity does not depend on the size or shape of the material,
but it does depend on temperature. Two factors primarily
determine the resistivity of a metal: the number of conduction
electrons per unit volume and the rate of collisions between an
electron and an ion.

The second of these factors is sensitive to changes in

temperature. At a higher temperature, the internal energy is
greater; the ions vibrate with larger amplitudes. As a result, the
electrons collide more frequently with the ions.
Resistivity depends on temperature
Example Problem
Kirchhoff’s Rules: Junction Rule
Kirchhoff’s junction rule states that the sum of the currents that flow into a
junction—any electric connection—must equal the sum of the currents
that flow out of the same junction.

The junction rule is a consequence of the law of conservation of charge.

Since charge does not continually build up at a junction, the net rate of
flow of charge into the junction must be zero.
Kirchhoff’s Rules: Junction Rule
Analogy: river junction

Figure 18.14a shows two streams joining to form a

larger stream. Figure 18.14b shows an analogous
junction (point A ) in an electric circuit. Applying the
junction rule to point A results in the equation:
I1+ I2− I3= 0.
 Kirchhoff’s Rules: Loop Rule

Kirchhoff’s loop rule is an expression of energy conservation applied to

changes in potential in a circuit. Recall that the electric potential must have
a unique value at any point; the potential at a point cannot depend on the
path one takes to arrive at that point. Therefore, if a closed path is followed
in a circuit, beginning and ending at the same point, the algebraic sum of the
potential changes must be zero
Kirchhoff’s Rules Circuit Analysis
Example
Determine the
current that
flows through
R1, R2 & R3!
Kirchhoff’s Rules Circuit Analysis
Example
Worksteps:
1. Give labels
2. Draw the
loops
3. Draw the
direction
of electric
currents
Kirchhoff’s Rules Circuit Analysis
Example Worksteps:
1. Give labels
2. Draw the loops
3. Draw the direction of
Steps 1 & 2 electric currents

Loop 1 Loop 2
Kirchhoff’s Rules Circuit Analysis
Example I1 I2 Worksteps:
1. Give labels
2. Draw the loops
3. Draw the direction of
Steps 3 electric currents

Loop 1 Loop 2

I3

I1 I2
Kirchhoff’s Rules Circuit Analysis
Example
Worksteps:
4. Write the loops
“journey” from point to
Loop Loop point
1 2
I3
5. Write loop rule equation
I1 I2 according to the change of
potential difference (ΔV)
Kirchhoff’s Rules: Loop Rule
Kirchhoff’s Rules Circuit Analysis
Example
Worksteps:
4. Write the loops “journey” from point to point
5. Write loop rule equation according to the change
of potential difference (ΔV)

Steps 4&5 Loop 1

A - D- B- A

}
}
}
Loop Loop +𝜀1- ΔVDB - ΔVBA = 0
1 2 Loop 2
I3
C - D- B- C

}
}
}
I1 I2
+𝜀2- ΔVDB - ΔVBC = 0

Positive sign : “gaining” electric potential

Negative sign : “losing” electric potential
Kirchhoff’s Rules Circuit Analysis
Example
Workstep
6. Write the junction rule
equation according to the
Loop Loop electric currents
1 2
I3
I1 + I2 - I3 = 0
I1 I2
Kirchhoff’s Rules Circuit Analysis
Example
List all the equations & Substitute with equation: ΔV = I×R

+𝜀1- ΔVDB - ΔVBA = 0 +𝜀2- ΔVDB - ΔVBC = 0

+𝜀1- I3×R2 - I1×R1 = 0 +𝜀2- I3×R2 - I3×R3 = 0

I1 + I 2 - I 3 = 0
Put the values and do the basic algebra with these
equations
+𝜀1- I3×R2 - I1×R1 = 0 +𝜀2- I3×R2 - I2×R3 = 0
I1 + I 2 - I 3 = 0
12 - I3× 60 - I1×50 =0 3 - I3×60 - I2× 80 = 0

Answer:
I1 = 0.13 A
I2 = 0.033 A
I3 = 0.094 A I3

I1 I2
Try yourself!
Determine electric current in R1, R2, and R3
Steps 1-4
Loop 1:
A-D-B-A

Loop 1 Loop
2 Loop 2:
D-C-B-D
I2

I1 I3

I1 = I3 + I2
Steps 1-5
Loop 1:
A-D-B-A
Loop 1 Loop 𝜀1 - ΔVDB - ΔVAB = 0
2 12- 60*I2 - 50*I1=0
I2

I1 I3 Loop 2:
D-C-B-D
I1 = I3 + I2 𝜀2 - ΔVCB + ΔVBD = 0
3 - 80*I3 + 60*I2 = 0
*If the electric current direction is opposite to the loop direction (i.e. I2
with Loop 2), the potential difference sign must be positive
Textbook
Chapter
18.7
(page 660)
Equation 1:
12- 60*I3 - 50*I1=0 Substitution and
Equation 2:
3 - 80*I2 + 60*I3 = 0
Elimination
Equation 3: Methods
I1 = I2 + I3

I1 = 0.16 A
I2 = 0.069 A I3 = 0.089 A
 10’
activity
Power and Energy in Circuits
Prove the equation of:

P = I ×ΔV
Using dimensional analysis
*give the meaning of this equation in your notebook, by answering the
questions:
Why does the electric current is directly proportional to Power?
Why does the potential difference is directly proportional to Power?
 15’
activity
Answer this question in your notebook:

If an emf causes current to flow through a

resistor, what happens to the energy supplied
by the emf? Why must the emf continue
supplying energy to maintain the current?

By paraphrasing or make illustration from the page

682
 10’
activity
Power and Energy in Circuits

Electrical Power formulas

Where:
P = power (watt, W)
I = electric current (ampere, A)
R = resistance (ohm, ꭥ)
V = potential difference (volt, V)
Is the power dissipated in a resistor directly proportional to the
resistance or inversely proportional to the resistance?
Read page 683 and highlight the main ideas!
 5’
Example Problem activity

A portable CD player does not have a power rating listed, but

it has a label stating that it draws a maximum current of 250.0
mA. The player uses three 1.50-V batteries connected in
series. What is the maximum power consumed?
 What if the batteries are
connected in parallel?
See page 679, highlight the answers and copied it in
your textbook
 15’
activity
Example Problem

Using the previous problem about kirchhoff’s,

determine the power dissipated by the resistors :
R1, R2, R3
Electrical Safety
 15’

Electrical Safety activity

Paraphrase the paragraphs in page 690-691 by answering these guide questions:

1. How is the effect of current on the Human Body?

2. What is “Grounding of Appliances” mean? How to secure our electric
appliances? (You may use diagram to explain your answer)
3. How does the fuses and circuit breakers work?

Please answer the questions in your notebook.

How a ground wire works