I. Filipino – American war
An estimated
- A war between the United
States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902
- An insurrection that may be seen as a continuation of
the Philippine Revolution against Spanish rule.
- The Treaty of Paris (1898) had transferred
Philippine sovereignty from Spain to the United States but
was not recognized by Filipino leaders, whose troops were in
actual control of the entire archipelago except the capital city
of Manila. Although an end to the insurrection was declared in
1902, sporadic fighting continued for several years thereafter.
- In preparation for possible war against Spain, Assistant
Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt placed the U.S.
Asiatic squadron in Hong Kong on alert. When war was
declared in April 1898.
- George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong and defeated the
Spanish fleet in Manila Bay on the morning of May 1, 1898,
but he could not occupy Manila until ground troops arrived
three months later.
- On August 13 Manila fell after a bloodless “battle.” Spanish
Gov. Fermín Jáudenes had secretly arranged surrender after a
mock show of resistance to salvage his honour. With American
troops in possession of the city and Filipino insurgents
controlling the rest of the country, conflict was inevitable.
- The war began with shooting on the outskirts of Manila on the
night of February 4, 1899. Throughout the spring of 1899,
American troops pushed north into the central Luzon Plain,
and by the end of that year Filipino Gen. Emilio
Aguinaldo had retreated into the inaccessible northern
mountains. The period of conventional battles ended, but
insurgent leaders in many provinces continued bitter guerrilla
warfare.
Fighting flared with increased bitterness on the island
of Samar in 1901. Gen. Jacob F. Smith, enraged by a guerrilla
massacre of U.S. troops, launched a retaliatory campaign of
such indiscriminate ferocity that he was court-martialed and
forced to retire.
After 1902 the American civil government regarded the
remaining guerrillas as mere bandits, though the fighting
continued. About 1,000 guerrillas under Simeón Ola were not
defeated until late 1903, and in Batangas province, south of
Manila, troops commanded by Macario Sakay resisted capture
until as late as 1906.
The last organized resistance to U.S. power took place on
Samar from 1904 to 1906. There the rebels’ tactic of burning
pacified villages contributed to their own defeat. Although an
unconnected insurgency campaign by Moro bands
on Mindanao continued sporadically until 1913, the United
States had gained undisputed control of the Philippines and
retained possession of the islands until 1946.
The human cost of the war was significant.
20,000 Filipino troops were killed, and more than 200,000
civilians perished as a result of combat, hunger, or disease. Of
the 4,300 Americans lost, some 1,500 were killed in action,
while nearly twice that number succumbed to disease.
II. Period of Suppressed Nationalism (1910-
1919)
- The establishment of American rule was a challenge to
Filipino nationalism and independence.
- Pres. Mckinley’s Instruction:
 “No law shall be passed obridging the freedom of
speech” – basically taft commission passed laws
suppressing basing rights.
 For the safety of the sovereignty of the US in the
Philippines.
- SEDITION LAW (Act No. 929) (Nov. 4 1901)
 Imposed death penalty or long imprisonment to
any Filipino advocating independence even only
by means of writing and speeches
 Defined as action pro. Independence meant to
calculate the spirit of hatred and enmity against
American people, and incite the people to an open
armed resistance.
 Sedition law effectively suppressed several aspects in
society that the Filipinos may use for their
expressions of independence and nationalism:
a) The theater and other art expressions
b) Political parties
c) Publication
d) Political movements
1902 – Seditious theater was born
- BRIDGANDAGE ACT (Nov. 12, 1902)
 A law applying punishment upon those who would
join Guerilla Resistance Movements.
 Applies the capital punishment of death or long term
of imprisonment.
- RECONCENTRATION ACT (June 1, 1903)
 Allowed the provincial governors to reconcentrate
areas found to be heavily infested with outlaws to
facilitate the arrest of guerillas.
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- FLAG LAW (August 23,1907)
 States that there will be No display of nationalistic
paraphernalia,
 (the Philippines flag, National Anthem)
 To prevent the filipinos from expressing their
independence.
 Macario Sakay – after Emilio Aguinaldo was captured, he
led a resistance and established the “Supreme
Government of the Tagalog Archipelago”
- Declared himself as the President and Commander in
chief
- His Constitution also provided a “chamber of Justice”
and a legislature
The house of the Representative
THE PUNISHMENT OF THE “IRRECONCILABLES” (Jan 1,
1901)
American Government Deported:
 Apolinario Mabini
 Artemio Ricarte
 Pablo Ocampo
 Maximo Hizon
 Julian Gerona
 SUPPRESSION OF NATIONALISTIC JOURNALS AND
LTERATURE
 Another measure to suppress nationalism is to
prevent the patriots to show their patriotism in terms
of writing Novels, Articles and other literature pieces.
 Many people were cought and punished but still they
did not stop performing and renacting the cruelty of
the intruders.
SUPPRESS PLAYS
 Walang sugal
 Tanikalang guinto
 Pag-ibig sa tinubuang lupa
 Kahapon, ngayon at bukas
SUPPRESSION OF NATIONALIST POLITICAL PARTIES
 All nationalist political parties advocating the Twin
goals of liberty and autonomy were suppressed.
FEDERAL PARTY (1900)
 The only political party which was allowed exists during
the decade of suppression because it campaigned for
Filipino statehood.
III. Policy of Filipinization
 Gradual substitution of Americans with Filipino
personnel in the government, as one of the governing
principles of American colonial policy.
Philippine Bill Of 1902
 This was signed into a law on July 1, 1902 by Pres. T.
Roosvelt. It was sponsored by Rep. Henry Allen
Cooper.
 This was the very first organic act that was enacted
by the US Congress concerning the PH.
IT PROVIDED FOR THE:
1. Establishment of a bicameral legislature
 Upper house – PH Commision – Controlled by
Americans.
 Lower House – PH Assembly – Controlled by
Filipinos.
2. Election of 2 resident commissioners to the US by both
houses that would campaign for PH freedom.
Harrison Administration (1913- 1921)
 A significant phase in the Filipino struggle for
independence since the Filipinos were given the full
opportunity to run their own affairs.
 The judiciary had already seen substantial Filipino
participation since the creation of the supreme court
in 1899
 In 1901 Cayetano and Arellano became the first chief
justice
Francis Burton Harrison
 He is the democratic governor general for the
Philippines.
Jones Law of 1916:
 Sponsored by Cong. William Atkinson Jones; it was
the first American Formal and Official
Commitment to grant PH Independence.
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 PH Bill 1901 Jones Law 1916 Quezon Mission
Upper PH Commission House of State
House (Americans) (Filipinos)  Quezon lost his patience and secretly attempted to
Lower PH Assembly House of make the Ph a member of the commonwealth of
House (Filipinos) Representatives Nations.
(Filipinos)
Philippine Independence Bill (Hare- Hawes-Cutting bill)

- With this law valuable lesson in self government were gained. - promised Philippine independence after 10 years but
“growth of respect and friendship in U.S” reserved several military and naval bases for the U.S as
well as Imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports.
IV. Wood & Forbes Mission
Aims Result - required the Philippine Senate to ratify the law.
- To find out the result of - The Filipinization
Harrison’s Policy of policy of Harrison was a VI. Japanese – Philippines
Filipinization failure  On December 8, 1941, Japan invaded the Philippines.
- to find out the country’s - The country was not  Clark Air Base in Pampanga was first attacked and
preparedness for yet ready for
also Nichols Field outside Manila was attacked, then
independence indrprndence
on December 22,
 The Japanese forces landed at the Lingayen Gulf and
Wood’s reign as Gov. General was marked by these problems continued on to Manila.
with the Filipino leaders:  General Douglas MacArthur - declared Manila an
open city on the advice of commonwealth President
 Cabinet crisis Manuel L. Quezon to avoid its destruction.
Cause: Ray Conley Case  Manila was occupied by the Japanese on January 2,
Result: Led to the mass resignation of the Filipino 1942.
members of the cabinet.
 MacArthur retreated with his troops to Bataan while the
 Board of Control Case commonwealth government withdrew to Corregidor
Cause: Harrison’s establishment of the board of Control Island before proceeding to the United States.
which allowed the Filipinos to manage governmency
 The joint American and Filipino soldiers in Bataan
controlled corporations.
finally surrendered on April 9, 1942.
Result: Abolition of the board of control
 MacArthur escaped to Corregidor then proceeded to
 Veto Controversy
Australia. The 76,000 captured soldiers were forced to
- Filipino leaders protested the indiscriminate use of
embark on the infamous "Death March" to a prison
wood’s power to reject laws.
camp more than 100 kilometers north. An estimated
V. Independence Mission
10,000 prisoners died due to thirst, hunger and
OSROX – Osmena and Roxas (1913) exhaustion.

 Sergio Osmena and House Speaker manuel Roxas
Organized the 9th Independence Mission (OsRox
Mission) The US Congress invited it to appear before
them.
 This law provided for a ten- year transition prior to the
farming of a consultitution pf the PH by the Filipino
constitutional delegates and the establishment of the
common wealth of the PH.
 The Philippine flag was hoisted as the national anthem
was played. Meanwhile, the Japanese started using
propaganda to gain the trust and confidence
of Filipinos who refused to cooperate with them. They
hung giant posters and distribute their materials that
contains such slogans as "the Philippines belong to the
Filipinos." they also used newspapers, movies, and
others to publicize the same idea. Promoting Japanese
propaganda was one of the main objectives of
the KALIBAPI, but still Japanese failed to gain the trust
of the Filipinos.

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  From Australia, Allied forces slowly advanced toward
the Philippines, bombing several Japanese
strongholds until they regained control of areas
previously occupied by the enemy.
The bombings began on September 21 1944, and
barely a month later, on October 20, 1944, the
Americans landed triumphantly in Leyte. Once a shore,
General Douglas MacArthur said; "I have Returned."
 Sergio Osmeña was Part of MacArthur’s group. He
had taken over Manuel L. Quezon as president after
the latter past way at Saranac Lake, New York on
August 1944. From October 23 to October 26, 1944
the Americans engaged Japanese forces in the Battle
of Leyte Gulf. Consider as the biggest naval battle in
World History, this historic encounter almost destroyed
the entire Japanese fleet and rendered in incapable of
further attack. The US victory in the battle of Leyte Gulf
is said to have signaled the beginning of Philippine
liberation from the Japanese.
 By mid-December, the American soldiers had reached
Mindoro. The Japanese, meanwhile, secured other
area where their thought other American units would
land. Nevertheless, US liberation forces successfully
docked at Lingayen Gulf on January 9, 1945. The
news alarmed the Japanese. Lt. Gen. Tomoyuki
Yamashita, supreme commander of the Japanese
troops in Manila, mobilize his kamikazes (Japanese
suicide pilots); but they failed to stop Americans. The
Japanese also deployed MAKAPILI units to defend
Manila but neither succeeds.
 On December 8, 1944, President Laurel and his
cabinet moved to Baguio upon orders of Yamashita,
who is also known as the tiger of Malaya. The
Japanese forces retreated to Yamashita line a
jungle battlefront stretching along the Sierra Madre
Mountains from Antipolo, Rizal to Appari Cagayan.
 The Japanese in Manila would not give up easily. In
fact, it took 3 weeks of intense fighting before they
finally surrendered on February 23. Gen. MacArthur
continued to liberate other parts of the country. And
finally proclaim general freedom from the Japanese on
July 4, 1945. Continue to Philippine Independence
from the Americans.
VII. Liberation
Philippine, Liberation of the (1944 - 45).
The assault on the island of Leyte on 20 October
1944, toward the end of World War II, marked the beginning
of the recon quest of the Philippines. Military and naval chiefs
in Washington had not shared Gen. Douglas MacArthur's
determination to return to the Philippines, but the logistical
realities of the Pacific War gave weight to his demand that
the U.S. colony be liberated and that Luzon (rather than
Formosa) be seized as a base for further operations against
the Japanese home islands. On 8 September 1944, the
Joint Chiefs of Staff authorized the Leyte invasion, and on
3 October they acknowledged that an attack on Luzon would
follow.
Shielded by Adm. William F. Halsey's Third Fleet and Vice
Adm. Thomas C. Kinkaid's Seventh, Lt. Gen. Walter
Krueger's Sixth Army (X and XXIV Corps) of MacArthur's
Southwest Pacific Area command streamed ashore against
light opposition on 20 October.
MacArthur and his aides waded ashore, fulfilling his 1942
pledge, “I shall return.” Convinced that the naval Battle of
Leyte Gulf (24–25 October) had seriously weakened the
Americans, the local Japanese Army commander, Lt. Gen.
Suzuki Sosaku, slipped 45,000 reinforcements onto Leyte. The
fighting dragged on into early 1945, far longer than MacArthur
had expected, and inflicted heavy casualties: 3,504
Americans dead and 11,991 wounded. Perhaps 50,000
Japanese died on Leyte.
Japanese resistance, heavy rains, and unsuitable terrain
limited Leyte's development as a major air and supply base
and delayed the Luzon landing, originally scheduled for 20
December 1944. Japanese suicide planes had made their first
devastating appearance at Leyte Gulf and now struck hard at
ships leading the Luzon invasion force, sinking or seriously
damaging eighteen vessels. The Sixth Army (now comprised
of I and XIV Corps) landing at Lingayen on 9 January 1945,
however, went unopposed.
The depletion of Japanese air and naval power in the defense
of Leyte convinced Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, commander of
the 14th Area Army in the Philippines, that he could no longer
contest American landings. He divided his soldiers into three
groups and positioned them in the mountains of northern,
eastern, and western Luzon. The Japanese were to make the
enemy conquest of Luzon as costly and time‐consuming as
possible.
MacArthur had justified the Luzon operation by arguing that the
island's central plain, ideal for base sites, and Manila's port
facilities could be seized within six weeks. He urged Krueger
forward, despite his subordinate's concern that Yamashita
might counterattack along the Sixth Army's overextended
flanks. A “flying column” of the First Cavalry Division reached
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Manila's northern suburbs on 3 February, and 37th Division
troops entered the city the following day. The 11th Airborne
Division had been approaching Manila from the south. By 11
February, American troops encircled the city.
Yamashita had not intended to defend Manila, but the
commander of naval forces in the city, Rear Adm. Sanji
Iwabuchi, was determined to do so. To limit damage and
civilian casualties, MacArthur forbade the use of air strikes
against Japanese positions in the old walled city and concrete
government buildings, but he acquiesced in the use
of artillery. In the month‐long battle to retake the now
devastated capital, more than 1,000 Americans died. Few of
the 17,000 Japanese defenders survived, and civilian deaths
totaled 100,000, victims of Japanese atrocities and American
bombardment.
While the U.S. Sixth Army turned its attention to the still
substantial enemy forces on Luzon, Lt. Gen. Robert
Eichelberger's Eighth Army swept the central and southern
islands of Japanese troops. Isolated and poorly equipped,
Yamashita's soldiers posed little threat to the buildup of
American forces on Luzon in preparation for the planned
invasion of Japan, but lengthy and difficult fighting remained to
neutralize the 14th Area Army. More than 300,000 Filipino
guerrillas assisted the army in this task. They gathered
intelligence, ambushed enemy soldiers, and mopped up
remnants of the Japanese forces. In all, the liberation of the
Philippines cost the U.S. Army 13,884 killed and 48,541
wounded. Japanese military and civilian dead numbered over
250,000, and 114,010 others still remained to surrender at the
end of the war on 15 August 1945.
VIII. Presidents
Manuel Roxas (1946-48) – 1st
 He was governor of the province of Capiz in 1919–21
and was then elected to the Philippine House of
Representatives, subsequently serving as Speaker of the
House and a member of the Council of State.
 Resigned in protest from the Council of State when
the U.S. governor-general (Leonard Wood) began vetoing
bills passed by the Philippine legislature.
 During World War II Roxas served in the pro-
Japanese government of José Laurel by acquiring supplies
of rice for the Japanese army
Elpidio Quirino (1948 -1953) – 2nd
 In 1934 he was a member of the Philippine
independence mission to Washington, D.C., headed
by Manuel Quezon, which secured the passage in
Congress of the Tydings–McDuffie Act, setting the date
for Philippine independence as July 4, 1946.
 After World War II, Quirino served as secretary of state
and vice president under the first president of the
independent Philippines, Manuel Roxas. When Roxas
died on April 15, 1948, Quirino succeeded to the
presidency. The following year, he was elected
president for a four-year term on the Liberal Party ticket,
defeating the Nacionalista candidate.
 Quirino’s six years as president were marked by notable
postwar reconstruction, general economic gains, and
increased economic aid from the United States
 Quirino’s administration was tainted by widespread graft
and corruption.
Ramon Magsaysay (1953–57) – 3rd
 best known for successfully defeating the
communist-led Hukbalahap(Huk) movement.
 After serving as a guerrilla leader on Luzon
during World War II, he was appointed military
governor of his home province, Zambales, when
the United States recaptured the Philippines. He
served two terms (1946–50) as a Liberal Party
congressman for Zambales, his first experience in
politics.
 President Elpidio Quirino appointed Magsaysay
secretary of defense to deal with the threat of the
Huks, whose leader, Luis Taruc, in February 1950
established a People’s Liberation Army and called
for the overthrow of the government.
 Realizing that the Huks could not survive without
popular support, he strove to win the trust of the
peasants by offering land and tools to those who
came over to the government side and by insisting
that army units treat the people with respect.
Reforming the army, he dismissed corrupt and
incompetent officers and emphasized mobility and
flexibility in combat operations against the
guerrillas.
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 Carlos P. Garcia (1957- 1961) 4th
 During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines
in World War II, Garcia was active in the resistance
movement. He was elected vice president on the ticket of the
Nacionalista Party in 1953 and was also minister of foreign
affairs (1953–57). He became president of the Philippines in
March 1957, upon the death of Pres. Ramon Magsaysay,
and was elected to a full four-year term the same year. He
maintained the strong traditional ties with the United States
and sought closer relations with noncommunist Asian
countries. In the election of November 1961 he was defeated
by Vice Pres. Diosdado Macapagal
Diosdado Macapagal (1961- 1965) 5th
 From 1957 to 1961 Macapagal was a member of the
Liberal Party and vice president under Nacionalista
president Carlos Garcia.
 In the 1961 elections, however, he ran against
Garcia, forging a coalition of the Liberal and Progressive
parties and making a crusade against political corruption a
principal element of his platform. He was elected by a wide
margin.
 Macapagal worked to suppress graft and corruption
and to stimulate the Philippine economy. He placed the peso
on the free currency-exchange market, encouraged exports,
passed the country’s first land-reform legislation, and sought
to curb income tax evasion, particularly by the wealthiest
families, which cost the treasury millions of pesos yearly.
Ferdinand Marcos (1966-1986)
 Established an authoritarian regime
the Philippines that came under criticism for corruption and for
its suppression of democratic processes.
 During World War II he was an officer with the
Philippine armed forces. Marcos’s later claims of having been
a leader in the Filipino guerrilla resistance movement were a
central factor in his political success, but U.S. government
archives revealed that he actually played little or no part in
anti-Japanese activities during 1942–45.
 he was reelected, becoming the first Philippine
president to serve a second term. During his first term he had
made progress in agriculture, industry, and education. Yet his
administration was troubled by increasing student
demonstrations and violent urban guerrilla activities.
 On September 21, 1972, Marcos imposed martial
law on the Philippines. Holding that communist and subversive
forces had precipitated the crisis, he acted swiftly; opposition
politicians were jailed, and the armed forces became an arm of
the regime.
Corazon Aquino (1986-92)
 restoring democratic rule in that country after the long
dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos.
 When Ferdinand E. Marcos unexpectedly called for
presidential elections in February 1986, Corazon Aquino
became the unified opposition’s presidential candidate.
 On February 25, 1986, both Aquino and Marcos were
inaugurated as president by their respective supporters, but
that same day Marcos fled the country.
 In March 1986 Aquino proclaimed a provisional
constitution and soon thereafter appointed a commission to
write a new constitution. The resulting document, which
restored the bicameral Congress abolished by Marcos in 1973,
was ratified by a landslide popular vote in February 1987.
 But she failed to undertake fundamental economic or
social reforms, and her popularity steadily declined as she
faced continual outcries over economic injustice and political
corruption. These problems were exacerbated by persistent
warfare between the communist insurgency and a military
whose loyalties to Aquino were uncertain. In general, her
economic policies were criticized for being mixed or faltering in
the face of mass poverty.
Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
 He was generally regarded as one of the most
effective presidents in that nation’s history.
 Ramos’ governing coalition won a decisive victory in
in
congressional elections held in 1995, midway through his six-
year term as president
 His administration reached peace agreements with
two long-active guerrilla insurgencies, the communist New
People’s Army and the Muslim separatists of the Moro
National Liberation Front. He meanwhile continued his efforts
to deregulate major industries that were dominated by a
handful of large companies and to improve the government’s
inefficient tax-collection system.
 These reforms helped revitalize the Philippines’
economy, which emerged from years of stagnation to grow at
a rapid rate in 1994–97. The country was thus able to
weather a severe business downturn that crippled national
economies across Southeast Asia in 1998. Ramos was
constitutionally restricted to one term as president, which
ended in June 1998.
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Joseph Estrada (1998-2001)

 Filipino actor and politician who served

as president of the Philippines (1998–2001) and later mayor of
Manila (2013– ).
 Estrada’s tenure as president was short-lived,
however, as a corruption scandal erupted in October 2000
when a fellow politician claimed that Estrada had accepted
millions of dollars worth of bribes.
 In November the Philippine Senate began
an impeachment trial, but it was abandoned after some
senators blocked the admission of evidence. On Jan. 20, 2001,
Estrada was ousted amid mass protests, and his vice
president, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, ascended to the
presidency. Later that year Estrada was brought to trial on
charges of plunder (large-scale corruption) and accused of
having procured more than $80 million through bribes and
corrupt dealings.