aes, 7 : *t Appréved For, Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 he C 30942 ALLIS-CHALMERS MOTOR and GENERATOR Reference BookApproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 ALLIS-CHALMERS MOTOR and GENERATOR Reference Book Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 . this Allis-Chalmers Motor and Generator Reference Book is r¢printed from the complete Electrical Reference Book published by the Electrical Moder: zation Bureau {ind edited by Mr. E. S. Lineoln. Allis- Chalmers sponsored this section of the book and furnished all of the text and illustrations for the part on integral horsepower motors and generators. ‘This is not intended to be a text book on the broad field of motors and generators. It is rather a brief outline of info m that we believe will assist in the selection off motive power to handle most indus- trial applicatiohs. ~ For specil formation on any of the equipment described in thpse pages we suggest that you get in touch with the Allis-Chalmers sales office nearest you. A complete list is given at the end of the book. LL The I Reference book of over 1700 pages of industrial electric operations from| service entrance equipment to power ilisteibution and fiilization. It ean be obtained for $18.75 each from ization Bureau Ine 124 Mama- Mains, N.Y. ~ Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200459902.7, nt ler MOTORS AND GENERATORS deal One of the most important funetions of electricity is the production of mechanical power for industrial plants through the medium of electric motors. The millions of horsepower provided by electric motors have done much to make our modern standard of living possible. Motors, like all electrical equipment, have been developed to the point where they provide outstand- ing reliability and flexibility if they are properly applied Basically, a motor is simply a means of producing, mechanical power from clectricity through change in the dircetion of a magnetic ficld. In ac motors, this change is produced by the current itself, while in de motors, the change is produced by a commutator, which aets as a switch to maintain the proper rela tionship between the magnetism of the armature and field. Tn other words, both ac and de motors operate ‘on the principle of magnetic induction, attraction and repulsion, and differ only in the method by which magnetic action is applied. ‘Dhis same principle and distinction also applies to generators. Fleetricity ean bo generated commercially only from motion produced by a prime mover. STANDARDIZATION ‘The National Hlestrical Manufacturers Association, in cooperation with other organizations, such as the AIBE and ASA, has done much toward developing standards for motors and generators. The standards define products, processes and procedures with ref- erenee to nomenclature, composition, construction, dimensions, tolerances, safety, performance, quality, rating, testing, and service. pulsory, most manufacturers generally adhere to them. Teneo the difference between products of various manufacturers is in the means by which the applicable standards are met. ‘This is one of the main reasons why manufacturers’ descriptive literature emphasizes particular features of construction as the best. means of simplifying comparison of different makes. Standardization benefits both the manufacturer and the purchaser, The standards are designed to climinate misundorstanding botween the manufacturer and purchaser and to assist, the purchaser in selecting, and obtaining the product for his particular need. Selection would be extremely difficult if every manu- facturer proceeded on his own entirely independent way. Tn addition, the standards help promote pro- duction economies, which benefit both manufacturer and purchaser. MOTORS—GENERAL INFORMATION Today, industry is more dependent than ever on uninterrupted operation of electric motors in successive produetion steps. At the same time, the motors are subjected to increasingly sovere operating conditions. In many modern plants, processing has become an integral part of the produetion line, and the electrical oquipment may have to operate successfully in the presence of corrosive and explosive fumes, conducting and abrasive dusts, steam, vapor, or dripping or splashing liquids. ‘Tho insulation used on standard motors is suitable for most applications—even where moderate amounts of moisture, weak acids or alkalies, non-conducting, abrasive dusts, oil, and so forth are present. But for unusually severe conditions, special insulation oF enclosing features, or both, may be nesded to give tho moter a normal oporating life, Fig. HI. Squi Fig. H-2. Centrifugal compressor for brine-cooling Ti7dpproved hor ewlencetOOH OMT : CLAREPES-OOKZSRUDYSOURSUUT ZI”CPYRGHT 1.2 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423K061300450002-7 .- - GENERAL HORSEPOWER RATINGS MOTOr MIATATASTOFSHS Under The auspiows of NEMA, have agreed on certain rating standards based on definite operating cobditions, such as voltage, fre- queney, speed, ambient. temperature, ete, Standard horsepower ratings aré given under the various motor divisions which follow, Open-type general-purpose motors are guaranteod to develop their rated horspower continuously with- out a temperature incfease of more than 40 C above normal ambient of room temperature of 40 C. Where enclosures aro used, motors generally operate at higher temperatures because of veatilating re- strietions. Such motots have temperature ratings of 50, 58, 70, or 75 C, dopending upon the type of en- closure and insulation. Open-type genoral-purpose motors, when operated a rated voltage (and frequency in the ease of ac motors), will carry gontinuously 1.15 times their rated load without injurious temperature rise. ‘This is known as their servjce factor. (Alternating-current ‘motors smaller than thre hp have slightly anger service factors) There may be slight differences in eficieney ‘and power factor from those at rated load For maximum eflieieney, a motor that will operate 8 near full load as possible should be selected, In most eases, the manufacturer of the machine to be driven by the motor can give the power requirements If definite information is not available, the best method of obtaining the power requirements of a sven application is by, actual test, using a spare or ented motor. EFFICIENCY ‘The efficiency of a miotor is the ratio of its output (or its input minus all losses that take place in the motor) divided by its linput expressed in. the same ig. H-3. This centrifugal blower is driven by @ ficiency varies with the load placed on the motor: Fe USGATTY Tighest when the motor 1 Tully Toad affected by variations of voltage end frequoney. Large motors are more efficient than small motors Fhr the same horsepower ratings, high-speed moto aye more efficient than low-speod motors becaus high-speed motors have lowor lossoa since less materia| is] required in their construction. Except for the larged sifos, high-voltage motors (2300 volts and over) os] lefs efficient than low-voltage motors of the sam ‘ngs, due to the greater space required for insulating He windings, SPEED CHARACTERISTICS [Except for synchronous motors, speeds of motors vary somewhat with their loads, This variation ‘in spped is termed speed regulation ara is expressed in Pefoent of full-load spocd. or a normal speed of 1750 thr a variation of 10 percent below normal would| idan a loss of 175 rpm, resulting in a running apeed of 675 rpm. Pirect-eurrent motor speeds depend upon the| voltage of the cireuit on which they operate and may’ bo] increased or decreased by varying the supply voltage. Alterating-current motor speeds, however, depend upon tho frequency of the circuit and cannot bo] increased except hy increasing the frequency of tht cireut, ‘Fynchronous speods for dlforent sc frequencies are given in Table 1. ‘Theso speeds apply directly to syn- chjonous motors. Induetion motors operate at slightly lover speeds due to the slip which is inherent in their destin. peed. limitations recommended by NEMA for mofors using belt, goar and chain drives are given by] Table 2, Fig.|H-4, These 3000 and 2500-hp direct-current 750-0? SXSNROOLU RUF Release SO9FOURI 0 : CHYREPSG+O0420RO0GR0I45Q00R mill‘TABLE 1—SYNCHRONOUS SPEEDS—AC GENERATORS AND MOTORS Poles x Rpm Frequency ~ Poles 2¢Rem Number of Poles Rovotutions per Minute When Frequency 1s {Generator (Geneseo) 25 Cycle —-SOCycles 60 Cycles 2 1500 3000 3600 4 750 1500 800 6 500 1000, 1200 3 750 900, Ww oo m0 2 500 oo i 29 sit wb as 60 8 333 400 2 00 360 2 2s Bat En 20 5300 26 2a at 2 au 25t 30 200 20 3 isa 25 36 lot 200 2 130 Te uM Be Tot * BS 10 2 = us ie 36 = 107 1 & = 100 ry 66 = 3 109 RB = a 00 % = » 35 to = 0, a = a 0 = o MOTOR TORQUES One of the principal factors in the selection of the proper motor is the torque required by the driven machine from starting to shutdown, Following are the NEMA definitions of the torques that must be considered: ‘The full-load torque of a motor is the torque necessary to produce its rated horsepower at full- Toad speod. In pounds at one foot radius it is equal to the horsepower timos 5250 divided by the full- Toad speed. ‘The locked-rotor (static) torque of a motor is the minimum torque which it will develop at rest for all angular positions of the rotor, with rated voltage applied at rated frequency. ‘The pull-up torque of an. ae motor is the minimum external torque developed by the motor during the period of acceleration from rest to the spocd at Which breakdown torque occurs, Por motors which do not have a definite breakdown torque, the pull up torque is the minimum torque developed up to rated speed. "The breakdown torque of an ae motor is the maxi- mum torque which it will dovelop with rated voltage applied at rated frequency, without an abrupt drop in speed, ‘The pull-out lorque of a synchronous motor is the a inal motor will Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-004238U6120045000asbToRS GENERAL TABLE 2—SPEED LIMITATIONS—BELT, GEAR AND CHAIN DRIVES is table, based on NEMA definitions; represents good vier normal opers ions) for the use Tmotorg and generators which are not provided with outboard bea Pull-Lioad Rpm of Motor aR ‘or Generator Meximum Maximum - “Hip Ratng Ky Tati ‘Koove Tneluding of Motor’ of Gonorator FlateHtele Drive (1) 2400 3600 20 Yoo 2100 1200 i800 900 1200 10 900 i 0 560 0 VeBielt Drive (2) 2400 3600 20 15 1H00, 2100 o 30 1200 1800 5 30 900 200 135 3 0 300 200 00 Bo 0 350 150 560 Bo 500 200 Gear Drive (8) (8) 1500 1300 % G 1500 B 0 1300 B 15 900 50 0 0 B 50 Drive (8) 3600 2» 15 2400 0 30 ‘00 B o 1200 3 3 900 200 135 To 250 150 Bo ‘00 200 ( Seo, fend for limiting diraonsions of pulleys “mising dimensions of V-belt sheaves for general-purpose M.A MGI-918 for dimensions of standard pulleys @ ory in feamos, 605, and small rp given in BGUE.tE, ‘imiting-simoncions for Vell sheaves, for Moan frags largo tha 305 have nok bon stands They ove speaied by tho motor mannfactare. (8) Theoo values are aso on the ute of steal pinion. {@) In gonerah, for quiet operation and freedom from sovare Vinson ‘tho’ petphera apoct-of cucatesl yoaring st the Tah dginstor should not excerd 1400 fk permite, Fo Rit rigrmations ae Amerion Standard Gear Tolerance Aare putin, ication No, 16-1040, ot latest revision Shoot Liniting dimensions of chain-drivo, sprocket for general] jurposs motora in frames 505 and smaller aro, dven il HARE MGLBLL. Limiting. cirwensions "of chin foukous for, amar im Trace larger, than 506, havo no {Rit naan; thy ae apa hy the motor man © NOTES: ‘The above limitation are basud on the use of pulley NOT siandardieed by NIEMEA. “The limitations willbe lea tha Sholom, when moore are bated {0 lowed dees, sc {8 countersats. ‘Tho above values are not intended to eatablsh, defini dividing line below which ths uso of outboard bearings is no Eder) Iie rather to ettablish « dividing tine which wi saps to tin motor user what the manufaetarers consider Delgood practice in goncral service. ‘The us of outboard bearings is approved and reeemmand for belted motors in frame sizes of 280 hp, 575 to 000 rpm ang Inger. “Whore an outboard besring is specified, it ig assumed that th i pe tus plate end slid rule if teH-4 motomspproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R00120045000: GENERAL CPYRGHT 2-7 ated voltage applied at rated frequeney and with normal excitation, ‘The pull-in torgue of a synchronous motor is the maximum constant torque under which the motor will pull its connected inertia load into synchronism, at rated voltage gnd frequeney, when its. field excitation is applicd. ‘The speed to which a synchronous motor will bring its load depends on the power required to drive it, and whether the motor ean pull the load into step from this tpeed depends on tho inertia of the revolving parts, so that the pullin torque cannot be determing without having the Wk as well as the torque of the load, ‘The lockod-rotor torque of a motor must be well above the torque required to start the driven machine from rest. This may be anywhere from 10 to 250 percent of fullload totque, depending upon the type of driven machine. Lov} voltage and the type of starter employed affect the logked-rotor torque of the motor, ‘The torque delivered by the motor (aftor breakaway) for acceleration to full speed aust also be well in fescess of the torque required by the driven machine The greater this margip, the shorter will be the timo quired to accelerate the inertia (Whe) of “he rotating of tho driven machine (and the motor rotor) 0 full speed. In other} words, the time required for ceoleration is a function of the torque available for is purpose and the Wk. (Note also the effect of oad inertia on pullin torque of synchronous motors discussed under tho NEMA definition above.) To provent the moto from stalling, the breakdown k pull-out torque (see NEMA dolinitions above) ust bo greater than the maximum torque required by the driven machine, INSULATION AND TEMPERATURE LIMITS Operating temperatures have a very pronounced fiect on the operating) life of motors because the pmperature, to a large extent, determines the life the insulation. ‘The type of insulation, in turn, termine the aso tomo Sw jasonable moter life, NEMA has defined soveral classes of insulation for sideration in conneetion with temporature limits ahe ‘two most commonly sed on motors and genorators Class A: (1) Cottan, sill, paper and similar Jorganic materials whon either impregnated ot immersed in a liquid dielectric; (2) melded and fiaminatod materials with cellulose filler, phenolic sins and other resins of similar properties; (3) bs and sheets of ¢ellulose acetate and other lulose dorivatives of similar properties; and (4) Class B: Mica, asbestos, fiber glass and similar inorganic materials in: built-up form with organio| binding substances. A: small portion of Class A| material may be used for structaral purposes only. Tho highest observablo temperatures permissible fdr open machines, based on ATEE standards, are ag follows: fesured by— Class A Insulation Class B Insulation Thermometer - we 0 ¢ Rhatstance 100 € oc Infibedded detector 10e 0G |The limiting observable temperature for totally. ‘exclosed machines is 5 C higher than for open machinos. It should be noted that while a standard motor ean bq operated at the above temperatures without sacri- figing the life expectancy of the insulation, the rating A other operating characteristics may be based on sofe other temperature. For example, open goneral- Purpose ratings, which have Class A insulation, are rafed 40 C rise based on a 40 C ambient temperature — tis, a total temperature of 80 C (by thermometor); in|this caso, the additional permissible 10 C permits service factor, as discussed earlior under the heading. Hdrsepower Ratings, nlinarily, Class A insulation is standard. Class B inshlation, which is more expensive, is used principally to| permit higher operating temperatures but. also yrds some other advantages in high-voltage mae . Some machines lend themselves to a combina- of the two elasses of insulation, In some cases, additional cost of Class B insulation may be pterbalaneed by tho fact that it may permit the of a smaller frame size for a given rating. Inter- itfent operation or adverse ambient conditions may ‘ire spocially treated insulation, wo Sr PROTECTION AND HOD OF COOLING 1¢ mechanical protection features covered by the folldswing definitions (NEMA unless otherwise noted) fro jn general available in and applicable to most ac and|de motors and generators. There are of course exceptions. For examplo, the totally-onelosed non- ventilated type is limited to a few horsepower, after whidh the fan-cooled type takes over. Likewise, a totally-onclosed machine mey be enclosed with ‘air coolfra and use a recireulating ventilating system, but such construction is generally confinol to large high- spect! machines having a specifie raling over 1 hp (or Hwa) per rpm. ‘The intornal constreetion of motors with] various degrees of enclosure is basically the same as that of open machines. Machines An open machine is one having ventilating openings which permit the passage of external cooling air over Ope| ‘nse: Approved FOF RESESE 1999/09/10 ee eaeCPYRGHT Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 H-5 Fig. H-5. Sectional viow of typical drip-proof, general-purpose, squirrel-cage induction motor. Fig. H-6. Typical construction for drip-proof, general-purpose, squirrel-cage induction motors. Fig. H-7. Drip-proof construction of large motors is illustrated by this 300-hp, 695-rpm machine, A drip-proof machine is an open machine in which the ventilating openings are so construeted that drops of liquid or solid particles falling on the machine at any angle not greater than 15 dogroos from the vertical cannot enter the machino either diveetly or by striking, and running along a horizontal or inwardly inclined surtace. iproGew!For Release 1999/09/10 : MOTORS. Fig. H-9. Splash-proof construction typical of that used in the general-purpose rating range. such as this jplash-proof, Fig. H-10. Two-pole ca 2000-hp unit, frequently A splash-proof machine is an open machine in which the ventilating openings aro so constructed that drops of liquid or solid particles falling on the machine or coming towards it in a straight line at any angle not greater than 100 dogroos from the vertical eannot center the machine eithor directly or by striking and ClARDPBS+00423R004200450002 ahd 12.)H-6 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423RAO#R@O480002-7 - S GENERAL Fig. HIT. Fig. H-12. Large, spl Splash-proof construction is alto ‘available In vertical motors. Fig) H-14. This de motor is semi-protected since it ‘expanded-metal covers over top helf openings. |. H-15. Expanded» ftom openings mak covers on both top and is a protected de motor. |. H-16. Drip-proof prota: fand expanded-metal cover A semi-protected machine is an open machine in ‘ch part of the ventilating openings in the machine, tally in the top half, are protected as in the ease of \‘protected machine” but the others are left open. protected mackine is on open machine in which Fo Hal onaidedsPonRaleasect 999/09/10 : CIA-RDPEaodseR01vODdsOezT! sere. ~Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00424001200450002-7 re ‘HOT Such openings shall not exeeod. 1/2 square inch (323 4} square millimeters) in area and are of such shapo as not to permit the passage of a rod larger than 1/2 inch (12.7 millimeters) in diameter exeept where the dis- tance of exposed live parts from the guard is more than 4 inches (101.7 millimeters), the openings may be 3/4 square inch (484 square millimeters) in area and must be of such shape as not to permit the passage of a rod larger than 3/4 inch (19 millimeters) in diameter. (Fig. 16.) ‘A drip-proof fully protected machine is « drip-proot machine whose ventilating openings are protected in accordance with the preceding paragraph. (Fig. 16.) An open externally-ventilated machine is one which is ventilated by moans of a separate motor-driven blower mounted on the machine enclosure. Mechanical protection may be as defined in the proceding para- graphs. (Fig. 17.) ‘An open pipe-ventilated mackine is an open machine except that openings for the aulmission of the venti- lating air aro so arranged that inlet ducts or pipes ‘can bo connected to them, This air may be circulated by moans integral with tho machine or by means external to and not a part of the machine. In the latter ease, this machine is sometimes known as a soparately ‘or forcod-ventilated machine. Enclosures may be as defined in preceding paragraphs. A weather-protected motor is an open motor (protected in ngcordanee with that definition above) ‘ventilating passages are so designed as to minimize the entrance of rain, snow and air-borne particles to the electrical parts Nole 1; ASA C-42 definition is: An open machine is a self-ventilated machino having no restriction to ventilation other than that necessitated by me- chanical construction. Thus, in the sense of this definition an open machine, when the term is used without quelification, is understood not to include whose Fig. H-18, Tube-type, totally-enclosed, fan-cooled, ‘wound-roler motors installed outdoors. Note @: Chicago covers consist of hinged perforated ‘covers for all openings on the collector end of wound- rotor motors or the commutator end of de machines. Totally-Enclosed Machines A totally-enclosed machine is one so enclosed as to provent exchange of air between the inside and the outside of the ense but not sufficiently enclosed to be termed air-tight. A folally-enclosed non-ventilated machine is a totally- enclosed machine which is not equippod for cooling by means external to the enclosing parts. (Wig. 20.) A. (olally-enclosed fan-coolod machine is a totally- enclosed machine equipped for exterior cooling by means of a fan or fans intogral with the machine but Fig. H-19. the lisp proved FonRelease 1999/09/10 : CIA-I -RBPSOIEsZEROGTZOG4SOGOZIPIe. Outdoor installation of vertical, tube-He ‘MOTORS, GENERAL Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 us external to the enclosing parts. (Figs. 18, 19 and $0 show fan-cooled motors in service. See also Figs, £1, 22 and 28.) ‘An ezplosion-proof’ mackine is a totally-onclosed machine whose enclosure is designed and constructed to withstand an explosion of a specified gas or vapor which may ocour within it and to provent the ignition of the specified gna or vapor surrounding the machine by sparks, flashes or explosions of the specified gas or vapor which may geeur within the mschine casing, (Figs. 24, 25 and 81 show typical explosion-proof motors.) Note: See page 10 for classification of hazards Fig. H-20. Totally-enclosed nor imited to small motors—us ntilated design is 2-hp oF loss. H-21. Totally-enclosed fan-cooled construction used for general-purpose ratings Is shown above. Fig. #22. Large TEFC motors need special cooling dotigns, such asthe tubetype cicto-ale heat exch Appeon |. Sectional view through typical general-| Purpose, fotlly-enclosed, faneooled cage motor, Fip. H-24. tion Explosion-proct construction is modifica. ‘tolally-enclosed fan-cooled design. Fig. H.25. Tubetype cooling makes large totally- ‘enclosed explosion-proof motors practical. dust-explosion-proof machine is a totally-enclosed mchine whose enclosure is designe and constructed ss0[as not to cause the ignition or explosion of an am- bidnt atmosphere of the specifie dust, and also not to ccahise the iguition of the dust on or around the machine. ole 1: Successful operation of this type of machine fequires avoidance of overheating from such eauses ‘excessive overloads, stalling, or accumulation of cessive quantities of dust on’ the machine. waidnhetiReebensesaS/00/10 ; CIANRDP82-AR42BROOLAAAAEONOZedrcis. | CPYRGHTA water-proof machine is a totally-enclosed machine 0 constructed that it will exclude water applied in the form of a stream from a hose, except that leakage ‘may occur around tho shaft, provided it is prevented from entering the oil reservoir and provision is made for automatically draining tho machine. Tho means for automatic draining may be a chock valve or a tapped hole at the lowest part of the frame which will serve for application of a drain pipo. Note: A common form of test for a water-proof machine is to play on the machine a stream of water from a hose with a oneinch nozale delivering at least 65 gpm from a distanco of about 10 foot, from any direetion, and for a period of not less than § minutes. A tolally-enclosed pipesvenilated machine isa totally: enclosed machine except for openings so arranged that inlet and outlet duets or pipes may be eonneetod to them for admission and discharge of the ventilating air. This air may be citeulatod by means intogral with the machine or by means external to and not a part of the machine, In the Intter case, these machines shall be known as separately or foreed-ventilated machines. (Pig. 26.) Note: ASA definition of an enclosed, separately ventilated machine is a machine having openings for the admission and discharge of tho ventilating air, which is cireulated by means extemal to and not part of the machine, the machine being other- wise totally enclosed. ‘These openings are so. ar ranged that inlet and outlet duet pipes may be connested to them. SERVICE CONDITIONS General-purpose 40 C motors are designed to give ‘successful operation at rated lond under the following Fig. H-26, Pipe-ventilated motor with top ai CPYRGHT FigH-27. Base ventilated motor with air intakes ‘and discharge at the bottom of the stator yoke. Completely assembled cage motor using ‘recirculating ventilating system with air cooler. service conditions defined by NEMA as usual: An ambient tomperature not exeoeding 40 C, A variation in voltage of not more than 10 Percent above or below the nameplate rating, A variation in frequeney of not more than 5. Pereont above or below the nameplate rating A combined variation of voltage and froqueney of not more than 10 percent above or below inokaa putevdlr Por Reetese4 9686/09/10 : CIA-RORBS ead SHURA ZUBAEA NOS FEEH-10 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : Cl {ROP#3.00423R001 2004500029" YON MOTORS . 1-29. Splash-proot 75-hp cage motors wore ‘selected for chemical processing plant drive. Fig] H-30. Dust in lime plant dicteted selection of ithis 7¥4-hp, totally-enclosed fan-cooled motor. 5. Am altitude not) exceeding 3300 fect (1000 ical, fertilizer and similar plants. Where the meters). ambient atmosphere contains corrosive or sol- 6. Location or atmaspherie conditions as to dust, vent agents harmful to the insulation or to moisture or funjes which will not seriously interfere with the ventilation of the motor. 7. Solid mounting and all belt and chain drives and gearing in accordance with adopted curront-colleeting parts, the use of enclosed orseparately ventilated motors may be necessary. Exposure to conducting or abrasive dusts, such fas coal, coke, carborl, graphite, iron, ete. Even ih small amounts. these. may be’ extremely harmful to ineulation, and tho use of enclosed wears is preferable. Open motors with spocial #4 inaulation may suffice for lower voltages. standards. ‘In general, since the service conditions to which such motors are subjected are uncontrolled and not subject to exact determination, the basis of ratings chosen, in y 1 oaemee with NEMA standards, provides a factor ‘A combination of conductive or abrasive dusts see OC in tomperataro ree vt 100 poreent plus sulphur fumes and moisture is often en~ foading. : me ee countered in power plant boiler rooms around Specific service conditions defined by NEMA as ashchandling and coal-pulverizing equipment. special service conditions more favorable than usual are: Exporuro to hazardous atmospheres containing 1. Operation at rated voltage and frequency. flammable or explosive gases oF combustible or 2, Individual applitation to a machine where the explosive dusts requires totally enclosed explo- Jonds and duty ¢yele are aceurately known and sion-prool motors. cannot be exceeded. "Tho National Blectricat Code designates haz- ardous gas locations as Clas) T and hazardous dust-and-air locations as Class IL. Class I is divided into Groups A, B, C, and D, Group A being the most hazardous and Group D being the least hazardous. Similarly, Class TI is divided into Groups B, F, and G, Group E being Unusual Service Conditions “Where apparatus is|to be subject to any one or a combination of the following conditions, the manu- facturer should be consulted to make sure that the proper motor is selectod: 1, Exposure to stéam or excessive moisture from ‘other causes, su¢h as vapor or excessive splashing ‘and dripping, as may be encountered in parts ‘of dye house, bleacheries, packing plants, ‘paper mills, metal mines, ote. These conditions may require special insulation, low-voltage designs, and/or enclosed motors 2. Exposure to the corrosive action of salt-laden ir usually requires special consideration of insulation and the use of non-ccrroding nuts, bolts and currgnt-collecting parts 2 preyed Fe REARS LaMCBAIA the most hazardous and Group G being the least hazardous, Motors for Class I Groups A ‘and B are generally not available. |. Exposure to lint, such as encountered by tex: tile mill motors, may quickly clog ventilating passages of open motors and make totally- enclosed motors desirable for looms, and special self-cleaning motors for spinning frames, ete, Exposure to abnormal shock or vibration may make special structural materials necessary . Exposure to ambient temperatures above 40 C 404 F). Where the windings will be subjected CIA-RDP83-00423R00120045 008227 tempersa Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-0046RVER0T4500022.4511 GENERAL Fig. H-31. Explosion-proof, totally-er cooled motors were needed for oil pipe-line station. ture plus operating temperature tise) above 90 C For open motors, or 95 C for enclosed motors, Class B insulation is required. Maximums for Class B are 110 and 115 C respectively. 9. Outdoor operation roquires a degree of enclosure dependent on the climate involved. Usually totally-onclosed types are preferable. Splash~ proof construction should be limited to the milder climates and lower voltages. Low ambient ‘temperatures require special consideration of the eating lubrication. In general, outdoor in- stallations are not recommended under condi- tions of extreme cold and heavy snows, 10. Operation in poorly ventilated rooms or pits is undesirable. If such locations are unavoidable, means should be provided for separate foreod ventilation to insuro an ample volume of cooling ‘TABLE 3—COMPARISON OF DC AND AC MOTORS Direct Current Alternating Current Voltage Limited to 230 Any standard volt- its gn ordinary “ge avaiable with, Speed Simple. Disfcult. adjust Efficiency High. Gooa. Intermittent Good. Unsatisfactory and ‘starting nervice hea current rotor motors. Starting Generally low. High for cage type. Maintenance Higher because of Low. Shunt motor. Constant speed Synchronons moter. ‘Semi-constant Spoed adjustable $1 wat remaining Sk 1 Induction motor. Tn combination with Wound-rotor motor Fig. H-3: ‘applications like SELECTING A MOTOR ‘There are many factors to be considered in selecting, the right type of electric motor for a specific drive. First, the requirements of the machine to be driven must be considered. This involves not only establishing ‘the motor size (which may be a problem in itsolf) but ‘also consideration of other characteristics of the load which have a direct bearing on the type of motor to be seloctod. What is the required operating speed? Should it be constant, adjustable or variable? What are tho torque requirements? ‘These and many other factors must be considered if an intelligent selection is to be made. Second, there are questions of power supply. What current is available—direct or alternating? Should plant power factor be improved? Are there power company current limitations? ‘Third, ambient conditions must be considered. Will the motor need special protective enclosures? Special insulation? Separate ventilating equipment? Fourth, the available forms of motors must be ‘weighed in relation to the characteristics desired, and the economics of initial and future costs must be investigated. ‘Take a compressor for example. If initial cost is the main consideration and plant power factor can be ignored, a squirrel-cage induction motor is the obvious choice for small and medium sized compressors, For heavy-duty compressors requiring large motors, the smooth acooleration and low starting current of wound rotor motors justifies thoir use. But if there are already numerous induction motors in the plant, the best choico may be @ synchronous motor to provide cor reetive kva for plant power factor improvement. ‘Tables 3 and 4 aro provided as a general guide for use in selecting motors. Whenever there is any question about an application, the motor manufacturer should ‘be furnished with as complete information as possible, Failure to do so might result in misapplication. Table 5 ese cotton spinning frames. ipptoved For Release'#SesN0S10: CLAERDPESOUeZsRUOT20UaBIIDL. PrH-12 CPYRGHT mortorApproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 . GENERAL H-33. Sectional view through ring-ciled sleeve ‘bearing used on large end-shield bearing motor. CCabaliae i H-24. Partially dismantled capsuletyoe sleeve ing of same type at that shown Fig. 4-33, TABLE 4—MOTOR SELECTION TABLE MOTOR SYMBOL Altgmating Direct APPLICATION Current Current Agitator 1AIR2B GA Re Baler (power) ww 6B-7 Ball mal ICansa Blower (positive pressure) LCIB2B-3A-4 6A Boring sill 2034 a8 Baler TATB2n GA Gement kin a pressor Convey Grane Grarher Fan (centrifugal and propeller) 14-1I1-2C-BA-4 a Finishing stand a Grinder TAIB2A 6A, Hammer (p 1D on Hammer oni ie ea Hoist Wap F Jordan AB 6. Keyseater AaB oA Lathe 6a8 Laundry extractor 8 Laundry washer on Tine share ou Metal grind: 6A Metal saw oA Milling machine one 3. ‘MUA table 3 Mine hoist a Molder 6A 4 Ore grinder 8 ¢ threader 6a. 7 ner oa Polisher oa ting press (Job) 1a She Printing press (Fotary and offact) 34 che Palverizer ie sh Pamp (centrifugal) TA-IB-2B-24-6 6B famp (dienaespreved For RetGage 1998/09/10 : 6 spa MOTOR SYMBOL Alternoting Direct PPLICATION ‘Current Current ke erusher 3A, ona 1AaB oa ie oa ikap oa TXIBIC34 GA-6R 1A ea TASB ea ming and weaving jachinery * 14.18 os cr TABac2n Sh ing barrel 1c oa b 1.3 on. EXPLANATION OF SYMBOLS mirrol-Cage, Constant-Spocd "Normal torque, normal | Normal torques low sta | Tigh torques fovea Heh torave, high lip irrel-Cage, Multi-Speed | Constant horsepower Constant torque Variable torqe “1 wre motors. The listing (Ay spect motor indicator the Por oxample: if the lifting shows. 1C-28; then the multi-speed, constant ue motor should also be high tongue, low starting ound-Rotor jeneral-purpoee Grane and holst Direet-Current, Constant-Speed ‘Shunt Compound-wound al a] 7, Direct-Current, Variable-Speed, Series-Wound Ni 1 OH AGROOTZ00450002-7of ball boarings ere used ‘a double-shielded type. Fig, H-35. Various type ‘on motors. Above u required for various types of motors, To this the purchaser should, of courso, add any other desired characteristics and features and indications of any unusual operating conditions, MOTOR BEARINGS ‘Bearing design, including provision for lubrication ‘and protection, forms one of the most vital features, ‘of motor construction. Bearings aro one of the few ‘wearing parts in electric motors; in cage motors they aro, in fact, the only element that can be considered as a wearing part. In properly designed sloove bearings, the shaft rotates on a film of oil, which prevents actual contact between the shaft and the bearing during operation. With clean oil, free from abrasive materials, sleeve bearings should provide long years of service, and they aro very quiet in operation, They do, however, normally require more attention than the anti-friction type. Figs. 88 and 3{ show typical sleeve bearing mountings. ‘The uso of anti-friction bearings is usually confined to ratings in the genoral-purpose classification (200 hp and less), The type most commonly used is the grease-lubrioated ball bearing, Figs. 96 and 30, which requires little attention except for checking grease about once a year, Most ball-bearing troubles in the smaller machines are, in fact, due to overgreasing. Experience indicates that for ratings of 250 hp and larger, particularly for speeds above 1000 rpm, anti- friction bearings are not as reliable as oil-ubricated sleove bearings. For lower spoods, anti-friction bearings are usually satisfactory in ratings up to 1 hp per rpm. ‘The balls, or rollers, undergo eyelical compression and release with every revolution, so that high specds and high loading cause fatigue and ultimate failure ‘Bxeeptional casos may permit the use of oillubricated, ball bapproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIMRDPSS60423R001200450002-7 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP8%.9942R901200450002.-400% GENERAL Fig. H-36, Cutaway view showing shielded ball bearing installed in general-purpose cage motor TABLE 5—INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR SELECTING MOTORS Motor Data GENERAL ‘Type of motor (cage, wound-rotor, synchronous, oF de). gona Tip. pm Phase. Gels... Voltage ‘BlneatigGntouony i ims, nue % yyeriond (if any). % for Servieo factor ‘Ambient, temperature ‘G"‘Temperatnre rise. 6 Ginse f inoulgtions Armature. Fields Hotor of w'F iotor. Paging dat nso ‘or paticwinding starting (a) reduced vol uvtotraniformer oF TeHelOr Lockod-rotor arting current laitations Special characteraies, INDUCTION MoTORS Locked-rotor torque. ‘of for generalspurpose cage inotor: N 9% Broskdown torque. «+2. % ADestga (A, By ©, DS SYNCIEONOUS MOTORS Dower factory.» Torgues: Lockett, ...9 Pulbin..% Beale gic. wit de pe of eae Hy cul soy it nor hater Meat cat otra shay resi. DIUCT-CURRENT MOTORS Slt, aabio san emg o ri, wound Naan taste or oven SEREEOE or ipiraboail 7 MECHANICAL FEATURES Protection or enclosure Number of bearings Shaft extension: Flanged Prost on halzcupling. NEMA Cor D flange: Vege arnt frst iad accesories, sient sit ype of bearings Standard or spect Teng ‘Terminal boxes Rogan wl ek bn Type of thrust beariag. Bote plates Load Data ‘Typo of load a tampon dvs aie SEMA peiiog ei: Directzoonnected, geared, chain, V-belt or flat-belt drive Whe Gnertia) for high inortig drives........ iit ‘Starting with full load, or unloaded. i if unloaded, by what means? For yariablospocd or maultispocd ti ‘constant (org, ov constant horspo i od vara14 proved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002 CHT morors. INDUCTION MoToRS Applicable to broad range of applications, induction motors are the most! widely used because of their simple construction. As is true of practically every type of polyphase motér, the operation of an induction motor depends on the production of a revolving mag- netic field in the stator, the rotor of the machine being pulled around by the fevolving magnetic field. ‘This revolving field is produced by increasing and decreasing currents in tho stator winding. In a two- Phase motor, the magnetic field, at a given instant, is produced entirely by the first phase wincing. As the instantaneous current decreases in the first phase and increases in the second, a slight shift, of the magnetic field takes place. ‘This shift continues t9 the point whore the second phase is producing the entire mag- notie fel. Ina three-phase motor, the third-phuse winding has ‘& maximum field whicly is still further shifted around the stator. The windings aro so distributed as to allow uniform continuous shifting or rotation of the magnetic field around the stator| Beyond this, induction motors operate on the prin- ciple of magnetic indiction; that is, the magnetic field in the rotor is indeed by the eurrent flow in the stator. The rotor may be (1) the squirre-cage type, or (2) the wound-rotor type with the ends of the winding brought out through collector rings to an external circuit SQUIRREL-CAGE POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS: Squirrel-cage motors, Fige. 5 to 10, the most common- ly used type of polyphase induction motor, dorive their name from the similarity of their rotor windings to ‘squirrel cages. Since thee motors operate by induction, the stator is sometimes|ealled the primary because it receives power from the line, and the rotor, the sec- ondary because its currgnts result from ths action of the primary currents, Fig. H-37. Wound stator for small general-purpose, Fig. H-38. Stator yoke and core for large cage motor ready for winding. The operation of a cage motor ean best be explained by} starting with the motor at rest, When current is, supplied to the stator (primary) wirding, a revolving magnetic field is set up as described above, This revolving field cuts the rotor conductors (eage bars) and thereby induees voltages in the bars. voltages, current flows in oe ig. The current loops through the bars and short-cireuiting end rings are distributed in such & thanner as to create a magnotie field similar to that. of the stator. Interaction of these two magnetic fields eskilts in a force that tends to pull the rotor along, with the revolving field of the stator. The motor thefefore starts and gains speed. ‘fhe rotor eannot, however, rotate as rapidly as the Iving field of the stator. If it did, the cage bars, fead of being cut by the revolving field, would me magnetically stationary with respect to the Wing field. In that case, no voltage would be jeed in the rotor, and there would be no attraction veen the rotor and tho rotating field in the stator. Ih other words, the rotor constantly slips back and an induction motor cannot operate at synchronous speed. jously increasing the load will increase the slip, andj the motor will run slower. However, at full load, ‘he slip is small, and motors of this type are usually. confidered to be of constant speed. ‘Motor Construction Features The beng af eg mtr rr opefational reliability, but, eareful engineering and quality construction ‘are nevertheless essential to religbility and minimum maintenance ‘Tho stator construction (Figs. 87, $5, $9) is the same for dage, wound-rotor and synchronous motors. It com- prists a supporting yoko, a slotted laminated sheet- steal core, and insulated coils connected to provide defilite polar areas providing the revolving magnetic Apptobea rel Retee 1999/09/10 : C1A-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423 0 'Zoossoong H-15 ICTION ‘MOTORS. Fig. H-39. Wound stator for large, end-shield bearing, squire induction motor. ‘A cage motor rotor (Figs. 40, 41, 42) consists of a shaft, core, and cage winding. The core is built up of slotted laminated-steel punchings mounted directly on the shaft or supported by a spider mounted on the shaft (Pig. 43). The winding consists of bars short-cireuited by end rings. In smaller motors, the winding is fre- quently cast in one operation, and aluminum is often used for this purpose. In larger motors, heavy copper bbars or rods are used, and these are brazed or otherwise fastened to the end rings. Duo to the very low voltage in the bars, ingulation is not necessary between the bars and the rotor core. End-shield or bracket bearing construction is used for most cage motors. Pedestal bearing construction fs, however, commonly used for ratings above one hp per rpm, Ball bearings are generally confined to general-purpose sizes; sleove bearings are available for both general-purpose and large motors, Fig. H-41. Large two-pole cage moter rotor. Fig. H-40. Squirrel-cage rotor consin of ratings beyond general-purpor Shaft rigidity and bearing quality aro especially important in these motors because, to obtain good officieney and power factor, the air gap between rotor and stator must be small, It should be noted, however, that too small an air gap can be detrimental to con- struction, to sound level, and, by producing parasitic torques, to efficiency. Cage Motor Characteristics Polyphase squirrel-cage induetion motors are the most reliable and, with the exception of large syn- hronous motors, the most efficent motors available. This presupposes that the motor selected for any definite load is of such size that it can be operated at nearly full load because the power factor and ficiency Fig. H-A3. Rotor spider and core assomblies for Fig. ApproWechFichReleaseitsaavesrro ; CIA-RDPEROOHZSROO 20048000271-16 approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423BD0+200450002-7 INDUCTI MOTORS. is tower-at tigi toms tr ts Riss Important to remember that high-speed motors have higher power factors than lower speed machines. ‘Under normal load and voltage conditions, squirrel- ago motor spocds are practically constant and, like those of synchronous motors, are dependent on the number of poles and the frequeney of the power supply. But, as proviously noted, the cage motor slows down sufficiently to produce the necessary torque when load is applid. This lip is éxpressed as a percentage of the synchronous speed. For example, if a motor with a synchronous speed of 1200 rpm is loaded until the speed drops to 1164 rpm, the slip is: 1200 — 1164 36 ya 299 7 8% A dofinte relationship exists betweon the sip ancl the efficiency of the motor; that is, the higier the slip, the lower the efficeney, for slip is a mesaure of the losses in the rotor winding. In the above example, about 3 percent of the total power input, would be Tost in tho rotor winding. Howover, relatively high slip motors may be necessary if high starting (locked- rotor) torque is required by the application, To provide the best starting torque consistent with high power factor and efficiency, cage motors must be of well-balanced design. Within limits, the amount of starting torque developed will depend on the 1e- sistanco of the rotor winding. Incrcasing the rotor resistance will increase’ the starting torque—with a carresponding increase in slip and decrease in efficiency. NEMA Design Classifications To simplify the selection of motors by providing somo uniformity of design, NEMA hus divided poly phase squitrel-cage motors into classes basod on electrical characteristics, While these classifications TABLE 6—LOCKED-ROT © raotors, with rated vol ‘The locked-zotor torque of Design A, B {following values, which ate express in’ per ‘Poles 2 ’ . 3 a 150 s/s i is r ws iso Lia S18 2 We io 3 is 1s 5 eo 130 Ta w 1 » Fd 5 % 3 o 3 100 TABIE-7—BREAKDOWN TORQUE ale cen eget Doel Ce a, peieer sa ies Dai a we st, hots abreast earn Siena setament asc ines tae Suess oe Smepatedpetiatoa Dalen Dain up gaarayaalagem Dye Pe ve Sata " mie HS et = ae B hate He ae = ise * a0. B eae Bt vane Fe isriee u a z see 5 wha sae is iene FA es 8 ae 2 am es ies re is # s FP 8 8 a 190 8 8 ee heate ; «Sea ; ieee is Ee 8 a 8 se Spo ise seifttege Aste % ir ee Ses of iB BPR b me 0S ae RSE eu ‘and Bf 730 R TORQUE ‘and frequency spplicd, shall be in gocordaneo with ful toad (argue and resent the upper fmt of the range of application, —" DESIGN C—— 0 4501800 1200900 600 48755001000 780, 2 i ey 6 8 is oes. us is Me so Tos is ots is tos Bo Bas 5 O03, 350s 2500s 20 0 300 2 30020 200° 300300 200 300200, 200 © 20300, 20 300 BD 20300300 20 30020 200 © 30300 20 300300 200 30020 200 200.Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423K001260480002.7 H-17 INDUCTION ‘MOTORS, i TABLE 8—LOCKED-ROTOR CURRENT Lockod-rotor current, measured with ratod voltago and fre- juency, shall not exooed the following values for 220-rolt Design and’ C and 0 eycle) age motors. Rated Amperes ip wocy s0Cy 1a B “u 34 % 2 1 w By laa 53 “ 2 8 50 a o 7 5 50 105 re 10 rr} x 150 nS rd 20 255 20 20 535 Fs 365 0 En 5 500 w ‘30 ozo 5 5 25 ra a0 3000 3 08s, 1350 100 1450 1610 Bs Ins 2000 Bo 2170 293, 200 2900 3888, Lockot-otor current et other voltages is invorsely propor- tion! to the voltage TABLE 9A—STANDARD HORSEPOWER RATINGS INDUCTION MOTORS {AL-PURPOSE MOTORS: 1/2, 8/4, 1, 1-1/2, 2 3, 1/2, 10, 15, 20, 25, 80, 40, 30, 60, #5, 100, 125, 15, $00, LARGE MOTORS: 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, $00, 600, 700, 00, ‘900, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1720, 2600, "2250, 2500, 2600, 00, 4000, 4506, 5000, 5500; 6000, 7000, 8000, 3000, 16,000, 11,000, 12,060, 13000, 14,000, 15,060, 16,000, 17,000, 18,00, 19,000, 20,000, 22,500, 28,000, 20,000. TABLE 9B—STANDARD VOLTAGES—INDUCTION MOTORS Voltage Approximate Hip Range 110 “a 8 2,220 = io, 0 12 — 1000 ‘2300 8 io ws —| $23 co ge) ae 600 =o —( 283 nano sooo =) 8 TABLE 9C—STANDARD SPEEDS—INDUCTION MoTORS Speed in Rpm “Number of Approsinato {a0 Cycles) Poles ip Range 3600 2 1400 i a0. ‘ 300 : @ rtd ooo i as % i 18 foo it 380 2 ca 2 un Fs mt 26 2 2 20 x 233 2 20 36 Some of the smaller ratings listed are, not normally yon SUN Approved FonRelcasc4669/00/10 : CIR ‘specify locked-rotor (etarting) torque, breakdown torque, locked-rotor (starting) current, and slip, variations in practically all types can be obtained by changes in the design of the rotor slots and resistance of the rotor windings. Exeept for coil design, stator construction remains the same for all types. It is, however, advantageous to specify motors mecting the NEMA standards, which are as follows: ‘A Design A motor is squirrol-eage motor de- signed to withstand full-voltago starting and de- veloping locked-rotor torque as shown in Table 6, Dreakdown torque as shown in Table 7, with locked- rotor current higher than the values shown in Table 8 and having a slip at rated load of less than 5 pereent*, (Seo Fig. 44.) Standard horsepower ratings, voltages and speods of induction motors are given in Tables 9A, B and C. A Design B motor is a squirrel-eage motor de- signed to withstand full-voltage starting, developing, locked-rotor and breakdown torques adequate for general application as apecified in Tables 6 and 7, drawing lockod-rotor current not to values shown in Table 8 and having a load of less than 5 percent*. (Seo Fig. 45:) ‘A. Design C motor is squirrel-cage motor de- signed to withstand full-voltage starting, developing locked-rotor torque for special high-torque applica- tion up to the values shown in Table 6, breakdown torque up to the values shown in Table 7, with locked-rotor current not to exeeod the values shown, LOW LERKAGE FLUK sere FuUK 4 ‘To obtain normal torque with higher than normal starting current, rotor bare are placed loco to sucfaco uf rotor: Rotor reactance ie relatively low, resulting in high power ‘hetor and eficieney: ig. Hea. [Ene Lennie 10x WSEEN uur A A i) To obtain normal tora mal atarting eurcenty rotor bars are’ deep and narrov, producing relatively Reh reactance when frequenoy of magnetic Mux is hi Fig. H-45, tare with 10 and moro poles may have slip slightly greater P83100423R001200450002-73GHT H-18 proved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R0012004500029 INDUCTIOI moToRS TABLE TO—PERFORMANGE DATA SQUIRREL-CAGE, CONSTANT-SPED, DESIGN B MOTORS OPEN AND ENCLOSHDY TYPES 60 CYCLES, 20-2103 VOLTS HFFICIENCIES AND POWER FACTORS WillCH MIGHT HE EXPECTED! Rp Ei Power Fa "Anse Pawo 7 iney — 7 Gynohyonow) yea a OG 1 anPolls, 3 Phase ‘00 “oe os rr a 100 7 gt 6 8 0 8 é¢ g 8 100 sou @ ns @ is xo @ ee ¢ 00 Beg & Ff soe » & 6 um i B ks 68 Hs @ i es e ft eo es g 3 seo 2 us Bs ie 3 wf ie zg gs 6g oe 5 & § seo a 5 oR 1 iis 8 3 1. 8 g & oe zB ge & abo Bs gs & ® ef g 8 ed 8 Bits #8 0 i md i 8 amo & as ao ise io Os Bs 8 138 Bs 8 oO 00 a 8 x 3 3600 art oat 190 coe ef 1383 uw is ff = Bs Bs eg seen 6a " 163 go a 1383 ef # ~ | 3B 600 toe » id Hs Hs Rs 1389 oF # 3 & 3g seo ar ms rd Bs Bs He i Bo Bs Bs Ed # OF % 20 » 8 ow as crf 3 8 g Bg 8 Bo io ie a ee 8 2600 ee es rs ie 3 8 wf & rd 3 8 & is 38 Bs 8 8 & 8 a0 » ass » om i600 Bs bs # 3 OF a Bo BS Of BOs oe RoR. OF 8 oS 00 % ®t 2 od 8 8 Bs 8 F 188 Bs 8s mS Bs is 0 Bios & Bo BS 3600 os ms ms 18 a a! 3 Oe 13 so OB Bs fs 0 eos se Bos ia 1 For 2-pole,totally-enclosallfan-cooled motor iene should be rodaed 1% ot 4/4 load 29 ab 8/4 load, and 39 at 1/2 lod, + Not to be wad for guarbtes; coal ota anulacaras ‘ivl.ougmproved For Release ieseariec cu nares asiesaserzoasntod 7‘Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-ROPELGEsRO01 20045 009%, ON MOTORS asso. tux ene Rau wv Design Co gtr tookeod-reton- sendin AO LE tut Toner breaklowa torque than Design B motors t Lo AESISTANE WONG pesien-e ‘To obtain high alarting torque {two seta of rotor bars are used. The operat Br Qoeertbed winder the heading “Doubl Fig. H-46. — neonrt eenence AUK seen re 2 VP a cme mo emits To sbisin high sarting trae with moral staring sh a currents cai tare usedy_produclny ‘giciwely high renctances ME Fig. H-47. in Table 8 and having a slip at rated load of less than 5 percent. (Bee Fig. 46.) ‘A Design D motor is a squirrel-eago motor di jgncd to withstand full-voltage starting, developing high locked-rotor torque as shown in Table 6, with, Jocked-rotor current not greater than shown in ‘Table 8 and having a slip at rated Jond of 5 porvent ‘or more. (Soo Fig. 47.) NOTE: Standard speods for most 26-cycle motors ‘are 1500, 750 and 800 rpm for which no torque values have been established. Typical Applications Design A motors obtain higher breakdown torque than Design B motors, but they do this at the expense of higher locked-rotor current. Design B motors are the standard, forming the ‘basis for comparative motor performance of all other types. Their torque, starting current and slip char- acteristics make them suitable for most, applications. Efficiency is relatively high—even under fractional Toads. Power factor is also good at full load, although it does decrease quito rapidly with decrease in load. Both efficiency and power factor decreaso as the number of poles increases. (See Table 10.) Design A and B motors are used for such constant speed applications as light conveyors, line shafts, lowers, fans, woodworking machines, rotary cor while locked-rotor current and slip are the same for the two designs. Dosign C is for applications requiring high initial torque to start, such as vibrating sereons, conveyors, milling machines, pulverizers, reciprocating pumps, crushers, and compressors without unloading devices. Tt should be noted that while these motors develop high starting torque, they are not intended for applications requiring frequent starting and stopping. Design D motors have high tonque and high slip. ‘Thoy aro generally used on epplications involving high inertia and frequent load changes, such as fly whecl-equipped punch presses. ‘The high slip enables the motor to pick up the load when the excess energy stored in the flyshecl has been released during the working stroke of the cycle. The high torque enables ‘the motor to repeatedly accelerate the load to full speed, without overheating, to restore energy to the Aywhecl. ‘This alternate supplying and releasing of ‘powor irons out the load peaks, that is, the maximum power demand. Other applications include elevators, ‘otal drawing, shears, hoists, and bailers. Double-Cage Motors ‘A double-cage motor is # polyphase induction motor having a rotor with two separate squirrel-cage wi ings, one within the other, as shown in Figs. 48 and 49. ‘The stator is of standard construction. Double-cage construction is used only when it is necessary to obtain high starting torques with relatively low starting current. It provides higher starting torques than ordinary single-winding motors, but not as high torques as single high-resistance winding motors, ‘Tn a double-cage motor, the outer cage has high resistance and the inner eage has low resistance. The former provides high torque in starting, while the latter carries most of the current at full load, A-uow aesisranes STATOR Wi IN BowNGM RESISTANCE ‘Saviet Chae ows two things: (a), Typical rotor and Tater alge thapes weed in. small. doubloweage rotors. TE) 'Ruative current flow at time motor Is ready to startsCPYRGHT © 1-20) roved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 moTors [OUND-ROTOR MOTORS |A wound-rotor induction motor, sometimes called] ‘8 lip-ring motor, is defined by NEMA as an induetion| mptor in which the secondary circuit consists of a| Palyphase winding or coils whose terminals aro either ( shprt-cireuited or closed through suitable circuits, 40 shows a standard wound-rator motor.) the general principles of operation of the polyphase waund-rotor motor aro quite similar to those of the Iyphase squitrel-eage type. Phe essential structural difference between the “SUcELMTamse e-srnron winowwe anes msisrauce —wdunderotor motor and tho squrieheage mote ite eos SRM EE ab rotor. The wauni-otor motor has 9 diteibuted So. ical rotor and, ator sot shaper ued in large phhe-wound rotor winding tovoogel for ihe at hae reached normal speedy mont cf current ineanes i iujaber of poles aa the stater winding. The terminals ow-resistance Inner cage, giving high efficiency during of [he rotor winding aro connected to threo eolloctor peration, rings (slip rings) mounted on the sha‘t (Fig. 51). From Fig. H-49, brjshes riding on the collector rings, leads are brought ‘out for conncetion to a secondary control—which Figs. 48 and 49 show that the inner cage bars are provides resistance for starting or speed regulating more completely enclosed by stator core iron than ‘puxposes, are the outer cage bars. ‘Thus the magnetic path ‘0 increas the spoed, the resistance is gradually cut fFound tho inner cage bars is more eatisfuctory than gud of the eiruit until, for operation at [oll speed, the that around the outer bars, This, however, means * Winding is short-circuited through the eontxol. that the path scound the inner bars has greater in- aed conatae oe fat palsies iedertien Ponce at uctance. tion of ils impedance, and the function of the ind-rotor motor secondary control is to change impedance to an optimum value. By properly ortioning the extemal resistance, it is. possible tain a locked-rotor torque that is nearly equal Now, at the instant of starting, the revolving field produced by the stator curront induces currents in both sets of rotor condiictors—at full line frequency. But at full line frequeney, the high induetance of the inner winding impedes the current in the inner con- ductors, However, even at full line frequency, considerable current is sot up in tho outer conductors since they have relatively low inductance, But this is a high resistance winding, and this plus the choking action, of solf-induction at line frequency limits the current, in starting, In Fig. 48, the depth of shading indicates the com- Parative density of the|currents in the two sets of conductors when the motor is ready to start. As the rotor gains speod, the frequency of the cur rents induced in the rotor decreases, and the relation- ship between the currents in the two squirrel cages automatically changes. This is due to the fact that, Fig. H-50. Open, drip-proof wound-roter motor. the frequoney of the induced currents is proportional to the slip, and at normal spcod this frequency be- ‘comes only a few cycles per second. At this low frequeney, ithe higher induetance of the inner eage windings produces only a small choking effect. Therefore the resistances of the two cages are the essential factors influoncing the distrizution of and limiting the fow of the rotor currents, ‘Thus, at. normal speed the greater part of the total rotor current is carried by the low-resistance inner cage, a8 indicated by tho shadingied¥ed?For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDRGS.00423ROOhZ00AKQ0N2.7 ——— Sabae‘Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : C1A-RDP83-06424RGU{ 2004500027 4-21 much lower locked-rotor (starting) current than with squirrel-eage motors. Wound-Rotor Motor Advantages ‘The wound-rotor motor thus has some very distinct advantages over the squirrel-cage motor: fa) It can develop high starting torque with rela~ tively low starting current. This characteristic makes it suitable for high load-torquo drives where starting ‘current must be limited. ‘As noted above, it is possible to obtain starting torques neatly equal to the breakdown torques. This depends on the external resistance in the rotor circuit ‘and its method of distribution. The breakdown torque, ‘with collector rings short-circuited, is not less than 200 percent for general-purpose ratings, and larger values ean bo obtained for special load requirements, 'b). ‘The major portion of the heat developed during starting can be dissipated in the external resistors (provided that they are suitably proportioned) instead ‘of being concentrated in the rotor winding, as is the ‘ease in squirrel-cage motors. This makes the wound- rotor motor suitable for drives having such high load inortia as to be beyond the thermal capacity of the starting windings of equirrel-eage or synchronous motors. ©) The wound-rotor motor ean be used for ad- justable-varying speed regulating, duty for such ap- Plications a8 fans, cranes, hoists, ete. It should be noted that this docs not, howevor, provide good speed regulation on non-steady loads as the speed changes ‘with changes in load, due to the slip inherent in in- Guetion motors. The percentage of speed reduction obtainable depends on the character of the load; 50 percent reduction is usually permissible on variable ‘torque loads without producing unstable operation. ‘Tho temperature of the motor will usually be higher at reduced specds, due to the reduction in normal ventilation. Other Characteristics ‘When a wound-rotor motor is operating at full speed with the secondary short-circuited through the control, its operating characteristics are very similar to those of a normal-torque, normal starting-current eage motor. "The main differences are usually slightly lower slip (2 percent for larger sizes to 5 percent for smaller ones) and somewhat lower power factors (due to certain magnetie “leakage” factors inherent in the design). MULTI-SPEED INDUCTION MOTORS Multi-speed squirrel-cage motors can be designed to operate at two, three or four specds—having con- faction ‘MOTORS [wo the breakdown torque, and this can bo done with Wonnd-rotor motors are Tanited To (ro ToT wees] ‘to the breakdown torque, this can be done with ‘Wound-rotor m« ‘are Timi fo two because of complications in rotor construction. How= ever, each “fixed” speed is capable of further speed. adjustment in the same manner as outlined above for single-spocd motors of this type. For example, the speed can be adjusted from the higher one through tho range to the lower fixed spocd. ‘Multi-speod squirrel-cago construction constitutes the simplest form of adjustable-speed motor, since there are no brushes, commutators or collector rings involved, Its prineipal drawback lies in the fact that it provides only the two, three or four specds for which it is dosigned—there are no intermediate speeds. Construction Principles ‘The stator may have either one or two windings, each of which will produce either one or two of the desired rotor spoeds— depending upon the ratios of the various speeds required. ‘Two-speed motors (for operation on 3-phaso circuits) having a speed ratio of 2 to 1 (1800 and 900 xpm, or 1200 and 600 rpm, for example) are usually furnished with a single stator winding. The two speeds are ob- tained by means of a sclestor switch which renders either all or hal of the poles efootive. With all of the poles effective, the motor operates at the low speed; ‘with half of the poles effective, it operates at the high speed. This is called a consequent-pole winding, and the low speod is always one-half of the high speed. TE the two speeds required are not in a 2 to 1 ratio, ‘two separate stator windings are required. This applies to-such speed ratios as 1200/900 rpm or 1800/1200 rpm. ‘When three or four speeds are required, the motor {a built with two soparate windings, with one or both ‘of the windings being of the consequent-pole type. ‘This permite speed ratings such as 1200/900/600 rpm. ‘or 1800/1200/900/600 rpm. Diagrams of windings and coil conneetions of consequent pole motors are shown ‘on pages 124 and 125, Section F. Torque Characteristics Multi-speed motors are available with any one of the following three torque characteristics: Constant-horsepower motors produce the same horse- power output at all speeds. They are used for lathes, ‘boring mills and other machine tools where the torque demand decreases as the speed increases. Constant-torque motors produce the same torque at all speeds and the horsepower is in direct proportion to the speod. ‘These motors are used for conveyors, stokers, ete. Variable-torgue motors produce a torque that de- creases with the specd, resulting in a horsepower ‘output which decreases with the square of the specd. slantAppramed het Releader989/09/10 : CIARDPESIOd 42SROO1 SOGNSOUO RF MACPYRGH H-22,, pproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 INDU ‘MOTORS. Open, drip-proof Semt-protected Protected Splash-proof Enclosed, forced- ventilated Enclosed, self ventilated ‘Totally-encloned, ‘Bon-ventilated, Explosion-proof ae m4 m OM ses ay se ies ie a oy woes yg wet fs Be ae is if as 24 Seo 3 tes ApprovediFonkelease Aproximato ‘Temperate Re Range of Sis Cs A Taraton V2 bp and larger we 1/2 6p and larger soc 1/2 pn larger we Frame 294 and larger soc Frame 364 and larger we Frame 36¢ and larger we Frames 20 to 254 se Fame 256 and larger sc Feame 225 and larger we Approximate Cost Tasrease 0 %010% 8% 10% 10 t0 15% 410 20% 15 t0 40% 10 10 40% 0 10 118% GHT. ARY OF PROTECTION AND ENCLOSURES—INDUCTION MOTORS lon Application information Protection against dripping liquids o “alling: particles, Same as protected. metal chipa ‘inst dripping and splash ‘ised ft breweriees food "iow Haut plants dal Same as fan-cooled, ‘Same as fan-cooled. Same as fon-cooled, Used where abrasive dust, dirt, grit, ‘oF corrorive fumes are too severe for sn motors—in metal-working nts, foundries, machine shopay For oil refineries, varnish planta, Inc ‘quer plants, or others where dams inable, Nolatile guide "are ‘manu rated. fnctured, used or i TABLE 12—REPRESENTATIVE CAGE MOTOR DIMENSIONS (IN INCHES) Dom L a x 5 4 oe 54 ie oo Ba a om 8 oe 7 se aK mesma 8 Oe wh oF 1% wom oo 7 10 Be > 7 1g BSF 1 Bx Hee 8 ws x > 8 16 1s 33 10 By ise ss 10 1s D4 BA} te ms} ie 4 Ke 8 rn Ws 1% ts aM rod 1996 ra 2 234 26 nye 4 BM Be M34 som iiedibobtozbudkko 75 2 BS - fT Splash-Proof WAL AM AN ACH ARD Ket HM Oe Ss ae axes Mom 6 5 Se Renate M ie BK TM Bg Se Seeseen MoH BM 4 Be Mee MoU IB OO Oe ease % 39m m4 yon x Bs SeaeaNe BD Sebati ba) Slee * eussen 36 % Seog x epee % ESas He wees sesh tee aes wigan Baie wa ie ink ES Beet eee eee ates ane ebied “ Be a a pay Ea ee onan a ee ee db aiiiiio ogisepoareH-23 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423RQ9590Q4 54002. NDUCTION ‘MOTORS STANDARD OPEN DIIP-PROOF AND SPLASIL-PROOF STANDARD TOTALLY-ENCLOSED MOTORS ‘MOTOnS (60 CYCLES) (co cvewrs) ‘Hp = 860018001200, 900720800 Motors above line are non-ventilated. va As 078 elow line are fan-coled 3/6 , 203 ry 235 254 Lo es a = 1 iis) dest ee ee ee er) haa maak Bey ee ge ay faa : mime oma at af is tau 3 25h M86 1 -.. 208-204 225-8585 : = Lae ao dosha ask nap 2 Sh HOLS 3 2a Sak 5 Be mom as mah 86k 6s at Saar on ak sane | rr tia i om it sotto 35 ates oe dna haa Sok ads Seis tat Sak SSDS O6 OS a oe om mee cel oe ees) eet cee cae 368 i 4h Ms Sonesta ia 2 lo] ims ey ek ene ote eo) ead te oe tes MS mts tess ests 1 S458 ews mS 45 SOU hop ue oe] f ts tiss sow mos 15s StS 7 Sess suis os ee roo 5008 sss TABLE 12—REPRESENTATIVE CAGE MOTOR DIMENSIONS (IN INCHES)—Continved Tome At BEE ORO Lo ® WoOAL AM AN A0t ARI Ket awe BOC BH Sm Se 886 36 Ko Oe 5 ae ete ee Mee un 8 8 ee oe oe Ko no Oe 8 be We 8 I Bs Os a ON Oe 10% Mss ae Big be We 9 im Be OF aM Te 7 10% Moss By Bh we 2 Oe SO he 5 HOM Ie OM Oe DK UK mE 75K 4K I 9% 2% mK we 97 Ms DM Bx 8 6M SM ne 18% MBS Die we We Be 8 Oe Bo a 18% paeveea 87 By x B Mss Is te > mum 9 7 em UK » x fi Ue 1s ie SO tae tn » % 3 te ts BM 3 7 Oy toy tn » % 1s 1x ase Oe ay a 19 184 aK 8 6 IK UE 2054 K 195 WN 34 8 6 eK ae % 19 te Be te 8 ie ie eo % D Ft 2 Ue be MF Ne i Mie BM 8 iv 2h WE A > 8 OK I TH IH OK % a 2g 9 Sy Se ON 8M ae aby Be & b af Be Mase bg 8 tase 855 dog de % isis aig ascenie 4 We Be 8 en Be x ss te Meee ‘Dimeslng shown for hae face ae fr ctally-oeon oe-rntavl eonteeton {nam ae NEMCA neandar dimcons Ot dmonaons nay vary, depending wos te ansfatrer, he APTOVEd PUT RElEas E°T999/09 10 C1A-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7H-24 approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450P@RGHT INDUCTION. MOTORS of the Squirrel-eago multi-speed motors are built to the same NEMA design stanliards for torques and starting MOTOR PROTECTION Classification of machines by types of mechanical protection and methods of cooling will be found in the definitions of pages 4 to 9. Accompanying illustra tions, Figs. 6 to 28, inclusive, show the construction employed for the various types, and Table 11 gives a brie? summary of such features. This table shows (a) the approximate range of sizes or ratings in which each type is built, (b) the maximum temperature rise for Class A insulated machines, (c) the approximate increase in cost over the standard open type, and (@) application suggestions. STANDARD DIMENSIONS ‘Table 12 gives representative dimensions for foot mounted motors, while Table 13 shows representative frame sizes for various horsepower and speed ratings in open drip-proof and t6tally-enclosed motors. GEARMOTORS Gearmotors meet the demand for a highly efficient, economical and dependable source of power for low- speed drives. Basically, a goarmotor consists of @ 1750-rpm motor and a double-, triple- or quadruple- reduction gear unit. The standard motor is the squirrel- cage type, but wound-rotor and direct-current motors, are occasionally used. Construction ‘The gear units use precision-eut gears, some manu- facturers using the helical type and others the planetary type. The gear efficiency usually is not less than 97 percent. High efficiency and, in the case of induction motors, good power factor results from the use of high-speed motors. Motors usually: are of the stancard open drip-proof type, but in, most. cases splash-proof or foot-mounted motors—recommended when ments of a fan decrease approximately as the cube to Approved prelease 1999/09/10 : GH ly-enclosed types are also vertfeal types. Phrformanee and cost are usually consistently better thay} for direct-connected motors of the samo output speds. For smaller ratings, gearmotor construction is the |only practical answer for low output specds. Fig4, 52 and 58 show two types of gearmotors. able, as well as Ratings and Classifications Upits of this type are available in ratings up to 50 hp for all applications and up to 75 hp for some ap- plicdtions. Table 14 gives output apeods listed in the NEMA Recommended Standards, but it should be notdl that some of these speods, namely 1430, 1170, £950,(6, 5, and 4 rpm, are celdomn used and are not always available. TABLE 14—OUTPUT SPEEDS FOR INTEGRAL-HORSE- POWER GEARMOTORS OF PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION. ‘Gear Quiput Queput Ratios Speeds Speeds 1.335 1430 o 1500 ii 56 Tos7 950, s 2250 0 a 2756 40 30 5315 520 23 st 40 20 5.062 30 ies 6.200 200 BB 159 230 1k 5300 0 30 1390 18s 73 13.950, 1s 60 1086 100 30 20.926 o and in phase with the voltage. Effert of Load Wk’ Decreasing tho ficld strength causes the increasing Irtain types of drives are characterized by current to lag, increasing tho feld strength canses the loadfinerta (load Wie), as indicated by Table 18. The increasing current to lead the voltage. In other words, load|inertia which a synchronous motor can accelerate laguing or leading powot factor results. Syachronous ia dpfinitely limited by the thermal eapacity of Sts ‘motors ean therefore be made suitable for power-factor _amottissour winding, correction purposes. Sthaller motors can accelerate relatively higher load ‘The above should not be interpreted to mean that Wic|than larger motors, until a point may be reached any such motor is necessirily suitable for oreration at in tlle very large sizes where the motor may be capable other tharApptoved horRelease’999109/10 : CLARDPBS-00423R0042004500021F-Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDPERIGAPSH001 200459902-F eee Fig. H-56, Besides driving 3000-gpm pumps, these '500-hp synchronous motors improve plant power factor. |As indicated by the NEMA definition of pull-in torque on page 4, the matter of load Wk? has a most important effect on tho pull-in capabilities of gyn chronous motors. Effect of Voltage on Torques Tt must be remembered that all torque values listed are based on full voltage at the motor terminals. Hence, if the voltage at: the terminals is below rated voltage, the starting and pull-in torques should be based on values adjusted to compensate for the xe- in voltage so that the required torques will be obtained with the actual voltage at the terminals. ion exista when reduced-voltage starting is used and/or when the line voltage drops below rated voltage during the starting period. Starting and pullin torques vary approximately 98 ‘the square of the voltage. For example, suppose you have an epplication that requites 100 percent. starting torque (static torque) and 100 percent. pull-in torque. Suppose also that reduced voltage starting on 85 pereent tap and pullin ‘on full voltage is to be used but that line voltage will drop to 95 percent during the starting and pull-in period. You would then require a motor with rated starting and pullin torques as follows __100 085 x0: Starting torque = = 153% rutin tau = 222,» 11% PULL-OUT TORQUE When a synchronous motor is operating at no-load, the individual field poles of the motor have a fixed position with respect to the rovolving magnetic field ‘of the armature. A load applied to the motor develops ‘MOTORS. torque, ‘The increased torque requirement is produced by a backward shift or lng in the position of the field poles with respect to the revolving magnetic field. The ‘motor, howover, still maintains its synchronous specd. ‘The motor dovelops its maximum torque when the ficld poles have shifted backward approximately one- half the distance between adjacent poles. Any further increase in load will cause the motor to pull out of step and stop. ‘The maximum torque that s motor will develop without pulling out of stop is ealled its pull-out torque. ‘Typical pull-out torque roquirements for various SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS TABLE 17A—STANDARD HORSEPOWER RATINGS GENERAL-PURPOSE MOTORS: 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200°, LARGE IHGH-SPEED: 200°, 250, 300, 350, 100, 450, “S00, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, ‘2000, 2250, 2500, 3000, 3500, 1000; 4500, 5000; 5500, 6000; 7000, 8000, ‘5000; 10,00y 11,000, 12,000, 13,000, 14,000, 13,000, 16,000, Ya 10,60," 1800,” 2,000, 22,380, "25,80," 27.00, 40 60, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, atings a= listed above’ for largo ighspeed motors: FAELO pl. “AU OS pf. ‘TABLE 17B—STANDARD VOLTAGES Voltage Approximate Hp Rango—L0 Pf 200, 220 20 — 200 ‘0,530 20 — 1000 "2300 20 — 10000 ‘000 75 — Y000 ‘se00 75 — 20000 600 ‘400 — 30000 15200 1000 — Any TABLE 17¢—STANDARD SPEEDS Speed in ‘Number of Approximate Hp “G0 Cyel Poles Hengeot.0 3600 2 1000 & Larger ia00 ‘ ‘30 = “Sob 130 ‘ 30 — 10000 0 $ 30 — 30000 mo ity 4 — 30000 oa 2 50 — 30000 su it 3 io is io rt i 2 a 2 x0 2 mt 26 Fg 2 0 x0 Bs 3 200 % is ° ie a i 2 im s is 36 1 109 & 0 2 35 % oo * 3 % a 180 — 10000 * * 150 — 10000 Standard speeds for other frequencies will be proportionate oe ; ed ‘above for 80 2 torwApipeGvbd:BohReiswse#990/09/t6!: CIAARDPSS-00423R001200450002-7H-28,, Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450@GHT SYNCHRONOUS ‘MOTORS. [TASTE Te=1VPICAT TORCHUEREGUIREMENTS OF ‘The following, taken inthe ma of various synehtonous motor applications. In individual ees, lower values may be satisfactory or higher val perticular machine and the elfet of loeked-eotor leva on the line voltage APPLICATION Lookod-Rotor (Static) Unloaded” Loedea| 1-CENTRIFUGAL MACIINERY—Dlowers, Compresors, Fans a 33 Blowers, 1 Compremors 1 Fane—(except sintering). - ae “oi Unto dscargeVaveoye Be *Sntrng Toler ener eth open rig meres ; ropa tne Dinar pen Pape Connitugal tarront 40% oe wha ge ae ° i tars ea «win ucharpe ae Sse iced este. 0% eee eee ok : wih arg av op Ee peenieene carey cee : Soop a : Sted ae SO gg ED Pieler eg ‘wis ata pene ee : cork ee 6 ‘oie Wim auenege cea oe cea, ROCK PRODUCTS AND MINING MACHINERY cing Mi At oon soe fl a Compe pele we oe com ot ad tbe mie Ofe ne creer Beaty... 0% Beal train ios os tno Srsony ino nee too m too emer ii tee Pomona tito faces iets -SIETAL. ROLLING MMLIS Strontl end et eping 0% antes ae Piteseccsceen + Me Mercian wins oe mice aap sec dae tos we 50% ae erating ae we Taber 8 ae Shan i ist a ram and const toage Ee from NEMA MG1-89, represont typical ooked-rotor, pullin and pullows torque requ TYPICAL| TORQUE REQUIREMENTS SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR Al CATIONS may bo teceasary, depending upon the characteristics of ent of Fall Load Tongue Max, “Lind Palkia Pullout Wit Unloued "Loaded Ratio capproe) mp6 toas 15:25 z 20-80 0% : 50% 5 100% Ag 100% 150% 10% 150% 0.0% 150% TO-100% 150% : 100% = 50% 60.10% 130% we10% | ae oe inasgee es cron er bo 150% i 1 100% 100% 200-300% 0% 18% a 10% 150% 2 10% 5% 2 0% 8% 5 230% 3 2509% 3 250% ‘ 250% 4 250% 2 250% 3 100% 250% 15-40 vee HOB 1 0% = 178% : 0% 300% 30% 250% 30% 300% 10% 5 230% 40% foe scat 40% - — as0-so0g% 6 40% 2 so0-880% mi 230% 0% = 250% 150% 2509; 1% Pay “0 250: ApprovédéFor Release 1999/09/1! (®S1A-RDPE3-00438i001 20oMb0 102-7-29 foNous. ‘MOTORS. TABLE 18—TYPICAL TORQUE REQUIREMENTS OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR APPLICATIONS—Confinued TYPICAL TORQUE REQUIREMENTS Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00453400 20045 {in Peroont of FullLoad Toraue Max, APPLICATION “od Laocked-Rotor (Sta Palka Purout = Wie Unloaded Unloaded Londed Ratio 4-PULP AND PAPER MACHINERY (Approx) Benters—Standard. : 100% 150% 3 Breaker. ee 15% es 10% 200% 3 | Chippers empty) 0% Es 30% 250% 30-100 Hydeaupalpers. 125% : 135% 130% Jordans (plug out)... 50% a 50% : 150% al Pulp arinders—May 50% a 50% 150% 5 3 or 4 Pochet type. 10% fo 30% 150% ‘ Screenmm—Contrifugal.. a 50% = 100% 130% 1 Vacuum pump: 2 0% 100% 200% 4 ¥ Wood Hogs..-.ss++ : w% ea 0% 100% = 235% » S-RECIPROCATING MACHINERY Blowing Engines. 40% 50% 150% Compressors Ale and ga eee 40% cD 0% on 180% 10 ‘Ammonia (discharge prewures 100 to nee eee 40% eo 30% _ 150% 1 4 Ammonia boosters? Freon. scscsecuscsseeneesereeaes 40% 50% se 150% ‘ Garhon dioxide (with pigton rod diz “tincter of 30% to €0% of piston. Giameter): TSingle-eslinder, double acting... 40-1207 40% 130% 520 ‘Two-cylinder, double acting. 40.90% 40% 130% “a Pumpe—Positive displacement... ‘Started dey. P By-passed... : 150% Eire atin isi a eee a tonne ss ve oe re a ee so ME ORR = ws 5 oe W% 390% 250% 5 3 2 ms rH 3 “= 3 a eee «some ae nance ee STE oe . 150% 125% 150% on eae 1 on a: i & 0% - . 150% eee TOOL Che i an ‘Tove apliations have high inertia, and the WH? of th load may require a motor dasign which exnnot be determined rom te tgrgn tent sor th aplctons tenor manutd alway be ‘Provided with the notual value of the Wit {i ad equo requirements may vary for the individusl machine, ‘The manufacturer should be consulted Fri tora redeem under certain concition; uch aa etarting wrth cold air when rating s based upon normally warm ac, ton le feo am may bo soaratly devon cere Frqu as wi apf te ne ‘the mill manufacturer enguld bo eonsulte , : FH-30 SYNCHRONY EYED For Release 1999/09/10 : Morors Fig, H-57. This pedestal-bearing, 1000-h2, 720-rpm ‘synchronous motor has direct-connected exeiter. synchronous motor applications are given in Table 18. Standard horsepower ratings, voltages anc speeds of synchronous motors are given in ‘Tables 174, B and C. CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS Synchronous motors may be divided into two general classifications: (a) High-speed motors, operating at speeds of 500 rpm or mére, and (b) low-speed motors, having speods below 500) rpm. High-Speed Motors For high-speed synchronous motors, the temperature rise, based on an ambient: temperature of 40 C, normal, conditions of ventilation, and an altitude 0” 8300 fect (1000 meters) or less, will not exceed: Unity power factor motors: Armature... 40 C by thermometer Field. --50 C by resistance Leading power factor motors and all motors having greater than normal torques: Armature, ++)-+-40 0 by thermometer Field. = 60 C by resistance End-shicld bearing construction is generally con- sidered standard up to and including the following ratings; these limitations may be exceoded for certain steady-load applications, such as centrifugal com- Pressors, at speods from §00 to 900 rpm: Hp per Rpm Rpm 10Pf 08 Pf £500 to 900, 10 Lo 1200. 10 os 1800. O7 05 Larger motors aro generally furnished with » base and two pedestal-type bearings. Provision for stator shift (to fe jate inspection and repair of windings) is but can be obtained at slight extra cost in most ratings, except that it is usually impractical in four any sppeveehPor Release 1999/09/10 |-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 eriae . CPYRGHT i Fig. H-58. Rotor for 900-hp, 0.8-pf, 900-rpm lsynchronous motor shows collector ring details. Low-Speed Motors ‘Tho temperature rise for standard low-speed motor C, that is, 10 C highor than for high-speed motor. Hever, the use of motors with this temperature ts ually confined to such applications as reciprocatin jpressors and other non-overloading drives. Motor the same temperature rise as high-speed units ay lable and essential for many types of application as metal rolling mills, ball mills, ete. hield bearing, and pedestal-bearing constructic 8. 54 to 62.) Engine-typo units, which are furnish jout shaft, base or bearings, are widely used fof ications such as reciprocating compressors, Endl ld bearing construction is limited to some smalle igs. Pedestal-bearing construction, with base arf fed for stator shift optional, is available in al sizes, ical Motors tical construction is generally available for most igs and is widely used for pump drives, jently| ‘pm. bieteasetaas aaah yw-specd motors are available in engine-ty ai ~CPYRGHT Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 H-31 ‘MOTORS. a motor raed 4500 hp Fig, HS. Five 3500-p, 11,200. 257-0m ym Fig. H-60. Enclosed synchrono driving roughing stand in eastern steel mill, chronous motors driving’ paper mill pulp Excitation Field excitation should be provided from a souree that is not subject to cireuit interruption. Direct~ connected exciters are preferable for high-speed motors. For low-speed units, belted cxeitors or separate motor-generator sets are recommended, MOTOR PROTECTION Classification of machines by types of mechanical protection and methods of cooling will be found in the definitions on pages 4 to 9. Accompanying illustrations show some of the types applicable to synchronous motors, and Table 19 gives a brief summary of such features. Because synchronous motors aro not built in ratings as small as induetion motors, some types (such, ‘as totally-enclosed non-ventilated construction) are not practical. DATA ON COMPARISON As a further aid to motor solection, the various characteristics of synchronous and induction motors Fig, H-62. Built for cement grinding mill use, this have been summarized in Table 20, synchronous motor is rated 1500 hp, 180 rpm. TABLE 19—SUMMARY OF PROTECTION AND ENCLOSURES—SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS of Approximate Approximate are Tange of Sues Cae Tnerease Application Information Drip-proof All ratings Same as open motor 4 t010% Protection against dripping Tiquaids or falling Splash-proof All ratings wc 6% Protection against deipping i " ‘and splashing lqulds. Enclosed collector All ratings Same as open motor 4.10 30% ‘Used, oth explosive and ‘ings onceaploe Enclosed, forced- All ratings Same as open motor 4 to. 20% Same ns fan-cooled. ‘ventilated Enclosed-self High-speed oc 40% Same as fan-cooled. ‘ventiluced only, ‘Totally-cncloned, 5c 135% Used where abrasive dusty fan-eooled eit, "or corroslyve Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R00{ubuashdti2"7°"H-32 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 ‘SYNCHRONOUS ‘CONDENSERS Synchronous Motors ‘Operates at unity (1.0) power factor with current in. phase with Soiage, of at leading power factor with current Yeading volta Fron, ‘cminentyaikable for power faster eoreaton or t= {the puter supply frequenoy, with whieh the mo‘or it Tsed. The epeod ie eonotant and eannot be changed unless tie frequency is changed (except in the caxe of twospeed motors, ‘which are available in the frger sizes only). ‘Salient poles, an emortiasqur winding, and a field winding with goles stent replacs tho sim cays rotr ofthe adv jon moter. ‘Motor ia started sith the field cieuit closod through w re- str prevent ini trom high voltages do tamsorne mn oxeitation ia removed, on shutting down the motor, fis a coed thro h discharge voltages, soureas eldoin ooours a reastor to protect windings from ‘resent control failure from these ‘Requires a seperate excitet with shunt fold rhoostat, or « motor field rheostat if exeted fro a souree common to several motors. es additional metering aod field switahes on the wi Hoge ccontl Torques ‘Starting, pul-up, pullin, and pull-out torques ample for newly ally of consthntspor ‘pplications are oblainable, igh Speed “motor torques Rav beca andardized. by NEMA for common applications, bug other valu Locked-rotor (testing) current. is. proporticnsl to torque sequirementa, Tt ranges from 380. percent for low-speed, low Ee mre itor 60 potent or mor for espe ‘oan ala be obtained May be designed for stating (1) on full voltage, (2) on reduced ell yeas of au anttranatrer o a rvetn of @) by {he part-indiag method, whieh full voltage 8 applied wuc- ‘emlvly 10 cach of soveral notions of tho stator wing ‘With precentalay contrpls providing at least vome automatic functions, such aa automate field “application, starting has DDecome neariy as simple as for cage motors. Some precautions niust, of course, be observed in selecting the control fr example ‘2molor designed to start $ machine wholly or petally unlonsce fhould not have a control arrange for aulommic eeynehronise~ Hon unlees the driven machine aso haa an automatic unloading " Jeo of standard induction motors, eal aa Pret factor on tbo system. ‘For very lang sacs nt low speeds, auch aa large pump motors rigatlon projects, the aychronous Motor wsually warrants -RDPSS-UU4ZSRUUTZUUAOUUU ZTCPYRGHT 33 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7H-: ‘SYNCHRONOUS ig. H-63. Air-cooled synchronous condenser with ‘wound-roter induction starting motor SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS A synchronous condenser is essentially a synchronous jotor running without load while connected to an lectrical system. From an economie standpoint their is confined to the larger systoms where correction Iues are 1000 kva and over. Theso condensers ean be described as synchronous phase modifiers mning without mechanical load, whose field excitation an be varied so as to modify the powor factor of the pystem, or through such modification to serve as oltage regulators. Fig. 63 shows a 12,500/6250-kva, 160-volt, 900-rpm air-cooled synchronous condenser ith its wound-rotor starting motor. ‘Small condensers are mainly used for their corrective pffect on system power factor, by supplying reactive va to the system. ‘The condenser may be controlled a me es ane rod chery = ie = oo: 7 zs om : 5 Boe: a coos te s FR kg a 07 a Be 90 a as 4 = = Ey 3 ao ee 2 fs EH 5 F i a 7 ie o oe fe fee = ae a ae =e 7 a = fs on ian e 480 rated ‘@ southern steel plant, Fig. H-64. Air-cooled synchrc 25,000/12,500 kv to maintain a given system powor factor, or it may be operated at full leading kvar to supply all or part of the system reactive kva. If the condenser is over- excited it supplies leading kva, and if under-excited it supplics lagging kva, In either case, system losses are reduced, and capacity is released for useful work, Synchronous condensers are also much used for system voltago regulation, This function is especially important on long high-voltage transmission systems ith high line charging capacity and loading, The tia of a synchronous condenser improves the speed regulation and overall stability of the system. The flywheel effect (Wk) enables the condenser to act momentarily as a generator to reduce system dis- ‘turbances eausod by sudden load increase System improvemont deponds upon the inertia ratio FABLE 21A—NEMA STANDARD KVA, SPEED AND VOLTAGES, AIR-COOLED SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS Voltage Rati on ee 600 "2400" 000 11,500 13,800 “This proved For Retease-1999/09/10-t GifoRDR8G+90423R001200450002-7SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS: H-34 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : eRe enna Fig. H-65. Outdoor installation of 40,000/16,800- kva, hydrogen-cooled synchronous condenser. ‘of tho system and the condenser, which is influenced by the size of the condenser. For example, the inertia, constant H ranges from 1.0 for a 5000-kva condenser to 2.0 for a 75,000-kvn condenser, in the ease of ait cooled condensers ratdd at 13,800 volts. Synchronous conderisers are available ia two forms, air cooled, including jndoor and outdoor types, and hydrogen cooled. The construction of the indoor air ‘cooled condensers is very similar to that of an ordinary gynchronous motor. They depend for cooling on the free circulation of air through and back of the core ‘and windings of the stator. Outdoor ai-eooled con- densers may be either seli-ventilated, or they may be totally enclosed, using @ recirculating ventilating sys- tem with coolers in the foundation. Ratings 3,000 va and larger are available in the completely enclosed type. ‘Table 21A gives the NEMA ratings for air-cooled synchronous condenser. Major operating advantages of hydrogen-cooled condensers can bo summarized as follovs. First, the ‘windage loss drops about 90 percent for average operating conditions, with a consequent dop in leading kva lond losses. Second, the higher heat transfer coefficient of hydrogen makes for better output from ‘a given rating, and permits operating under overloads. TABLE 21B—NEMA STANDARD KVA, SPEED AND wainRees wronoceh-coouD smicHTONUs conDEsERs Tralee age Yet Hat Ter THE Sc aco EP TR gs sip» boty “ae wee eed cee: Bee shee BS g & is us B x 3 2 ie 3B x 3 S88 ish Be x 3 eee : 208 Hem 8! x Phaly, ‘maintenance is reduced because damage to insulation from corona-produced ozone is prac- tifally eliminated, and so is overheating caused by the aqeurnulation of dirt in the ventilating passages. \Pig. 65 shows a hydrogen-cooled condenser installed in| @ substation, and Table 21B gives the NEMA ratings of such condensors, Excitation Exciters are usually of the direct connected type. {cases where condensers are sorving as voltage regulators, the condensers must be able to deliver th lagging and leading kvar, possible variations ranging from 40 percent lagging to 100 percent of the Ichding capacity. |An excitation system that acts accurately and rapidly is necessary to obtain a sracoth variation of yar over the entire operating ranges, The system commended for both large air-cooled condensers and hfdrogen-cooled condensers consists of the following juipment: 1, Direct connected stabilized main exciter. 2. Standard motor-operated main exciter field rheo- stat (for manual con(rol in emergencies). 3. Motor driven Regulex exciter set. 4. Static impedance type automatic voltage regu- Inting control, using a saturated transformer and a discriminating ci Starting There are several ways available for starting syn wonous condensers, but reduced voltage starting jom autotransformers is tho ono most commonly ed. Taps are provided for from approximately 20 to ppercont of rated voltage, depending on the require- Jents of the system. As the larger condensers are wided with high pressure lubrication, which reduces e breakaway torque, most machines ean be started ith no more than full load line current when auto- fansformers are used Tf minimum starting kva is desirable for any reason, direct connected woune-rotor induetion motor can, ‘used. ‘The motor is designod with two poles less than he condenser in order to aceclerate the latter to nnehronous speed, and the condenser is synchronized ith the power supply in the same manner as a syn" \ronous generator. The motor and control are usually lased on a starting time of about 2-1/2 minutes for f 5000-kva condenser, and up to § minutes for the ger sizes. casper were Gondensers as Power Factor Correctors ‘The application and effect of a synchronous con-| lenser for power factor correction can probably be| jest shown by taking a concrete example. ‘This case is| is hs BUBPOVER PRERGIGASS TOSSTOSMY': ClANRDR83.00423R004200450002-P improveApproved For Release 1999/09/10 : C1A-RDPEESEBER001 200459002, 4-35 (NOUS: the power factor of a 300-kw system operating at 0.75 pf. "The first step is to express the components of the system as shown in Fig. 66. 4 264.5 kvar- a 300 Kw 3 Fig. H-66. Vector presentation of a system dolivering 300 kw at 0.75 power factor. a g Ke & z & A300 RWTENERGY COMPONENT B Fig. H-67. Determination of condenser ouput needed Teraice power facor fom O75 10.0 ia cy 8 8 \s ee 30 32 Ls & PF=0.034 “ 300 RW 3 Fig, H68._ Effect of adding @ 1504va synchronous ‘Approwetinko! Using the equation pt = EY and solving for kva In Pig. 66 lino AB equals 300 kw, Since kvar is always at right angles to kw, the perpendicular BH is crocted at Bon AB, With A as a conter, and a radius equal to 400 kva an are is desoribed that cute BILat C. ‘The tiangle ABC shows graphically the total kva (AC) of the gonerator, its energy component (AB) and tho wattless component (BC), which is 264.5 kvar. The triangle also shows the phase relation betwoen AB and AC: angle A. This angle need not be determined be- i casts cite (28) eqn dn power for, 07 kw 8 the next stop, using the same equation pf = =~ As the next step, using equation pt = ‘and assuming that a power factor of 0.9 is desired, solving for kva shows that the system must be altered so that it delivers only 333.3. kva (ive as) ‘Then using tho triangle already developed, with A as ‘ center, and 933.3 kva as a radius an are is deseribed that cuts BC at I (Fig. 67). By scale, or otherwise, BE = 1452 kvar, and EC = 1193 ‘kvar. ‘Therefore, a synchronous condenser with an output ‘of 119.8 kva at zero pf leading would correct the system power factor to 0.9. ‘Yo take another phuse of the problem, assume that it is desired to find out what the effect would be of adding a 150-kva condenser; 150 kvar is Inid off on line CB. The value of AK ean be found by scale measurement, or by solving the triangle; ABK, to be B2L.1 kvar. (Fig. 8.) j pane The resultant power factor is 355-5 DIRECT-CURRENT MOTORS Direct-current motors are used for applications that require continuous operation under fairly constant oad (such as fans, blowers, line shafting) in plants having direct-current rather than alternating-current power service, In addition, they are used for applica tions such as machine tools when fine speed adjustment, and other characteristics of de motors are so necessary that the cost of conversion equipment is warranted when the souree of electrical power supplies alternating, current. Direct-ourrent motors are divided into threo elasses: series, shunt and compound wound. These terms refer to tho relationship of tho connections between the armature and fields. Each type is explained briefly below, while Table 22 on page 36 provides a ready ‘comparison of the applications and operating char = 0.08.4, jeaeer1999/09/10 : CIACRP83-00423R001200450002-7H-36 approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450062YRGHT _ moraR! TABLE 22—COMPARISON OF GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MOTORS Series Motors Whore sped can be regulated and where igh wlarting torque is-nocesury”” Car retarding, ection ear diinpers, holt, tc, High. Varies as aquaro of voltage, Limited byveommutation and. heating, voltage applied to” armatt Pull-Out Tor Limited by commutation and High. Limited by com heating Zero to maximum, ecofding to. load find controle ct varies Invrsly with the load, Hes on ligne Youd ad ful voltage TABLE 23A—STANDARD HORSEPOWER RATINGS —_— SE —Dc MOTORS: Shunt Motots Wrere starting eonditions an whore oonslant or a Starting To Good. Constant Geld, vas Compound Motors ave not justable spend Requirol whore high starting torave Combined with firly constant specs frovesnry. "Convey, plunger pumps sclng rly pcs presses elevators (Genre, Shed hobs ote Bioware, con” Speed Contrpl Any’ range dosied, ae molar and Sytem Speed Regula Varies with sing and ape 198 pureant Close rap wt special contr (CENERAL-PURPOSE MOTORS: 1/2 3/4, 1, 1-1/2, 2, 3, 5, T-1/2, 10, 15, 20, 25, 0, 40,50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, LARGE MOTORS: 250,|300, 350, 490, 500, ¢00, 700, 300, ‘900, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2280, 2500, 000, 3500, 4000, 4506, 5006, 5500, 6000, 7000, 2000; 8 directly as Higher than for shunt motors, aaconding bre to amount of eompounding. fautation and High. Timited by commutation and tg ing to ype of Any rang desea according to type of motor and contra ange from 2 Drops 7 to 25 peroant from no load to mv evainae ful a assorting to pe of tor and. cont RIES MOTORS 1 armature and fields of the series motor are nected in scrios (Fig. 69), and the speed of the {tor varies inversely with the load; that is, the speed froases as tho load decreases. ‘This is due to the change in fiold strongth with changee of current in the TABLE 23B—STANDARD VOLTAGES—DC MOTORS field cousod by the load on the motor. Voltage ‘Approximate Hp Range ‘or this reason, @ series motor should never be us ee sphlled to a drive which can become unloaded. Ta 3 aa 8 eral &strics motor should be diret-oupled to ite a == ua Toni, for with full voltage applied snd without load, itaopced inorenes to tho destruction point TABLE 23C—STANDARD SPEEDS—-DC MOTORS Speed in Roa Approximate Hp Range sinfat winding of sufficient strength to prevent the 00 nA mofor reaching dangerous speod but not materially ise ging its series characteristic. SHUNT MOTORS 1 ‘The armature and fields of the shunt motor are 1 confiected in “shunt” or parallel (Fig. 70), and the ab spel of the motor is practically constant. This is ue 2 to the constant strength of the fied. nl fodifications of the shunt motor include a small 250 serif winding of sufficient strength to assure a drooping woh spetd characteristic over a fold weakoning range. 7090 ‘This type of motor is commonly called a slabilized 00 shujt motor. Connections aro the seme as shown for 250 con}pound-wound motors. 3 a COMPOUND MoTORS im ‘the compound-wound motor has both series and B00 shuht windings (Fig. 71), resulting in the characteristics ne of th svos and Shunt moter That provider starting torque and constant speed. The exact Thee abil etal RRENS0 6 GiAeRERES-00423ROOAZOGABVOGREA wil lnCPYRGHT 1-37 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R0012004500Q2-7,oroRs #69. d armature relationship in @ -wound de motor. H-70, Field and armature relationship i shunt-wound de motor. Fig. H-71. Field and armature relat ‘compound-wound de moter. nship in a depend upon the relationship of the series and shunt fields. ‘Standard horsepower ratings, voltagos and speeds of| direct-current motors are given in Table 23. Fig. H-73. Fiold yoke roady for insertion of special ‘compensating winding in pole fa MOTOR PROTECTION Classification of machines by types of mechanical protection and mothodls of cooling will be found in the dofinitions on page 4. Illustrations on pages 5 to 9 show ‘the construction employed for various types, and Table 24 gives @ briof summary of such features. This, table shows (a) the approximate range of ratings in which each type i built, (b) the maximum temperature rise for Class A insulated machines, (c) the approximate inereaso in cost over the standard open type, and (@) application suggestions. TABLE 24—SUMMARY OF PROTECTION AND ENCLOSURES—DC MOTORS 5 of Approximate Temperatere Ente bia Be is Drlp-proot Al sien woe p-proo we Protected At aa oe BE Drip proof, Att sizes sc Tei protected BE Splash-proot Al sien we BE AM sires we Al ate we “Totally-encloned: seated Yate 15 np Pamcled Vita ue Approximate Cost Taerense Application Taformation Protection against do TRautle or Yalling perics, Protection against metal chips in “manchine shops, ete. 2% wisinm watotor 5%, Combines above features 12 t0'20% 810 150% Protection 16 to 21% splashing 9 015% Same as totally-enelosed. 15 10.30% Samo as totally-enclosed. 35 v0 110%, Uned where abrasive dusty dirt, 35 to 90%, (rity or corrosive fumes are too Severe for open motors, otal Working plants, foundries, ma Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423ROU"ZU04%50002-7YRGHT 1-38 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : Cl -RDP83-00423R001200%50088-7 De Mort EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE VARIATION Direct-current systems, like alternating-current: ays tems, are subject to variations in voltage above or below the rated value. Standard-voltage motors will, operate successfully, but not necessarily in aecordance with standard gusranteds, at voltages 10 percent above or below the nameplate stamping. ‘Table 25 shows the gonoral effects of operating shunt and compound-wound inotors at voltages above and below normal. ADJUSTABLE-SPEED CONTROL In many plant operations adjustablo-speed control is, essential to production efficiency and product quality. In metal-working shops, rubbor mills, pape mills, and textile finishing plants, for example, the advantages of having operating speeds that can be exactly ad- jiusted to suit the dimensions, materials and conditions that. affoct quantity and quality of production can hardly be overemphasized. Where de power is available, obtaining adjustable speed presents few diffgulties, for de motors have the characteristics most desirable for adjustable-speed service. And a wide yarioty of control equipment makes it possible to select a suitable drive for prac- tically any application ‘Where only the more widely used 3-phase ac power is available adjustable-specd oporation is not as readily obtainable, but neither js it impossible of attainment. In either case, it is imnportant not to overlook the fact that selection of satisfactory methed of speed control, when required, can quickly pay for itself with even a slight increase in daily output. Following is a summary of the principal methods available for plants having direct curront and for those limited to alter- nating current: Test assembly of shuntfield controlled lrawing mack 30/40-hp de motor |. Shunt-field control. Armature control. Combined shunt-field and armature control. |. Variable-voltage control. Alfernating-Current Plants Wound-rotor induction motors. ‘Multi-speod induction motors. Use of conversion equipment to provide de power. Page 11-48, Variable-pitch V-belt drives. ‘Magnetic or hydraulic: couplings. SHUNT-FIELD CONTROL fariation in the speed of a shunt-wound or stabilized shupt-wound motor is obtained by inserting an ad- just Thi spe TABLE 25—EFFECTS OF VOLTAGE VAI lable resistor in the shunt-field circuit of the motor. provides adjustablespeed control because the «d of the motor varies inversely with the strength. RIATION ON DC MOTORS STANDARD SHUNT MOTORS Voltage Peoont Starting Vertation EFFICIENCY Fal Maxima, Mason ‘rom Foal | Full Load unning” Overload” ‘Temperature Rise, Normal Full oad 789 Load 60% Lond Speod | Current Torqus Cepantyy "Ball sed 10% low SlighulyTower) Nochange StightlyMigher 5% |+Us1/2% 16% “16% Main Gold high snd armature higher. 10% high Slightly higher Nochange Slightlylower 45% |—81/2% 415% +15% and armature lower. 20% high Slightly highee Nochange Stightiylower +0% |-I7% 430% +90% ‘Mam fl aber snd armature lower. STANDARD COMPOUND-WOUND MOTORS 10% low Slightly lower, Nochange Slightly higher —6% |+11-1/2% -16% —16% 1O%igh Slightly higher Nochange Slightlylower 46% |—8-/2% +159 HIS Maim field her znd armature lower. 29% high Slightly highey No chango Slightly lower +1296 |—I7% 40% 100% Main field ber Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R00120048B0UH%7 lover.CPYR Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-ROPSS.00423R001209459003¢ at TONTROT: Fig. H-75. Variable-voltago and shuntfield control fare used for 600-hp, flywhecl-type tube-mill motor. of the fields, ‘That is, the stronger the fields the lower the speod; as the fields are weakened the speod in- crenses. ‘As the strength of the field is decreased, the torque delivered by the motor also decreases; but sinee the speed inereases proportionately, the horsepower output ‘of the motor would be expected to remain constant, However, due to inereased ventilation at the highor speods, the horsepower capacity will actually be slightly more than at the low speeds. This increase in capacity can be used to advantage in providing an ‘economical drive. ‘The efficiency is relatively high at all speods, and the speed regulation from no-load to full-load ean be held within close limits, Motors with speed ranges of 4 to 1 are regularly supplied, and ranges of 6 to 1 are sometimes practicable, The limitation to the speod increase is the ability of the motor to carry the load at the high speeds without sparking. ‘Compound-wound motors are sometimes used for this method of speed adjustment, but the results are not as satisfactory as with shunt or stabilized shunt- wound motors. When the compound-wound motor has its shunt fields weakened to too great an extent, it more nearly approaches the characteristics of the scries motor—with the inherently poor speed regulation of the series type. ARMATURE CONTROL Speod control using this method is obtained by inserting a variable resistor in the armature cireuit. ‘Ashunt-wound motor is generally used. Speeds obtained fare below the normal motor speod, and the horsepower output decreases direetly with the specd. Armature control is not usually employed for spocd reductions greater than 50 percent bolow normal: The efficieney of ‘the motor is reducod at the low specds, and the spocd regulation, while satisfactory at the high specds, becomes poor as the specd decreases. ‘Nevertheless, tho armature control method ean be 30-hp motor also has joltage and shunt-fleld control. Fig. 1-76, Planer drive wi combined variabt isso small that the low efficiency is not important, and where a constant-horsepower output with elose speed regulation is not required. This system is frequently used for fans and blowers, especially where the unit ‘operates at the low speods for only a few hours « day. ‘By using a compound-wound motor itis possible to obtain better starting characteristics for heavy loads than with the shunt-wound motor; but because! ‘of poor speed regulation, adjustment should be limited to about 30 pereent below normal. Series-wound motors are occasionally used with armature control for adjustablespeed service. OF course, with this type of motor, increased load will result in decreased specd, and decreased load will result in increased specd. ‘Their principal use is for hhoisting machinery in which some Tord is always present. While the load is being lifted, the speed can be adjusted fairly closely by regulating the amount of resistance introduced into the eireuit. Series motors are useful where heavy starting loads aro involved, sines tho torque developed is, up to the stalling point of the motor, determined by the load imposed. COMBINED SHUNT-FIELD AND ARMATURE CONTROL Combined shunt-field and armature control provides a wider speed range than can be obtained by either ‘system alone. ‘The speed is reduced below normal by armature control and inereased above normal by ficld control. Such a combination is used on printing presses, fans, blowers, and similar applications. That is, it is used where low speeds without close regulation are required at timos but with most of the operation above normal, since the efficiency by ficld control is much better than by armature control, VARIABLE-VOLTAGE CONTROL ‘As the name implies, this method makes use of the fact that the specd of the motor will vary in direct proportion to the voltage of the current supplied to the used ‘ApprovetiFor Reteasd4Qeso9te’ CLAPREPESDOAPRAUTZDTAEUUOIEZ "Oe *H-40, GHT abwusABRTAVES For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450662-RC CONTROL ‘smooth, gradual inereaso in speed is neaded-—over a wider range than cari usually be obtained by other mothods. In its simplest form this system consists of (a) an adjustable-speed de motor, (b) a motorrenerator set to supply the powor—at variable voltago--to drive the ‘motor, and (©) a constant-potential sousce of direct current for exciting the fclde of both the adjustable- speed motor and the motor-generator set. generator. ‘The armature of the generator is connected elec trically to the armature of the adjustable-spoed motor, Since the motor has its fields separately excited at a Pormanent flux value, its spood will bein direet propor. tion to the voltage supplied by the gevorator, ‘The torque imparted to the motor armature will remain practically constant at all times. Thus the horsepower output of the motor will vary with the rotor speed, being greatest at the highest speed. Spoed control is just as simple as for shunt-feld control. Tt is accomplished with a field rheostat in the shunt fiold of the generator. Speeds of 10 to 1 are frequently used, while a 15 to 1 of even 20 to 1 range may be obtained under favorable circumstances, Speed regulation is at its best at the higher speeds; at the lowest speeds itis close enough to be satiafactory for most applications. The efficiency at high speed is not as high as with other forms of control; low speed the effcioney is higher than with armature eantrol but, lower than with shunt-field contro. It is more economi ‘al in the use of power than either of the other two methods. Approved For Relesgé 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDPESUOAASROO ‘Motor field weakening: above hase speed may be iployed along with variable-voltage control to pro ide a very wide specd rango of de motor operation. The variable-voltage system can, be used in both and de plants. When usod on alternating current, je generator is usually driven by a squitrel-cage Huction motor; larger sets may be driven by syn- ironous motors, and flywheel sets for reversing hoist metal rolling mill motors are driven by wound- ‘or motors. Excitation is usually provided by an itor direct-connected to the motor-generator set. For the smaller horsepower drives, the last few have seen increasing use of electronic tubes to Hify alternating current to direct current to power motors. See Section Q. A wide raotor speed range ry be obtained by varying tho output voltage of the rer tubos. Fxcitation for the field of the motor is (0 obtained from electronic tubes. In addition, by itably controlling the power tube output, motor It PP compensation may be obtained, providing very gopd motor speed regulation even at very low speeds. ‘Tale 26 gives a summary of the principal methods of ‘sped control. 2 su METHODS DISCUSSED ELSEWHERE Phe use of wound-rotor and multi-speed squirrel-cage ‘ora is discussed in the section on induction motors ages 20 and 21, respectively). Equipment, for Wverting alternating current to direct current is disfssed in various sections of this. book, including ‘the preceding section on variable-voltage control and & subsequent section on motor-generator sets, ce TABLE 26. SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL METHODS OF SPEED CONTROL Range of 5 Speed Torque Hip Ratings Rite Regilstion Charneteistios Remarks Vahp deo, Can be held Reduction of Most frequently used of all fand larger sometiones Shin chan! forque as speed "for de" adjustable-specd stot Timtte. increases. ‘motors. Armature Velie 201 Satisfactory a] Horsepower de Used prinoipally for smaller ‘control and larger Thigh specdn| ‘crearen direeily 08 wo good Sth speed at low specdh. ‘ombined 1/2} Sto See above Used where most operation shunt-fild and larkor Tistings. Will” be” above "normal and armature peed. contrat ariable 1k tow, Torque remains Requires. separate motor and later eomotirven ‘constant. ‘generator set ‘Bor 30 tet Prouna. 3/4 bp tol Poor at reduced Horsepower de- High starting torques; low ‘motor and larger ‘speed frees wiih" eifielenclecs Tae Speed. peed V2 bp 2wl, Same as single} Constant horse- Gives 2,3, oF 4 fixed speeds, ‘motor and lather Seon, ‘speed motor. ‘Power, constant except when woundecotor T2ETESO02-7Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDPS3200AGSHO01 2004500927, 4. Fig, H-77. Geared turbine-driven, 250-kw, 312-kva, 1200-rpm synchronous generators. GENERATORS ‘The rapid growth of powor-goncrating central sta- tions and power-transmission systems has provided industry with an abundant supply of electrie power. Development of water power, which accounts for about 25 percent of the total, and refinements in the dosign of steam-generating equipment have resulted in the production of power at remarkably low ost. Since utilities generate powor with largo and con- sequently more efficient units, purchased power is economically satisfactory for most industrial purposes. However, there are casos where industry finds it desirable to generate its own powor: Whoro steam is, essential in manufacturing processes, it may be ad~ vantageous to install a non-condensing turbine-genora- tor unit. In some locations, the advantages of large-scale generation may ho unobtainable; on shipboard it is ‘obviously impossible, If continuous operation is impera- tive, it may be essontial to provide standby power. ‘Tho advantages and disadvantages must be carefully weighed, both from the standpoint of cost: and manu- facturing efficiency. If the decision favors power generation, the selection must be made between alternating current and direct current. ‘There are fields where only direct current will meot the requirements, such as extra-wide speod range or severe accelerating or reversing duty. For most ap- plications, alternating current is satisfactory, since suitable performance can usually be obtained with ac ‘motors and control, and there are many ficlds in which alternating current is the only suitable choice. ALTERNATING-CURRENT (SYNCHRONOUS) GENERATORS Synchronous generators are genorally divided into ‘three groups, as follows 1, Two-pole, 3600-rpm (60-eyele) gonorators diroet= H-41 TORS. ‘GENERAL 1. 1-78. Horizontal hydraulic-turbi "3000-kva, 720-rpm synchronous get 2, High-speod gonorators, operating at 500 to 1800 rpm. 3, Low-specd generators, operating at less than 500 xpm. As the problems involved in the selection and operation of two-pole turbine-gonoratons are so closely related to those of the steam turbine, it has been considered advisable not to attempt to deseribe this class of equipment here. ‘The following information applies to Groups 2 and 3 only. AC Generator Ratings Alternating-eurrent. gonorators are rated at the loud they are capable of carrying continuously without cexcoeding their temperature guarantees. Hach rating is expressed in kilovolt-amperos available at the terminals at 0.8 power factor. Standard ratings for 0.8 pi lagging generators are shown in Table 27A, B and ©. Fig. 1-79. diypprOVerFSP'RElease 1999/09/10 : CIA-REPBSDIFZSRODPZOASUD ET Dieseldriven engine-type, 1875-kw,CPYRGHT H-42 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 « AC GEN TABLE 27A—STANDARD KILOWATT RATINGS— SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS TABLE 27B—STANDARD VOLTAGES— SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS ‘The following are NEMA listings for 60,50 an 25-0yee, 08 Voltage Appeoximato Kya Range—0.8 Pf power Inet Tagging, polyphase aynchronoos generators exe 120 Up to 30 Bluse of tarbinodnveny wptarsw! and inductee apuchronous a Upwear agonernios. ip to ars I 400, 600 63 — m3 ae Hee Kw Ke 2400, 2500 25 and larger 15 1 350-200 3500 4160 625 and larger 25 12250 ae) ‘300 OTE: Tigher voltsgs (4390, 6000, 11,300, and 13,800 is 330 S00 —vohe) aro avalible, at additional east, for large generals so 400 000 es 50 7000 TABLE 27C—STANDARD SPEEDS—-SYNCHRONOUS 00 oe ‘GENERATORS. 700 0000 s ss Ispeed in tpm —-Nualcr of Approximate Xva ror ne bros ‘eo Cycle) Poles Range 08 Pr 135960 15000 ar 13501000 20000 ba 5 eats @s % ae aee oe 1200 ‘ 125 — 125 15 oo uns 1500 50000 900 3 ie) sa 15 2181750 ‘5000 20 10 313 — 135" 100 2300 3000 ‘0000 ooo 2 a3— 136 1a zz 2350 50000 sit u 33 it 130 31233500 0000 450 6 Bs 219° 175 3750 3000 400 6 13 - “The standard specs for this rating shal be 600 t0 1800 rpin, 360 2 ws —| 8 incl = 2 ws —|% 300 Fr w —|y For standard generators, the temperature rise, based at 2% ws —{F fon an ambient temperature of 40 C; narmal eonditions ar 2 ms — | of ventilation, and an altitude of 3800 feet (1000 meters) Es » aa or less, will not exceed al se ww _]2 Armature (stator) 50 C by thermometer, or 10 0 wr —|¥ 60 C by temperature 168 “ wm —| & detector is a ion Field (rotor) +50 C by thermometer, or ia Ps 60 C by resistance 120 o 108 66 AC Generator Construction 100 2 High-speed generators are usually shaft and bearings for toupled duty. Ends struction is, in general, standard for the sraallr sizes, while pedestal-bearing construction is available for the larger ratings. Engine-type and beltdriven generators are also available in the high-speed range. For speeds below 500 rpm, engine-type generators are commonly furnished (Fig. 80); that is, the shaft, bearings and baso are supplied by the engine builder. Sole plates for the stator are, however, included at standard equipment with engine-type generators. When required, two-béaring coupled-type or three- bearing belted-type generators can be furnished in the Tow-epood ratings Generator field rheostats aro normally furaished with aac generators, but may be omitted under the following ciroumstanees: 1. When the generator is excited from its own individual esciter and the excitor is weed for no other purpose. (Fot operation without a yenorator field theostat, the exeiter must be of the stabilized type, stable down’ to tho voltage corresponding to the fold voltage required by the generator at ngjpproved For Release 1999/09/10 : Cli other exciters When certain forms of automatic voltage regula- tors (which have theostats or their equivalent contained in the mechanism) are used. #80. RDI Stator and rotor assemblies fora large 100002 -7 ifCPYRGHT Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7H-43 ‘AC GENERATORS ‘economy on this low-speed ac generator. ‘The recommended practico is to include generator field rheostat, as the same refinement of voltage control, cannot be expected when the rheostat is omitted. Exeiters Direct-connected exciters (Fig. 82) aro preferable for high-speed genorators, Standard eonstruetion provides for overhanging the exciter armature on the gonerator shaft, with the field frame supported from the generator end-shicld or by an extension of the generator base. Cecasionally, two-bearing coupled-type exciters are used. Belted exciters, either V-belt or flat-belt driven, are commonly used for the low-spood generators. Parallel Operation Successful parallel operation of ae generators driven by steam or intornal-combustion engines is dependent upon the following: 1, Laminated-polo gonerators must be equipped with damper windings when one of the prime movers is an intemal-combustion engine. 2. The spood characteristics of the prime movers rust be similar so that thore will be a proper division of load. 3. The governors of the prime movers must be dosignod and adjusted to prevent: hunting, with interehango of power between the generators 4, The value of tho flywheol effect of the units in parallel must be such that: (a) ‘The varying turing effort of the engine docs not produce tore than 0.5 to 0.6 percent variation in apood ‘when the unit is operating alone. (b) The natural frequencies of oscillation of the units are far enough from the impulse frequencies so that objectionable oscillations are not set up; usually 20 percent difference Detweon impulse and Fig. H-82. Small, high- has direct-conn synchronous generator! ‘overhung exciter. Impulse frequencies are: four-eyele engines—| ‘one-half the epovd of the engine and any multiple| thereof; two-eyele engines—the speed of the engin and any multiple thercof. For any given unit the natural frequency, at which the generator rotor tends to oscillate, ean be changed by changing the flywheel effect. Successful parallel operation calls for cooperation between the engine and gonorator builders, The genera tor manufacturer can bo of sssistanee by furnishing. technical information and by providing the requisite flywheol effoct in the generator, Voltage Regulation When an ae generator is furnishing power to steady ond, both its speed and voltage remain constant. Any suddon inereaso in load, such as might be caused by starting a largo motor, will affect both voltage and speed. The effect on tho voltage is an instamtancous drop, the extent of which dopends on the magnitude of the load change and tho inherent characteristies of the generator. After this instantancous drop, further nd more gradual decrease takes place ‘before the automatic voltage regulator can act to bring back normal voltage by strengthening the generator field, ‘Tho subsequent riso in voltage is more gradual than the drop, duc to the rogetanco of the fiold windings (rmagnetio inertia) of the exciter and main generator rather than the time required for the voltage regulator to act Should there be a sudden reduction instoad of an {nereaso in load, there will be a sudden zise in voltage followed by a gradual decroase to. normal Such voltage fluctuations duo to chango of load are nulapprovediForReledse 1999/09/10 : ChIROPSS-00428ROG120045000287 presentH-44 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CI4-RDP83-00423R001200450002¢pyRGHT AC GENERATORS That can provent ham, The degree of voWage Mrctaa= tion will depend on: 1. Kva capacity and pf rating of the generator. 2, Inkerent regulation of the generator. 8, Kva and pf of the load change. 4, Kwa and pf of the load the generato; when the load change occurs. Ii the above data is available, itis possible to ealeu- late the amount of the resulting voltage change and thereby determine the effect on the quality of the service. Tn general, voltage disturbances are caused by two classes of applications: 1. Starting and stopping of motors or other power loads, particularly: a) Alternating-current elevator motors—for both passenger and freight service. b) Pump and compressor motors started and stopped frequently by automatie startors con- trolled by pressure or liquid levels. ©) Crane and hoist motors. 4) Drives requiring frequent reversal of motors. ©) Motors using full-voltage starting—particu- larly high-speod motors. ) Induetion or eloctrie-are furnaces. ®) Spot welders. 2. Variation in motor londs, such as: a) Air or refrigeration compressors with auto- ‘matic loading and unloading devices. b) Punch presses and similar machines with intermittent loads. ©) Compressors with insufficient flywheel effect. ‘Voltage fluctuations must be given part-cular atten~ tion in the case of hotels, apartments, clubs, schools, libraries, office buildings, hospitals, and other places here reading or close work ealls for stesdy lighting, Even a 2volt drop will cause an observable flicker in 120-volt lamp, and the degree of ficker will inerease with greater voltage drop. Of course, how objectionable the flicker is depends to some extent on its frequency. In considering the degroe to which voltage fluctuation may be tolerated, there are several classes of equipment ‘other than lamps which require unusually good voltage regulation: X-ray equipment. Motion-picture sound projectors. ‘Teletype machines, is carrying Continuous-tube seam welders ‘Magnetic brakes on ‘some elevator motors may set if the voltage drops more than 10 or 16 percent. In genoral, moter control requires a voltege drop of 40 to 60 percent to shut down motors under their CTT FERN A MTT POT] 5 PERCENT WT Selection of AC Genorators Tho intelligent soloction of ae generating equipment to moot the necds of a particular installation fully and ecduomically requires mature engincering judgment bafed on experience and on complete information about the amount and character of the loads to be carried. fucluded in this information should be: amount of lighting load; amount of power load and its average polvor factor; number and sizo of motors, with details of eontrol showing whothor across-the-line or reduced voltage starting is used and the frequency of starting; ff voltage fluetustion that can be tolerated; lodd curve showing the variation of total load through uf the day and night. Because of the limited eapacity cf smaller systems cofapared to large central-station systems, the question of|votiage fluctuation is of great importance. Ii con- sideration of the class of service indicates that the prpbable voltage fluctuations would be objectionable, cobsideration must be given to: Reduction of motor starting currents through the use of reduced-voltage starting of squirrel-cage motors, or even further by the use of wound- rotor motors. ‘Use of flywheel m-g sets for part of the loud—for cushioning the frequent starting of elevator motors, for example, . Use of separate generators for lighting and for power |. Use of generators with better than standard regulation, Load curves are required to permit the determination of|the number and size of units which will provide efilcient operation at times of light load, to provide sufficiont standby eapacity for emergencies, and to allow pefiodie inspection and cleaning. ay full data is not alzoady available, it ean fre- quently be obtained from a study of monthly power bills, Demand charges will give the peaks to supplement avprage load data, and in many eases power factor dafa will also be available. These figures will, however, ushially have to be supplemented by readings from retording or indicating wattmeters and ammeters. ff such readings cannot be obtained, the various imgtor loads may be tabulated, and the lighting load my be estimated from the number and wattage of Jajaps and their usual hours of use. in plants not already electrified, the required data ‘esh be obtained to some extent from engino indicator esfde, by comparison with similar plants which have bebn cloctrifiod, and from figures obtainable from the ~“Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00478R0G#200450002-7 H-45 ‘AC GENERATORS TABLE 28—INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR SELECTING ‘AC GENERATORS GENERAL, ‘Type of estar Cie, coup eld). Quantity . To be driven by, — Kiva... Pfs. Rpm... Phase... Cycles... Voltage ‘Ambient temperature. ..-.,..C Temperstane rise Cass of insulation: Armature (stator)...... Field (eotot). Is special insulation treatment required? ae ‘Aro damper windings required? Excitation......volts de. Type of exter Special characteristics (special efiioncias, ote.) ‘MECHANICAL FEATURES Protection or enclosure (dtip-proof, aplash-procf, ete.) Namber of bearings........ ‘Type of bearings Coupling (half, whole, none)........ Sole plates ngino type: Ts aft to ho proated into rotor?,. Tnsplit stator required? ..... Split rotor?.....» Split bab? LOAD DATA Division of lond (motor, lighting, to) Voltage regulation required. . ‘Mako and typo of voliage regulator, a used. Will generator run in parallel with other generators? Treo, give mako and kind : Motive power of other generators fe tre ny formal epcicaton Additional information... While the foregoing material does not provide a means for solving spocifie problems, it docs indicate the importance of providing complete information to the builders of the power generating equipment. Where consulting engineers draw up specifications, these will usually give all of the required information. A brief outline of the information required will be found in Table 28 DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATORS. The standard kilowatt ratings of standard diroet- current. generators and the approximate kw ranges available at the various standard spoeds are indicated in Table 29. These speods are approximately the same as for 60-cycle synchronous gencrators so that the de machines can be used with the same prime movers. Speeds of generators direct-connected to internal- combustion engines may range from 164 ypm for a 5000-Kw unit to 1200 rpm er moro for a 25 or 50-kw unit, ‘The lower speeds listed were originally set up for the once popular Corliss-type steam engine, Vertical multi-cylinder steam engines may have speeds up to 500 or 600 rpm in moderate capacities, Since steam turbinos perform most economically at high speeds, they are usually geared to de generators with the maximum permissible speeds for the kw and voltage ratings required. TABLE 29A—STANDARD KILOWATT RATINGS —DC GENERATORS GENERAL-PURPOSE GENERATORS AND EXCITERS: 1, Te1/2, 2 5, 7-1/2, 10,15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100, 125, 150, LARGE GENERATORS: 175*, 200, 250, 300, 350°, 400, 500, 600, 700%, 750, 800%, 900%, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 250%, 2500, 3000, 8500, 4000, 4500, 5000, “Available only at the low spends, TABLE 29B—APPROXIMATE KW RANGES AT STANDARD SPEEDS AND VOLTAGES—DC GENERATORS 125 Vales 250 Volta 00 Volts Gonora-Purpone Geoora-Par Standard Speed in ‘Generators Lace Generators ‘args ‘tom snd cers Genorttore and Exelers Gonerntons ig 1800-1750" wo 150 = 4 t0 150 = — 1200-1150" ts io 200 to 250 to150 200 t0 950 200 to 500 300-850" i130 300 t0 300 18 150 Bote 750 200t0 750 720-700 1 0150 200 to 500 1 to150 200 to 1250 200 to 1250 Go0-535° 1 to130 200 to Gon 1 tis. 4300 to 1350 200 to 1330 514-300 1 to130 200 to 1000 1 wis. 300 to 1380 200 to 3500 Low-Speed 450 2 wigs 150 to 1000, 2 toa 150 to 2000 200 to 2500 00 2 toto 125 to tooo 2 tol 125 to 2000 200 to 2500 360 2 toi 135 to L000 2 wiv 125 to 2300 200 to 3300 an 2 e's 100 to 1000 2 wes 110 to 2500 200 to 4000 300 2B 100 to 1000 2 wi 100 to 2000 200 t0-4500 27 ie 100 to 1000 Seis 10 to 3000 200 to 4500 Bt wis 100 to 1000 ies 10 to 3300 200 to 5000 20 5 eo "73 to 1000 Bo 3 %0 3500 200 to S000 25 5 0 @ 75 to 1000 5 tw 75 wo 3500 200 to 5000 200 5 wo 75 t0.1000 5 to 73 wo 3500 ie ito $0 $0 t0 1000 iy to 50 $0 to 3500 et wt 50 to L000 "te 10 50 to 3500 150 10 0 4 50 to 1000 10 0 40 50 to 3500 138 1 to 2 50 to 1000 1 to 4 50 to 300 13 10 to 3 50 to 1000 10 to 3 40 to 3500 200 to 5000 “Aprliesa eH POVEUEPOP RETASY TS9S/0SITG : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7H-46 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423K00%260450002-7 DC GENERATORS el-driven 1700-kw, 327-pm, engine-type ditect-current generator. Standard voltages arp 125, 250 and 600 volts for 2wire unite 125/250 volts for 3-wire units. Special voltage generators are) procurable, but the cost is usually higher beeausg of the added development, oxponse. Standard open-type eneral-purpose gerserators are rated 40 C rise for fulload continuous duty. However, when operated at rated voltage and speed they will carry continuously 1.15 times the rated load without injurious temporature tise, provided the ambient temperature docs not exeeed 40 C. ‘Standard open-type low-specd gencratots and large high-speed machines will carry 1.25 times their rated Toad for two hours and ineet the following temperature ‘guarantoos Full-Load 26% Overload Continuous" for Duly — Two Hours Core and windings... 406 550 Commutator.......{.. 55 650 Bare copper windings 50C 65 DC Generator Construction Hiigh-speod generatots in the general-purpose class, that is, up through 150 kw, are usually furnished for coupled service, with one or two enc-shield type bearings, Small sizes can be furnished for elose-coupled service, ‘These generators have the same external appearanee as general-purpose de motors (see pages LT, IL38 and H-39) and are available with the samo types of protective features. For some spoeds, uch as 1200 rpm, end-shield construction usually ean be furnished for ratings up to 300 kw at 250 or 600 volts. Larger high-speed generators generally aye furnished with one or two pedestal bearings for mounting on an extension of the End-shield beating di ‘smaller de generator low-speed generators (below 500 rpm) are usually furhished in the engine type, that is, without shaft, edrings or base. The armature is mounted on the engine shaft, and the bearings, and base if required, ‘ate| supplied by: the engine builder. Elowever, coupled- tye parts, including shaft, bearings, and sole plates or fase, can be furnished i required. Patallel Operation IE two or more de generators aro io be operated in pafallel, it is essontial that thoy have the same char- tcteristies, ‘That is, the terminal voltage drop from no|load to full load (with constant rhoostat sotting) mifst be the same for all gonerators to be paralleled, and the gencrator voltage regulation curves must hafo similar shapes. Shunt-wound generators in parallel form a stable cohdition under all ordinary eireumstances, ‘To obtain exfet division of the load, the percentage terminal voltage drop for a given pereentage lond change should be| the same for all machines. Ordinarily, division of the load is controlled by adjustment of the respective field rhoostats When compound-wound generators are operated in pafallel, equalizer connections must be used except in cafes, such as strect railway systems, where tho genera- tofs are located quite a disiance apart. In such eases, thp distances involved would make equalizer eonneo- tidns ineffective, but at tho samo timo the unavoidably high resistances of the transmission ines make such cofections unnecessary; generator characteris ints, of course, be suited to this type of operation. Irhe purpose of the equalizer is to maintain the proper cefrent in the series windings of the machines s0 that, cath arinature will eary its proportionate share of th fad. Compoundvun generator cn uraly be fusted ut the factory for parallel operation with eine mA&pprowed For Release 1998/09/10 : ClAvRIR83:00423R001 200850002-7%idelApproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423K061200450002-7 H-47 the station wiring is such that the voltage drop from the equalizer through the series field to the bus bars ‘at normal load is the same for all generators. Paralleling of generators with and without interpoles may be satisfactory under certain conditions but is encrally not recommended. Generators without inter~ poles have more rapidly drooping characteristies than those with interpoles, At hest, the interpole generators will probably require external resistances in the scries circuits. ‘To parallel with standby storage battery systems, generators should have a rapidly drooping voltage characteristic from no load to full load. The generators should be cither shunt or differentially compound wound. If the batteries are to take the peak load, the Aifforential winding should be used so that the generator voltage will drop faster with load than tho battery voltage. From the foregoing it is obvious that the manu- facturer must be supplied with complete information if a gonerator is to be built to parallel with existing generators. The information furnished should include tho nameplate data together with compounding and rogulation data and the vollago drop in the sories winding. With this information, the machines ean usually he fully adjusted at the factory for parallel operation, If tho information is not available, or if the existing gonerators have very unusual electrical characterises, it will be nocessary to make final adjustments in the field ‘Three-Wire Distribution In threo-wire de systems, the lower voltage between the neutral and outside wires is used for lighting TABLE 30—INFORMATION REQUIRED FOR SELECTING DC GENERATORS. GENERAL. ‘Typo of generator (engine, coupled, belted). Quantity. 0 be driven by... Kw... Rpm... Voltage: Rated.... No lead. Overload rating (if spocial).....0cee-veev-nve Ambient emperatixe,...,.©° Temperatare ae... 1. (Clase of Tnsulstion: Armature, . Feld... Special tratment ‘Two-wire or B-wiro...... Pereant unbalanes if wire) Fall load. MECHANICAL FEATURES. Protection or enclosure (drip-proof,splash-proof, ete.) ‘Number of bearius ‘Type of bowing. Coupling Chall, whole, none)...» Sole plates Engine type: Ts shaft to bo pressed into armature? LOAD DATA, ‘Nature of load Working voltage of plant Make and typo of voltuge reguiator, if used. WI goeator run i pre with ether emer. Ii so, give dats. ‘Ave thore any formal speciation DC GENERATORS service, and the higher voltage between the outside wires is used for power. This provides an economical de distribution system. Its use is usually limited to 120/240 or 125/250 volts. ‘There are two methods commonly used to meet the demands for three-wire service. One method uses the so-called three-vire generator, with the voltage obtained by means of external auto- transformers connected through collector rings to the armature windings. Basically, the construction of three-wire generators differs from that of standard two-wire generators only in the addition of two eolleetor rings: and suitable brush rigging. ‘The rings, which arc usually mounted on the shaft near the commutator, are connected to suitable points of the armature winding. ‘The lead from cach ring is connected to one leg of a balance coil, which is usually separately mounted. To make the compounding of the generator inde- pendent of the unbalance of the lond, the series fields fof throc-wire generators are split into two circuits One circuit, consisting of the north poles, is connected to one side of the armature, and the other, consisting of the south poles, is connected to the other side of the armature. Standard construction provides for an unbalanced load of 10 percent. Generators can, however, be built or 25 or 50 percent unbalance. ‘Tho other throo-wiro eystom commonly used is the rotary-balancer system, which consists of a two-wire singlo-voltage generator operating with s rotary= balancing set. ‘Tho rotary-balancer system has several advantages that should be carefully considered. Regulation is bottor than in other systoms because the balancers can be compounded to give full voltage at any desired lond. Any amount of unbalance ean be handled, as this depends solely on the size of the balancer. And the full capacity of the gonerator is always available whatever the condition of unbalance. “Table 30 gives an idea of the data required before an intelligent selection of a, de generator can be made. Fig. H-85. Geared 250-kw turbine-generator for Addition pproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDPSSKoOdoeRCOFZEO4sOGORT.Fig. H-86, Four Reguléx exciter sets, an £44-kw auxiliary sy} ‘supporting 4000-hp, 0-50/1220-rpm de reversing MOTOR-GENERATOR SETS Motor-generator sets, consisting of a motor and ono or more generators, are used to transform electrical enorgy from one form to another as follovs: 1. From alternating current to direct current. 2. From divect current to altemating current. 3. From direst current to direct eurrent at different voltages. 4, From altemating current to altemating current at different frequencies. ‘Wherever practicable, motor-generator ects are built ‘up of units of standard designe; but: where this is not feasible, special combinations are designed to suit the requirements, Alternating Current to Direct Current ‘Most electrical systems supply alternating current because it ean be more, economically transmitted and istributed than direct eurrent. Where direct current: i desirable or essential, it can be obtained from an ac system by means of an Ja-g sct consisting of an induc tion or synchronous miotor driving a de gencrator. ‘The choice of motor Hepends upon the conditions to be met. Induction Motor-Generator Sets Altornating-current/direct-current motor-generator sots rated loss than 50, kw are almost invariably of the induction motor-driven type, and most of these hhave squirrel-eage induption motors. (Fig. 87.) They are used to supply excitation, lighting, and gonoral power. Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : Cant ari fac| sy! lig Deere eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eee nesses ichronous m-g set, and 3500-kw flywheel m-g set blooming mill motor in background. Inder some conditions, the induction motor is ferable to the synchronous motor for driving lerators of larger eapacities. This is true, for example, bre the load on the generator is ofa widely fluctuating jure. While the induction motor has the advantage Inot requiring excitation, its effect on the power jor of the system may be undesirable, especially the circuit supplies other apparatus taking a ng current. flywhcol may be used to advantage with an indue- set required to supply high peak loads of short lation. Since the motor stows down when the Toad jpplied, the stored energy in the flywheel then drives generator. ‘This greatly reduces the temporary load on the m-g set motor and on the main ferating system. ‘ound-rotor motors are also used on flywheel m-g, ‘The control can be arranged to produce greater pd drop in the wound-rotor motor and thereby wer limit peak loads 6n the Tine supplying the set motor. Jchronous Motor-Generator Sets 1 chief advantage of using synchronous motors to 19 tho de generators of sa-g sets lies in the power- ‘or correetive effect that can be obtained by over iting the field of the motor. In other words, Ichronous m-g cots ean advantagoously be used oven lisirly small ratings to corroct poor power factor ting from induction motors, transformers, are ts, and other inductive apparatus on the circuit. Synchronous motors do, however, require direct SROO1200450002-F-x sets,Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R612644E 0002.74 9 SETS. this is not a particularly significant disadvantage though, since the set ean roadily be supplied with a direct-conneeted exciter. In fact, the m-g sot generator ean, if ite voltago is not much above 250 volts, supply the required excitation, Fig. 88 shows a large syn- chronous motor driven motor-generator set. Direct Current to Alternating Current Although m-g sets for conversion of direct current to alternating current are not in great demand, they ean readily be supplied if required. Such a combination includes a de driving motor coupled to an ae generator. Direct Current to Direct Current Motor-gonorator sets consisting of de motors driving, de gonorators aro used to furnish a circuit with a voltage different from that of the main power cireuit or with a voltage that can be varied independently. ‘Where a sot supplies a special voltage circuit, the set also serves to insulate the main and special circuits from each other if their requirements differ. Boosters sets are used when the lond on somo feeders in a de distribution system requires a voltage regula tion for which the main generator cannot be adjusted without disturbing the potential at other parts of the aystem. The booster, connceted in sories with ono wire of the fecder, keops the voltage constant. or varying to suit local conditions. ‘This method froquently has beon used by contrat stations to compensate for ine loss in long runs. Itis also uscd to raise the voltage for battery charging. Booster gencrators aro usually driven at constant spood by. shunt-wound motors receiving powor from the line, ‘A throo-unit balancer is sometimes employed in connection with a standard single-voltage de generator to produce a multi-voltage supply from which de motors may be operated at various spoods For example, a three unit balancer generating 40, 80 and 120 volts used in connection with a 240-volt Two 15-kw induction m-g sets used for generator would supply six voltages to the motors so that they could bo run at six different specds. In addition, fiold and armature control ean be used to TABLE 31 NEMA KILOWATT AND SYNCHRONOUS SPEED RAT- INGS FOR 60 CYCLE 2 AND 3-PITASE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR-DRIVEN SETS Generators: 125 or 250 V Shunt or Compound-Wound ‘Motors: 110, 220, 440, 550 and 2100 V. Motor Voltage 208-20-140-360 2800, Threo-Phaso Goneratar Motor ating’ Heating 110 ‘Kw Tip Synchronous Spee—ftpm, i al 1090) 2 ioe We 3 18001000 2° 3 18001900 Si ee | 1200) i00a) By 1800 hm 1 800 wa 00 BOB 1000 2» 1000 ji Sa) 1900 1200 0 50 1000 1900 1200 ar) 1000 1200, 1800 1200 0 5 1800 1200 18001200 oo 109 1900 1200 18001200 B 16 1000 120018001200 10015011.) 1800 1200 1300 1200, 135200 1000 1200 1800 1200 150250 100 12001800 1200 *250-volt goneratore only. TABLE 32 NEMA KILOWATT AND SYNCHRONOUS § RATINGS FOR 60 CYCLE SINCLE-PIIASE ‘MOTOR-DRIVEN St Generators: 125 or 250 V Shunt or Compound-Wound ‘Motors: 110 oF 220 V Generntor Rotor Symghronous atin nt i itp pm 1 2 1000 % 3 1000 2 3 1800 3 5 1000 * ™% 1000 *2a0-volt motor only. Fig. H-88. Synchronous m-g set rated 500 kw, 900 oxcitpjop pb vet Fer Release ?999/09/10 : CIA-RDPSS0GWZoROG ZOU sveOR: Ts.H-50 poproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R0012004500039HT MAG SE increase or decrease the speed of the motors from the TABLE 34 six fundamental speeds, thus providing a wide range of easy control, As has already been noted in the diseassion of de generators, # two-unit balancer ean be used to change Rating a single-voltuge, two-wire de system into a three-wire i 3 KW AND LARGER 125 Volts:-00 Cycles ced 10 system, 1200 1200 Alternating Current to Alternating Current 1300 Frequeney-changer sels normally consist of a syn- 1300 ehronous motor driving a synchronous generator, but ze occasionally an induetjon motor is used to drive the Bo synchronous generator. Since there is a fixed relationship between speed and frequeney, the numbe} of poles for the motor and = generator must be chogen so that the two frequencies fea i desired will be obtained at the same speed. or example, 500 1300 in changing from 60 to| 25 cycles a 300-rptn set can be x BY used; in this ease the motor would have 24 poles and 1300 the gonorator 10 poles. 150 Frequency changers are used (a) to interchange 2000 500 power between two systems of different frequencies, 200, i ‘or (b) to supply power at either a higher or lower 3000 Su 000 300 frequeney than that of the available supply. Another means of changing frequencies is the inaction frequeney converter st, consisting of a wound- rotor induction machine driven by a suitable moter. ‘The primary cireuits of the wound-roror machine are connected to a fixed-froqueney soure2 of electzic power. The secondary circuits doliver cower at a frequency proportional to the relative speeds of the primary magnetic field and the secondary (rotating) member. Tf a frequency higher than that of the povwer Tines is desired, the rotor of the frequeney converter is driven in the direction opposite to that in which it Would run as a motor. By using a multi-spood or varying-speed driving motor, the converter ean deliver a secondary frequency ‘iw, BLA pre, wil bo fn etape of 600 Volts-60 Cycles 200 IMA STANDARD KILOWATT AND SPEED RATINGS }R SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR-GENERATOR SETS 200 ‘Type oft rwortinit Fwo-tUnit ‘Trees Unie Toortinit ThroosUnie Twortinie Thrcestinie Twortinit Thrco-tini ‘Three-Ui Threestinit ‘Twotinit Teo-Untt Tro-Unit ‘Tro-Unit Tro-Unit Tero-Unit Tro-Unlt Hadar satin for two-unt matergenorstor sola above that varies to suit the requirements, It should be andrd rating for three-unie motor. genceatorsots above 4000 ‘BL rpm, wll bein stepe of 1000 lew noted that the secondary voltage of the wound-rotor machine varies directly as the secondary’ frequency. Tables 31, 32, 33 and 34 give tho stancard NEMA. ratings for motor-generator sets, TABLE 33 NEMA KILOWATT AND SYNCHRONOUS SPEED RATINGS POR 60 CYCLE 2 AND 3-PHASE SYN- CRONOUS MOTOR-DRIVEN SETS, 0.8 FOWER FACTOR LEADING AT FULL LOAD Generators: 125 or 250/V Shunt or Compound-Wound Motors: 220, 440, 350 or 2800 V Generator Motor Synghronon Raina hing Speed ike Hp ‘tm 50 % 1200, 60 100 1200, 73 135, 1200 100 0 1200 i Two 2500-kva, 600-rpm, 40/60-cycle wency-changer sets. Gonorator background has 12 fr Wpproved FoPRelease 1999/09/10 + CIA-RDPORO0428R00 1120045060 BeVice.Approved For Release 1999/09/40 ClA-RDP83-00423R004200450002-7 __ CPYRGHT ——— am] POWER GENERATION POWER TRANSMISSION AND STEAM TURBINES .. . forall power plaat applic DISTRIBUTION tions . « « ship propulsion. POWER TRANSFORMERS . . . all sizes, including GAS TURBINES «foe we wich axial blower ia entuarb eqatn, even, Thassos, wealoe Prowss wesc’ jovee geniaion "slot, func aad welling pet EYDRAULIC TURBINES Fanci, propeller and DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS . ub and tmpete pes ss ial pe, ecwok, soba, val nonin, GENERATORS . . . synchronous, induction, direct aod ey bes Gurtent vertical and horizoatal = all ses DETR INT, METERING TRANSFORMERS... GESBRATOR VOLTAGE REGULATORS: . FEEDER VOLTAGE REGULATORS . . . for station, roving conan ont vlage on genet of a SEEDER VOLTAGE REGULA oa , SWITCHBOARDS to sat applicton SYNCHRO OPERATORS ; : . fr full awomatc SWITCHGEAR. wert it aid. CIRCUIT BREAKERS oy mugnrc and air CONDENSERS .« surfce and jet types complexe inst yes ss ouuor ad incor atl an With condensate ‘sad ‘Geceaung pumpr and deer gute steer and . nit jeoors MOTOR CONTROK . .. wandard and special for BOILER FEED PUMPS . . . drives. ‘motors of all sizes above 3 hp. 7 WATER CONDITIONING ‘suipment, chemict UNIV SUBSTATIONS. single cit, mut tad eric, Siste and loa come? Wek POWER CONVERSION RECKINIERS «mere ate power, with meu thle sig ao nulple sole ms pene srt pe MOTORGENERATOR SETS .,. all ses, with Secon o dunn ta dive any ‘ktsger concer. SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS .. for power {aco corecon sod nprovenca of en aby. GENERAL INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS ELECTRIC MOTORS ... ll pet, synchronous, in. -BLOWERS ingle and multistage centfegal Seton, dice conent, 1 hp upto lgest = motor ax como binuvcreic «fr being, ded ‘TEXROPE DRIVES, muliple vel... cat tonand mings noweansetne arate ne Seen Froese Sees vn ene ad Taped : ‘Ringe INDUCTION, HEATERS ... for eating, bing, CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS . . . single and multi-stage rorking, metals 10 9 300,000 apm METAL DETECTORS. elton device ht safe ‘COMPRESSORS. oar sliding. pari gol peeves damage to acitey OTHER ALLIS-CHALMERS PRODUCTS ROCK AND ORE CRUSHERS, VIBRATING SCREENS, GRINDING MILLS, WASHING EQUIP- MINE -.. KILNS, COOLERS, DRYERS - - COPPER AND NICKHLCONVERTERS.. .. FOUNDRY SHAKEOUiS AND ELECTRONIC CORE DRYERS .. » HYDRAULIC LOG BARKERS . -- GRAIN AND CHEMICAL MILLING MACHINERY SOLVENT EXTRACTION PLANTS... BETA TRONS... WHBEL AND ‘TRACK-IYPE TRACTORS... . TRACTOR DRAWN FARM IMPLE MENTS || ROAD AND CONSTRUCTION BQUIPMENT. |, GASOLINE POWER UNITS — Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7ALLIS-CHALMERS CPYRGHT SALES OFFICES Telephone ALABAMA | ‘Bismingham 3, 2000 ise Ave, North 4.3494 ARIZONA Phoenix, 30 West Mion St. Alpine 32159 ‘CALIFORNIA Tos Angeles 13, 417|8. Hi Se Mediton 62231 San Diego J, 747. Ninth Ave ‘Maia S684 Sin Franco 7, 650 Harcion Se... Douglas 2.8384 COLORADO | Denver 2, 1920 Mapier Se CONNECTICUT | Viartord, 730 ain [New Haven 10,157 Chusch Se DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA ‘Washington 5, Mth fH Se, N. W. FLORIDA | Jacksonville 7, 2031 Hendricks Ave, Miami 32,25 §. 1 Pd Ave ‘Tampe 2405 § Mbrgaa Se GEORGIA ‘Alans 3, 3) Fosyebe St, N. W. ILLINOIS Chicago 3, 135 Soj LaSalle Se Peogia 2, 301 8: Adfne Se Chetry 6556 Hareond 46-5675, Sis 71136 Besceive 3.2800 Walnae 7116 Feanklin 2.6480 as2%9 Rockford, 303 Nori Main && S12 INDIANA Evanaile 9, 129 Larus S. 49019 Iodianaplis 4, 11°$, Median Se Asker 7413, IOWA Davenport, 326 W_| Third S. 3.9793, KANSAS Wichia 2, 111 So; Main St 39762 KENTUCKY. Louie 2, 241 8] Fe Se. Clay 7656 LOUISIANA New Orleans 12, 210 Baronpe St Raymond 8623 Shreveport 23, 624 Teavis 23274 MAINE Augusta, 269% Whee Se Augasta 463 MARYLAND Baltimore 18, 1115 East 30th St... .HOpkias 7-4480 ‘MASSACHUSETTS Boston 16,31 Se. James Ave. Hubbard 23700 MICHIGAN «| Desc 2,W. Gigod Bid. & 2a Blvd Tener 12300 Grand Rips 2 7 Lyons St, NW 33249 Jackson, 297 W. Michlasa Ave 22H9 MINNESOTA ‘Duluth 2, 10 E, Sapetior St 75061 Minnceplis 2, 891 Margate Ave, 0: ATiane 6133 massourr | Kansas Ciy 6, 6[Rast Uh St Vicor 0132 Se Louis 3, 1203 Olive 8. ened 8153 NEBRASKA | rahe 2, 14th |} Farnam Sc Aclacic 1780 NEW JERSEY, Newatk 2, 1060 road Se Masket 3.7170 | Distributors im alt principal cities 5.-Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing (Company, Milwaukee 1, Wisconsin ‘Telephone NEW MEXICO Albyauerque, 323 3d Sey S. We 38487 NEW YORK Ballo 3,335 Washington Se New York 7, 39 Church Se Washington 1741 Beckman 3.9100 Rochester 4, 241 East Ave ‘Baler 7310, Syrfuse 2,472 '"Salena St Symcase 30147 TH CAROLINA ‘Chaplowe 2,212 §. Tryon Se. 23188 OHIO Akiba 8, Fist Nasional Tower Pore 2648 Cinkinass 2,617 Vine Se ‘stn 7300 Gefelund 14, $15 Supecior Ave, NB... Mata 13182 ‘Folkéo 4,243 Summit Se ‘Adaing 3269 Yopmevtown 3,25 F- Boardman Se. Riverrde 35175 ONLAHOMA Oklahoma Ci 1, 401 N. Harvey Se... Regent 91631 ‘Tule 5)'320°E Archer’ Se 45163 1 LEGON Pofland 4, 520 8. W. Gch Ave PHNNSYLVANIA Be ee, Copitot 9835, Riceohowse 60412 ‘Adantc 154 hie Eae ake f Phat su. coil WS IaH YEO Eat ee 8 Syed 33 RHODEISLAND Phedeee SCAN Weatmiouer St... Jadaon 8820 “TENNESSEE Ghana Se 65101 ects 37% Mar $318 om 3 48h al Sass3 TEXAS ‘fw, 301 Fuk se 2166 re, to SBS BREE S05 Kaa se. ans 4k tote rea lS 589 Haat SOR hain 3088 [essen (pthc Ae an 188 Ri! Comme Tal Sia PR FOE frais SEA. cig 1,136 8. ain nama haGINta rend 19,627 Fae Min 5 3.646 WASHINGTON ese aha sin 3797 Se Wha hl Sic Av. aR BI Wrst ViRGiNia arson BAY) Seas 39.505 "SCONSIN mas #715 N; Van Barn Sp—BRodvay 1-29 EANADA Goma, Gace, 1320 Moana Sg Me, 241 foronto, Ontri, 629 Adelaice St, W. Tmpire 4.0486 nnipes, Manitoba, 36 Albert Se 28535 Aigary, Alber 803 Greyhound Bld ancover, BC, 1200 W. Pande St Sala 5880 ‘Tadlow 4728, bbroughout the United States Offices amd distributors located throughout the world Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : C} JA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R00120048@)02-7 INDEX MOTORS AND GENERATORS Subject Page Subject Page Condensers, synchronous oo BB-BB Direct current—see de ' Gear Direct Current, Motors eee o5-40) Induction, see induetion — control — : i 38-40 Insulation limits — 4 sd ooae ~ 37 protection mechanical seer wwe 86 Ratings Generators aay Selecting Alternating current 41-45 Speed! characteristics — Construction - _ tg SvMehronous—see synchronous 25-82 ‘Temperature limits — 4 Parallel operation —__ _ 43 ee Torna == Seems - 3 Regulation — 43 Selection 45 Motor—Generator sets — 48-50 Direct current 4547 AC to DC 48 Pig (ej 49 Induction Motors M85 DC to DC 49 Applications oD sheets AC to AC 50 Characteristies 15 ee gg Power Factor Correction 26,35 Construction features _ 14 Standardization — 1 Design classification, NEMA 3. ee Double cage - — 9 Synchronous Motors 25-32 Frame sizes = 28 Standard _ 25-82 Multi-speed - — 21 Construetion of 20 Operation on off-standard circuits 25 sina Excitation ——— Torques _ 16,21 Power factor of 26 Wound-rotor a Protection of — 31 Introduction —— 1 Speeds, standard _— 21,30 Motors, general ae Starting —ee Bearings — _ 3B Torque requirements — Comparisons 41 Vertical . _- 80 Cooling _ - 4 Voltages, standard 2 Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7Tacs pomp specially deuigned Tor quick, easy apphce We Range —Tresep 7 = tion to handreds of everyday pumping Jobs. Te offers you pumping jobs requiring capacities up to 500. gpm and top value for your pumping dollar because it has.all the heads as high as. 135 Head and capacity. can. be quality features tha yo need to keep Tow, yet its price is exceptionally low. Quality Features. You get high grade construction, igs, mechanical shaft seal, and generous Low Maintenance. Rigid base holds aligament, keeps such a8 ball b metal sections, Baile to the same to Standards as all Allis-Chalmers pumps. Easy Installation. ‘The Allis-Chalmers frame type pump fic Your pumping costs changed. by. simply changing sheave size on the V-bele Give, One pump ‘can serve you many places with only this simple change, op quality precision hearing wear down, Mechanical scal in notmal service, Weating ings on lay cy caa be maintained easily thro DUM Tor Ve AAT positions and connected co any type of but dificale alignmenc problems. mw ERIS riery 7 eau fipsme mover wit petve pice, youll find Ie among whee Alls Chalmers ame type Pumps. PN nSCPYRGHT +CPYRGHT « Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 DIMENSIONS IN INCHES Siein| UK | aL . ro 1% B mi | ah au e ea Me D 2h he eg 1 2 F He | 2% DIMENSIONS IN INCHES ® |i [im | ie | am | m| mm | 2m wl] al as mm | m | oe a | | om | 9% ay | a | um | ams = . DIMENSIONS IN INCHES e * | Size... | xt Maxd a S A 10: 1% | tte | o | om | a te D % 2% | aw | ob a | mie , mL oe | be q tft ye | cee Cyt | wf? LI) mf ef oe Pee eer, toeMae edd ae wT _ *High Capacity Scalping SAN (arrives Din ancencevetetss + Screening Sticky Ores 225 «Heavy Media-Separation * ALLIS-CHALMERS — | MILWAUKEE 1, WISCONSINApproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 4: Here is Allis-Chalmers complete line of vibrating screens for the Heavy duty screens designed to scalp ahead of prim| ty Ip ach application, such athe step deck with Sid bars for openings 4 to 10 Tnche, ‘| A complete line of extra heavy duty two-bea Chalmers for this service. Two types of decks are available for handling sti These are the step deck with double tapered griz discharge rod deck shown at bottom of page 4. The rod deck has openings 1 to 3 inches, using % to 1 j Both screen decks have a step construction whi the bars or rods and assists in turning the lumps ove of the lumps. Eisele) bY s@ SCALPING SCREENS Used for scalping ahead of secondary of tertiary cr} are mounted in rubber on a step design deck. Maxi are furnished in various sizes with openings 3/16 to A wide range of sizes of Low-Head and Ripl-Flo vibe dry screening applications. These Allis-Chalmers sere excellent performance and stamina despite heavy-goi SEPARATION ‘The success of the heavy media srocess is due in lar Head vibrating screens used as primary screens abea wash and drain screens followirg the separator. Allis-Chalmers pioneered in the development of| plants, Low-Head screens are by far the most widely| screens in sizes for every capacity needed in this proc aes i 20M | SCREENS for Primary Seqlping, Maximum Size 3 ft. uy crushers . . . to handle feed direct from mine in lumps up to 3 ft. diameter. Capacity 1000 tph. These screens are furnished with a variety of decks to izaly bars (page 3, top photo), o plate deck with Style C vibrating screens are also built by Allis ENING SCREENS for Sticky Ores, Maximum Size 16 in. ky ores, approximately 16 in. maximum feed size, lly bars shown at the bottom of page 3, and the free latizely bar deck has openings 4 to 10 inches; the diameter rods, ih results in free discharge of the material through iron the screen to prevent fines froin riding on top shers_. oF for preparing grinding will fed, Rods tum siz is appromimatly io. Rod deck sceeens fin using 4p or Ya in ameter tds eGR SCREENS for Wet or Dry Sizing ng screens are avaiable forestall all wit and sare wall known thoughout all indy for thet demands measure to the successful operation of the Low- lof the heavy media separator and as media recovery screens for this important process. In heavy media used screens. Allis-Chalmers builds Low-Flead Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 CPYRGHT aCPYRGHT .~° ’* Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 HEAVY DUTY SCALPING SCREENS Eeaieiiiies . WITH STRAIGHT GRIZZLY BARS 1. No wedging — straight grizzly ars set to provide flared open- ings. 2. Easy to replace screen — griz- zly bar assembly made in panels for bolting to screen body. 3. Openings 4 to 10 in. Double tapered grizzly bar deck. eee ead Paneer ee 1, No wedging! Grizzly bars set to provide flared openings, tapered from back fo front and from top to bottom. 2. Easy to replace screen surfaces. Grizzly ber assembly made in panels for bolting to screen body. 3. Openings 4 to 10 inches. |4. Capacity 1000 tph or more. SR eed Cee es Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R00Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 HEAVY DUTY SCALPING Sl plat dock with 4 in, vquare open Inge and taconguior std ber Reta ea tate cry «+» WITH STEEL PLATE DECK 1. Steel plate deck with skid bars, 2. Square openings 3 to 10 inches. 3. Plate deck bolted to screen body. i | el i Bee 1. Step deck for openings 1 to 3 in. using free discharge rods. . Rod diameters 5/8 to 1 inch. |. Maximum size feed 16 in. when using 2 in. opening and 1 in. diameter rods. . Low replacement cost. Only worn rods need be Rods are grouped panels. . . spacers. Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R00120045000272 4117« Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 @ SCREENS for scalping ahead of secondary or tertiary crusher 1. Screen with rod deck for han- ing maximum size feed of 6 inches. 2. Openings 3/16 to 3/4 inch. 3. Rod diameters: 3/8 or 1/2 inch diameters. 4. Screens have about double the capacity of square mesh screens. 5. Deck construction makes it easy to replace individual rods. 6. Rods grouped in small panels. LOW-HEAD SCREENS RIPL-FLO. SCREENS A horizontal seroon with swaig-tne vibratory ‘A two-bearing inclined screen for moderate to heavy-duty sizing. Vibrating mechanism is located Teta 3 inches. hvetable wih pete or wie between decks. Floor mounted or suspended. screen surfaces . . . of with crowned decks to ‘Available in extra heavy duty type for wet or prevent whipping of screen surface. Sizes 3x6 dry scalping or coorse sizing. Sixes 3x6 to Set 16 6x16 ft Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R0012005000@HTApproved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 eon Partition permits handling of sink and float. products. Two fartitions permit handling sink, float and middlings CPYRGHTnipL.no a SIZING SCREEN 1 ee {¥en SEPARATOR LOW-HEAD MEDIA RECOVERY SCREENS FINES TO CONCENTRATION HEAVY MEDIA, w g ‘CONCENTRATE TAIUNGS RETURN TO SEPARATOR TO MEDIA CONCENTRATING ‘Typical flow-sheet, showing how horizontally oper- screens are used as primaty screens ahead of the ated Low-Head screens are used in the sink and heavy media separator and as drain and wash float process. These Allis-Chalmers vibrating _ screens for media recovery following the separator. Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R001200450002-7 CPYRGHT. CPYRGHT Approved For Release 1999/09/10 : CIA-RDP83-00423R00120045000; ORE CAR Sd Install a car shaker fo reduce unloading time and climinate dangerous manual operation. Allis-Chal- mers builds an ore car shaker with increased clear- ‘ance above the top of the cars for high loads. ‘Tests indicate that ore cars can be unloaded in an average time of two minutes and at a saving of approximately $3.00. per ca. (Ore cor shaker for unloading ‘underground iron ore LOW-HEAD SCREENS _RIPL-FLO. SCREENS ‘ALLIS-CHALMERS am BUILDS ‘a, VIBRATING been SCREENS For Any ‘APPLICATION! UTAH ELECTRIC THERMO-DECK ‘AERO-VIBE SCREENS ‘SCREENS HEATING UNIT for asin ifn mana op Fr havering tne mala — sporations 10 1p.35 mesh (dry of TO to 46 rnouh (vet Eony fo regulate The Allin Chalmers ceprsemtatve a your are is «txined application obliga, coo over Jour equipment, and al eas that vl operations tore pra Ripl-Fi ab, There Mis, Chalmers trademarks, i Approved For Refease 1988/08/46 ‘iA REP S3-00423R001200450002-7